SYLLABUS JAVA PROGRAMMING

Paper Code: ETCS-307 L T/P C

Paper: Java Programming 3 1 4

INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: MAXIMUM MARKS: 75

1. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should have objective or short answer type
questions. It should be of 25 marks.

2. Apart from Question No. 1, rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the syllabus. Every unit should have two questions.
However, student may be asked to attempt only 1 question from each unit. Each question should be of 12.5 marks

Objective: To learn object oriented concepts and enhancing programming skills.

UNIT I

Overview and characteristics of Java, Java program Compilation and Execution Process Organization of the Java Virtual Machine,
JVM as an interpreter and emulator, Instruction Set, class File Format, Verification, Class Area, Java Stack, Heap, Garbage Collection.
Security Promises of the JVM, Security Architecture and Security Policy. Class loaders and security aspects, sandbox model
[T1,R2][No. of Hrs.: 11]

UNIT II

Java Fundamentals, Data Types & Literals Variables, Wrapper Classes, Arrays, Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Control of
Flow, Classes and Instances, Class Member Modifiers Anonymous Inner Class Interfaces and Abstract Classes, inheritance, throw and
throws clauses, user defined Exceptions, The String Buffer Class, tokenizer, applets, Life cycle of applet and Security concerns.
[T1,T2][No. of Hrs.: 12]

UNIT III

Threads: Creating Threads, Thread Priority, Blocked States, Extending Thread Class, Runnable Interface, Starting Threads, Thread
Synchronization, Synchronize Threads, Sync Code Block, Overriding Synced Methods, Thread Communication, wait, notify and notify
all.AWT Components, Component Class, Container Class, Layout Manager Interface Default Layouts, Insets and Dimensions, Border
Layout, Flow Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout Grid Bag Layout AWT Events, Event Models, Listeners, Class Listener, Adapters,
Action Event Methods Focus Event Key Event, Mouse Events, Window Event
[T2][No. of Hrs.: 11]

UNIT IV

Input/Output Stream, Stream Filters, Buffered Streams, Data input and Output Stream, Print Stream Random Access File, JDBC
(Database connectivity with MS-Access, Oracle, MS-SQL Server), Object serialization, Sockets, development of client Server
applications, design of multithreaded server. Remote Method invocation, Java Native interfaces, Development of a JNI based
application. Collection API Interfaces, Vector, stack, Hashtable classes, enumerations, set, List, Map, Iterators. [T1][R1][No. of Hrs.:
10]

Text Books:
[T1] Patrick Naughton and Herbertz Schidt, “Java-2 the complete Reference”,TMH

[T2] Sierra & bates, “Head First Java”, O’Reilly

Reference Books:

[R1] E. Balaguruswamy, “Programming with Java”, TMH

[R2] Horstmann, “Computing Concepts with Java 2 Essentials”, John Wiley.

[R3] Decker & Hirshfield, “Programming.Java”, Vikas Publication.

 Introduction to Java

Java is a programming language created in 1995 in Sun Microsystem by James Gosling.

Later, Sun Microsystem was acquired by Oracle in 2010. Since then, its a Oracle product.

Java is everywhere:

1. Java resides in mobile phones, client machines, server machines, embedded services,
smart phones, cloud etc
2. It shares the same basic language features and libraries.
3. Principle of JAVA: Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA)

Library?

It is a collection of pre defined classes. You can use these library either by inheriting them or
instantiating them.

Java Editions

JAVA SE (STANDARD EDITION; CORE JAVA)

JAVA EE (ENTERPRISE EDITION: ADVANCE JAVA)

JAVA ME (MICRO EDITION FOR MOBILES)

Java Version

Why Use Java?

 ● Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
● It is one of the most popular programming language in the world
● It is easy to learn and simple to use
● It is open-source and free
● It is secure, fast and powerful
● It has a huge community support (tens of millions of developers)
● Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and
allows code to be reused, lowering development costs
● As Java is close to ​C++​ and ​C#​, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to Java or
vice versa

Features

● Simple
● Object Oriented
● Distributed
● Interpreted
● Robust
● Secure
● Portable
● Multi threaded
● Garbage Collector

Downloading & Installation of java

1. Jdk download
https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html
2 ​https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk14-downloads.html

After Download and installation:

Setting a path:

1. C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-14.0.2\bin
2. Go to System settings of environment variable
3. In the Path, add: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-14.0.2\bin
4. Add New:
5. Variable name: JAVA_HOME
6. Variable value : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-14.0.2
How to Compile and Run?

The language a computer can understand is called ​machine language or machine code.
When you run a program written in high-language, which is human-readable source code like
mycode.java​, you first need to compile it before you can run it. The compiler translates codes
written in high-language into byte code (​mycode.class​)
There's a special interpreter that translates your byte code into machine language, this
interpreter is called ​Java Virtual Machine​ a.k.a ​JVM​. It is the JVM that runs your java
code.
How to Run?
Difference between C and java?

C  JAVA 

Java is Object-Oriented 
C is a Procedural Programming Language. 
language. 

Java is an Interpreted language 

C is a compiled language that is it converts  that is in Java, the code is first 

the code into machine language so that it  transformed into bytecode and 

could be understood by the machine or  that bytecode is then executed 

system.  by the JVM (Java Virtual 

Machine). 

C does not contain the property called 

Inheritance because it does not support 

Java contains the property of 
OOPS, which is very useful for code 
Inheritance which is very useful 
reusability. Thus C is not suited when one 
in code reuseability. 
has to relate the things according to the 

real world. 

Memory allocation can be done by malloc  Memory allocation can be done 

in C  by a new keyword in Java. 

Declaration of variables is at the beginning 

of the block but in the latest version of C  We can declare variables 

that is C99 we can also declare variables  anywhere. 

anywhere. 

A compiler will free up the 

free is used for freeing the memory in C.  memory internally by calling the 

garbage collector. 

Java supports the concept of 

C does not supports Threading. 
threading. 

Java does not supports 

C supports pointers. 
pointers. 

It is not portable.  It is portable. 

Call by value and call by reference is 

It only supports a call by value. 
supported in C. 

C is platform dependent.  Java is a platform independent. 

It supports user-based memory  It internally manages the 

management.  memory. 

C is not robust that is strict type checking 

does not takes place while compile and  Java is robust. 

run time. 

Exception handling cannot be directly 

achieved in C and thus it lacks the  Exception Handling is supported 

maintenance of normal flow of the  in Java. 

program. 

Java follows a bottom-up 

It follows a top-down approach. 
approach. 

Java supports method 

Overloading functionality is not supported 
overloading which helps in code 
by C. 
readability. 

Java does not support 

C supports Preprocessors. 
Preprocessors. 

C does not supports OOPS concept.  Java supports OOPS concept. 

Union and structure datatypes are  Java does not supports union 

supported by C.  and structures. 

Whereas Java does not suport 

C supports the storage classes. 
the storage classes. 

Go-to statements are supported in C  Java does not supports go-to 

language.  statements. 

Virtual keywords are not 

Virtual keywords are supported by C. 
supported by Java. 

Java supports method 

Overloading functionality is not supported 
overloading which helps in code 
by C. 
readability. 

Default members of Java are 

Default members of C are public. 
private. 

Data hiding is done by using 

Data hiding is done by using static in C. 
private in Java. 
Difference between C++ and JAVA

Differences between Java and C++ 

PARAMETERS  JAVA  C++ 

Platform independent, 
Platform dependent, 
Java bytecode works 
Platform Dependency  should be compiled for 
on any operating 
different platform. 
System. 

C++ is platform 
It can run in any OS 
Portability  dependent hence it is 
hence it is portable. 
not portable. 

Java is both Compiled 

C++ is only Compiled 
Compilation  and Interpreted 
Language. 
Language. 
 Memory Management  Memory Management 
Memory Management 
is System Controlled.  in C++ is Manual. 

It doesn’t have Virtual  It have Virtual 

Virtual Keyword 
Keyword.  Keyword. 

It supports only single 

inheritance. Multiple  It supports both single 

Multiple Inheritance  inheritance achieved  and multiple 

partially using  Inheritance. 

interfaces. 

It supports only 
It supports both 
method overloading 
Overloading  methods and operators 
and doesn’t allow 
overloading. 
operator overloading. 

It supports limited  It strongly supports 

Pointers 
support for pointers.  Pointer. 

C++ libraries are 

Libraries  libraries have a wide  comparatively with low 

range of classes for  level functionalities. 
 various high-level 

services 

It supports  It doesn’t support 

Documentation  documentation  documentation 

Comment  comment (e.g, /**.. */)  comment for source 

for source code.  code. 

Java is only  C++ is both a 

object-oriented  procedural and 

Type 
programming  object-oriented 

language.  programing language. 

Java uses the (System 

C++ uses uses cin for 
Input-Output  class) System.in for 
input and cout for an 
mechanism  input and System.out 
Output operation. 
for output. 

Java doesn’t support  C++ supports goto 

goto Keyword 
goto Keyword  keyword. 

Java doesn’t support  C++ supports 

Structures and Unions 
Structures and Unions.  Structures and Unions. 
 Java supports only  C++ supports both 

Parameter Passing  Pass by Value  Pass by Value and 

technique.  pass by reference. 

It supports both global 

It supports no global 
Global Scope  scope and namespace 
scope. 
scope. 

Automatic object  It supports manual 

Object Management  management with  object management 

garbage collection.  using new and delete. 

JVM Architecture

JVM is the heart of entire JAVA program execution process.

It is an abstract machine. It is specification that provides runtime environment in which JAVA bytecodes
can be executed
Platform Dependent
Responsible for taking .class file and converting each byte code instructions into the machine language
instructions that can be executed by the microprocessor.

Architecture
 1. Class Loader : It is a sub system used for loading class files, it performs 3 main functions:
Loading, linking and initialization

How JVM Works – JVM Architecture? 

Last Updated: 21-05-2019 
JVM(Java Virtual Machine) acts as a run-time engine to run Java applications. JVM is the one that 

actually calls the ​main​ method present in a java code. JVM is a part of JRE(Java Runtime 

Environment). 

Java applications are called WORA (Write Once Run Anywhere). This means a programmer can 

develop Java code on one system and can expect it to run on any other Java enabled system without 

any adjustment. This is all possible because of JVM. 

When we compile a .​ java​ file, ​.class​ files(contains byte-code) with the same class names present in 

.java​ file are generated by the Java compiler. This .​ class​ file goes into various steps when we run it. 

These steps together describe the whole JVM. 

 
 

  
Class Loader Subsystem 

It is mainly responsible for three activities. 

● Loading 
● Linking 
● Initialization 

Loading :​ The Class loader reads the ​.class​ file, generate the corresponding binary data and save it in 

method area. For each .​ class​ file, JVM stores following information in method area. 

● Fully qualified name of the loaded class and its immediate parent class. 
● Whether .​ class​ file is related to Class or Interface or Enum 
● Modifier, Variables and Method information etc. 

After loading ​.class​ file, JVM creates an object of type Class to represent this file in the heap memory. 

Please note that this object is of type Class predefined in j​ ava.lang​ package. This Class object can be 

used by the programmer for getting class level information like name of class, parent name, methods 

and variable information etc. To get this object reference we can use g
​ etClass()​ method of ​Object 

class. 

Note :​ For every loaded ​.class​ file, only o

​ ne​ object of Class is created. 

Student s2 = new Student();

// c2 will point to same object where
// c1 is pointing
Class c2 = s2.getClass();
System.out.println(c1==c2); // true

Linking :​ Performs verification, preparation, and (optionally) resolution. 

 ● Verification​ : It ensures the correctness of .​ class​ file i.e. it check whether this file is 
properly formatted and generated by valid compiler or not. If verification fails, we get 
run-time exception ​java.lang.VerifyError​. 
● Preparation​ : JVM allocates memory for class variables and initializing the memory to 
default values. 
● Resolution​ : It is the process of replacing symbolic references from the type with direct 
references. It is done by searching into method area to locate the referenced entity. 

Initialization :​ In this phase, all static variables are assigned with their values defined in the code and 

static block(if any). This is executed from top to bottom in a class and from parent to child in class 

hierarchy. 

In general, there are three class loaders : 

● Bootstrap class loader​ : Every JVM implementation must have a bootstrap class loader, 
capable of loading trusted classes. It loads core java API classes present in 
JAVA_HOME/jre/lib​ directory. This path is popularly known as bootstrap path. It is 
implemented in native languages like C, C++. 
● Extension class loader​ : It is child of bootstrap class loader. It loads the classes present in 
the extensions directories J
​ AVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext​(Extension path) or any other directory 
specified by the java.ext.dirs system property. It is implemented in java by the 
sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader​ class. 
● System/Application class loader​ : It is child of extension class loader. It is responsible to 
load classes from application class path. It internally uses Environment Variable which 
mapped to java.class.path. It is also implemented in Java by the 
sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader​ class. 

 
 
Note : ​JVM follow Delegation-Hierarchy principle to load classes. System class loader delegate load 

request to extension class loader and extension class loader delegate request to boot-strap class 

loader. If class found in boot-strap path, class is loaded otherwise request again transfers to extension 

class loader and then to system class loader. At last if system class loader fails to load class, then we 

get run-time exception j​ ava.lang.ClassNotFoundException​. 

JVM Memory 

Method area :​In method area, all class level information like class name, immediate parent class 

name, methods and variables information etc. are stored, including static variables. There is only one 

method area per JVM, and it is a shared resource. 

Heap area :​Information of all objects is stored in heap area. There is also one Heap Area per JVM. It is 

also a shared resource. 

Stack area :​For every thread, JVM create one run-time stack which is stored here. Every block of this 

stack is called activation record/stack frame which store methods calls. All local variables of that 
method are stored in their corresponding frame. After a thread terminate, it’s run-time stack will be 

destroyed by JVM. It is not a shared resource. 

PC Registers :​Store address of current execution instruction of a thread. Obviously each thread has 

separate PC Registers. 

Native method stacks :​For every thread, separate native stack is created. It stores native method 

information. 

Execution Engine 

Execution engine execute the ​.class​ (bytecode). It reads the byte-code line by line, use data and 

information present in various memory area and execute instructions. It can be classified in three 

parts :- 

● Interpreter​ : It interprets the bytecode line by line and then executes. The disadvantage 
here is that when one method is called multiple times, every time interpretation is required. 
● Just-In-Time Compiler(JIT)​ : It is used to increase efficiency of interpreter.It compiles the 
entire bytecode and changes it to native code so whenever interpreter see repeated 
 method calls,JIT provide direct native code for that part so re-interpretation is not 
required,thus efficiency is improved. 
● Garbage Collector​ : It destroy un-referenced objects.For more on Garbage Collector,refer 
Garbage Collector​. 

Java Native Interface (JNI) : 

It is an interface which interacts with the Native Method Libraries and provides the native libraries(C, 

C++) required for the execution. It enables JVM to call C/C++ libraries and to be called by C/C++ 

libraries which may be specific to hardware. 

Native Method Libraries : 

It is a collection of the Native Libraries(C, C++) which are required by the Execution Engine.