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Titanium and its Alloys, the Imperative Materials for Biomedical Applications

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 International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICRTET2012)
ISBN: 978-81-925922-0-6

Titanium and its Alloys, the Imperative

Materials for Biomedical Applications
Mohsin T. Mohammed, Zahid A. Khan, Arshad N. Siddiquee
Mechanical Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia University ( A Central University), New Delhi, India
[email protected]

ABSTRACT to review the imperative characteristics for titanium materials

Since the 1960s, titanium has develop into an accepted metallic in biomedical applications.
biomaterial and one of the most imperative group of materials in II. BIOMEDICAL TITANIUM SYSTEMS
the field of biomedical engineering because of its exceptional
properties. The usage of titanium materials for medical and Structural Ti alloys may be classified as Alpha (α),
dental implants is quickly growing on due to their good near-α, Alpha-Beta (α-β), metastable β, and stable β
biocompatibility, superior corrosion resistance, high specific depending upon the microstructure at room temperature.
strength as well as to their appropriate mechanical properties and
biochemical compatibility. This paper focuses its concentration In this regard, alloying elements for Ti fall into three
essentially on titanium materials, as these materials are widely categories: (1) α-stabilizers, such as Al, O, N, C; (2) β-
used in the field of biomedical application. The paper discusses stabilizers, such as V, Nb, Ta, Mo (isomorphous), Fe, W,
the fundamental properties and requirements of bio grade Cr, Ni, Si, Co, Mn, H (eutectoid); (3) neutrals, such as Zr
titanium materials such as biocompatibility, osseointegration, and Sn. [1]. The α and near-α Ti alloys exhibit superior
elastic modulus, mechanical properties, corrosion and wear corrosion resistance but have limited low temperature
resistance. On the whole, an effort has been achieved to draw out
strength. In contrast, the α + β alloys exhibit higher
the current scenario of Ti materials for biomedical applications.
strength due to the presence of both the α and β phases.
I. INTRODUCTION The β alloys also offer the unique characteristic of low
Rapid healthy human need and advances in the domains of elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance [2]-[3].
Earlier systems of Ti in medical, surgical, and dental
engineering and related technologies during the last fifty years
devices were based on commercial pure Ti (cpTi) and
have led to the extensive use of traditional metals and their
most popular used Ti-6Al-4V alloy. As a result of the truth
alloy counterparts. Metallic biomaterials continue to be used
that releasing small amounts of vanadium and aluminum
extensively for the medical applications primarily for the same in the human body induces possible cytotoxic effect and
reason that led to their initial selection for these devices many neurological disorders, respectively [4]-[7] led to develop
decades ago. They must fulfill many requirements, included, Ti-6Al-7Nb [5], Ti-Zr based and Ti-Sn based alloys [8].
biocompatibility, osseointegration, favorable mechanical New systems of non-toxic elements β-type Ti alloys have
properties, and others. Because of these requirements the been developed recently such as: Ti-Nb system, Ti-Nb-Mo
number of metallic materials that can be considered is limited. system, Ti-Nb-Pd system, Ti-Nb-Zr system, Ti-Nb-Sn
Over the past few decades, titanium and its alloys have system, Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn system, Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe system, Ti-Nb-
emerged as a preferred choice of use as implantable products Ta system, Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr system, Ti-Ta system, Ti-Mo
Titanium is a non‐corrosive metal stronger than industry system, Ti-Mo-Zr system, Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe system, Ti-Fe-Ta
steels and present in an increasing amount of applications. In system, Ti-Fe-Ta-Zr system, Ti-Cr-Nb system, Ti-Cr-Mn-
general, there are many other property improvements that can Sn system alloys [9]-[23] and another systems are still
be made in medical applications by substituting with titanium developing.
such as weight reduction, corrosion resistance, good fracture
resistance, and ease of fabrication of both simple and complex III. BIOMEDICAL TITANIUM MATERIALS
shapes by widely available fabrication techniques (e.g., REQUIREMENTS
casting, forging, machining). Titanium is now a standard
material of construction for many applications of medical The field of biomedical titanium materials is one of the
systems and successful utilization requires careful fastest growing area of research for the contemporary materials
consideration of titanium’s unique characteristics. As we scientist and engineers, as these materials can enhance the
progress into the second decade of twenty-first century, and fineness and longevity of human life, and ameliorate patient
despite the massive utility of titanium and its alloys in medical health care. The development of titanium materials for
area, the number of reviews dealing with this vital field has biomedical and dental applications is currently an area of
being limited. The aim has been to condense and focus on the active research in the globe and many serious attempts are
significant use of titanium and its alloys in medical field, and

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICRTET2012)
ISBN: 978-81-925922-0-6

achieved every year to improve different demanded a lot of implants fail due to weak strength or
requirements in this field. mismatch in mechanical properties between the
bone and implant. The wide range of mechanical
properties attainable in Ti alloys stems from the use
A. BIOCOMPATIBILITY
which is made of the allotropic transformation from
The Implantable materials must have non toxic
the high temperature β (BCC) phase to the lower
and do not induce any allergic reactions or
temperature α (HCP) phase. There are a lot of
inflammatory such as has been observed on
mechanical properties related to biomedical grade
occasion with some stainless steels, which have
Ti alloys such as strength, ductility, fracture
induced nickel hypersensitivity in surrounding
toughness , crack propagation, and admission strain
tissues. The superior performance criteria of any
(the ratio of yield strength to modulus of elasticity)
biomaterials in the human body is the good
to meet the effectiveness and reliability. It is
biocompatibility which depends mainly upon
important to control alloying elements,
preventing the reaction of the human body to the
microstructure, process and heat treatment, in order
implant [24]. The commercial pure Ti, α+β and β-
to control the mechanical compatibility matching in
type biomedical titanium alloys show excellent
the end. Titanium and its alloys possess suitable
biocompatibility as compared to other biometallic
mechanical properties such as strength, bend
materialsas as a result of non toxic of consisted
strength and fatigue resistance to be used in
elements. The material degradation in the body
orthopaedics and dental applications. This is part of
fluid is a main factor that affects directly on the
the reason why they have been employed in load-
biocompatibility. So, elements that are likely to
bearing biomedical applications instead of other
cause allergic problems, such as nickel, chromium,
materials.
and cobalt, must be avoided. Recently, the alloying
elements like Nb, Zr, Ta, Mo, and Sn are the most
appropriate elements. D. Low Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity is one of the most common affected
properties on performance of Ti as implantable materials for
B. Osseointegration
artificial joints, e.g. hip, knee or shoulder joints. It is well
The osseointegration of implants was
known that Young’s modulus is determined by the bonding
initially defined by Branemark et al. [25] as a
force among atoms and greatly affected by the crystal
direct bone-to-implant contact and later on defined
structure. So, extensive studies and serious attempts were made
on a more functional basis as a direct bone-to-
in recent past to achieve better performance (lower E) in terms
implant contact under load. It is the integration of
of biomechanics, as given in table 1. It is a desirable major role
an implant surface with the adjacent tissues
in biomedical field if the stiffness (Young’s modulus) is not
preventing any micromotion that may result an
too high compared to that of bone. This is in order to transfer
implant loosening [26]. The development of good
the adequate mechanical stress to the adjacent bone and to
osseointegration depends essentially on the surface
avoid the damage of bone cells resulted from stress shielding
of the implant since the first contact of the body is
effect [28] and osteoporosis or poor osseointergration [29]
with the surface. Therefore, Ti materials with an
which leading to an eventual failure of the implant [30].
fitting surface are greatly crucial for the implantable
However, Ti materials have an elastic modulus lower than
material to integrate well with the adjacent bone.
conventional biomaterials like AISI Type 316L Stainless Steel
Till now, bone–Ti contact integration percentage
(220 GPa) and Co–Cr–Ni alloy (240 GPa) [31].
remains at less value (≤ 65%) [27], which is far
lower than the ideal value (100%). TABLE 1
DIFFERENT ELASTIC MODULUS VALUES OF VARIOUS MEDICAL
TITANIUM MATERIALS
C. Mechanical Properties Alloy Designation Microstructure E (Gpa)
Cp titanium α 105
Undoubtedly, Ti alloys that are used as body Ti-12.5Zr-2.5Nb-2.5Ta Near α 100
implants are obviously subjected to a variety of Ti-6Al-4V α/β 110
loads during walking, running and climbing and Ti-6Al-7Nb α/β 105
various other physical activities which necessitate Ti-10Zr-5Ta-5Nb β 51.9
the improvement of mechanical properties at Ti-12Mo-5Zr β/α'' 64
different conditions. Biomechanical compatibility Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe β 74-8
or various mechanical properties are inevitably Ti-7.5Mo-3Fe β 85
required for biomedical applications and practically TLM Alloy β 67

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICRTET2012)
ISBN: 978-81-925922-0-6

Ti-29Nb-13Ta-7.1Zr β 55 tribological characteristics may lead to further bone loss and

Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Metastable β 42 degradation.
Ti-15Mo Metastable β 78 Fretting and sliding wear conditions lead to damage and then
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al Metastable β 75 fracture of the passive oxide film [45-48] which could be
disrupted at very low shear stresses [49]. Unfortunately,
titanium is an extremely reactive metal and has a reputation for
E. Corrosion Resistance
poor tribological properties [50]-[51] and inferior performance
Corrosion has defined as the result of
when compared with another implantable materials like Co–Cr
interaction between a metal and environments
alloys . In general, the wear and corrosion failures are the main
which results in its gradual destruction [32]. It is
reasons of degradation [52] and great difference of
one of the main problems of metallic biomaterials
tribocharacteristcs between bone and implant must be limited
and the most important parameters to choose the
to increase the service life of the surgical implants and to avoid
materials for surgical implants in hostile solutions
bone degradation and adsorption [44] . The poor tribological
which simulate the media of the human body.
properties of titanium alloys, attributed to their low resistance
Degradation of material and released ions are the
to plastic shearing and low mechanical stability of the passive
most affected result of reaction of the body fluid
surface oxide layer, are significant clinical problems [53]-[58]
and implant which leads to inflammatory response,
which may lead to the premature removal of the prostheses.
formation of foreign body giant cells [33], and may
Because of titanium's tendency to gall and seize, a piece of
strongly bone loosening [34] due to osteolysis [35] .
bone rubs against the implant, or two parts of a total joint
These healthy truths have been pointed by French et
replacement rub against one another, localized stresses at the
al. [36] and Alberktsson et al. [37] when they
contact regions will cause heavy damage on their surfaces that
revealed that metal ion release has adverse effects
will consume the titanium material gradually [60]-[61] and
on the healing of the bone and on the surrounding
thereby the wear debris will be generated which often found
tissues. In addition, corrosion of the implant seems
into the implant surrounding tissues [53]. Their accumulation
to affect different main required properties as
may cause allergy and toxic reactions on local tissue [62]-[63]
fatigue life and tensile strength of the material
and causes an adverse cellular reactions [64], leading to
leading to the poor mechanical compatibility and
negative healthy situations such as inflammation, release of
then inevitable failure of the implants [38]. Hence
damaging enzymes, infection, restricted action, pain in the
controlling and protection of an implant material
body and even implant loosening due to osteolysis. Therefore,
from corrosion are basic and indispensable
it is of great interest to enhance the surface friction and wear
demands. The excellent inertness and corrosion
resistance of orthopaedic titanium alloys inside the human
resistance of Ti materials have been resulted from
body that will increase the longevity of total joint components.
the thin protective Ti surface dioxide layer and the
Much research efforts have been devoted to study and improve
main criteria in this field is composition and
the performance in terms of the wear behaviour of the
thickness of the formed oxide [49-40].
biomedical titanium alloys. Various Proper surface
modification techniques, such as ion implantation, TiN coating,
F. Wear Resistance and thermal oxidation, composition adjustment and selection of
The wear behaviour of engineering materials have appropriate thermal and thermomechanical processing
significant effects on the serviceability and durability of their procedures have thus been proposed to improve the wear
components. Generally, wear effect has been defined as a resistance by changing the nature of the surface. [65]-[67].
damage to a solid surface, usually involving progressive loss of Although the wear resistance of β-Ti alloys has shown some
material, due to relative motion between that surface and a improvement when compared to α + β alloys, the ultimate
contacting substance or substances [41].One of the main utility of orthopaedic titanium alloys as wear components will
concerns for further development of titanium alloys for require a more complete fundamental understanding of the
biomedical applications is undoubtedly its fretting and sliding wear mechanisms involved.
wear resistance, when they are subjected to action of sliding
IV. CONCLUSION
and rubbing contact of articulating surfaces during their service
in the body [42]. Recently main concern, for further The materials that used for biomedical applications cover a
development of biometallic implant materials, is, among wide spectrum and must show evidence of particular
others, stress transmission between hard tissue and biometallic requirements and properties. Wide use of titanium materials as
components which are in contact since further bone biomaterials is going on due to their specialized properties
degradation and bone adsorption should be avoided [43]-[44]. such as higher biocompatibility, lower modulus of elasticity
Namely, great difference between bone and biometallic and superior corrosion resistance compared to other
implant materials rigidity and other mechanical and conventional biomaterials such as stainless steels, cobalt-based
alloys, polymers, and composite materials. Every year, there is

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICRTET2012)
ISBN: 978-81-925922-0-6

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