Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 1:
Hazard and Its Type
This lesson introduces various concepts underlying hazard and determine types of
hazard and its example. In the varied information given in this module it will help
students understand the major effects of hazards and how to prevent and avoid
that to happen. It will also serve as a warning signal for the students to be aware
and extra cautious.

What’s In
Activity: Let’s Study and Analyze: Volcano and Parachutist
Let’s Think About This

Based on the illustration, answer

the following tasks/questions
below:
1. What are the possible dangers
that can be encountered here? Is
its life threatening?
2. What do you think should be a
better situation for the person
jumping from the plane or should
we say the parachutist?
3. How do feel if you are in the
same situation?
Source: Richard J. King,
hazard_risk_cartoon_456.jpg., 2012,
https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net
/images

What is It
Let’s Learn

After identifying hazards in the previous activity, this part gives information about
the types of hazard and its example.

Hazards can be categorized in different types:

1. Natural hazards - arise from natural processes in the environment. e.g.

earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruptions and floods
2. Quasi-natural hazards- arise through the interaction of natural processes and
human activities e.g. pollution or desertification, smog and fog
3. Technological (or man-made) hazards- These arise directly as a result of
human activities. e.g. accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to flora
and fauna.
- Flammable
- Self-heating
- Emits Flammable Gas
- Pyrophoric
- Reproductive toxicity
- Respiratory sensitizer
- Target organ toxicity
- Aspiration toxicity
Hazards Signs and Symbols
These signs and symbols with corresponding meaning below help people to be extra
cautious, aware and observant in surroundings. Each picture is designed to
become recognizable to anyone as a signal word like “danger” or “warning”.

Technology or Man-Made Hazards Signs and Symbols

• FLAME

- Flammable
- Self-heating
- Emits Flammable Gas
- Pyrophoric

Source: Safety Symbols and Their

Meanings, February 1, 2018,
https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf
ety-symbols-and-their-meanings-2/

• HEALTH HAZARD

- Reproductive toxicity
- Respiratory sensitizer
- Target organ toxicity
- Aspiration toxicity
Source: Safety Symbols and Their
Meanings, February 1, 2018,
https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf
ety-symbols-and-their-meanings-2/

• EXPLODING BOMB

- Fatal or toxic
- Acute toxicity

Source: Safety Symbols and Their

Meanings, February 1, 2018,
https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf
ety-symbols-and-their-meanings-2/
Natural Hazards Signs and Symbols

Source: Much Mania, Natural Disaster Warning Signs, Caution, Danger, Hazard Symbol Set, 2003-2020,
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/natural-disaster-warning-signs-caution-danger-302759177

WHAT’S MORE
Identifying potential hazards can eliminate or control unintentional injuries,
property damage or even worst, losing one’s life that might happen in the future .

Activity: Let’s Know! SPOT THE HAZARD

Observe the picture and answer the

following questions below.
1. What objects do you see in the illustration above?
How many objects are there on the table?
2. If you are going to shake the table, which object
would be affected the most by the shaking? Why?
3. Based on the picture what object/s can be
considered hazard?
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 2:
Hazard: Its Impact, Identification
and Risk Assessment
In any workplace or environment, safety works best if hazards and its
impacts are identified. Moreover, assessment of risks accompanying hazards
must also be done to ensure safety or at least minimize the impact of
hazards, if not totally eradicated.

A sound safety management program must be established to avoid injuries

and unpleasant events brought about by hazards and accompanying risks.

What’s In
A hazard is defined is simply a condition or a set of circumstances that
present a potential for harm. So far, you also have learned that hazards are
divided into two broad categories: health hazard (can cause occupational
illnesses) and safety hazard (can cause physical harm or injuries). A hazard
can also be classified into six types which are biological, chemical, physical,
safety, ergonomic and psychosocial.
On the other hand, risk refers to the potential for loss, damage or
destruction a hazard can cause while vulnerability refers to the
characteristics of a community or system that make it susceptible to the
possible damaging effects of a hazard. For example, a doctor who is handling
a patient infected with a virus (hazard) has a high chance of getting infected
(risk) if she has poor immune system and does not wear personal protective
equipment (vulnerability).

What’s New
ACTIVITY: 1Pic 1Word
Instructions: Refer to the given pictures and captions to guess the word/s
by arranging the jumbled letters. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. NEXYITA _____________ 2. FOSTER RIFE _____________

Too much fear and worrying after The burning of Amazon rainforest in Brazil
a loved-one died of COVID-19 (2019) leaving many species dead and
homeless.
3. LSIYERPR _____________ 4. ROVOCIRUSNA _____________
The difficulty to hold firmly or stand on An invisible enemy that originated from
Wuhan, China in 2019 that causes
something because it is smooth, wet or
respiratory illness and is highly contagious
slimy

5. UTENMENPMOLY ____________ 6. NOITMIRCISNIDA _____________

No-work-no-pay scenario brought In a world where one culture is not
by economic dilemma being embraced by another’s
culture

What is It
What are the Different Impacts of Hazards?
A hazard can bring about many impacts which can come in different types.
Facilities and infrastructures are commonly the target of natural hazards.
Specifically, these impacts can trigger accidents and the release of toxic
substances, fires and explosions, potentially resulting in health effects,
environmental pollution and economic losses.
One way to classify hazard impacts is by means of general impact
themes namely:
• Danger to life which includes physical and psychological harm
and diseases
• Denial of access like energy, water, communication and
transport access
• Damage to the physical environment like buildings and land
For the purpose of this module, we will focus on six (6) more specific types of
hazard impacts.
1. Physical impact
- Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises)
- Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation
system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines.
- Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings
2. Psychological impact
- Grief and psychological illness
- Marital conflict
- Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties
- Chronic anxiety
3. Socio- cultural impact
- Displacement of population
- Loss of cultural identity
- Forced of adoption of new sets of culture
- Ethnic conflicts4. Economic impact
- Loss of job due to displacement
- Loss of harvest and livestock
- Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food
- Loss of money and other valuables
5. Environmental impact
- Loss of forest due to forest fires
- Loss of fresh water due to salination
- Disturbance of biodiversity
- Loss of natural rivers
6. Biological impact
- Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
- Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents
- Proliferation of different viral diseases

Identification of Hazards and Risk Assessment

Hazard identification is the process of determining all physical and

nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment. Most
occupational health and safety problems are caused by hazards which are
not eliminated or managed. In order to prevent untoward incidents in a
workplace or community, elimination or controlling of hazards is crucial. In
some workplaces where hazards cannot be eliminated, they must be
monitored and properly managed at the least.

Risk assessment is a way to determine which hazards and risks should

prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of
impact.

Below are the steps in hazard identification and risk assessment.

1. Identify the hazards. Use the following methods:
a. Observation - use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch -
combined with knowledge and experience.
b. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) - obtain them from manufacturers
and suppliers. It gives information on possible harm from hazardous
substances and precautions that need to be taken.
c. Hazard and risk surveys - interview other people about their safety
concerns as far as the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration
should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk.
d. Discussion groups - are useful for identifying hazards and
recommending solutions.
e. Safety audits – a committee must be assigned to periodically check
safety in the area.
2. Assess the Risk. Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and
possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assessed before
determining how best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards need to
be addressed more urgently than low- risk ones.

Table 1. Risk Assessment Scoring Matrix

3. Make the changes. Once risks are assessed, the next step is to make
decision for some necessary changes. These changes include removing
the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous, engineering
modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety
exits, modification of procedures, etc. Combination of the risk control
measures mentioned above to effectively reduce exposure to hazards
can also be done.

Table 2. Risk assessment and control measures to counter risks

4. Checking the changes made. To make sure risk has been minimized,
and a further hazard has not been created, the new safety measures
may need to be carefully tested before work begins again. Risk
assessment doesn’t end with making changes. It is essential that these
changes made are monitored and checked. It must be monitored if the
changes done are being followed consistently and if these changes
contribute to the improvement of safety management in the workplace.
This last step has to be done periodically to accurately assess the
effectiveness of the entire process.
Activity: That Hazard Looks Familiar!
Instruction: Spot 5 hazards you can identify from the picture. On a
photocopy of the image, encircle or write all the hazards you can see using a
red inked pen.
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 3:
Earthquake Hazards and
Risk Reduction Methods
An earthquake poses a lot of hazards which can contribute to large
economic and human losses, and represents a serious impediment to
socioeconomic development, creation of jobs and availability of funds for
poverty reduction initiatives.

In this module you will be introduced to the different hazards brought about
by an earthquake. Earthquake hazard and risk assessment is a
fundamental tool for developing risk reduction measures and constitutes the
first step to support decisions and actions to reduce potential losses.

What’s In
In your previous lessons about earthquake, you have learned how an
earthquake starts, where it usually originates and the type of plate motion
that usually causes an earthquake. Now, it is essential for you to learn what
are the impending threats and hazards that go along with an occurrence of
an earthquake. Ultimately, this will help you develop sense of preparedness
by equipping you with necessary knowledge on the different earthquake
hazards.
Before you engage with the main objectives of this module, let us have
a brief throwback on important concepts about earthquake.

Let us refresh the following earthquake concepts:

• An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of
energy within the lithosphere.
• Earthquakes are caused by slippage along a break in the lithosphere,
called a fault.
• The energy released by an earthquake travels in all directions from the
focus in the form of seismic waves.
• The movement that occurs along faults during earthquakes is a major
factor in changing Earth’s surface.
• Forces inside Earth slowly deform the rock that makes up Earth’s crust,
causing rock to bend.
• Elastic rebound is the tendency for the deformed rock along a fault to
spring back after an earthquake.
• An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs sometime soon after a major
earthquake.
• A seismograph is a device used to record the motion of the ground during
an earthquake.

What are Earthquake Hazards?

Earthquake Hazards refer to earthquake agents which have the potential to
cause harm to a vulnerable target which can either be humans, animals or
even your environment.

The effects of an earthquake can be classified as primary or secondary.

• Primary effects are permanent features an earthquake can bring out.
Examples include fault scarps, surface ruptures, and offsets of natural
or human-constructed objects.
• Secondary effects happen when ground movement results to other
types of destruction. Examples include landslides, tsunami, liquefaction and
fire.
Below are the four earthquake hazards which are considered as
secondary effects of an earthquake:

1. Landslides
Seismic vibration is a common triggering
mechanism for landslides. Landslides can
have particularly devastating effects like
floods, blocking of rivers, death, and
damage to land and natural resources.
Landslides can be prevented by reinforcing
slope material, modifying the pathway for
surface and underwater and by putting
piles and retaining walls.
2. Tsunami
A tsunami is a huge sea wave triggered by a
violent displacement of the ocean floor.
Underwater earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions or landslides can cause tsunami.
As it approaches a shallow coastline, its
speed decreased, but the height of the
tsunami increases drastically, bringing so
much damage to nearby communities.
Tsunamis can also overwhelm sewage
systems, destroy structures and kill people.
3. Liquefaction
Earthquake motion can turn loosely
packed, water-saturated soil to liquid—
"liquefaction.” Liquefied soil becomes less
compact and ultimately lose the ability to
support roads, buried pipes, and, of
course, houses. It is caused by vibration or
saturation with water which causes the soil
to decrease in density. This poses danger
for it led to unstable structures of
buildings due to ground subsidence.
4. Fires
Earthquakes cause fires. Even moderate
ground shaking can break gas and
electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and
overturn stoves. To further complicate
things, water pipes rupture, so it would be
impossible to extinguish the fire.
Most commonly used methods of reducing earthquake risks are as
follows:
1. Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion
This can be done by effective instrumentation in order to determine the
location, strength and frequency of earthquakes. This assists in
providing alerts and warnings especially to high-risk or vulnerable
areas for preparation and emergency response.
2. Constructing seismic hazard maps
A seismic hazard map shows the potential hazards in a given area. In
many regions in our country, seismic expectancy maps or hazard maps
are now available for planning purposes. It serves as basis for disaster
management information like locations for evacuation and evacuation
routes. The anticipated intensity of ground shaking is represented by a
number called the peak acceleration or the peak velocity.
3. Developing resistant structures
Resistant structures are able to withstand collapse by redistributing
forces caused by seismic waves through shear walls. Developing
engineered structural designs that are able to resist the forces
generated by seismic waves can be achieved either by following building
codes based on hazard maps or by appropriate methods of analysis.
The Philippines is prone to natural calamities. For this reason, pushing for
programs that build calamity-proof housing projects must be given
importance. Steel, capable of withstanding enormous force without getting
damaged, is usually used as frame in making such houses for it provides
great deal of security. Other essential characteristics of steel are easy to
maintain and can withstand the test of time and has high strength to weight
ratio. Moreover, it is proven to be eco-friendly.

Source: Steel for earthquake-proof houses, Steel-Frames, 1600 x 680, Published Nov 6, 2017
by Posco Newsroom, Accessed June 2, 2020, https://dh4drhh3phab.cloudfront.net/en/wp
content/uploads/2017/11/Steel-Frames.jpg

What’s New
Who would not know the story of Popoy and Basha? In the movie One More
Chance, Popoy, who played the role of an architect, was able to fulfill his
stubborn vision of building calamity and earthquake-proof housing projects.

Answer the following questions.

1. What do you think is the reason why Popoy thought of building

earthquake-proof houses?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the possible hazards or dangers that can be caused by an

earthquake?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Based from your previous learnings, what are the materials and
structural features of an earthquake-proof house?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 4:
Signs of Impending
Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic eruption is one of the most dangerous natural events because of
the different hazards that it may bring as discussed previously. While
volcanoes may give off several warning signs they are about to blow, some
are taken more seriously by volcanologists who alert and advise government
officials regarding when evacuations need to take place. These early warning
signs make it easier for people to prepare and prevent damages to properties
and loss of lives.

What’s In
Different volcanic hazards may inflict devastating effects to people, physical
structures and even to the environment.

Activity: “Volcano-related hazards”

Direction: Recall the different volcano-related hazards and answer the questions below.

What are the different related hazards brought by a volcanic eruption? What
are their effects? Differentiate each and one of them.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What is It
What are the natural signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt.
These precursors may vary from volcano to volcano.

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds;

occurrence of volcanic tremors.

Volcanic earthquakes serve as an early warning sign for an impending

eruption, as well as well as a marker for the location of a moving magma
and sudden rise of gases. Earthquakes are caused by the magma breaking
through rocks or by moving through rock cracks. On the other hand,
volcanic tremor is a long-lasting rhythmic signal associated with magma
in motion that can last for minutes or days.

2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam from white

to gray due to entrained ash. Steam occurs mostly on active volcanoes.
Presence of steam signals that magma is lying relatively close to the surface
of the volcano. Steam is produced when groundwater and magma or any
ignited fragment of rock interacts. Meanwhile, ash is one of the fragments of
magma produced when magma is ejected with great force. Presence of ashes
signals that the magma is being ejected violently.

3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater. Crater glow
can be observed when the magma finally reaches the surface, and thus
referred as lava.
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to
magma intrusion. Moving magma, gases, and other volcanic fluids tend to
cause the surface of the Earth to bulge upward (inflate) or spread apart
which can eventually lead to ground fissuring or cracking.
5. Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the summit area
that are not attributed to heavy rains. Landslide is the movement of rocks
and soil influenced by the force of gravity, strength of the material, and
steepness of a volcano. As magma rises together with volcanic gases, rocks
are altered and weakened.
6. Noticeable increase in drying up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes. As the magma rises, the temperature of the volcano also
increases. The heat brought by the rising magma if high enough, can dry up
the vegetation.
7. Increase in temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and
Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g. Taal) near the volcano. Again, as the magma
rises, the temperature of the volcano also increases. The heat brought by the
rising magma influences and causes the temperature of the springs, wells,
or lake to increase.
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes
within the vicinity of the volcano. Groundwater deep within the surface of
the volcano interacts with magma, volcanic gases, host rocks, and even with
other water coming from springs, lakes, wells. Presence of certain
compounds signals the presence of magma such as magmatic carbon
dioxide, or high helium isotopes.
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano. cause ground deformation
(cracks or fissures) on the surface. This may cause the water from springs or
well to recede and seep through these cracks. Also, as the magma rise, the
temperature of the surface of the volcano also increases and if high enough,
may cause the drying up of the springs and wells.
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones;
appearance of solfataras (craters with sulfur gas). Development of new
thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones signals the active movement of
magma within the volcano as it interacts with groundwater or rocks.
Therefore, it is important to be able to observe warning signs of volcanic
unrest so that people can evacuate in time, and minimize injuries and
casualties. It is therefore important to be able to monitor a volcano’s
activity, and this is normally done with the aid of different tools or
instruments to monitor the different parameters.
The parameters used to monitor volcanoes are:
1. Ground deformation – any surface changes on a volcano
(subsidence/sinking, tilting, bulging); often use of tiltmeters as well as
satellite imaging which results to less exposure on the ground or safer
for volcanologists. However, interpretation needs field verification
sometimes.
2. Seismic Activity – when magma rises up, it breaks rock along the way.
Thus, earthquakes are generated. Monitoring of quakes/tremors is
done by using a seismometer that determines which patterns of seismic
waves precede an eruption.
3. Gases – monitor types and rate of emission of different gases;
Concentrations of gases are sometimes high enough to create acid rain
that kills vegetation around the volcano; collection of samples from
vents directly with the use of remote sensing instruments that identify
and quantify the present gases
4. Sensory observations (by people living near volcano)
• Visual – intensified presence of steam; drying up of vegetation,
wells/spring/lake; crater glow at the mouth of the volcano
• Auditory – rumbling sounds are heard.
• Olfactory – observed foul smell (usually rotten egg caused by
sulfur) caused by presence of volcanic gases
• Tactile – ground movement/earthquake is felt

Activity: Before and After

What are the characteristics and conditions of a volcano you must look for
to predict an eruption? Are there visible changes after the volcano erupted?
Do all of these warning signals appear to work equally well in predicting
eruptions.
Direction: Answer the following questions below.
1. Draw a volcano as it looks before erupting (label the signs). Describe
the details that you will draw.
2. Draw a volcano as it looks after erupting (label the signs). Describe the
details that you will draw.
3. Compare the volcano before and after it erupted. What changes
happened? Explain.
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 – Module 5:
Geological Hazards
Geological hazards are natural phenomena that cause major problems around the
world. The expansion and development of cities has led to an increase in impact
and damage due to geological hazards. In general, most of the geological hazards
are related to natural conditions, although some may be due to human activities.

While landslides come in various names such as mudslide, flash flood, avalanche,
etc. The actual difference is in their composition provided that there is an inclined
terrain. Sinkholes, on the other hand, can occur on elevated or flat surfaces and
can range from massive to barely noticeable which may leave a dent, a hole, or a
body of water on the ground.

Therefore, as a student you need to be aware of the different types of landslides and
sinkholes in order to be prepared for the danger that it may cause.

What’s New
Activity: Present a situation.
Direction: These are the some of the landslide precaution signs often found on the
roadsides. Answer the following questions below.

1. Have you ever seen one of these signages on the

roadsides? If yes, where, and when?
2. What do these signages mean?
3. Why is the second image highlighted in red?
4. When and where did you see these road signs?
5. What is common in these places where they are
placed?

What is It
Landslide
A landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not
happen on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity
induces the land to move downward. It is aggravated by rain because
water is a natural agent for erosion. If rain or any source of water
frequently flows down a sloping area, the gravitational descent of
loosened soil makes it possible for landslide to occur.

Structures that are built on steep-slope mountains have a high

vulnerability to landslide hazards especially during heavy rains. Areas with:
steep slope, dense population and denuded terrain are distinguished by a high
susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslide hazards. Long or regular rain may
saturate the topsoil and the bedrock, weakening the soil base of buildings or
structures. Without plants and trees whose roots can absorb water and hold
the soil together, subsequent rain water can continue to loosen up the soil
that anchors the buildings. A heavy downpour of rain can quickly destroy
these buildings and communities, giving way to landslides, mudslides, or
mudflows.
Types of Landslide

1. Soil Creep Landslide is a very slow downslope movement of particles that

occurs in every slope covered with loose, weathered material (Britannica
dictionary).
2.Slumping Landslide is a downward movement of rock debris, usually the
consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of
unconsolidated material (Britannica dictionary).
3. Debris Flow Landslide happens when the slope becomes saturated with
water, this then triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and soil
that slides down the slope.
4. Rock Fall landslides are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the rock on the
slope loosens and then slides down the slope.

Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a topographic depression created when groundwater
dissolves the underlying limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink" or "doline,".

Characteristics:
 occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft minerals
and rocks such as limestone, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.
 The depth of sinkholes ranges from a couple of meters to several mile deep.
How it occurs:
Water from the rainfall seeps underneath the soil through the cracks
and fissures. As water passes through these cracks and fissures, it erodes the
soil and forms a conduit system, these underground water systems increase
in size as the soil is carried by the water through internal erosion. This can
either form a void filled with air with an underground drainage. If the void is
clogged with clay, then it forms a depression which then accumulates water
and forms a pond. Otherwise, it forms a hole once the cover collapses into the
void which can be either filled with air or water.

Types of Sinkholes

There are three main types of sinkholes, according to the geologist, but there
is an additional category, the artificial sinkholes which are caused by human
activity?
1. Cover Collapse Sinkhole - It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus, causing
catastrophic damage.
2. Cover Subsidence Sinkhole - It gradually grows where the sediment covers are
permeable and contain sand.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole - It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on the ground
or where thin layers of soil and permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or
dolomite dissolution is most intense when the water first reaches the rock surface.
4. Artificial Sinkhole - Such types of sinks may be caused by various human
activities, including groundwater pumping and building.
What’s More
Activity: True or False

Write “true” if the statement is correct about landslides and sinkhole and
“false” if the statement is wrong.

1. An avalanche is a landslide.
2. Sinkhole’s form in sedimentary rock deposits.
3. Holes are the only byproduct of a sinkhole.
4. Cover-subsidence sinkholes can be undetected for long periods.
5. Soil creep is faster than slumping.
6. Landslides only occur in inclined areas.
7. Depressions on the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface layer of
the soil is called a sinkhole.
8. Rock fall landslides are made of water saturated soil.
9. Water is a natural agent of erosion.
10. Landslides that have hardly noticeable damage due to slow movement are soil
creep.
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Causes of Other Related
Geological Hazards
Geologic hazards pose a threat to humans and properties alike. The different types
of geologic hazards were discussed in the previous module. How these actually
occur is also discussed in the previous lesson.

In this module we’re about to discuss the possible causes of these geologic hazards
in order to be prepared for possible threats.

What’s New
Activity: Essay
Recall a specific place where you have seen and encountered a landslide or a
sinkhole. Construct a brief essay about it. Include in your essay the
following details:

1. What geologic hazard have you seen?

2. Describe what you saw and explain why that place is vulnerable to
landslides or sinkholes.
3. What effects might it cause if it happens?

In case you have no experience in seeing such geologic hazard, you may interview
someone in your household or community who has seen or encountered a landslide
or sinkhole or watch a video related to this case.

What is It
There are different causes of landslide and sinkhole. Any of the triggers are
only caused by a triggering element. A landslide can be caused by a natural or
mechanical factor / human. Natural causes of landslides can be due to Climate,
Earthquakes, Weathering, Flooding, Volcanic Activity, Forest Fires and Gravity
while.
Humans triggered landslides triggered by mining or clear cutting of trees.
In this lesson, we will discuss the causes of geological hazards such as
landslides and sinkholes. Types of landslide will also be addressed with you so that
you will be able to determine the various effects of rainfall-induced landslides and
so that you will be able to determine the soil or soil response in such a situation. It
is that you know the various cause of landslide so that you can also process the
interaction of these causes with each other in mind.

CAUSES OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

LANDSLIDE

NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES

– Climate - Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability. A

general reduction in precipitation leads to lowering of water table and reduction in
overall weight of soil mass, reduced solution of materials and less powerful freeze-
thaw activity. A significant upsurge in precipitation or ground saturation would
dramatically increase the level of ground water. When sloped areas are completely
saturated with water, landslides can occur. If there is absence of mechanical root
support, the soils start to run off.
– Earthquakes - Seismic activities have, for a long time, contributed to landslides
across the globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them also
moves along. When earthquakes strike areas with steep slopes, on numerous
occasions, the soil slips leading to landslides In addition,
ashen debris flows instigated by earthquakes could also cause mass soil
movement.
– Weathering - It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak,
landslide-susceptive materials. It is brought about by the chemical action of water,
air, plants and bacteria. When the rocks are weak enough, they slip away causing
landslides
– Erosion - Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers,
wind, currents, ice and waves wipe out latent and lateral slope support enabling
landslides to occur easily.
– Volcanic eruption - If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil will start to
move downhill instigating a landslide. Stratovolcano is a typical example of
volcano responsible for most landslides across the globe. Volcanic gases
partially dissolve in groundwater which turns into acidic hydrothermal
systems that weaken rock by altering minerals to clay.
– Forest fires - Burn’s vegetation that holds soil in place. Since it takes time for
vegetation to re-establish on steep slopes, the risk of landslides prevails
or up to 20 years in dry climates. Wildfire removes the protective ability
of vegetation which increases runoff, erosion, and debris flow because
the water cannot penetrate through the soil thus carrying the debris
downslope. burrowing insects also play a role by aerating the soil
destabilizing it during a wildfire because they tend to seek for cooler
soil to survive.

Gravity - Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a massive
landslide. Steeper slopes can also cause the debris to move farther from
the foot of the area.

HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES

– Mining - Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute mightily to

landslides. Vibrations emanating from the blasts can weaken soils in other areas
susceptible to landslides. The weakening of soil means a landslide can occur
anytime. Earthwork alters the shape of a slope, imposing new loads on an existing
slope.
– Clear cutting
Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all old
trees from the area. This technique is dangerous since it decimates the
existing mechanical root structure of the area. It changes the amount
of water infiltrating the soil.
Rainfall-Induced landslides are the most common and widespread damaging
landslides in the Philippines, with an average of 20 typhoons each year due
to prolonged or heavy rainfall. Most rainfallinduced landslides are shallow
(less than a few meters deep), thin, and move quickly.
Rainfall can be a cause for landslides, but soil conditions are also
very critical. Researchers wanted to take into account a number of
variables, including weather type, soil type and land-cover
characteristics. However, there was no single source for the data they
needed. The features of precipitation occurrences, including the
accumulated volume of rainfall, length and severity, and the slope of
the terrain shows the greatest effect on the stability of the slope and the
rate of occurrence of landslides and debris. In addition, the
precipitation-induced landslide depends on the type of land covered and
the type of soil. In short, the cause of rainfall-induced landslides still
rely on the factors mentioned.
Types of Landslide
1. Soil Creep Landslide is a very slow downslope movement of
particles that occur in every slope covered with loose, weathered
material (Britannica dictionary). The level of creep induced by one rainfall
has a strong association with the amount of rainfall and changes in soil
moisture. For the valley-head slope, the dirt creeps down and accumulates a
hollow portion of the head at the bottom of the bottleneck, under which the
dirt is compressed and forms a waveshaped soil.
2.Slumping Landslide
is a downward movement of rock debris, usually the consequence of
removal? of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated
material (Britannica dictionary).
3. Debris Flow Landslide happens when the slope becomes saturated with
water, this then triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and soil
that slides down the slope. Colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley is a
common occurrence that is quickly caused by rainfall. The direct destructiveness of
this type of landslide is limited, but if failure occurs, the resultant blockage of the
channel can lead to a series of magnified secondary hazards. For this cause, it is
important to explore the possible response of this type of landslide to rainfall.
4. Rock Fall landslides are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the rock on the
slope loosens and then slides down the slope.

SINKHOLE
NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
– Dissolution of sedimentary rocks - Sinkholes occur when sedimentary rocks are
dissolved. When these rocks are dissolved, it can either form a void of water or air.
A void filled with air forma a hole and a void filled with underground water
makes a lake or a pond. Sinkholes can be in the form of holes or depressions on
the ground.

HUMAN CAUSES OF SINKHOLE

– Underground water pumping - Pumping water underneath the ground causes
drainage to alter their flow which causes the soil to be eroded by water. Broken
pipes underneath the ground can also cause internal erosion making a void
underneath the ground. Altering drainage systems cause water to branch into other
routes where there is soluble rock can cause erosion through the flow of water.

Types of Sinkholes
- Different types of sinkholes are made by various causes.
1. Cover Collapse Sinkhole - Develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and thus
cause catastrophic damages. They occur where the covering sediments contain a
significant amount of clay. Over time, surface drainage, erosion, and deposition of
sinkhole into a shallower bowl-shaped depression
2. Cover Subsidence Sinkhole Develop gradually where the covering sediments are
permeable and contain sand. In areas where cover material is thicker or sediments
contain more clay, cover-subsidence sinkholes are relatively uncommon and
therefore may not be seen frequently. They are smaller and thus may go undetected
for long periods.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole Occur in areas where limestone is exposed at land surface
or also is covered by thin layers of soil and permeable sand. Dissolution of the
limestone or dolomite is most intensive where the water first contacts the rock
surface. Aggressive dissolution also occurs where flow is focused in pre-existing
openings in the rock, such as along joints, fractures, and bedding planes, and in
the zone of water-table fluctuation where groundwater is in contact with the
atmosphere. Solution sinkholes are generally small in size and also slow to develop.
4.Artificial Sinkhole - These types of sinkholes can be caused by various human
activities, including groundwater pumping and construction activities. However,
the most common activities that result in artificial sinkholes are mining, drilling,
considerable changes in weight, as well as a tremendous increase in water flow,
such as a construction of an artificial pond.

What’s More
Activity: Word Hunt
Find eleven causes of landslides in the pool of letters below. Encircle your answer.

Categorize the words that you found into Natural and Human Causes of Geologic
Hazard:
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 – Module 7:
Signs of Other Related
Geological Hazards
 Geologic hazards are unpredictable but their occurrence can be determined.
In this module we will tackle signs of an impending geologic hazard namely for
landslides and sinkholes. Whenever two or three signs are evident in a particular
place, people should be warned to evacuate or be ready for the occurrence of a
landslide or a sinkhole. Being aware of these signs will make the students alert of
what they observe in their surroundings.

These signs may be apparent in areas where there is a high risk of landslide
or sinkhole, but other indications may only be due to changing weather. It should
be viewed with caution in order to determine a logical evacuation plan, appropriate
actions to prepare for the potential dangers, and to avoid loss of life and properties.
Prevention is still better than cure in situations of impending disasters. Rather
than feeling sorry at the end, it’s better to be aware of the possible hazards that can
bring eminent disaster.

What’s New
Activity: Explain your answer.
Directions: Construct a brief explanation on the following questions.
1. Base from the bad experiences of people during landslide or sinkhole, do you
think people were ready when they encountered them?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What were the noticeable signs that there would be a landslide or a sinkhole?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Did the PHIVOLCS give warning to the people about the possible
dangers of a landslide or sinkhole in your area?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think that these are signs of an impending landslide or
sinkhole?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What is It
SIGNS OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDE OR SINKHOLE

Signs of impending landslides and sinkholes are observed on man-made

infrastructures, bodies of water and vegetation. This list does not cover every
possible indication of an impending landslide, nor does anything on this list trigger
a landslide immediately. It contains warning signs that are listed to help people
recognize when it’s time to hire an expert to assess a slope’s stability, or to make
people more aware that something is wrong.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE

1. Earlier landslide as indicator

 If there’s frequent occurrence of landslides in a section, it implies
that the soil in this area is weak and has unstable geology; thus,
more susceptible to landslides. This may be caused by lack of
vegetation, weathering, erosion, etc.
 Multiple landslide events within the same place are retrogressive,
piecemeal, or reactivated.
 A reactivated landslide is when an old, semi-stable landslide
changed something, causing a new collapse at the same place.
 Inspecting an area of an old landslide for scarps and deposits is a
clear indicator that a landslide will reactivate. This is also a sure
sign that much of the region's underlying geology is fragile and
vulnerable to landslides.
2. Tension cracks
 These are caused by the stress and friction produced by geologic materials moving
apart which forms steep lines of cracks in the terrain.
 Tension cracks above an existing landslide can hint at a future reactivation.
 These cracks are located on higher elevated ground.
 Cracks that are found on flat terrain are caused by fault movement and not
landslide indicators.
3. Things Moving
 Deformation and movement of non-living objects not caused by human
manipulation can also indicate a landslide.
 The most common of these is that trees are bending up in a J-curve as a sign that
the ground slips out from underneath them.
 A patch of angled forest on a slope or J-curved trees somewhere can be a good
indicator that the ground is less solid than it seems.
 no longer closing properly, or broken utilities.
 This motion can be slow or rapid. Rapid landslides are results of sudden collapse
of a slope. This happens in terrains that are steeper uphill. Whereas, indicators of
slow landslides are categorized by movement of floor tiles, deformation of door
frames which causes difficulty in closing and opening the door, and broken electric
posts, gas, water and sewage pipes.
 Creaking and cracking can also be warning signs. Lisa (2013) Crooked Forest 2.
Photograph.
4. Water Doing Something Different
 Changes in water flow.
 Springs, seep, or wet ground may appear on a seemingly dry terrain.
Similarly, unexpected withdrawal of water also indicates the same. Water causes
alteration of the pressure within the slopes of a terrain.
 A debris flow is a very wet, very mobile landslide, where water is
loaded with trees, mud, rock, and everything else caught in the
current. Low water level precedes the arrival of the debris flow surge.

WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING SINKHOLE

The occurrence of sinkholes and landslides may have something in common
because they are both geologic hazards. Here are some signs of an impending
sinkhole.
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 New small ponds that appear after rain
 Cracks in the ground
 Sudden drainage of a pond
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
 Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a yard
 Dead patches of grass or plants
 Sinkholes in the neighborhood
 Wilted vegetation in a limited area
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated with debris
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab
 Presence of odd bugs like slugs, centipedes in homes
 Earthly odor in home after rain
 New or widening cracks
 Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
 Cracks around door and window frames
 Cracked grout between tiles
 Cracked tiles
 Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
 Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging sections
 Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
 Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows

All homes are subject to some settling characteristics. Signs of an impending

geologic hazard may or may not always cause a landslide or a sinkhole but the
presence of two or more of these signs may indicate that there is something wrong
happening in the area which alerts people to be cautious and careful for possible
dangers that it may cause.

What’s More
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Multiple landslide events in the same place can be ___________, _________,
or ___________.
2. _________ are created by the stress of geological material pulling apart.
3. _________ trees are a patch of angled forest on a slope
4. Water levels on a creek suddenly dropping can be due to ______________.
5. ___________ is a very wet, very mobile landslide, where water is loaded
with trees, mud, rock, and everything else caught in the current.
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 8
Hydrometeorological Hazards
 LESSON Signs of Impending Hydro
4 Hazards

In this module, the term "hydrometeorological hazards" is taken to include

the wide variety of meteorological, hydrological and climate phenomena which can
pose a threat to life, property, and environment. These are probably the most
frequently occurring and most extensively and routinely observed hazards.
Hydrometeorological hazards have several unique characteristics which are
especially significant in the early warning context. Hydrometeorological phenomena
are often highly mobile and transboundary in nature and as a result, their impacts
can be regional or even global.

Activity: Jumbled Words

Directions: Given the definition of the jumbled words, write the correct term on the
blank provided.
1. PHYNOTO - is a low-pressure area, or a wide and violent tropical cyclone. It
rotates in the counterclockwise direction, with warm air rising above Western
Pacific Ocean warm water. Many people on the other side of the planet name it
storms or wily-wily. ____________________
2. LFODO - is characterized as superfluous water that swamps normally dry land
and properties.
3. AÑNIAL - represents periods of under-average sea surface temperatures across
the Equatorial Pacific in the east-central. _____________________
5. MROTSREDNUHT – is local storm created by cumulonimbus clouds and are
often accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong wind
gusts, heavy rain and occasionally hail and/or tornado. ____________________
6. ÑNOELI - refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked
to a regular warming of sea surface temperatures around the
Equatorial Pacific region and east-center. ____________________
7. AFLSOHFLOD - is often caused by heavy rainfall in a short time span, typically
less than 6 hours.

What is It
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
The Philippines being located in the Southeast Asia is considered very
vulnerable to natural hazards and disasters, which include typhoons, earthquakes,
floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires that affect the country and its
inhabitants. Surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin is a circular arm of active
volcanoes known as the “Pacific Ring of Fire” in which most of the volcanoes in the
Philippines are part of. Continental plate activities around this area result to
volcanic eruptions and tsunamis in the country.
National Disaster Management Plan of 2016 stated that
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Hydrometeorological hazards include:
1. Typhoon
2. Thunderstorm
3. Flood
4. Flashflood
5. Storm Surge
6. El Niño
7. La Niña

Hydrometeorological conditions lead to other hazards such as landslides,

fires, plagues, epidemics and in transport and dispersal of toxic substances and
volcanic eruption material.

Signs of Impending Hydro-meteorological Hazards

A. Tropical cyclone, also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense
circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized
by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) stated that
WEATHER FORECAST is a scientific estimate of future weather condition, wherein
a weather condition is a state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms
of the most significant variables. In the Philippines, cloudiness, rainfall and wind
are the weather parameters with significant variation, and therefore of interest to
the forecast users.

B. THUNDERSTORM
This is a powerful, short-lived weather disturbance, almost always associated with
lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and fast, roaring winds.
Thunderstorms occur when layers of dry, moist air rise to cooler regions of the
atmosphere in a broad, rapid updraft.

Thunderstorm forms through 3 stages known as CUMULUS STAGE, MATURE

STAGE
and DISSIPATING STAGE. Cumulus Stage where the sun heats the Earth's surface
during the day and warms the air around it. MATURE STAGE A cumulus cloud
becomes very large, where the water therein becomes large and heavy, and
raindrops begin to fall through the cloud when the rising air can no longer hold
them up. DISSIPATING STAGE After 30 minutes, thunderstorm begins
to dissipate, this occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to
dominate over the updraft. Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud
droplets can no longer form.

C. FLOOD & FLASHFLOOD

Flood is a high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks
onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain. The effects of
floods on human well-being range from unqualified blessings to catastrophes.

Here are the main types of floods to look out for:

1. Inland flooding is the technical name for ordinary flooding that occurs in inland
areas, hundreds of miles from the coast.
2. Flash floods are caused by heavy rain or the sudden release of water over
a short period of time. The name "flash" refers to their fast occurrence and
also, to their raging torrents of water that move with great speed. Flash
floods are also caused by heavy precipitation in a short period of time,
usually less than 6 hours.
3. River flooding occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes, and streams rise and
overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and neighboring land.
4. Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater.
5. Urban flooding occurs when there is a lack of drainage in an urban (city) area.
Means, Tiffany. "The Types of Flood Events and Their Causes." ThoughtCo, Feb. 11, 2020,
thoughtco.com/the-types-of-flood-events-4059251
D.STORM SURGE
Storm surge or "Daluyong ng Bagyo" in the Philippine system where the irregular
sea-level rise during tropical cyclone or "bagyo" occurs. When the tropical cyclone
reaches the coast, powerful winds force the ocean water over the coastal low-lying
areas, which can lead to flooding.
PAGASA takes many technological considerations into account when forecasting
the negative impacts of a storm surge. For storm surge prone communities, the
most important considerations are the strength of the tropical cyclone; the height of
the surge, and the community located in the low-lying area.

E. EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA

EL NIÑO- means The Little Boy, or Christ Child in Spanish. El Niño was originally
recognized by fishermen off the coast of South America in the 1600s, with the
appearance of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean. The name was chosen
based on the time of year (around December) during which these warm waters
events tended to occur.
The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction
linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and
east-central Equatorial Pacific.

LA NIÑA – means The Little Girl in Spanish. La Niña is also sometimes called El
Viejo, anti-El Niño, or simply "a cold event." La Niña episodes represent periods of
below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
Global climate La Niña impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño impacts. In the
tropics, ocean temperature variations in La Niña also tend to be opposite those of
El Niño.

El Niño and La Niña: What Are They?

Both El Niño and La Niña are opposite results of ENSO (El Niño Southern
Oscillation), the same phenomenon. They are an oscillation in temperatures
between the Eastern Equatorial Pacific region's atmosphere and ocean, roughly
between the International Dateline and 20 degrees west. Building up between June
and December, El Niño is caused by a change in wind patterns. Here, after Asia's
summer monsoons, the Pacific Trade Winds struggle to replenish. The moist air
contributes to an oscillation between the colder and warmer waters, resulting in
warmer than average ocean temperatures.

Activity: Tell me!

Direction: Analyze the picture below and answer the questions that follows.
Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about the picture? Describe it.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What situation have you noticed to be disastrous?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What hydrometeorological hazard was presented in the picture?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Based on what you have noticed and analyzed, what can you do to avoid this situation?
_____________________________________________________________________
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 – Module 9
The Elements of Fire Triangle
 Fire is considerably a friend but once fire is not controlled it could be one of
our greatest enemies. Irresponsibility may lead to disaster and everything may
change as fast as a split of a second. Based on the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),
an average of 42 fire incidents were recorded from year 2013 to 2017. You probably
have heard of a fire that broke out at Kentex Manufacturing, a factory of slippers
and shoes in Valenzuela, Metro Manila on May 13, 2015. It is considered as the
third worst fire incident in our country killing 74 people trapped inside the said
factory, next to the 1996 Ozone Disco Club fire and the 2001 Manor Hotel fire that
led to the death of 162 and 75 people, respectively.
In all fire cases, loss of lives, jobs, investments and properties can literally go
up in smoke just in a matter of hours. Knowledge on the behavior, causes, effects
and safety tips can help save lives and properties.

What’s In
With your knowledge on disasters and its types, you are about to embark on
another learning journey that will familiarize you with another disastrous event
FIRE. Your prior knowledge from Quarter 1 on how to get acquainted with the
nature of a disaster, its types, its causes and effects will help you appreciate the
beauty of knowing different disaster types and mitigation.

In this module, you are encouraged to learn concepts while having fun with
your creative side. Some activities may require you to draw, interpret visuals, or
express your thought through an essay.

Direction: Try to answer the following questions to help you establish prior
knowledge and link it to the new lesson.

1. What are the 2 main different types of disaster?

2. For you, to which type does fire belong?
3. Give five common causes of a fire incident?
4. How will you compare a fire’s extent of damage to that of other types of
disasters?
5. List 5 important safety tips that you know about fire prevention.

What is It
Ancient Greeks considered fire as one of their major elements like water, earth and
air. Unlike water, earth and air, fire is known to be just an event that happened
when matter changes from one form to another.

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermal chemical process of

combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. This diagram
below demonstrates the fire triangle.

THE FIRE TRIANGLE

1. Fuel is any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion
takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed. This
happens when vapor is escaping from any combustible material.
2. Heat is an energy that flows through object. Enough amount of heat would free
the vapor from solid and liquid forms of fuel. The lowest temperature needed to
form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid is called the flash
point. The higher the flashpoint, the difficult it is to ignite the material. The ignition
of fire to solid and liquid fuels varies. Most solid combustible materials ignite
immediately. Other solid combustible materials take time to ignite due to its
density.
3. Oxygen is an element, estimated 21% of it can be found in the air. During
combustion process chemical reaction takes place. Oxygen is released and serves
as an oxidizing agent for combustible materials. Without an oxidizing agent like
oxygen there will be no fire even if heat and fuel are present.

The theory of fire extinguishment is based on removing any of the elements in the
fire triangle to suppress the fire.
1. REMOVING THE HEAT. The goal here is to lower the temperature which is
usually accomplished by adding water as an extinguishing agent. Other
extinguishing agents include chemical and mechanical foams.
2. REMOVING THE FUEL. In most cases, removing the fuel from the fire is not a
practical way of extinguishing fire except when dealing with flammable liquid fires,
valves can be shut off and storage vessels pumped to safe areas to help eliminate
the supply of fuel to the fire.
3. REMOVE THE OXYGEN. Air is mainly 21% oxygen and this is sufficient to
support combustion in most fire situations. Removal of the air or oxygen can be
accomplished by separating it from the fuel source or by displacing it with other
gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen and steam. Examples of separation would be
foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet blanket on a trash fire, or a tight-fitting lid
on a skillet fire. Foam does not only lower temperature but also remove oxygen.

What’s More
Activity: FIRE STARTERS
Direction: Below is a word hunt activity where in you should search for any word
that can serve as FUEL to ignite a fire and a question to answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
Question: How can you describe the items that you have found? How will you
compare these items? Do these items differ from each other in terms of fire rate?
How?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4: Module 10
Recognize the Importance of
DRR on One’s Life
 In this module, the learners will recognize that education can have a
catalytic effect to strengthen communities and reduce vulnerability by
recognizing the importance of disaster risk reduction in one’s life.

What’s In
Awareness is the most important component of education; however,
disaster risk reduction is at its most effective and valuable state when it
invests on individuals and communities to become important actors in
disaster reduction strategies. Education is the key to this empowerment.

Activity: “Symbols”

Direction: Think and illustrate a symbol that will represent how disaster risk
reduction is important in your life. Then, discuss briefly why you use the
symbol to represent the importance of DRR.

What is It
Disaster Risk Reduction: Why is it important?
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) education is crucial for all
communities living in disaster prone areas. Asia Pacific Region, where
Philippines is located, is considered as the most disaster prone region in the
world, facing numerous hazards, from severe flooding to storms to volcanic
eruptions to tsunamis and earthquakes.
https://projectchild.ngo/blog/2017/01/23/the-importance-of-drr-education-empowering-communities-to

mitigate-natural-hazards/

A disaster risk reduction assists us to consider our emergency

response activities in light of existing and new disaster risks. This enables
us to design or adjust our activities so that people and communities become
safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding efforts to create
and expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty alleviation and
development. Building resilience: Is the main importance of disaster risk
reduction. disaster risk reduction is vital for building a more equitable and
sustainable future. Making investments in prevention and preparedness,
including through civil defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic
efforts to increase resilience to disaster.
Five priorities identified for action are:
1) to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority;
2) to identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
systems;
3) to use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety
and resilience at all levels;
4) to reduce the underlying risk factors; and
5) to strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at
all levels, from the local to the national.

Responsibility for disaster risk management does not lie with disaster
managers alone. It is rather a concern for everyone - from citizens who must
be empowered to make decisions which reduce risk, to political leaders,
government institutions, the private sector, civil society organization,
professional bodies, and scientific and technical institutions.

Risk communication must be clear and simple. In our current times,

to communicate risks effectively with populations, communities, families
and individuals is essential for everyone to be better prepared when disaster
and crisis hit. This is a challenging task, as normally people don’t want to
hear about “dangerous things”. Some are afraid of even thinking about the
possibility of an earthquake, a tropical cyclone, floods, landslides, tsunamis
or even the most common household hazards, such as fire, hitting their
homes. Every organization and government engaged in disaster risk
reduction awareness must plan and communicate harmonized messages – a
key element to avoid confusion. As a consequence, we increase people’s
confidence in acting to make themselves safer. It starts with one individual,
a family, neighbors, the whole community, a city, a country and even the
whole region. From a development perspective, therefore, disaster risk
reduction is vital for building a more equitable and sustainable future.
Making investments in prevention and preparedness, including through civil
defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to increase
resilience to disaster.
Why disaster risk reduction is important during and after emergencies:

A disaster risk reduction approach helps us consider our emergency

response activities in light of existing and new disaster risks. This enables
us to design or adjust our activities so that people and communities become
safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding efforts to create
and expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty alleviation and
development.
DRR approaches and tools will prevent relief work from rebuilding the
vulnerabilities that made people prone to similar disasters. DRR provides
valuable insights into the underlying factors of vulnerability to hazards and
the features of those hazards. It helps us identify and map local capacities
to cope with these hazards. Ultimately, the DRR approach helps us conduct
effective disaster response while reducing risks that similar disasters will
reoccur. It also ensures that our emergency response does no harm by
replacing or reinstating critical vulnerabilities.

What’s More
Activity: “Organize your Ideas”

Direction: Make an organization chart that will show the importance of

disaster risk in one’s life.

Disaster Readiness and

 Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 - Module 11:
Community Preparedness Plan
 Community preparedness is the ability of a community to prepare for,
withstand, and recover from public health incidents in both the short and
long term; coordinate training and provide guidance to support community
involvement with preparedness efforts.
This will give the members of every community the proper training,
proper education and resources in preparation for any type of disaster. This
is the reason why in every barangay, they have a well-trained disaster
response team who are capable in giving training to their constituents. They
are trained in identifying and analyzing the adverse effect of any hazard in
their community.
On the other hand, planning is an important aspect to community
disaster preparedness. In planning, continuous analyzing and anticipating
any type of disaster is very essential. In order to achieve what is expected in
the plan, proper conduct of training, drills and exercises must be well
implemented in the community.

What is It
What is a family emergency plan?
One of the most important tools every individual and family can have to
protect themselves in possible emergencies is a family emergency preparedness plan ,
complete with a list of contacts during an emergency. In disaster planning, always
consider the worst case scenario. Family members may not be together when a
disaster strikes Line of communications might be cut -off; electrical power supply
might be shut-off; Malls, grocery stores and food provider services like fast-food
chains might also be closed. In this kind of scenario, families must be ready and be
prepared enough in ti mes of emergencies. In other words, there must be a specific
and concrete family emergency plan as to where they meet and what essential
things do they need to bring when they evacuate.

Activity: Guess W hat?

What do you think are the people doing in the pictures below? Have you ever
seen or experienced this kind of scenario in your community or in your
family?
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 4 – Module 12:
Policies of DRRM - The Philippine
DRRM Law RA 10121 and Its
Implementing Rules and Regulations
What’s In
On the previous lesson you learned about the necessary items needed for a survival
kit. An emergency kit/first aid kit is very essential in times of disasters. If survival
kits play a vital role in one family in time of disaster, Philippine government also
plays the vital role in disaster risk reduction and management. Do you remember
the recent eruption of the Taal Volcano that caused a lot of disaster and calamities?
Many human and animal casualties and infrastructure damages affected the
economy, properties, and the lives of millions of Filipino families especially in the
Province of Batangas and nearby Provinces. Government agencies show their
combined efforts during the said disaster as well as on the ongoing rehabilitation
on the affected areas. In connection with this, people must know about the
different policies and services the government provides toward managing disasters.
In this module you will be able to explain Disaster Risk Reduction related laws and
policies.

Activity: You Complete Me!

Direction: Reveal the correct term by filling in the missing letters.

1. Something that happens suddenly which causes suffering or loss to many

people.
D____ ____ AS____ E____

2. A phenomenon, event, occurrence or human activity that may cause injury, loss
of lives and damage to property and the environment ____ A ____ A ____ D

3. An agency that is responsible in weather forecasting. (acronym) ____ AG ____

S____

4. The degree to which people and properties are likely to experience hazards.
E____ ____ OS____ R ____

5. An agency that is responsible in detecting earthquake and volcanic eruption.

(acronym) P____ I____OC____

6. The birth of this council or agency is responsible in reducing the disaster risk
and enhancing disaster preparedness. (acronym) N ____ R ____ M C

7. An agency that is responsible for the environment. (acronym) D____ ____R

8. It is the way to manage the impact of disaster or losses. E____ ER____E____ ____Y
M____ NA____E____E____T

9. Measures that ensure the ability of affected communities and/or areas to restore
R____H____BI____I____T____TI____N

10. The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters D____ ____AS____ER MI____I____AT____ ____N

What’s New
Activity: One, Two, Three, ACTION
Act that you are a part of the LGU and stakeholder that would make their own
LAWS/ RULES/ POLICIES when disaster strikes specifically typhoon. What laws,
rules or policies are you going to implement before, during and after the typhoon?
Guide Questions:
1. What are things you consider in creating laws, rules or policies before, during and after a
disaster?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Does the position in the community affect the policies, rules or laws you have planned to
implement?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Why it is important to follow a single law or policy in time of disaster?
_____________________________________________________________________________

What is It
Global Policy Frameworks
Philippine government policies and programs for disaster risk reduction and
management was anchored to Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015- 2030, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 and ASEAN Agreement on
Disaster Management and Emergency Response. These were formulated to reduce
the risks during disaster as it gives concreate guides for national government, local
government, organizations, communities and stakeholders.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, this was
adopted by UN member states, including the Philippines, in March 2015. The
Sendai Framework aims to achieve the following outcome over the next 15 years:
the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health
and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of
persons, businesses, communities and countries.

Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015

According to International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework for
Action 2005-2015, is a world conference on disaster reduction that was held from
January 18-22, 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo Japan. The HFA is a comprehensive, action‐
oriented response to international concern about the growing impacts of disasters
on individuals, communities & national development. Its goal was to substantially
reduced disaster loses in live and in social, economic and environmental assets of
communities and countries.
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response
On December 24, 2009, the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and
Emergency Response (AADMER) was ratified by all ten (10) ASEAN member states that
include the Philippines. It focuses on the region’s policy backbone on disaster
management by giving priority to disaster risk reduction, thus enabling a more
proactive regional framework for cooperation, coordination, technical assistance, and
resource mobilization in all aspects of disaster management.

What is the DRRM Act?

According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, the Philippine
DRRM Act of 2010 or Republic Act No. 10121 as signed into law on May 27, 2010,
provides the basic policies and coordination mechanism for DRRM through the
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (DRRMC) at the national, regional,
and local levels. Section 15 of the law specifically indicates the criteria for identifying
the lead DRRMC in “preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any
disaster.”

What are the Salient Features of the DRRM Act?

According to Disaster Risk Reduction Network Philippines, the following are the salient
features of the DRRM Act:

A. Coherence with international framework

B. Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance

C. Good governance through transparency and accountability

D. Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM

E. Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral, inter‐agency, and community‐based

approach to disaster risk reduction

F. Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations

(CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk reduction

G. Integration of the DRRM into the educational system

H. Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels

I. Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of calamity, remedial measures,

prohibited acts and penalties

Who are involved in DRRM as mandated in the DRRM act?

National Mandate
Strengthening the disaster risk reduction and management system was anchored
to Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 or Republic Act No. 10121.
It is stated in the law that it is the policy of the state to:
1) Uphold the people’s constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the
root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the country’s institutional
capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of
local communities to disasters including climate change impacts.
2) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of
humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete
expression of the country’s commitment to overcome human sufferings due to
recurring disasters.
3) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in
the creation and implementation of national, regional, and local sustainable
development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets.
4) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic,
comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and
environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the
involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all
levels especially the local community.
5) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of
the national government and the local government units (LGUs), together with
partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to
institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including
projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response
capabilities at all levels.
6) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and
responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at
various levels of government adhering to the principles of good governance such as
transparency and accountability within the context of poverty alleviation and
environmental protection.
7) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development
processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning,
budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture,
water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning,
and public infrastructure and housing, among others.
8) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs
with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national
down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and communities.
9) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution
approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure
that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives
during periods of intermittent conflicts.
10) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender
responsive, sensitive to indigenous know ledge systems, and respectful of human
rights.
11) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the
capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through
decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local
levels.
12) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in
mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of
disasters.
13) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector
and volunteers in the government’s disaster risk reduction programs towards
complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the Citizenry.
14) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to
mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters.
15) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers,
communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the
media are educated and trained on how they can actively support breastfeeding
before and during a disaster and/or an emergency.
16) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families
affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the
impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic
activities.

Structure of the DRRM

A. National DRRM Councils
According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, the National
DRRMC is designated with policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision,
and monitoring and evaluation functions. It is headed by the Secretary of the
Department of National Defense (DND) as Chairperson, with the Secretary of the
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice-Chairperson for
Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) as Vice-Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice-Chairperson for Disaster
Prevention and Mitigation, and the Secretary of the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) as the Vice-Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation
and Recovery. Other members include other government agencies like DOH,
DPWH, DepEd and many more.

Functions of the NDRRMC

1. Develop a NDRRM Framework.
2. Create NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP).
3. Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention,
mitigation, response and rehabilitation operations. As well as recommend to the
President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas.
4. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation.
5. Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system.
6. Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms.
7. Monitor the development and enforcement required by this Act.
8. Manage and mobilize resources.
9. Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures on the Local
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF).
10. Develop assessment tools in coordination with the Climate Change
Commission.
11. Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms.
12. Formulate a national institutional capability building program.
13. Formulate a national agenda for research and technology development.
14. Formulate and implement a framework for climate change adaptation and
disaster risk reduction and management.
15. Constitute a technical management group.
16. Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of
the member-agencies.
17. Coordinate or oversee the implementation of the country’s obligations with
disaster management treaties.

B. Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC)

The Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC) is the regional arm of NDRRMC. They are
responsible for coordinating, integrating, supervising and evaluating DRRM
activities of the Local DRRM Councils. It is headed by the Regional Director of the
Office of Civil Defense (OCD).

Functions of the RDRRMC

1. Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMC.2.
Ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans.
3. Establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMC).

C. Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC)

The Local DRRM Councils shall be known as Provincial or Municipality Disaster
Coordinating Councils. The Barangay Development Council (BDC) shall undertake
the powers and functions of the council at the barangay level. It is composed of
multi‐sectoral and multi‐agency members. LDRRMCs oversee the implementation of
the Local DRRM Plans (LDRRMPs) formulated by Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMOs).

Functions of the LDRRMCS

1. Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs.
2. Ensure the integration of DRR and climate change adaptation.
3. Implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation.
4. Convene the local council.

D. Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO)

LDRRMOs are established in every province under the office of the Governor, city
under the office of the City Mayor, municipality under the office of the municipality
mayor and Barangay DRRM Committees (BDRRMC) for the barangay level, headed
by Barangay Chairman. Local DRRM Offices sets the direction, development,
implementation and coordination of DRRM programs and activities within their
territorial jurisdictions.

Functions of the LDRRMO

1. Set the direction, development and implementation of DRRM programs.
2. Design, program and coordinate DRRM Programs to NDRRMC.
3. Facilitate and support risk assessment and contingency plan.
4. Consolidate local disaster risk information.
5. Organize and conduct training.
6. Operate a multi hazard early warning system.
7. Formulate and implement a comprehensive LDRRMP.
8. Prepare and submit to the Local Sanggunian.
9. Conduct continuous disaster monitoring.
10. Identify, assess and manage hazard vulnerabilities and risk.
11. Disseminate information and raise public awareness.
12. Identify and implement cost effective risk reduction measures/strategies.
13. Maintain database of human resources, equipment, directories and
location of critical infrastructure.
14. Develop partnership with the private sectors, CSOs and volunteer groups.
15. Take all necessary steps on continuing the provision.
16. Organize, equip, train and supervise local emergency team.
17. Respond and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carried out
recovery activities.18. Promote and raise public awareness and compliance with the
act.
19. Serve as secretariat and executive arm of LRRMC.
20. Coordinate with DRRM activities.
21. Establish network with LGU.
22. Recommend the enhancement of local ordinance relate to the act.
23. Implement policies, approved plans and program of LRRMC.
24. Establish Provincial/City/Municipality/Barangay operation center.
25. Prepare and submit report on utilization of LDRRM Fund.
26. Act on other matter that authorized by LDRRMC.

Disaster Volunteers
According to Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) of RA 1012, the following
feature disaster volunteers.
1. Their mobilization may be undertaken by
a. government agencies
b. civil service organizations
c. private sector, and local government units.
2. Their enhancement, welfare, and protection will be the responsibility :
a. agencies
b. civil service organizations
c. private sector, or
d. Local government unit which assembled them.
3. Their accreditation and inclusion in the database are done at municipal or city
level.
4. They will follow guidelines set by the NDRRMC.
5. They are entitled to compensatory benefits and insurance under the guidelines.

Education and Training

According to Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) of RA 10121, education and
training is ruled to:
1. Integrate in the school curricula of DRR education for both of secondary and
tertiary level of education including National Service Training Program (NSTP)
whether private or public or formal and non-formal, technical-vocational,
indigenous learning, and out of school youth courses and programs.
2. Encourage the youth to participate in DRRM activities headed by SK councils
together with the DRRMCs.
3. Imposed trainings to the public sector employees that focus on emergency
response and preparedness.

Declaration of State of Calamity

According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled that
A. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by the President
- It shall be recommend by National Council
- It can be a clustered of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions.
- International humanitarian assistance may be necessary.
B. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by Local Sanggunian
- Issued based on the recommendation of the LDRRMC
- Based on the result of the damage assessment.

Remedial Measures
According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled that the member agencies must
mandatory undertake the following remedial measure when the state of calamity
was declared:
a. Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities as
recommended by implementing agency to the President.
b. Local Price Coordination Council shall monitor, prevent and control
overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities, medicines and
petroleum products.
c. Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety upgrading of
public infrastructures and facilities.
d. Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending institutions to
the most affected section of the population.

Prohibited Acts
According to IRR of RA 10121 the following are the prohibited acts during the
declaration of state of calamity:
1. Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of
facilities and misuse of funds
2. Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster stricken areas,
including appropriate technology, tools, equipment, accessories, disaster
teams/experts
3. Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods,
equipment or other and commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster
affected communities
4. Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected persons
any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities received by them.
5. Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are intended
for distribution to disaster victims
6. Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended for or
consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agency
7. Diverting of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities to persons other
than the rightful recipient or consignee
8. Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities not intended for nor consigned to him/her
9. Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
by:
a. Covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear
that the goods, equipment or other aid commodities came from another agency or
persons;
b. Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into containers with
different markings to make it appear that the goods came from another agency or
persons or was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons; and
c. Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and commodity m
its tampered original containers actually came from another agency or persons or
was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons.
10. Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with
the same items or inferior/cheaper quality. Illegal solicitations by persons or
organizations representing others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by
the NDRRMC
11. Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for funding,
relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities for emergency assistance or
livelihood projects
12. Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness
equipment and paraphernalia

Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Funds

1. According to IRR of RA 10121 LDRRM Fund must be not less than 5% of
estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set aside to support disaster risk
management activities such as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness
programs (training, purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies and
medicines) and post-disaster activities.

2. It is the duty of the LDRRMC to monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement
of the LDRRMF.

3. Upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of Sanggunian

concerned, it may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of
other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity by the LDRRMC.

4. Quick Response Fund - Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund is

amounting to Thirty percent (30%) of LDRRMF, that is allocated for relief and
recovery programs.

5. Special Trust Fund – unused LDRRMF shall be converted to trust fund for the
purpose of DRRM activities of the LDRRMC within the next five years. Any such
amount that is not fully utilized after 5 years shall be return to the general fund
and can be made available for other social services by the local Sanggunian.

6. LRRMC shall make its reports on utilization of LRRMF open to public by

publication and posting.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Funds

1. According to IRR of RA 10121, NDDRM fund should be used for disaster risk
reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities. It can be utilized
for relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or service in connection with
natural or human- induced calamities that may occur during the budget year or in
the past 2 years from the budget year.
2. NDRRM fund amount and the recipient agencies and/or LGUs are based on the
approval of President with the recommendation of NDDRMC.
3. Quick Response Fund - Thirty percent (30%) from the NDRRM Fund shall be
allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund to the agencies identifies
by NDRRMC It will be used for relief and recovery programs in order that situation
and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as
possible.
4. All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government shall submit
their monthly statements on the utilization of the funds.
5. All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby
authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed
to address DRRM activities in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the
NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.

Funding of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

OCD as the lead agency to carry out the provisions of the act , shall be allocated a
budget of one billion pesos (Php1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund.NDRMM Plan
2011-2028 It sets that expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, indicators, lead
agencies, implementing partners, and timelines under each of the four mutually
reinforcing thematic areas of:

1. disaster prevention and mitigation;

2. disaster response; and

3. disaster preparedness;
4. disaster rehabilitation and recovery
 “Safer, adaptive, and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable
development” is the vision of NDRRM plan (NDRRMP). All priority areas correspond
to the structure of the NDRRMC. In addition, NDRRMP hopes to achieve its
objectives through the utilization and application of each government agency’s own
expertise and capacities. Each priority area is managed and monitored by certain
government agencies to meet the objectives of the NDRRMP.”
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte
S.Y. 2020 - 2021

4th Quarter Summative Test

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
ASSESSMENT 1
1. Which of the following is a type of sinkhole that develops abruptly which cause
catastrophic damage?
a. artificial b. cover collapse c. cover subsidence d. dissolution
2. What type of sinkhole develops gradually where the covering sediments are
permeable and contain sand?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution

3. Which of the following occurs in areas where limestone is exposed at land

surface?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution
4. Which of the following sinkholes is primarily caused by various human activities
including groundwater pumping and construction activities?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution
5. Which of the following is always true about sinkholes?
a. can only form holes c. can only occur on land
b. can be shallow or deep d. can form above igneous rocks
6. Which of the following is a landslide characterized by short distance movement
down a slope, sliding along concave-upward or planar surface?
a. debris flow b. slumping c. soil creep d. topples

7. Which of the following is not a condition for a landslide to occur?

a. bare vegetation b. flat terrain c. heavy rain d. inclined location

8. This is a depression in the ground that resulted from the collapse of the
surface layer of the soil.
a. earthquake b. landslide c. sinkhole d. tsunami

9. Which of the following characteristics of a rock is essential in order to

produce a sinkhole?
a. dense b. hard c. lustrous d. soluble

10. Which of the following is not an ideal environment for sinkholes to

occur?
a. limestone saturated b. salt beds
c. sedimentary deposits d. volcanic craters

11. Landslide is the downward ground movement on a sloping terrain

caused by gravity. It also comes scientific term such as ________.
a. land agitation b. landmass c. landslip d. land tremors

12. Which of the following is a natural agent of erosion which flows and
loosens the soil?
a. air b. alcohol c. butane d. water

13. What type of landslide has a very slow movement which is hardly
noticeable?
a. debris flow b. rock fall c. slumping d. soil creep

14. Which of the following pertains to a sudden slide of rocks down slope?
a. rock failure b. rock fall c. rock slip d. rock stead

15. Which of the following happens when the slope becomes saturated with
water triggering a landslide of water sacked mass of rock and soil?
a. debris flow b. rock fall c. slumping d. soil creep

Assessment 2
1. Which community will be least affected by an earthquake?
A. A community that is within 1km radius of the epicenter.
B. A community that experiences an earthquake with a depth of focus of
100km.
C. A densely populated community that has no earthquake preparedness
measures in place.
D. A community that experiences an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5.
2. Which of the following is caused by a landslide or explosion under the
oceans?
A. Fire C. liquefaction
B. ground rupture D. tsunami

3. At convergent plate boundaries, _________________

A. Two plates slip past horizontally each other
B. Two plates move in opposite directions away from each other
C. Two plates move in opposite directions toward each other
D. Two plates are moving vertically

4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about reduction of earthquake risks?

A. Hazards maps must be made.
B. Accurate data recording of earthquakes.
C. Strong and resilient buildings must be developed.
D. Careful analysis and interpretation of ground shaking is unnecessary.
5. Which secondary effect of an earthquake is described as collapse of
buildings caused by earthquake vibrating water-saturated fill or
unconsolidated soil?
A. Flood C. liquefaction
B. Landslide D. tsunami
6. Many divergent plate boundaries coincide with __________.
A. edges of the continents C. transform faults
B. mid-ocean ridge D. volcano
7. What might happen when ground shaking results to breakage of gas,
electrical lines and fuel lines, and overturning of stoves?
A. Fire C. liquefaction
B. landslide D. subsidence
8. Which can help reduce the risk of an earthquake?
A. hazard maps
B. building resistant structures
C. Through effective earthquake instrumentation
D. All of the above
9. During large earthquakes, which is responsible for the greatest number of
fatalities?
A. drowning B. fires
C. people buried alive D. Large objects (buildings) fall on people

10.Which is not a cause of earthquake?

A. movement of tectonic plates B. changing of soil density
C. motion along earth’s faults D. shifting of bedrocks
11.Accurate data gathering, recording and interpretation of data pertaining
to ground shaking are all components of _______________.
A. hazard mapping
B. earthquake instrumentation
C. structural engineering
D. none of the above
12.Which of the following is a primary hazard caused by an earthquake?
A. cracks on the ground/ faults B. landslides
C. liquefaction D. tsunami
13.When you are inside a building when earthquake begins, you should
_______________.
A. Run outside immediately
B. Duck, cover and hold on
C. Go to an open space.
D. Call your friends and relatives to let them know if you are okay or not.
14.Which can be prevented by reinforcing slopes and rerouting of water
passages?
A. landslide B. liquefaction C. subsidence D. tsunami
15.If you are at risk from earthquakes, what can you do to prepare for an
earthquake?
A. Choose a safe place in every room of your house like sturdy tables or
desk.
B. Develop a family disaster plan.
C. Educate yourself on earthquake safety measures.
D. All of the above
ASSESSMENT 3
1. What do you call the molten rocks found beneath the Earth?
A. Elements B. lava C. magma D. minerals
2. Which of the signs of an impending volcanic eruption refers to the
swelling of volcano that signals the accumulation of magma near its
surface?
A. gas emission
B. harmonic tremors
C. increase in number of earthquake
D. bulges in the mountain or inflammation
3. People residing near volcanoes may detect premonitory events before a
volcanic eruption. Which of the following senses is not used?
A. Auditory B. gustatory C. tactile D. visual
4. What is the property of substances to resist flow?
A. Buoyancy B. density C. pressure D. viscosity
5. Which toxic gas is released naturally by volcanic activity?
A. carbon dioxide B. carbon monoxide
C. hydrochloric acid D. sulfur dioxide
6. Which of the following substances is responsible for a rotten egg smell?
A. Helium B. magnesium C. silica D. sulfur
7. Which of the following statements is true?
I. One warning sign observed is enough to predict an eruption.
II. One warning sign observed is not enough to predict an eruption.
III. Small changes recorded from an instrument is enough to predict an
eruption.
IV. Small changes recorded from an instrument is not enough to predict an
eruption.
A. I and III B. I and IV C. II and III D. II and IV
8. Which of the following characteristics of magma mainly affects the
explosiveness of a volcanic eruption?
A. Amount B. color C. silica content D. temperature
9. Which of the following statements is true?
I. People shall not be alarmed if a small change in altimeters is observed.
II. Increasing sustained number of quakes indicates the volcano is about to
erupt.
III. Increasing number of thermal vents shall be monitored continuously.
A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
10. Which of the following statements is correct?
I. Presence of crater glow indicates that explosive eruption will occur.
II. Bulging of the ground indicates that the volcano is going to erupt
within a week.
III. Observed rock falls and landslides indicates an impending volcanic
eruption.
IV. Long-lasting rhythmic quakes is a sign of an impending volcanic
eruption.
A. I, III, IV B. II, III, IV C. III only D. IV only
11. All of the following events indicate an impending eruption except:
A. a measurable bulge or swelling of the volcano
B. occurrence of short earthquakes in the region
C. discovery of new hot springs around the volcano
D. increased temperature of hot springs around the volcano
12. Which of the following is a parameter used to monitor volcanoes by
observing the surface of the volcano for any changes?
A. gases B. ground deformation
C. seismic activity D. sensory observations
13. Which of the following should be continuously monitored to in a lake or
hot spring around a volcano?
A. chemical content B. temperature
C. Turbidity D. all of the above
14. Which of the following instruments is not used in monitoring a volcano?
A. tiltmeter B. seismogram C. seismometer D. satellite imaging
15. Which of the following events does not indicate an impending eruption?
A. drying up of hot springs around the volcano
B. eroded area of the volcano after a heavy rain
C. drying up of the vegetation around the volcano
D. variation in the chemical content of the lakes and springs around the
volcano
ASSESSMENT 4
1. Smoke alarms can be very useful when______________.
A. It is properly working.
B. If you keep a working battery in them
C. Tested every month to ensure they are working
D. All of the above
2. Replace power strip electrical cords when____________
A. You've used every outlet on them.
B. They show any sign of discoloring.
C. You change your smoke alarm battery.
D. They have been on the floor for more than a month.
3. What is prevention?
A. Supervising safety at work
B. Extending help during the event
C. Taking precautions to reduce risks
D. Investigating accidents and incidents
4. What must be present in an analysis of a task that involves risks?
A. An action plans for taking precautions
B. The time dedicated in preparing the report
C. The empathy of the employer and provision of hazard pay
D. Assessment of the risks together with preventive measures
5. What is the main cause of accidents in a workplace?
A. Lack of hazard benefits B. Lack of financial resources
C. Lack of precautionary measures D. Lack of support from the employers
6. What is most likely the cause of tripping?
A. Too little lighting B. Reduction of a person’s vision
C. Loose objects on the work floor D. Absence of protective personal equipment

7. What colors are used on signs for firefighting equipment?

A. Black pictogram on a yellow background
B. Black pictogram on a red background
C. White pictogram on a green background
D. White pictogram on a red background
8. What shape does warning sign have?
A. Diamond B. Rectangular C. Round D. Triangular
9. What is needed to allow a fire to happen?
A. Oxygen, a catalyst and a correct mixture ratio
B. Oxygen, flammable substance and ignition energy
C. A catalyst and ignition source that come in contact
D. Flammable substance, carbon dioxide and ignition button
10. What should you do first if you discover that your house is on fire?
A. Ensure your safety. B. Open the doors and windows.
C. Warn all your family members. D. Call the Bureau of Fire Protection.
11. Why you should not use water to extinguish fire all the time?
A. Extinguishing with water is comparatively dangerous.
B. The burning substance may react with water violently.
C. Water may not be present where fire accident is happening.
D. Firefighters might have a problem in dealing with smoke produced.
12. Class A fire can be put out by the following EXCEPT_______________.
A. Carbon dioxide B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam D. Wet chemicals
13. What chemical should be used when Class K fire accidents occur?
A. Carbon dioxide B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam D. Wet chemicals
14. Fire accidents caused by paint and oil can be put out by the following
EXCEPT________________.
A. Carbon dioxide B. Clean agent
C. Dry chemical D. Dry powder
15. What does BLUE color sign mean in Fire Safety Signs?
A. Fire exit B. Firefighting equipment
C. Mandatory action D. Prohibition

PERFORMANCE TASK 1

Let’s Try This: Significant interview

Conduct an interview among your family members about the hazards they
encounter in the following settings. Then classify them according to types of
hazards.

1. At home (When they were young)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. In barangay/ town/ province

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. In workplace

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

PERFORMANCE TASK 2

Info-comics
Create a 12-box comic strip which encourages people to appreciate the value
of knowing earthquake hazards and risk reduction. You are certainly
allowed to go beyond 10 boxes if you want. The rubric below will serve as
your guide and your teacher’s basis for rating your output.

PERFORMANCE TASK 3

MAKE YOUR OWN

Pick at least one hazard and create a creative story or make a short poem or make
your own way of broadcasting about the hazard you choose. Use the analytic
rubrics given above for you to be guided.

PERFORMANCE TASK 4
“Brochure Making!”
Create your own informative brochure about the importance of disaster risk
reduction in one’s life.

NOTE: For those learners who don’t have a laptop nor internet, you can draw it directly to a
clean bond paper just follow the rubric given.
 LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

Quarter 4
Subject: DRRR Grade Level: 11
Subject Teacher: Section:

Day & Time Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Monday
7:30 – 8:00 Prepare the necessary things needed & get ready to read and answer the module

Module 1 1. What’s In: Activity - Let’s ONLINE WITH

8:00 - 9:30 HAZARDS AND IT’S TYPE Study and Analyze: Volcano & SELF –
(1h & 30 min) Parachutist LEARNING
2. What’s More: Activity - MODULE
Let’s Know: Spot the Hazards

9:30 – 9:45 RECESS

Module 2 1. WHAT’S NEW - 1 PIC 1 ONLINE WITH

HAZARD: IT’S IMPACT, WORD SELF –
9:45 – 11:45 LEARNING
IDENTIFICATION AND RISK
(2h)
ASSESSMENT MODULE
11:45 – 12:45 LUNCH BREAK

1:00 - 4:00 MODULE 3 ONLINE WITH

(3h) EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND 1. WHAT’S NEW SELF –
RIGHT REDUCTION METHODS LEARNING
MODULE

LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

Quarter 4
Subject: DRRR Grade Level: 11
Subject Teacher: Section:

Day & Time Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Tuesday
7:30 – 8:00 Prepare the necessary things needed & get ready to read and answer the module

Module 4 1. WHAT’S IN: ACTIVITY - VOLCANO - ONLINE WITH

8:00 - 9:30 SIGNS OF IMPENDING RELATED HAZARD SELF –
(1h & 30 min) VOLCANIC ERUPTION LEARNING
MODULE
9:30 – 9:45 RECESS

Module 5 1. WHAT’S NEW: PRESENT SITUATION ONLINE WITH

9:45 – 11:45 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS 2. WHAT’S MORE - TRUE OR FALSE SELF –
(2h) LEARNING
MODULE
11:45 – 12:45 LUNCH BREAK

MODULE 6 1. WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY - ESSAY ONLINE WITH

1:00 - 4:00 CAUSES OTHER RELATED 2. WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY - WORD HUNT SELF –
(3h) GEOLOGICAL HAZARD LEARNING
MODULE

LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

Quarter 4
Subject: DRRR Grade Level: 11
Subject Teacher: Section:

Day & Time Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Wednesday
7:30 – 8:00 Prepare the necessary things needed & get ready to read and answer the module

8:00 - 9:30 Module 7 1. WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY - ONLINE WITH

(1h & 30 min) SIGN OF OTHER RELATED EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER SELF –
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS 2. WHAT’S MORE LEARNING
MODULE
9:30 – 9:45 RECESS

Module 8 1. ACTIVITY: JUMBLED WORDS ONLINE WITH

9:45 – 11:45 2. ACTIVITY: TELL ME! SELF –
(2h) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
LEARNING
HAZARDS MODULE

11:45 – 12:45 LUNCH BREAK

MODULE 9 1. WHAT’S IN ONLINE WITH

1:00 - 4:00 2. WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY - SELF –
THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE
(3h) FIRE STARTER LEARNING
TRIANGLE
MODULE

LALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

Quarter 4
Subject: DRRR Grade Level: 11
Subject Teacher: Section:

Day & Time Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Thursday
7:30 – 8:00 Prepare the necessary things needed & get ready to read and answer the module
 8:00 - 9:30 Module 10 1. WHAT’S IN: ACTIVITY - ONLINE WITH
(1h & 30 min) RECOGNIZE THE SYMBOLS SELF –
IMPORTANCE OF DRRR 2. WHAT’S MORE LEARNING
ONE’S LIFE MODULE
9:30 – 9:45 RECESS

Module 11 1. ACTIVITY - GUESS WHAT? ONLINE WITH

9:45 – 11:45 SELF –
(2h)
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
LEARNING
MODULE
11:45 – 12:45 LUNCH BREAK

Module 12 1. ACTIVITY - YOU COMPLETE ME

1:00 - 4:00 POLICIES OF DRRRM - THE PHIL. 2. WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY - ONLINE WITH
(3h) ONE, TWO, THREE ACTION! SELF –
DRRRM LAW RA 10121 AND IT’S
IMPLEMMENTING RULES AND LEARNING
REGULATIONS MODULE