COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN

“Wabi Sabi Wellness Club: Biophilia Hypothesis for a

Mental Health Center that Utilizes Coconut Waste in
Construction at Jordan, Guimaras.”

by

Florence Joy V. Cabalonga

Joseph Ronel D. Borres
Kate F. Cayetano
Drake Daniel E. Gemora
April Mien T. Paez
Joyce H. Señeres
Janne Ellie J. Sequio

A Research Paper submitted to the Department of Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the AR 331

University of San Agustin

October 2022
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER I

1 Introduction…………………………………………………………… 1

1.1 Objectives of the Study………………………………………. 3

1.2 Significance of the Study…………………………………….. 3 - 6

1.3 Scope and Limitation………………………………………… 7

1.4 Definition of Terms…………………………………………... 8 - 10

CHAPTER II

2.1 Case Studies : Biophilia Hypothesis………………………………. 11

2.1.1 Visual Landscapes Psychological Well-being……………… 12 - 13

2.1.2 Social Media, Nature, and Life Satisfaction:

Global Evidence of the Biophilia Hypothesis………………. 14

2.1.3 The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological

Stress: A Literature Review on Restorativeness…………. 15 - 17

2.2 Case Study: Biophilic Architecture………………………………. 18

2.2.1Case Study : Tucson Mountain Home, Manila, Philippines. 18 - 20

2.2.2 San Miguel Corporation, Mandaluyong, Manila…….…… 20 - 22

 2.2.3 The 289-m2, Hita, Japan……………………………………… 23

2.2.4 Seeing in the light, New York state Green building………… 23 – 24

2.2.5 Non-visual connection with nature and its environment,

Biophilic study………………………………………………….. 25 -26

2.3 Case Studies: Coconut waste as Building Material and Design Element

2.3.1 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun Central, Singapore…………. 26 - 30

2.3.2 Ostra Psychiatry Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden…………….. 31 - 32

2.4 Case Studies: Coconut waste as Building Material and

Design Element……………………………………………………….. 32 - 33

2.4.1 Coconut Palace, Manila Philippines………………………… 33 – 34

2.4.2 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks

as Reinforcement in Concrete………………………………... 34 – 37

2.4.3 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks

as Concrete Crack Reducer…………………………………... 37 - 40

2.4.4 As Building Material : Coconut Fiber Husks

as Insulation……………………………………………………. 41 – 42
 2.4.5 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks

as Alternative Construction Boards…………………………... 42 – 43

2.4.6 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks

as Humidity Sensor…………………………………………. 44 – 47

2.4.7 As Building Material: Coconut Husk Fiber

as Aggregate…………………………………………………. 47 – 49

2.4.8 As Building Material: Coconut Strings

as Decorative Ceiling Elements……………………………… 49 – 50

2.5 Case Studies: Coconut Material Treatment and Preservation……..… 50 – 55

2.5.1 Preservation Techniques

2.6 Background of the Study……………………………………………….. 55

2.6.1 Overview of San Miguel, Jordan Guimaras…………………… 56

2.6.2 Population………………………………………………………... 56

2.6.3 Trade and Commerce…………………………………………… 56

2.6.4 Agriculture……………………………………………….............. 57

2.6.5 Industry…………………………………………………………... 57 - 58

2.6.6 Existing Situation of LGU……………………………………….. 58 - 59

I. Scoial Development

A. Health Service………………………………………………... 59
 B. Social Welfare Services………………………………………. 59

2.6.7 Psychiatric Needs…………………………………………………. 59 - 61

CHAPTER III

3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………..................... 62

3.2 Locale of the Study……………………………………………….................... 62 - 63

3.3 Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………….. 63

3.4 Research Instruments…………...……………………………………………. 63 - 64

3.5 Conceptual Framework………….…………………………………………… 64

3.6 Work Plan and Timetable…………………………………………………….. 65

CHAPTER IV

4.1 Site Investigation

4.1.1 Preliminary Investigation…………………………………..……….. 66 - 67

4.2 General Information

4.2.1 Geographic Location………………….……………………………… 68 - 69

4.3 Maps

4.3.1 Zoning Maps…………………………………………………………. 69

4.3.2 Flood Hazard Map…………………………………………………… 70

4.3.3 Ground Shaking Hazard Map………………………………………. 71 – 72

4.3.4 Tsunami Hazard Map……………………………………………….. 72

4.4 Site Description

4.4.1 The Site………………………………………………………………. 73

4.4.2 Lot Plan………………………………………………………………. 73

4.4.2.1 Technical Description of the Lot………………………………. 74

4.4.3 Lot Size………………………………………………………………. 74

4.4.4 Topography………………………………………………………….. 75 - 76

4.4.5 Climate…………….…………………………………………………. 76 - 77

4.4.6 Natural Vegetation………………………………………………….. 77

4.4.7 Views…………………………………………………………………. 78 - 79

4.4.8 Noise…………………………………………………………………. 80

4.4.9 Water Supply………………………………………………………… 80 - 81

4.4.10 Power Supply……………………………………………………….. 81 - 82

4.4.11 Communication Services…………………………………………… 82

4.4.12 Accessibility and Transportation………………………………….. 82

4.4.13 Population Density…………………………………………………. 83 - 84

4.4.13 Security……………………………………………………………… 84
4.5 SWOT Analysis and Strategies……………………………………………….. 85 - 88

4.6 Pictures of the Site.…………………………………………………………….. 89 – 90

4.7 Climatic and Site Analysis……………………………………………………... 91

4.7.1 Existing Elements……………………………………………………... 92 - 93

4.7.2 Proposed Zoning and Circulation……………………………………. 94

4.8 Presentation of Survey and Evaluation……………………………………….. 95 - 101

4.8.1 Survey Results and Data Evaluation……………………….................... 102

4.9 Design Considerations…………………………………………………………. 103

4.9.1 RA 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines………………… 103

4.9.1.1 Classification and General Requirements

of all Buildings…………………………………………………… 104 - 108

4.9.1.2 Setback Requirements………………………………………….. 108

4.9.2 RA 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines……………………….................. 109 - 114

4.9.3 Parking Considerations………………………………………………… 114 - 115

4.10 Space Programming

4.10.1 Space Requirements………………………….……………………….. 116

4.10.2 Inventory of Spaces…………………………….……………………… 116 – 120

4.10.3 Zoning of Spaces………………………………………………………… 121

4.10.4 Matrix Diagram…………………………………………………………. 121 - 125

4.10.5 Bubble Diagram…………………………………………………………..126 - 131

CHAPTER V

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER VI

Appendices

6.1 Letters………………………………………………………………………….. 133

6.2 Survey Forms/Questionnaires………………………………………………… 134 - 136

6.3 List of Tables/Figures…………………………………………………………. 137 - 141

6.4 Documentations……………………………………………………...………… 142 - 146

6.5 References………………………………………………………………………. 147

 UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Buildings fulfill the most basic human needs that offer shelter and security, and this

architecture impacts the emotional state of any person that provokes a range of emotions of

belongingness and safety (Voegeli, 2020). In this study, the researchers seek to design a

rehabilitation and treatment center that provides solutions to the architectural needs,

psychological and psychological concepts, and environmental issues to their chosen site–

Jordan, Guimaras. A 604.7 km² island divided into five (5) municipalities located along the

Panay Gulf, between the islands of Panay and Negros with over 187,000 population (The

Province of Guimaras, 2018).

Providing the architectural needs of the residents for a rehabilitation and treatment

wellness center adhering to the philosophy of Biophilia Hypothesis– the tendency of oneself

to seek connection with nature and other forms of life (Gullone, 2000). According to the

statistics from the Department of Health published last 2021, it was estimated that at least 3.6

million Filipinos are facing mental health issues since the pandemic happened. This includes

Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Major Depressive Disorder, Dementia, and Epilepsy as the most

number of cases based on the Global Epidemiology on Kaplan and Sandock’s of Psychiatry

and was adopted by the DOH statistics. With the given data, it was shown that Filipino young

women from the early age of 10 years old have higher rates of certain mental disorders than

men (Alubudbud, 2022). However, fewer of them seek medication because of the stigma to

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

mental health facilities that totally deprive the person of their freedom (Lopez and Reidy,

2017).

Except for this sudden surge of mental health victims, the researchers want to

simultaneously address the environmental problem experienced by the site’s locality.

According to the data published last 2021 by Statista Research Development, around 14.72

million metric tons of coconut waste was annually produced in the country. Specifically, the

coconut waste utilization of the farmers in the Visayas region utilizes 52.21% as firewood

that may worsen the earth’s environmental status and 47.31% were unutilized (Pogosa, et.al,

2018).

With this suppressing issue presented and the uncontrolled production of coconut

waste, the researchers will utilize coconut as a building material and design element for the

proposed rehabilitation and wellness center that will contribute to greater reduction in

agricultural waste.

The research was entitled to the Japanese philosophy of “Wabi Sabi” that roughly

translates to finding the beauty in imperfection that describes the psychological aspect of the

occupants (Juniper, 2003). The Wabisabi Wellness Club will be located in the province of

Jordan, Guimaras as the place provides a secluded environment from the busy and stressful

life in the city which is beneficial for the residents while being accessible to essential needs.

This will give the residents the feeling of being home away from home.

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

1.1. Objectives of the Study

This research study generally aims to design a rehabilitation and treatment wellness

center in Jordan, Guimaras to address the infamous rising of cases in mental health issues and

the uncontrollable production of coconut waste as a building material in a biophilic structure

that blur the line to the negative stigma connected to mental health facilities.

Moreover, this study specifically aims to:

1.) To prove that adopting the philosophy of Biophilia Hypothesis, reconnecting

humans to nature will alleviate the stigma of perceiving Mental Health facilities

that deprived the patients of their freedom.

2.) To design rehabilitation and treatment wellness structures using Biophilic

Architecture as a design approach.

3.) To utilize different potential applications of coconut trees as a building material

for construction and design.

1.2 Significance of the Study

This proposed design for a biophilic rehabilitation and treatment wellness center that

utilizes coconut waste is an innovative approach in addressing environmental issues locally

and nationally. This research is made with the aim to provide crucial information and

knowledge to these following individuals:

1.) To the Reader. This study could be their architectural paradigm and have an

opportunity to be enlightened about mental illness, its architectural needs, and the

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

important role of architecture for the wellbeing of the patients. Moreover, in this

study, the reader will be introduced to possible innovation that includes the

coconut material as part of the building construction and design.

2.) To Guimaras and Neighboring Communities. This research study includes some

datas focused on their locality and they can use it for their benefit to learn in their

own province.. The existence of this rehabilitation and treatment wellness center

in their locality will benefit the residents and even the neighboring places d

alleviate the suicidal rate in the area.

3.) To the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). This research study

includes all the facilities used by the residents for vocational courses they enrolled

as their Job function program. Besides the fact that this wellness center produces

potential workers this may also improve local employment that shares the same

goal to the organization– develop human resources.

4.) To the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). This also

includes the Municipal Social Welfare and Development (MSWD). This

organization is one of the agencies that will serve as manpower to the facility.

This research will broaden their knowledge to the possible designs and

construction elements that may propose a rehabilitation and treatment center. The

organization can seek partnership to the facility for the Aftercare Courses and

Vocational Job Function offered to their programs.

5.) To the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This study

wishes to address the environmental issue by introducing innovative utilization of

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

coconut waste as a building material and design element. The organization can

use the collated study in this paper as a proposal to other construction projects as

a movement for a waste free nation.

6.) To the Dr. Catalino Gallego Nava Provincial Hospital. The data gathered and

designs presented for this medical facility may be used as their guide in designing

to their own. The existence of the proposed mental health facility can create

alliances and act as the administrative supervisor. They will be the supplementary

and extension facilities to the complicated health issues that go beyond the scope

of the facilities offered in the proposed wellness center.

7.) To the DOH-Rehabilitation and Treatment Center (DOH-RTC), Pototan, Iloilo.

This study can introduce more designs and possible architectural spaces that

residents need. This facility may seek an alliance to the proposed mental health

facility since their scope of patients are solely for the recovery of alcohol and drug

abuse that subsequently affect their mental health such as schizophrenia and other

illnesses. This mental health facility may cater to these residents from the

DOH-RTC.

8.) To the Department of Health (DOH). This study provides information about the

architectural need of the person with mental illness with a touch of invitation for

applying an organic material as building material that works and is designed to

our country. This study can be their basis for future renovation. Some parts of the

study that they found to have a potential for a proposal as a standardized

architectural application to the local health unit. The proposed structure is one of

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

the key facilities that will help the DOH achieve their objective— to ensure

quality health care service to depressed, marginalized and underserved areas

through the deployment of competent and community-oriented doctors.

9.) To the World Health Organization (WHO). This study includes the local

architectural needs for the residents of a rehabilitation and treatment center. The

information presented in this paper will enlighten them about the needs and ideal

setup that the locals designed.

10.) To the Construction Professionals. The study is made up of collated ideas,

datas, and information from different researches concerning a Biophilic structure,

conducive approach for the residents, and the utilization of coconut waste as

construction material and design element. All construction professionals shall use

this study as guide, supplementary, or basis to the topics presented above.

11.) To the Future Researchers. The findings of this study could be beneficial in

evaluating proposals ,assessing various scientific research documents and relevant

topics .The proposed conceptions with the success rules can provide a useful

prototype to follow when preparing future proposals.

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

1.3 Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on designing conducive spaces for the residents’ recovery by

adopting the philosophy of Biophilia Hypothesis as a proposed solution to the negative

connotation to Mental Health facilities that they deprive the residents of their freedom. Will

tackle and include topics that only link the biophilia hypothesis to the idea of reconnecting

humans to nature. The study uses two philosophies. The Biophilia Hypothesis for the

physiology that affects the structures design and the Japanese philosophy– Wabi Sabi for the

psychological relevance and symbolism to the residents or occupancies. Moreover, this

biophilic structure will help address the environmental issues because of its innate design

principle of integrating what’s readily available in the site to the structure. The utilization of

coconut waste specifically the coconut husk and trunk.

This Wellness center is exclusively for females ages 10 years old and above residing

inside and outside the Region VI. Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Major Depressive Disorder,

Dementia, and Epilepsy are the mental illnesses that the rehabilitation and treatment center

will cater to. The spaces that the researchers provide for this study are based on the “DOH

Guideline in the Planning and Design of Hospital and other Health Facilities” and to the

researchers observation during their Post Occupancy Evaluation at the DOH Rehabilitation

and Treatment Center in Rumbang, Pototan.

The researchers will not conduct any experimental activity to measure the quality of

the material with the incorporation of coconut waste. Hence, the researchers will supply

necessary datas from existing works. The researchers will not consider the coconut tree

species to incorporate into the building construction or designs. Furthermore, it is out to the

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

control of the researchers for the availability of the detailed technical description of the site.

The technical description presented in the study is a temporary set of bearings that the owner

provides. The lot originally 145.7004 hectares and was divided into sub-lots with exactly

50,000 sqm. each and scheduled to be surveyed this November 2022.

1.4 Definition of Terms

Aftercare

The care, treatment, or supervision given to persons discharged from an institution

(such as a hospital).

Biophilia Hypothesis

Idea that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and

other forms of life.

Biophilic

Relating to, showing, or being the human tendency to interact or be closely associated

with other forms of life in nature.

Biophilic Architecture

A design approach that seeks to connect building occupants more closely to nature.

Bipolar Disorder

A mental illness that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels,

concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks

Coconut Waste

Are the parts of the coconut tree that were detached to the plant.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Depression

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Mental Health

A person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being.

Mental Illness

Refers to a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your mood,

thinking and behavior.

OCD

Obsessive compulsive disorder is a mental health disorder that affects people of all

ages and walks of life, and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and

compulsions.

Physiology of the building

Focus on adapting places, furniture, and mechanical systems to human demands in

order to improve performance, health, and quality of life. Measurements based on

anatomy, as well as medical, ergonomic, and safety standards, are significant challenges.

Psychological

Refers to the human mind, mental activity, and professionals. use of such

understanding for the benefit of society.

PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder that develops in some people who have

experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event.

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Residents

The ones that are being treated inside the rehabilitation/wellness center

Resident Housing

A dwelling that serves as living space for one or more families. Ambiance, dwelling,

lodging, and abidance.

Schizophrenia

A serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally.

Wabi Sabi

An elegant japanese philosophy that denotes wisdom in a natural simplicity. Finding

beauty in imperfections and the acceptance of transience.

Wellness Center

A place that offers health services for both mind and body.

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies of both local and international

sources. This includes the three topics of case studies addressing directly the objectives of the

research proposing a Biophilic Wellness Center that utilizes the use of coconut waste as

building material and design element.

2.1 Case Studies: Biophilia Hypothesis

The study uses the philosophy of biophilia hypothesis for the physiological aspect of

the proposed structure. The word ‘biophilia’ originates from the Greek words,’bio’ means

life and ‘philia’ translated to ‘love of’. It literally means a love of life or living things

(planteria.com, 2022). Humans have a physiological need to be in contact with nature and the

natural world, and humans have a deeply ingrained love of nature and natural drive to

human’s instincts. The Human and nature relationship can still be understood as a primitive

human necessity. As Wilson (1984) explains in the biophilia hypothesis he proposed, as a

living organism humans are intrinsically compelled to share time and physical space with

other living organisms.

The Lexicon Medicum mentioned the "healing powers of nature" in 1839, arguing

that many illnesses could be cured without the use of medicines by paying attention to air,

food, rest, physical activity, and mental state. As a result, the environment was already

regarded as therapeutic, capable of influencing people's health and aiding their recovery

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

(Hickman, 2013). This awareness has remained true over time, even as the approach has

changed and evolved.

In this case study, focuses on presenting ideas on how essential considering the

person's environment is for their well being. Three medical researches are presented as

supporting data that connecting humans to nature helps the residents to alleviate their

psychological issues and blurs the idea of depriving one's freedom.

2.1.1 Visual Landscapes Psychological Well-being

According to Ulrich (1979), the idea that being in nature promotes psychological

wellness is very old and has been adopted by many different civilizations. The idea that

exposure to plants, water, and other natural elements might reduce anxiety and help people

deal with life's stressors is a more particular version of this hypothesis that has been put out

by many authors throughout history. For instance, the famed American landscape architect

Frederick Law Olmsted remarked that nature replicated in urban environments gives

"tranquility and relaxation to the mind," demonstrating his firm belief that urban inhabitants

find nature pleasant.

The experiment's fundamental layout comprised giving two groups of mildly stressed

participants colored slides of outdoor settings. 50 slides of unremarkable natural settings

dominated by green foliage were shown to one group. The alternate group saw 50

metropolitan scenes devoid of any natural components.

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Table 1: Comparison of Effects of Nature and Urban Slides on Affect States (Ulrich, 1979)

Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254315158_Visual_Landscapes_and_Psychological_Well-Being

As the first step in analyzing the effects of the slide exposures, each group's post-slide

ZIPERS scores were compared with its scores at the beginning of the experiment. Although

the urban group's post-slide scores indicate some improvement (not significant) on the Fear

Arousal factor, the results reveal a pattern for the subjects' emotional states to deteriorate in

terms of the other dimensions. While most of the differences between the pre and post-slide

scores are not significant, there is a clear trend in the changes towards lower levels of

psychological well-being.

The results imply that viewing natural sights rather than American metropolitan

scenes devoid of natural components makes stressed people feel much better. When

compared to the influences of urban settings, the positive affect, such as sentiments of

attachment, friendliness, playfulness, and joy, was increased as a result of exposure to nature.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

2.1.2 Social Media, Nature, and Life Satisfaction: Global Evidence of the Biophilia

Hypothesis

From Chang and Cheng (2020), humans may have developed a need to interact with

nature, and nature has a significant impact on human culture and society. However, it is still

difficult to put a number on how closely people are connected to nature on a worldwide basis.

In contrast to photos of daily routines, the researchers discovered that photos shot during

enjoyable activities, honeymoons, or vacations were more likely to feature nature. More

significantly, there is a correlation between national life satisfaction levels and the percentage

of nature photos taken while having fun. Utilizing 31,534 social media images from 185

different nations, social media and artificial intelligence were combined.

In contrast to images of daily routines, the researchers discovered that photographs

taken during enjoyable activities, honeymoons, or vacations were more likely to feature

nature. More significantly, there is a correlation between national life satisfaction levels and

the percentage of nature photos taken while having fun.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Table 2:The proportion of social media images from different nations photographs with nature labels identified with

different nature categories for each social context.

Retrieved from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339721533_Social_media_nature_and_life_satisfaction_global_evidence_of_the_

biophilia_hypothesis

The most frequent nature labels discovered by the image content analysis were listed

after analyzing the content of 5,362 photos that users had labeled as "nature." The percentage

of photos with these typical nature labels ranged from 7.3% to 40.2%. The following

categories were created using these labels: water, terrestrial landscapes, plants, animals, and

nature in general.

The researchers` findings imply a connection between people's interactions with nature

and these enjoyable or relaxing times. People are more likely to interact with nature during

pleasant activities, honeymoons, and vacations. Additionally, the researchers discovered that

nations like Costa Rica and Finland, which are more associated with nature (plant-related) in

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their amusing activity photos, had higher life satisfaction. These findings, when considered

collectively, point to the significance of nature in fostering happy social settings, presumably

pleasant memories, as well as in enhancing life satisfaction in communities all over the

world.

2.1.3 The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological Stress: A Literature

Review on Restorativeness

According to Berto (2014),that in particular, experimental research has found

compelling evidence linking exposure to natural environments and recovery from

physiological stress and mental fatigue, supporting both the Stress Recovery Theory and the

Attention Restoration Theory. Physical environments can play a role in coping with stress.

In actuality, exposure to natural areas offers greater physical, emotional, and

attentional repair than urban surroundings and shields people from the effects of

environmental stressors. Restorative habitats are natural settings that enable the

replenishment of a person's adaptive capacities to face the demands of daily living. In

comparison to urban areas, natural settings stimulate more relaxing reactions, and in relation

to their eyesight, there is a general decrease in the physiological symptoms of stress

(Zuckerman, 1977). Exposure to natural settings reduces the bad emotional state caused by

stress, while promoting good feelings most of all. Additionally, the beneficial effects of being

in nature can help one recoup the decline in cognitive performance caused by stress, which is

particularly evident in concentration tests (Van Den Berg, 2003).

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Positive alterations in emotional states are essential for recovering from

psycho-physiological stress. Exposure to natural environments increases the likelihood that

one will have a good mood. In fact, exposure to environmental stimuli can mitigate the

harmful effects of stress by lowering the negative mood state and simultaneously boosting

pleasant feelings. Particularly, three affective dimensions—positive effects, anger/aggression,

and fear—are restored by natural surroundings (Ulrich, 1991).

In addition, others claim when looking at urban sceneries with trees, viewers

experience more pleasant emotions (like friendliness) and fewer negative ones (like sadness)

than when looking at the identical scenes with inanimate things. Exposure to places devoid of

natural elements, on the other hand, might cause anxiety, rage, frustration, and despair

(Ulrich, 1991).

Plans for urban settings should take into account the need for restoration given the

many advantages of being in contact with nature. For this, research must provide applicable

recommendations for the usability and standard of urban green spaces. A well-planned urban

landscape can help reduce daytime stress and offer opportunities for mental, physical, and

emotional recovery. As a result, research can assist in incorporating natural components and

structural aspects into constructed environments to help create "cognitive sustainable" urban

environments that are restorative from mental exhaustion and the rigors of urban life (Van

Den Burg, 2007).

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2.2 Case Study: Biophilic Architecture

Edward Wilson introduced the concept of Biophilia in 1980, which led to the

development of biophilic architectural designs. Because of its eco-friendliness, it has become

popular among most building designers, and research has revealed significant findings of its

benefits on the social, economic, environmental, and developmental aspects of living

(Soderlund & Newman, 2015). According to Terrapin Bright Green, nature connects with

alot of natural systems. Biophilic architecture addresses the direct physical and ephemeral

presence of space and nature. It is distinct from other design approaches because it

cooperates with organic and non organic matter for them to create a prolific design. Biophilic

also creates views of what constitutes natural, nature, wild or beautiful that greatly vary from

architectural strategies (Soderlund & Newman, 2015).

It creates environments and ecosystems within its structure that also provides

benefits for the building's airflow, improvement of temperature, ecosystems and water

absorption. To add clarity, this provides health and well-being in the built environment; most

nature in modern society is designed, whether deliberately (for function or aesthetic),

haphazardly (for navigability or access to resources) or passively (through neglect or

hands-off preservation.

2.2.1 Case Study : Tucson Mountain Home, Manila, Philippines

As designed ecosystems, some, such as the high canopy forests with floral

undergrowth maintained by the annual burning practices of the Ojibwe people of North

America, are biodiverse, vibrant and ecologically healthy. Others, such as suburban lawns

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

and golf courses, are chemical dependent monocultures; while beautiful, they are not

biodiverse, ecologically healthy or resilient (Terrapin 2022).

Figure 1: Tucson Mountain Home Facade by Rick Joy.

Retrieved from: https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#introduction

Figure 2: Thorncrown Chapel Isle by E. Fay Jones.

Retrieved from: https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#introduction

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Two places are the same; the figure presents both challenges and opportunities for creativity

in the application of biophilic design patterns. Discussed here are some key considerations that may

help frame, prioritize, or influence decision making in the design process. Climate, ecology and the

vernacular Historically, humans have built shelters from locally available materials that reflected the

regional ecology; form and function were in response to the topography and climate.

Known as vernacular architecture, these buildings and constructed landscapes connect to

where they inhabit. Use of local timber, climate responsive design and xeriscaping – using native,

drought tolerant plants to create landscape designs that resemble the climate of the surrounding

landscape – can each be effective strategies in designing for a resilient, biophilic experience. Whether

rural or urban, not all natural or tempered environments are 'green' in color, nor should they be. Desert

species and terrain can be equally important in reinforcing a biophilic connection to place. Some

habitats may engender a stronger positive response than others, but a biodiverse savanna-like scene

will most likely be preferred over an area of abundant yet trackless sand desert, the open ocean, or a

dark forest (Terrapin 2022).

2.2.2 San Miguel Corporation, Mandaluyong, Manila

Known advocates of true Filipino architecture, the renowned Mañosa brothers

designed this iconic, low-rise building of one of the largest corporations in the country, San

Miguel Corporation, with the renowned Banaue Rice Terraces as their main inspiration. It is

said to be one of the first early examples of green architecture in the country, and was

landscaped in 2006 by no less than the father of Philippine architecture, Ildefonso Santos.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

The San Miguel Corporation Headquarters is located in, 40 San Miguel Avenue,

Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines, and was made by Mañosa Brothers and IP Santos,

The structures main inspiration is banaue rice terraces that was meant to house eco friendly

components such as biophilic diversity. Santos also designed a tropical parking layout that

ensured complete shade for vehicles and provided visual screening. Lush green landscapes

were incorporated in the structure layout. Ortigas center is now very much a mixed thousands

living in high-rise condominiums. San Miguel’s greenery provides an oasis that benefits both

its employees, as well as the surrounding community. The company itself has taken up on its

sustainability as the main essential to its corporate goals and vision (Alcazaren, P, 2021).

Figure 3: San Miguel's corporation headquarters environment

Retrieved from: https://philstarlife.com/geeky/281934-san-miguel-complex-bobby-manosa-ip-santos

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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 4: San Miguel's corporation headquarters portal entrance landscape

Retrieved from: https://philstarlife.com/geeky/281934-san-miguel-complex-bobby-manosa-ip-santos

The San Miguel Building is a pioneering landmark that made the integration of

greenery and eco-friendly features fundamental to its design. The building incorporated

ample greenery on its terraces, and has slanted windows that help deflect unwanted heat and

light. The landscaping is lush and replenishes with decade-old trees which remain to this day.

The desire of the original landscape architect to have soft plant barriers instead of walls to

demarcate the lot has given way to present-day security needs.

2.2.3 The 289-m2, Hita, Japan

The 289, The architectural design was intended to be more biophilic and the use of

wood was incorporated into the structure. Concrete lattice beams which work in conjunction

with columns to create monolithic overhangs.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 5: The 289, Hita, Japan.

Retrieved from: https://frameweb.com/article/retail/oharasando-building-hita-toru-shimokawa

The natural light streaming in through the building’s expansive windows transform

the store throughout the day, the greenery casting shadows on the boundless concrete and

wood surfaces inside. The architect predicts that exposure to rain and wind will eventually

darken the structure’s façade, making the interior even more prominent (FRAME 2020)..

2.2.4 Seeing in the light, New York state Green building

The effects of natural light in organic biophilic structures. Natural light is also helpful

for increasing the aesthetics of a space. Architects use natural light to make spaces appear

larger, illuminate an interior structure and increase the beauty of a space. Natural light will

have the same effects on your home (Fox Architects 2011).

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 6: Proposed Green building, That uses natural light on organic material.

Retrieved from: https://www.esf.edu/greenbuilding/2011/documents/SeeingTheLight_PamCampbell.pdf

It is an incredibly durable material and can provide a strong structure for

buildings. Wood can actually be better at supporting its own weight than other materials such

as steel. Structural stability. Easy to manufacture. Strengthens rural development and

industry. Better fire resistance due to low thermal conductivity. Incorporating both wood and

natural lighting creates and effect of naturality within a space. strategic plannings of opening

provide daylight and a connection to the outdoors. With the use of Cross-ventilation on the

north-south axis takes the place of air conditioning, and a Heat Recovery Ventilator with a

CO2 sensor circulates healthy, filtered air year-round. Efficient, hot water-based heating is

delivered through a radiant floor, which also allows maximum flexibility in room planning

(Fox Architects 2011).

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

2.2.5 Non-visual connection with nature and its environment, Biophilic study

Non-visual connection with nature can be distinguished in the form of sensory

receivers other than visual (eyes), such as auditory (sense of hearing), haptic (touch or

kinaesthetic communication), olfactory (sense of smell), or gustatory (taste) that create a

positive response to natural elements.

Figure 7: The Fallingwater by Architect F.L. Wright in Pennsylvania (Source: Wikipedia Commons)

Retrieved from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334732892_Biophilic_Architecture_for_Restoration_and_Therapy_within_the_Bu

ilt_Environment_A_Review

. F.L. Wright’s organic architecture marvel ‘The Fallingwater’ (Fig. 14) depicts

non-visual connection with nature where the sound created by the movement of water acts as

a comforting and restorative element for the occupants. From the activity and responses

of above-mentioned sensory receivers, we can identify emerging design parameters as:

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

● Small or momentary interventions with non-visual sensory stimuli can have a positive

health impact (Alvarsson et al., 2010).

● Giving priority to natural sounds over unpleasant urban sounds to generate

physiological and psychological relief (Alvarsson et al., 2010).

2.3 Case Studies: Biophilic Hospital

Biophilic Architecture is one of the widely used architectural approaches to address

multiple environmental and even health issues in the form of structures(Khalil, 2006).In this

case study, two international buildings were presented. Their key biophilic characteristics

that the researchers wish to adopt for their future design were highlighted.

2.3.1 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun Central, Singapore

Singapore’s Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH) might well be the most biophilic

hospital in Asia. In no other healthcare institution of this scale are elements of form, space

and landscape so explicitly tied to the goal of human well-being the very definition of

biophilic design.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 8: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Perspective View

Retrieved from: https://rmjm.com/the-architects-perspective-khoo-teck-puat-hospital/

As shown in figure 5 is the building’s bird's eye view. It has a 795-bed general and

acute care hospital located at Yishun in Singapore. Named after Singaporean hotelier, Khoo

Teck Puat, the hospital is part of an integrated development together with the adjoining

Yishun Community Hospital. The hospital was officially opened by Minister Mentor Lee

Kuan Yew on 15 November 2010, but began seeing outpatients and day surgery patients on

28 March that year. Spanning over 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) in the Yishun Central Area

overlooking the scenic Yishun Pond. The hospital offers an extensive range of medical

services and healthcare options for residents living in the north. As of October 2017, KTPH

merged with the National Healthcare Group and is now known as Yishun Health, together

with Yishun Community Hospital and Admiralty Medical Center.

The Khoo Teck Puat Hospital was designed by CPG Consultants in collaboration with

RMJM to be patient-friendly. The 10-bedded "C"-class wards is divided into two sections,

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

each with its own toilet and shower facilities. There is only one drop-off point for the

hospital and it is 20 metres to the emergency department and also between 20 and 40 metres

to the specialist clinics. Wards are designed so that there are no protruding sinks or cupboards

to prevent patients hurting themselves. The hospital also incorporates environmentally

friendly features. The building uses 30% less energy than other older hospitals such as Tan

Tock Seng Hospital, Changi General Hospital and Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's

Hospital, a savings of more than S$1 million a year on utilities costs.

Figure 9: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Fins

Retrieved from: https://govinsider.asia/innovation/how-is-design-thinking-reshaping-singapore/

"Fins" along the building's walls are designed to channel the prevailing north-east

winds into the building. Wind tunnel tests conducted at the National University of Singapore

found that the "fins" would enhance the air flow by 20 to 30%.Sun shades are placed over the

windows to reduce direct glare from sunlight and also directed upwards towards the ceiling

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

to light up the wards. This reduces energy use on lighting up the hospital.Solar panels on the

roof provide power to fans in the public areas. The air-conditioning system draws supply air

from its internal courtyards, where the air is cooler, hence reducing the cooling loads.

Figure 10: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital forest-like designs that attract birds and butterflies.

Retrieved from:
https://blog.interface.com/khoo-teck-puat-hospital-singapore-biophilic-design/?fbclid=IwAR365rjx1y2WtSg4lVNISt
kymt2JCsFv8tb5NMTp1oFSbOqeAcHQF-BLUZM

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 11: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital balconies with scented plants

Retrieved from: https://rmjm.com/the-architects-perspective-khoo-teck-puat-hospital/

Chris Johnston, the chief architect of this project, stated that one of the requirements

was that the hospital was sustainable. The team got the combination just right with Khoo

Teck Puat hospital, with the building achieving the highest rating in Singapore’s Green Mark

program.The facility employs several innovative energy-efficient features, including a unique

structural layout designed to provide up to 70% of the floor area with natural ventilation

while reducing energy costs by as much as 50%.

Healthcare institutions understand the need for a calming atmosphere, and Khoo Teck

Puat Hospital is a pioneering example. The garden theme is designed to relieve some of the

anxiety, for both patients and staff, that accompany long periods in a busy hospital. Yishun

Pond, a central landscape feature, provides a small oasis of serenity, counter to the organized

chaos taking place inside the building while a series of planted terraces help foster the

‘garden hospital’ experience.Sun shades and wide overhangs control the amount of heat and

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

light allowed into the corridors, while sections of the building requiring air-conditioning,

such as operating rooms or laboratories, were co-located to minimize their external surfaces

and heat gain. All of these considerations have helped make Khoo Teck Puat one of the most

sustainable hospitals on earth, but as Johnston points out, countries such as Singapore

provide plenty of options in the way of sustainability. The use of photovoltaic solar panels to

exploit Singapore’s tropical sunlight was an obvious feature, but every single piece of

technology has been pondered and intricately tailored to ensure it achieves optimum

efficiency.

The Khoo Teck Puat Hospital was slated to serve the growing population in Sembawang, Nee

Soon, and Hong Kah. It is set in a healing environment.

2.3.2 Ostra Psychiatry Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden

Ostra Psychiatric Hospital Sweden has shown that introducing natural elements to

medical spaces reduces stress and aggression and increases relaxation, focus and recovery.

By mimicking natural landscapes. The designers White architecture wanted to integrate

eastern approach such as the importance of nature around its corners within the building.

Figure 12: Ostra Psychiatric Hospital lobby, mini center garden

Retrieved from: https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Ostra-Psychiatry-Case-Study.pdf

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

As shown at Figure 191, they tend to add a touch of greenery in every corner. Every

room in the Ostra psychiatric hospital has at least one window with a view of nature in the

outside world. Bringing elements of nature to the interior space is just as essential as views of

outdoors. Whether it be a natural plant or moss wall, the use of natural building and furniture

materials like wood or bamboo, or creating rooms which mimic natural landscapes enhances

human relaxation mentally.

Figure 13: Ostra Psychiatric Hospital garden

Retrieved from:

https://www.foresthomesstore.com/blogs/decor-for-wellbeing/how-can-biophilic-hospital-design-aid-mental-health-and-pati

ent-recovery

The global health challenges of the 21st century require a new way of thinking and a

change in organization of healthcare services through an approach that considers human

needs in their entirety, and not in a strictly therapeutic sense. According to several studies,

the humanisation of healthcare spaces and contact with nature can empower the patients and

have a positive impact by reducing stress and pain and improving emotional wellbeing.

However, further studies are required not just in order to deepen our understanding of the

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

human-nature relationship and its new vision of medicine, healthcare and healing

environments(FH March 13, 22).

2.4 Case Studies: Coconut waste as Building Material and Design Element

The coconut is bountiful in the tropical and coastal regions of the Philippines.

According to Statista, in 2021, the country was able to produce roughly around 14.72 million

metric tons of coconut and has been continuing to fluctuate in the past decade. They are the

second largest coconut producer in the world after Indonesia.

Unfortunately, about five million tons of these coconuts’ byproducts are disposed of

and burnt after harvest. Some are taken down as a result of natural calamities such as

typhoons and earthquakes prevalent in the country. These uninformed actions dismiss the

potential for coconuts and coconut waste products rich in fibrous components to be reused

for building purposes and as an innovative building material.

The coconut offers versatility in the construction and design industry and provides

technical and aesthetic applications in architectural and engineering practices. It is a natural

and vernacular material found abundantly throughout the country and has utility uses for

concrete reinforcements, wall insulations, aggregate, humidity sensor, concrete admixture

and decorative elements.

Commercial use of these coconut husks are not only profitable, but can also help the

coconut industry to expand and contribute to the Philippine’s export economy in the material

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

construction industry. Coconut and its components have different uses, each of which are

elaborately explained in the following paragraphs.

2.4.1 Coconut Palace, Manila Philippines

The Coconut Palace or Tahanang Pilipino was built and completed in 1978 and was

originally constructed for Pope John Paul II. The structure is composed of coconut as its

main building material and the builders have designed and innovated a way for coconut

products to be utilized in the structure. The architects called it “specially engineered coconut

lumber” which goes through a rigorous process of treatments and applications in order for the

lumber to be optimal for construction. Below is a diagram of how this material is processed

for building.

Figure 14: Coconut Column from Coconut Palace, Manila, Philippines

Retrieved from: https://united-architects.org/assets/files/media-files/Manosa%20Francisco.pdf

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The Coconut Palace is symbolic of how architecture like these can exist within the

Philippines under the same climatic conditions and can withstand aging. It can be an optimal

way to lessen coconut wastes in the country and can be applicable for common construction

practices.

2.4.2 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks as Reinforcement in Concrete

As concrete is weak in tension and flexure, (Uday, et. .2017) it is reinforced with steel

reinforcing bars. In recent decades there has been an emphasis on using materials that

minimize impacts on the environment and alternative solutions have been sought and one of

these is the use of coconut fibers as reinforcement in concrete. The addition of coconut fibre

in concrete improves various engineering properties of concrete. Coconut fibre is treated as

natural fiber before using in concrete. Addition of coconut fibre improves the compressive

strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete. The experiment was

conducted on high strength concrete with the addition of fiber with 5 mix proportions (1%,

2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) by the weight of cement. The compressive strength and split tensile

strength of cured concrete evaluated for 3days, 7days, 28 days.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 15: Result of the Experiment to the Compressive strength

As shown in figure 15, on the left side is the cement incorporated with coconut husk

while on the other side is the result of compression exerted to the normal concrete. The

experiment shows incorporating or adding fiber with 5 portions.

Table 3: Data during the monitoring for Compressive Strength

The compressive strength was conducted on the cubes (45 cubes,150×150×150mm)

with varying fibre content (0%,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%)as represented graphically and from the

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

graph it shows that the maximum compressive strength was founded at 1% which is slightly

higher than the plain mix.

Table 4: Data during the monitoring for Split Tensile Strength

As seen in Table 4, the Split Tensile strength was conducted on the cylinders (45

cylinders,150×300mm) with varying fibre content (0%,1%, 2%, 3%,4%,5%)as represented

graphically and from the graph it shows that the maximum Tensile strength was founded to

be at 1% of the coconut fiber which is slightly higher than the plain mix concrete. (Uday, et.

.2017)

In conclusion, the study found the optimum fiber content to be at 1% (by the weight

of the cement).This results show coconut fiber can be used in construction.

2.4.3 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks as Concrete Crack Reducer

When concrete beams are subjected to flexural loading, there is tendency for flexural

stress to develop which has the potential to initial cracks when the concrete carrying capacity

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

is exceeded. The absence of crack is of considerable importance in maintaining the continuity

of a concrete structure and in many cases in the prevention of corrosion of reinforcement.

During flexural loading of the CFRC (Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete) beams, it

is evident that coconut fibre reinforcement directly affected the flexural cracks developed.

On visual observation, cracks initiated from the tension zone (bottom of the beam)

where the bending moment was suspected to have been higher and progressed inward

towards compression zone (top of the beam), zero bending moment. But, the crack was more

pronounced in the case of normal concrete (NC) in which no fibre was used when compared

with those with different volume fraction of fibres. It could also be seen that the crack

reduced as the fibre content increases. The interpretation of this behaviour could be attributed

to the presence of CF which prevents progression of cracks due to crack-arresting, crack

thinning and crack bridging effect of CF.

Generally, there appears to be at least three stages in the cracking process. In each

stage, coconut fibre is suspected to play a crucial role in arresting crack formation and

progression.

In Stage I: before loading, intrinsic volume changes in concrete due to shrinkage or

thermal movements can cause strain concentrations at the aggregate–paste interface. Within

this stage localized cracks are initiated at the microscopic level and at isolated points

throughout the specimen where the tensile strain concentration is the largest. This shows that

these cracks are stable and, at this load stage, do not propagate.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 16: Normal Concrete (NC) 0% Figure 17: Coconut Fiber Reinforced

Concrete(CFRB) 1%

During Stage II, as the applied load increases beyond Stage I, the crack system

multiplies and propagates but in a slow stable manner in the sense that, if loading is stopped

and the stress level remains constant propagation ceases. The extent of the stable crack

propagation stage will depend markedly upon the applied state of stress, being very short for

‘brittle’ fractures under predominantly tensile stress states and longer for more ‘plastic’

fractures under predominantly compressive states of stress. In this Stage, concrete is need of

material to sustain it in resisting the bending stress.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

As earlier established, CF is a tough materials that could provide needed resistance to

limit propagation of cracks when optimum volume fraction is used.

Figure 18: CFRB 2% Figure

19: CFRB 3%

At the last Stage, this occurs when, under load, the crack system has developed to such a

stage that it becomes unstable and the release of strain energy is sufficient to make the cracks

self-propagate until complete disruption and failure occurs. Once Stage III is reached failure

will occur whether or not the stress is increased as shown in the image for normal concrete

(NC). But, when CF is incorporated in concrete, this could be prevented as cracks propagate

gradually. (Olonade et. al. 2013)

Figure 20: CFRB 4%

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

2.4.4 As Building Material : Coconut Fiber Husks as Insulation

As the Philippines experiences hot and humid days all year round, the average
temperature can range between 25 ° C and 32°C and the average annual humidity being
around 77%, there is a need for proper insulation within the structures to help mitigate the
discomfort of said heat. The use of coconut fibers is a cheap option to use as insulation,
because of their abundance within the country. As solar radiation gets absorbed through the
roof surface, it is optimal to place insulation between the roof and the ceiling or using
coconut boards as ceiling boards for insulation.

In order to prevent any attack of fungi, mold or insects during drying, a dip treatment
previous to stacking is necessary. Coconut goods that had not been treated in tests had a
limited natural durability, indicating they couldn't be used in weather-exposed circumstances
(Keating & Bolza, 1982). However, higher density boards have shown above-ground
durability of more than 10 years.

The use of insulation instead of air conditioning or electric fans can reduce electricity
costs. Coconut fiber and fiberglass insulation were able to maintain temperatures within
acceptable range for thermal comfort while maintaining lower energy consumption (kWh)
compared to no insulation.

Table 5: Energy Consumption of No Insulation, Coconut Fiber Insulation and Fiberglass Insulation at a 24 hour
period

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330365204_Effects_of_Using_Coconut_Fiber-Insulated_Masonry_Walls_to_Achi
eve_Energy_Efficiency_and_Thermal_Comfort_in_Residential_Dwellings/link/5c9e05bc92851cf0ae9fd2ac/download

For the bulk of the testing times, the energy consumption was highest without
insulation. As to be expected, this graph demonstrates a general pattern in which the energy
consumption gradually grew during the periods of high solar exposure (6–14 hours), reduced
as the intensity of this exposure decreased, and then gradually decreased again.

The energy consumption values for the times between 18 and 24 h indicate that the
models continued to need cooling after dark. This is so that heat energy that was retained by
the building material during the daytime when temperatures were high might be released for
cooling during the night. Due to the lack of a heating source and the loss of the majority of
the heat energy, there was no change in the energy consumption values between the period of
0–6 h.

2.4.5 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks as Alternative Construction Boards

Coconut trees are bountiful in the tropical and coastal regions of Asia. The

Philippines as an example, is ample in coconut materials found in most coastal zones.

Coconut husks as a waste product from the copra and coconut oil production are found in

these areas abundantly. Because of these inducements, a new revolutionary building material

was developed using these fibrous coconut husks that do not need the binding help of

chemical adhesives. Taking this innovative material of husks for commercial use can

potentially increase the coconut farming’s profitability and contribute to the Philippines

exports and economy.

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Figure 21: Coconut Boards

Retrieved from: https://united-architects.org/assets/files/media-files/Manosa%20Francisco.pdf

Coconut boards, or Ecocoboards are made from fibrous husks of coconuts and

chemical adhesives. The coconut boards can be a substitute to many other wood materials but

offer some advantages such as insulation, abundance, and materials being sourced locally.

The production of the ecocoboard is quite simple: the husk is separated into small pieces and

pressed under hot pressure into the board. Ecocoboard is proven to be comparable or better

than commercial medium density fibreboard (MDF) and has better fire retardant properties

than the aforementioned material.

Techno-economic evaluations have shown that Ecocoboards can competitively sell on

the market as high quality wood based panels and boards for furniture, building and

construction applications.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

EcocoBoards are produced in emission free factories CARB2 using 97% biomass and

just 3 % resin and will emit no VOC’s. They have a negative carbon footprint and will have

stored 0.98 kg CO2 per kg including energy used. Some of its advantages are being

biodegradable, formaldehyde free, durable, sustainable and low cost. (Wageningen

University & Research).

2.4.6 As Building Material: Coconut Fiber Husks as Humidity Sensor

Control systems have utilized instruments for relative humidity analysis, known as

humidity sensors.The fibrous coconut mesocarp consists of a fiber fraction which is

presented to the aggregate fibers and it can be alternate material for the fabrication of a

resistive humidity sensor. These sensors can be found in green houses, weather equipment,

and medical equipment such as sterilizers and ventilators. (Sales et al.,2021)

Table 6: Decay Resistivity of the Coconut Board

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Table 7: Electrical Conductivity Sensors

Point on the graph shows the behavior of the sensor: 50% of coconut fiber and 50%

carbon. In figure 7 electrical resistivity tends to a limit of stabilization. In figure 6 the next

absorption reaches the maximum at about 40 seconds,where the electrical resistance begins

to stabilize. It is observed that the curves of concentration 33.3% of coconut fiber and 66.7%

carbon .Also 50% coconut fiber and carbon are 50% similar and with few oscillations during

the measurements, indicating that with the addition of more of coconut fiber brought greater

stability.Therefore it is believed that this composition, 50% coconut and 50% carbon, makes

it deal for this humidity sensor resistive.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 22: Electrical Conductivity Sensors

Figure 23: Microscopic view of coconut grains

The humidity sensing can help providing better service and develop the emotional, social

and intellectual skills needed to live, learn and work in the community with the least amount

of high cost support. This environmental resources supports in reducing potential stressors

in which the Philippine has approximate humidity. Due to high temperature and the

surrounding bodies of water. The average monthly relative humidity varies between 71

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

percent in March and 85% in September. The combination of warm temperature and high

relative and absolute humidities give rise to high sensible temperature throughout the

archipelago.It is especially uncomfortable during March to May ,when temperature and

humidity attain their maximum levels.

The best compound for the construction of a humidity sensor resistive coconut fiber is

composed 50FCC because it presents all the characteristics such as good tolerance to excess

water,low cost of production, small size, low hysteresis, short response time in absorption

and desorption.In comparison with other materials the sensor coconut showed promising

performance.

2.4.7 As Building Material: Coconut Husk Fiber as Aggregate

One of the key components of aggregates is concrete. Natural aggregate sources are currently

diminishing, and because of local scarcity and unavailability, prices tend to be expensive. As

a result, the ample scope of agro-industrial wastes will be used to generate new alternative

building construction materials. Coconut Shell is one of the promising agro-waste materials

that could be used as concrete aggregate. The abundant supply of leftover coconut shells is

still not being used commercially as a building material.

Agriculture leftovers being used to make cement concrete replacement material or aggregate

possess both engineering capability and financial benefit. Agricultural waste comes in a

variety of physical and chemical characteristics that may be appropriate for the concretization

in practice. In affordable lightweight agriculture waste used as coarse aggregate for

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constructions in addition to cement matrix, can satisfy design requirements (Basri, 1999).

Several studies have already been performed utilizing agricultural wastes such as wood ash

or ash from lumber (Abdullahi, 2006).

Table 8: Selected trail mixes of Coconut Shell Concrete

Retrieved From: https://www.ijtra.com/view/light-weight-aggregate-concrete-by-using-coconut-shell.pdf

As from Table 8, the coconut shells' average crushing value and impact value were

discovered to be 2.58% and 8.15%, respectively. Consequently, coconut shell can provide

stronger resistance against impact and crushing. In an abrasion test on coconut shells, an

average percentage loss of 1.628% was discovered. For concrete aggregates, the percentage

of wear shouldn't be higher than 16%. (Shetty, 2002). Hence, coconut shells can also offer

more resistance against abrasion, compared to normal aggregate. Average bulk densities in

loose and compacted conditions are found and they are in the ranges of 550 kg/m³ and 650

kg/m³ respectively. Hence, Coconut shell aggregates will result in less unit weight of

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concrete compared to normal weight aggregate and qualify for producing lightweight

concrete.

Coconut shells have a greater capacity to hold moisture and absorb water than traditional

aggregate. Coconut shell is more resistant than typical aggregate to crushing, impact, and

abrasion. When coconut shells are utilized as an aggregate in the manufacturing of concrete

as opposed to typical aggregate concrete, the amount of cement content may be higher.

Coconut husks fall within the category of lightweight aggregate. Except for water absorption,

the coconut shell does not require treatment before usage as an aggregate.

2.4.8 As Building Material: Coconut Strings as Decorative Ceiling Elements

Melbourne architect, March Studio’s Rodney Eggleston has recently completed the

third Singapore store at Millenia Walk for Australian skincare brand Aesop. In collaboration

with Aesop’s founder Dennis Paphi, the store features a significantly mesmerizing mass of

coconut husk strings suspended from the ceiling. Referencing Aesop’s subtle and

understated method of gift wrapping using the humble ball of twine, and drawing inspiration

from the region; thirty kilometers of coconut husk string were suspended from a meticulously

detailed grid frame fixed to the ceiling. The results are simply captivating. The natural

properties of the coconut husk strings have an absorbent quality which keeps the fragrance of

our favorite oil-free hydrating serum lingering in the air all day long.

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Figure 24: Coconut Decorative Strings

2.5 Case Studies: Coconut Material Treatment and Preservation

Material treatment and preservation should be considered when utilizing organic

products such as the Coconut waste into something expected to last for a long term. In this

case study, the researchers presented the processes, techniques, and the things to consider in

preserving the coconut parts.

2.5.1 Preservation Techniques

Coconut trees are categorized into two : short stemmed and tall stemmed trees. Tall stemmed

coconut trees have a better quality density of wood and are therefore more ideal for

construction use. Provided below are the suggested ways of selecting, cutting, preserving and

treating these wood materials.

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Figure 25: Coconut wood preservation stages

Figure 26: Sawing and processing of coconut timber

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Sort Logs

In producing a mass timber system, the finish dimensions of boards used will be 2x4, 2x6,

2x8. Sorting the logs into categories that will yield these finished dimensions is important to

building a volume supply to keep up with the project demands.

Saw

The milling process requires the following tools: Slabbing mill, industrial wood plainer, table

saw (walking conveyor belt), wide belt sander.

Figure 27: Mill Cutting Pattern

This is the recommended cutting pattern to maximize the recuperation of high-density 2x4

and 2x6 boards. This pattern applies when the average diameter of a coconut stem is 11”.

Adjustments should be made for larger diameter stems to obtain 2x8 and 2x10 boards when

available.

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Dip

To mitigate/prevent staining or molding immersing the boards for 10 seconds in a fungicide

solution after slabbing is key. Research suggests a solution containing chlorothalonil

(450g/L) and carbendazim (100g/L) is effective for minimizing staining.54

Stack

Boards should never be placed on the ground. Stacking them on stickers will minimize

molding and warping. Stickers should be longer than layers of wood it supports. Weights

should be placed on top of the pack to minimize distortion during drying.55

Air/ Kiln Dry

Air drying is achieved by placing stacks of racked (stripped) coconut wood in natural

conditions so that they dry as evenly as possible. Stack the boards using rack strips to space

and restrain them in a form suitable for drying. The aim is to achieve a suitable moisture

content with minimal degrade.

Kiln Drying

Kiln drying is an accelerated drying process, incorporating an accurate determination of the

end-point moisture content. The drying rate is affected by board thickness, initial moisture

content, weather conditions, stacking method, density, and drying method.

Plain/ Slab/ Sand

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Planing, slabbing, and sanding the dried pieces into 2x4, 2x6, and 2x8 is critical to making a

floor and wall panel that is airtight and void of splintering.

Treatment

Termite is a major detriment to wood structures in the country. A study was performed over

16 weeks to see the effects that termites have on various woods at various densities. The

types of termites targeted were C. Acinaciformis and M, Darwiniensis. In the following

diagram, the difference is clear between high-density high vascular bundle volume sections

and lower sections. Testing results showed that termites avoided the high-density parts of the

coconut stem. Thus, it is strongly recommended to make coconut wood nailed timber walls

and floor panels only high-density coconut wood should be used.

Figure 28: End grain view of high density cocowood test specimens with densities of 866.5 kg/m³ (Left) and 1003.5kg/m³
(Right) after exposure to C. Acinaciformis and M, Darwiniensis respectively

Figure 29: End grain view of cocowood test specimen with densities of 483kg/m³ (Left) and 454 kg/m³ (Right) after
exposure to C. Acinamorfins

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2.6 Background of the Study

The sudden increase of mental health issues especially during this time of pandemic

demands additional health facilities to cater the needs. However, study shows that people

were hesitant to seek assistance from mental professionals because of the negative

connotations linked to the facility (Lopez and Reidy, 2017). Moreover, according to the

National Program Management Committee of the Department of the Department of Health

(DOH), forty-six outpatient facilities treat 124.3 users per 100,000 populations. The rate of

users per 100,000 general population for day treatment facilities and community based

psychiatric inpatient units are 4.42 and 9.98, respectively. There are fifteen community

residential (custodial home-care) facilities that treat 1.09 users per 100,000 general

population. Mental hospitals treat 8.97 patients per 100,000 general population and the

occupancy rate is 92%. The majority of patients admitted have a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

There has been no increase in the number of mental hospital beds in the last five years. These

existing facilities cannot be able to accomodate 3.6 million patients in the Philippines.

In addition to addressing the unexpected increase in mental health sufferers, the

researchers also seek to solve the environmental issue that the site's neighborhood is now

facing. According to statistics released in 2021 by Statista Research Development, the nation

produced over 14.72 million metric tons of coconut trash per year. In particular, farmers in

the Visayas area use 52.21% of their coconut trash as firewood, which might aggravate the

planet's environmental situation, and leave 47.31% of it unused (Pogosa, et.al, 2018).

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In the succeeding sections, the researchers present informations about the chosen site:

the overview of the site, population, trade and commerce, agriculture, industry, existing

situation of LGU specifically to their health facilities, and about the mental health issues in

the neighboring communities and in the guimaras.

2.6.1 Overview of San Miguel, Jordan Guimaras

San Miguel, Jordan, Guimaras is the capital town of the island and houses major

government facilities and businesses for the island. It is situated near the province of Iloilo

where a huge percent of the locals opt to work. Traveling to the town is a breeze because of

the short 1.5 mile ride across the ocean.

2.6.2 Population

The municipality of Jordan in particular, has a land area of 126.11 square kilometers

or 48.69 square miles which constitutes 20.61% of Guimaras's total area. Its population as

determined by the 2020 Census was 39,566. This represented 21.06% of the total population

of Guimaras province, or 0.50% of the overall population of the Western Visayas region.

Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 314 inhabitants per square

kilometer or 813 inhabitants per square mile. (Philippine Atlas 2020)

2.6.3 Trade and Commerce

The barangay of San Miguel is the center for trade and commerce as well as the

primary zone for rapid urbanization in the island. It is situated at the center of Guimaras and

has easy access towards neighboring municipalities as well as port ingress which made them

the place to be for business.

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2.6.4 Agriculture

Jordan has primarily an upland-based agricultural ecosystem. Areas with higher slopes

are primarily utilized for orchard development. Varied species of fruit- bearing trees are

planted, priority for which is mango and a dominance of others such as chicos, sineguelas,

atis, banana, jackfruit and cashew. At the lower slopes, green corn (glutinous variety)

production is prevalent. Only few farmers plant yellow corn or other varieties for feed

purposes. In most cases, glutinous corn production is done twice a year. First cropping

commence in April to July and the second one comes in October to December. Production

dried corn is very low considering that about 90% of the total production is consumed or

marketed as green corn (boiled or broiled) and portion of the matured ones are shelled and

marketed as processed into a native delicacy “baye-baye” or sold for “baye-baye”

production. Most farmers retain only their own reserve of the production for seeds purposes

during the next season. In several barangays, some upland areas are utilized for assorted

vegetable production. On higher slopes.

2.6.5 Industry

Food Processing is another economic potential which will significantly boost the

province’s economy as it also contributes in increasing the Services Sector.

Among the industries in Region 6, Food Processing accounts for a large share. Among

the 6 provinces, Guimaras ranks 3rd (to Negros Occidental) with 13.28 percent share

(equivalent to P 3.65 million) in the regional total, of the projected income of Department of

Science and Technology (DOST) assisted entrepreneurs.

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There are 14 food processors in Guimaras who have organized themselves into the Guimaras

Producers and Processors Association (GPPA). They produce fruit preserves which include

dried fruits (mango, pineapple, papaya), jams, puree, concentrates and pickles; mainly

produced in Jordan and Buenavista; processed nuts like roasted cashew nuts, salted cashew

buts, bandi, cashew butter, in Jordan and Nueva Valencia; and delicacies like piaya, mango

scotch, polvoron, barquillos, pinasugbo and banana chips.

2.6.6 Existing Situation of LGU

I. Social Development

A. Health Service

The Municipality of Jordan has been provided with better health facilities. There is one

(1) Rural Health Unit which is the main health office, fourteen (14) Brgy. Health Stations

(BHS) and Four (4) Health Nutrition Post that provide health services to the barangay. The

Rural Health Unit (RHU) and (5) Brgy Health Stations are new buildings that were

constructed and funded by the Integrated Community Health Services Proje ct (ICHSP).

Other health projects such as Women's Health and Safe Motherhood Project (WHSMP),

People and Environment Co-Existence Project (PESCODev), Fifth Country Program for

Children (CPC V), Early Childhood Development (ECD) Project Local Government

Performance (LPP) and Water Sanitation Project ( WSP) provided equipment,

drugs/medicines and medical supplies.

Manpower support includes one (1) Municipal Health Officer, one (1) Rural Health

Dentist, one (1) Public Health Nurse, twelve (12) Rural Health Midwives, one (1) ambulance

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driver, one (1) Office Clerk, two (2) Utility Workers, Ninety-nine (99) Barangay Health

Workers (BHW), Fourteen (14) Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS) and twenty-three (23)

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA)

The role of the Rural Health Unit is to provide preventive, promotive, curative and

rehabilitative services to the population.

The Rural Health Unit maintains the following services: General Consultation

(including suturing of minor wounds, irrigation and drainage, removal of foreign bodies and

circumcision), maternal and child health services, immunization, sputum smearing and

anti-TB Drug Dispensing, Anti-Leprosy Drug Dispensing, Micronutrient supplementation,

Dental Services, Family Planning Services, PAP Smearing, Environmental Health Services,

Licensing Services, Counseling and Health Education, Laboratory Services and Outreach

Clinic.

B. Social Welfare Services

The Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office (MSWDO) is the local arm

responsible for the implementation of social welfare programs in Jordan. Its personnel are

composed of one (1) Municipal Social Welfare, one (1) Social Welfare Officer I, one (1)

Social Welfare Assistant, one (1)

2.6.7 Psychiatric Needs

The province of Guimaras recorded 28 suicide cases from the year 2020. Depression,

family and personal problems, as well as enduring health issues were most of the reasons for

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suicide according to the victims’ families stated by Police Colonel Pablito Asmod, director of

the Guimaras Police Provincial Office (GPPO)

Show below is the breakdown of suicide cases per municipality.

Buenavista – ten (10) San Lorenzo – three (3)

Jordan – six (6) Nueva Valencia – three (3)

Sibunag – six (6)

The most common form of suicide in these cases was by hanging – twenty five.

One victim stabbed himself, another used a gun while another electrocuted

himself, said Asmod.

By age range, here’s the breakdown of victims:

35 to 39 years old – eight (8) 30 to 34 years old – three (3)

25 to 29 years old – four (4) 70 years old and above – three (3)

Iloilo province registered the most number of suicide incidents in Western Visayas for

two consecutive years. Police Regional Office 6 (PRO-6) records indicated that Iloilo Police

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Provincial Office (IPPO) logged 82 cases from January to September 2019 and 94 cases in

January to December 2020.

The 2019 suicide cases are 30.25 percent of the region’s 271 total incidents while the

2020 figure accounted for 28.4 percent of the 331 suicide cases.

Negros Occidental registered 66 cases in the nine-month period in 2019 and 77 in 2020. On

third spot is Capiz province with 42 and 36, respectively, while Aklan has 10 in 2019 and 40

in 2020.Antique has 25 and 24 cases respectively; Bacolod City has 16 and 18 incidents;

Guimaras has 13 and 25 cases; and Iloilo City with 17 and 16 cases.

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This part of the study discusses the Research Design, Locale of the Study, the

Respondents of the Study, the Research Instruments, the Conceptual Framework, and the

Work Plan Timetable. It explains the reason behind the design approach, a collection of

method analysis, and its main key points. Dissertation of its methods explains what to

evaluate a reliable and valid research design.

3.1 Research Design

The descriptive research method was used by the researchers to easily interpret data

and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. This study is non

experimental and therefore focuses on established and concluded studies to supplement the

researchers’ paper. The researchers conducted a Post Occupancy Evaluation in the selected

and nearest Rehabilitation and Treatment Center in Iloilo, City. Site visit, observation and

the distribution of questionnaires to the employees were used to gather the necessary

information.

3.2 Locale of the Study

The study is conducted in the Department of Health, Western Visayas Rehabilitation

Center, located at Rumbang, Pototan Iloilo. This establishment was selected since it is the

only Rehabilitation Center accredited by DOH and the only one in Western Visayas.

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Additionally, the establishment falls within the same category of dwelling and use as the

facility assigned for the researchers to design.

3.3 Respondents of Study

The respondents of this study are occupants of the Rehabilitation Center at Rumbang,

Pototan Iloilo. The respondents consisted of 20 people who answered the questionnaires

distributed at the start of the Post Occupancy Evaluation and supplied the necessary

information for the researchers to interpret and dissect.

The staff from the nursing department, engineers, guards, janitors, and from the

admin office were able to answer the set of questionnaires. Researches did not include the

residents since the researchers signed a non disclosure agreement that prohibits them from

interacting with the residents.

3.4 Research Instruments

Different tools were used by the researchers in this descriptive approach of study. To

gather the data, the researchers used a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) questionnaire as a

tool that could offer a systematic approach that assessed the structural, behavioral, technical,

functional and personal aspects of the surrounding structures. These qualitative assessments

were answered by both the staff of the rehabilitation center and a POE form from the

researchers to gauge varying perspectives towards the same facilities. These documents were

purely based on the researchers’ observations and external surveillance of the establishments

and measured the workers’ satisfaction towards the spaces’ comfort and efficiency.

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3.5 Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework illustrates the workflow for obtaining the data to be supplied

for the research paper.

Figure 30: conceptual framework workflow

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3.6 Work Plan and Timetable

Week 1 Examining Design Inspirations

Aug. 30 - Sep.4

Week 2 Planning and Conceptualization

Sept. 5 - 11 Solidifying Research Objectives and Goals

Week 3 Scouting for Potential Lot Sites Through Google Maps

Sept. 12 - 18

Week 4 Guimaras Site Visits

Sept. 19 - 25 Acquisition of Lot Plans and Bearings, and Site Development Plan

Week 5 Preparing POE Request Letter for DOH TRC

Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 Contacting DOH TRC for POE Visit

Week 6 Finalizing Questionnaires and Documents for POE

Oct. 3 - 9

Week 7 Post Occupancy Evaluation at DOH TRC

Oct. 10 - 16

Week 8 Assessing and Analyzing POE Results

Oct. 17 - 23

Week 9 Finalizing Data from POE

Oct. 24 - 28

Table 9: Work plan and Timetable

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Chapter 4

DATA PRESENTATION, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents a pre-designed study which examines and emphasizes important

design factors and their individual and collective impacts to the proposal. This section

dissects the evaluated and analyzed results from the Post Occupancy Evaluation as well as

the Guimaras Site Visits and showcases conceptualized diagrams and illustrations which took

consideration from the gathered data and personal observations from the activities.

4.1 Site Investigation

4.1.1 Preliminary Investigation

The feasibility of the WABI-SABI Wellness center in Motorpool, San Miguel, In

Jordan Guimaras was thoroughly evaluated and qualified data was gathered. Consultation

was conducted with Engr. Vargas provided a thorough walkthrough of a wellness center; the

research was conducted in Pototan, DOH RTC, wellness center, (OCT 11, 2022). Proven on

this gathered information, the researchers consolidated subjects for possible improvements,

observations and development of the said wellness center.

● Security is one of the many main factors that was imposed in creating a

wellness center. This provides confidential records for its residents to secure

their identity as well as their personal information.

● Building flow, The researchers observed that building flow benefits the whole

community. It provides organized patterns of behavior as well as cooperative

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work flow. This allows visitors, residents, employees and personnel to create a

more orderly manner of interacting with its environment and structure.

● To provide additional features and dimension to the wellness center in order to

further enhance its services.

● Biophilic design, The researchers want to incorporate a more biophilic

approach by implementing the practice of biophilic architecture.

● To provide a comprehensive land plan of the wellness center. Several

problems were identified by Engr. Vargas, it was observed that structures were

not properly organized. The researchers want to incorporate a more innovative

comprehensive land plan which is WABI-SABI.

● Facility Overhaul, As observed most of the facilities weren’t fit for most of its

employees and residents. The researchers want to improve facility focus and

improvement to deliver better services for its residents.

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4.2 General Information

4.2.1 Geographic Location

The site is located in San Miguel, Jordan, Guimaras and situated at the heart of the

island. It is one of the 14 municipalities in Jordan and covers 126.11km² of land that

constitutes 20.61% of Guiamaras’ total area. The town is located 10.6 km from Jordan Wharf

and has multiple accesses towards neighboring municipalities while the site in particular, is

11.4 km away from the barangay of San Miguel.

Figure 31: Geographic location of the site

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4.3 Maps

4.3.1 Zoning Map

Figure 32: Zoning Map of Jordan, Guimaras

Retrieved From: https://guimaras.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Guimaras-Forest-Land-Use-Plan.pdf

Legend: Thick lines indicate provincial boundary, thin lines indicate barangay

boundary, and blue dashed lines indicate the shoreline. Providing the sites zoning map

benefits by the efficiency of the sites location. Waterpool, San Miguel, Jordan,

Guimaras is in the heart of guimaras the center of the Island. This provides access to

nearby cities and supplies that are near the city of jordan.

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4.3.2 Flood Hazard Map

Figure 33: Flood Hazard Map of Jordan, Guimaras

Retrieved from: National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMIA)

Legend: Dark Blue zones have very high flood susceptibility, Indigo zones have

high flood susceptibility, Purple zones have moderate flood susceptibility and Light

Blue zones have low flood susceptibility. The majority of the area around our lot in

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Jordan, Guimaras is not particularly flood prone due to the topography. However

there are some areas that are vulnerable to landslides caused by heavy rainfall.

4.3.3 Ground Shaking Hazard Map

Figure 34: Earthquake Hazard Map of Jordan, Guimaras

Retrieved from: National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMIA)

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Legend: Red zones indicate high risk in earthquake induced landslide potential, Blue

zones moderate risk in earthquake induced landslide potential and Yellow zones indicate low

risk in earthquake induced landslide potential.

4.3.4 Tsunami Hazard Map

Figure 35: Tsunami Hazard Map

Retrieved From: GeoRiskPH

Legend: Red zones indicate tsunami prone areas. light shaded areas such as on the

coast of guimaras are not tsunami prone. The researchers planned to create the plan in the

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heart of guimaras which is a very safe location since it is not close to shore. This ensures that

the buildings will stay consistent and are able to avoid calamities such as a tsunami.

4.4 Site Description

4.4.1 The Site

The site is located at San Miguel, Jordan Guimaras and is situated in Villa Ercilla. It has a

land area of 50,000sq. meters and is categorized by the Guimaras Assessor’s Office for

residential and private development. The site is arbitrarily flat and is surrounded by trees all

throughout the area. It consists of gravelly loam soil and sits roughly at the center of the

island. The nearby accessible road is the Guimaras Circumferential Road constructed with a

maximum width of 10.00 meters and is found approximately near the Sacred Heart Academy

and a private warehouse facility.

4.4.2 Lot Plan

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Figure 36: Lot Plan in Jordan, Guimaras

4.4.2.1 Technical Description of the Lot

The technical description presented is subject to change in more detailed

technicalities as stated in the research paper’s limitation. .

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS

LINE BEARING DISTANCE

Line 1 - 2 N 04°W 619.47 M

Line 2 - 3 N 02° E 437.57 M

Line 3 - 4 N 02°E 570.68 M

Line 4 - 5 S 04°E 402.13 M

Line 5 - 6 S 75° W 527.74 M

Line 6 - 1 S 75° W 440.43 M

Table 10: Technical Descriptions of the Lot

4.4.3 Lot Size

The technical description presented in the study is a temporary set of bearings that the

owner provides. The lot originally 145.7004 hectares and was divided into sub-lots with

exactly 50,000 sqm. each and scheduled to be surveyed this November 2022.

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4.4.4 Topography

The topography of Guimaras Island varies from level to steeply sloping, with land

elevation ranging from 0 to nearly 300 meters above sea level. Mt. Dinulman, located in

Millan, Sibunag, has the highest elevation of 267 m amsl.

Figure 37: Topographic map of the site and the surrounding area

Retrieved from:

http://seaknowledgebank.net/sites/default/files/1538116427_field_management_plan_PPFP%202005-2035.pdf

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A simplified topographic contour map indicates that a great part of the island’s land

area is above 100 m amsl. By comparing the topographic features from the 1956

topographic maps with the present situation, it could be concluded that the island’s

topography has not been altered much by man-made activities. The island’s

topography shows quite steep slopes on the western side of the island with plateaus

and 3 peaks above 200 m in the central portion.The island's topography shows quite

steep slopes on the western side of island with plateaus and peaks above 200 m in the

central portion. A large part or 69% of the total land area is within the 0-18% slope,

19.73% is above 18-30% slope, 9.42% is above 30-50% slope and 1.74 percent is

above 50% slope. Based on the topographic map from the National Mapping and

Resource Information Authority (NAMIA), the site is mostly covered in plain

grassland with a few patches of trees to the North and the South and the overall

terrain is relatively flat with the slight elevation to the South Western point of the site.

4.4.5 Climate

According to the information of the Government of the Philippines, 2019. Guimaras is

Classified as Corona’s Type 1 climate; this is characterized by two pronounced seasons: such as the

dry season that usually appears between the months of November and April, and the rainy or wet

seasons, which occur the rest of the year (GOVPH 2019).

Rainfall occurs during the northeast monsoon would most likely be due to o conventional

thunderstorms, a result of intense heating causing rapid evaporation, or to a lesser extent, typhoons

which can occur in the region during October-November. The probability of a typhoon hitting

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Guimaras is fortunately low. The island has a rare frequency passage of 0%-10% of the annual

average of 19.8 typhoons.

4.4.6 Natural Vegetation

According to the Forest land use plan (FLUP 2017), The Island of Guimaras covers a total

area of 5,459.40 hectares. Consisting of mangrove vegetation species, areas with aesthetic

and natural landscape to develop. protection area covers 3,611 hectares associated with high

biodiversity of forest and mangrove vegetation species, areas with aesthetic and natural

landscape to develop as model site for community based-tourism, and unclassified forest

lands (islands and islets) and riverbanks for eco-tourism due to its natural and scenic beauty

that could provide recreational benefit and enjoyment for Guimarasnons and tourists. The

production area covers 1,848.40 hectares mainly for production of fuel wood, agroforestry

using high valued crops and fishpond development (FLUP 2017).

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4.4.7 Views

Figure 38: Viewpoint of physical elements from West facing the circumferential road

Figure 39: Scenic overlook of Grasslands fronting East

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Figure 40: Landform view from South Orientation to North

Figure 41: Plain figure located at west

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Figure 42: Elevated Landforms situated at North lay of land

4.4.8 Noise

The site being in a secluded area provides a sense of tranquility and has minimal noise

pollution. Farm animals such as chicken, goats and cows roam free and occasionally make

small noises though generally speaking, the site is peaceful to be in.

4.4.9 Water Supply

From the Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP), the water production and availability

limited in the region because of Guimaras’ island geography. Overuse, exploitation, and

pollution are endangering water availability, quantity, and quality more and more.

The existence or absence of trees has a significant impact on the kind, amount, and

distribution of waste. From upstream to downstream locations, forested lands provide a

significant amount of water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and ecological

requirements. The province features two significant watershed areas, the western and the

eastern, according to a prior geographical analysis. Mantangingi, Sibunag, and Cabano are

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the three principal river systems. These are the main water outflows that contribute to the

island's economic growth, especially the agriculture and tourism sectors.

According to the 2007 Provincial Health Office Report, 29,193 or 89.49 percent of the

32,621 total households in the province have access to drinking water, with 18.30 percent

receiving service from Level III systems or facilities, mostly in urban areas, 4.67 percent

from Level II, and 66.52 percent from Level I or point sources. Sibunag has the fewest

households with access to drinking water (71%), while Nueva Valencia has the highest rate at

99.69%. This indicates that 3,428 households, or 10.51 percent, still lack access to clean

water, with the majority of these being found in isolated rural locations.

4.4.10 Power Supply

According to the Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP), 95% of the municipality is thought to

be powered by electricity generated, while remote barangays and islets/islands are still

without it. How to meet the needs and aspirations of the population is still a challenge for

local officials and other government organizations due to the lack of some essential services.

According to the Guimaras Electric Cooperative's (GUIMELCO) assessment on the

province's power supply, 98 out of the 98 barangays are already powered up, and as of 2007,

18,664 out of 29,354 prospective consumers, or 64%, were receiving electrical service.

Sibunag has the fewest households that are powered up, whereas Buenavista has the most.

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The entire island's electrical demands are met by the Guimaras Electric Cooperative

(GUIMELCO). A substation near Ingore La Paz, Iloilo City, provides power via a 2.5

kilometer submarine power line. The Palimpinon Geothermal Plant in Negros Oriental,

which is run by the National Power Corporation, provides power to the substation (NPC).

4.4.11 Communication Services

According to the Official Province of Guimaras Website, In the Municipality of

Buenavista, there were 750 connections, which covered 5 barangays, in 1998. and is run by

Globelines. The number of barangays covered has recently increased to eleven.

With more than 335 installed telephone lines for homes, businesses, and government

offices, the Telecommunication Commissions Office (TELOF) of the Commission on

Information and Communication Technology in Jordan currently operates in the barangays of

San Miguel and Poblacion. It has a telephone load/capacity of 1,944. Additionally, 16 Globe,

Smart, and Sun Cellular cell sites are located throughout the municipalities. GMA 6,

ABS-CBN 10, IBC 12, and PTV 2 have television transmitters in Guimaras as well.

4.4.12 Accessibility and Transportation

According to the Official Province of Guimaras Website, from Manila and other

origins, Guimaras can be reached by boat and plane via Iloilo City and Pulupandan, Negros

Occidental. Iloilo Strait, which is about 2.5 kilometers long, may be by ferryboats,

pumpboats, and other seagoing craft to get there. Guimaras Strait and Negros, in length. In

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Iloilo City, the starting and ending points of pumpboats and ferryboats, respectively, are

situated in Ortiz Street, Parola for pumpboats, and Muelle Loney for ferryboats. It takes 15 to

20 minutes to get there. Five pumpboats go regularly from Guimaras to Negros Occidental

through San Lorenzo, and from Negros Occidental to Guimaras via Pulupandan and

Valladolid. Pumpboats can make up to six voyages each day, which is more than the ferry can

manage. This advantage comes from their size and speed. They might also be hired for

exclusive journeys.

4.4.13 Population Density

Table 11: Population of Jordan, Guimaras from 1900-2020

Retrieved From: Philippine Statistics Authority

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According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), In the 2020 census, the

population of Jordan, Guimaras, was 39,566 people, with a density of 310 inhabitants

per square kilometer or 800 inhabitants per square mile. Fifty nine percent (59%) of

the total population are dispersed in the rural areas while 41% in the urban areas. The

reduction of the large area of Jordan means an increase of population density, wherein

more people will be sharing a much smaller land area.

4.4.14 Security

From the Official Guimaras Website, From 2005 to 2007, Buenavista had a police

officer for every 1,804 people on average, compared to 1: 1,348 for Jordan, 1: 1,694 for

Nueva Valencia, 1: 1,225 for San Lorenzo, and 1:867 for Sibunag. With the exception of San

Lorenzo, these ratios do not meet the threshold of 1:1,000 population for rural areas, which

implies the police force must make additional efforts and adopt new tactics to keep law and

order throughout the province.

The Guimaras fire protection agency does not meet the 1 per 2,000 population fire

protection criterion. All five municipalities have a fire truck, but there are fewer firefighters

per fire truck than the required 14 firefighters.

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4.5 SWOT Analysis and Strategies

ANALYSIS STRATEGIES

● GOOD AIR QUALITY ● INTEGRATE PASSIVE

VENTILATION
STRATEGIES AND
COMPREHENSIVE AIR
FLOW PLANS TO
MAXIMIZE THE GOOD
AIR QUALITY

● INCORPORATE
● EXISTENCE OF WATER ELEMENTS OF WATER
ELEMENT WITHIN THE
FACILITIES

● MINIMAL NOISE ● DESIGN AN

POLLUTION ESTABLISHMENT
CENTERED AROUND
COMMUNITY AND
TRANQUILITY
STRENGTH
● LOW DENSITY
POPULATION IN THE
AREA

● 360° COVERAGE OF ● EMBRACE A BIOPHILIC

VEGETATION ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN APPROACH

● SLIGHTLY CLEAR ● DESIGN THE

BUILDABLE AREA FREE STRUCTURE WITH THE
OF TREES AND OTHER OBSTACLES IN MIND
DEBRIS AND EMBRACE THOSE
UPROOTS INSTEAD OF
PULLING THEM OUT

● OPTIMAL FOR ● CAN DESIGN TALL

CONSTRUCTION SINCE BUILDING THE SITE

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THE LOT IS COMPOSED

OF GRAVELLY LOAM. ● CAN DESIGN FREELY
WITHOUT TOO MUCH
● LOCATED AT THE IN CONSIDERING THE
CENTER OF THE
FACTORS RELATED TO
ISLAND, IT IS LESS
LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE OCEANIC CALAMITIES.
HARSH OCEANIC
CONDITIONS ● MORE EFFICIENT AND
ACCESSIBLE FOR
● CONVENIENT ROAD EVERYONE. ADD
ACCESS SERVICE ROADS TO
MAKE IT MORE
ACCESSIBLE GOING O
THE INSIDE OF THE
LOT.
● THE IDEAL SITE
CHARACTERISTIC FOR
● SECLUDED BUT CAN A WELLNESS CENTER.
EASILY ACCESS TO
CAN SECURE THE
COMMERCIAL
ESTABLISHMENT SAFETY OF THE
RESIDENTS

● SURROUNDED BY ● CREATE
RESIDENTIAL LAND VEGETATIONAL
ZONES BOUNDARIES SUCH AS
TREES TO ENVELOPE
THE SITE AND ENSURE
PRIVACY AND
SECURITY FOR THE
WEAKNESSES OCCUPANTS
● LOGISTICAL
● PROVIDE
CONSTRAINTS FROM
SEA TRAVELS
● UTILIZE TREES AND
● FOUL ODORS AND
GREENERY TO BUFFER
NOISE FROM NEARBY
THE NOISE AS WELL
LIVESTOCK ANIMALS
AS FOUL SMELL THEY
MAY BRING

● CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ● BUILD ALLIANCE AND

OPPORTUNITIES PARTNERED HOSPITAL EFFICIENT TRANSPORT OF
PATIENTS.

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● CLOSE TO ● ACCESSIBLE FOR THE

COMMERCIAL AND ADMIN AND OTHER
GOVERNMENT VISITORS PROCESS LEGAL
PAPERS. ALSO EFFICIENT
ESTABLISHMENTS
IN BUYING THE NEEDS OF
THE RESIDENTS BECAUSE
OF THE CLOSE PROXIMITY
TO THE SOURCE.

● IMPROVE THE ISLAND'S ● WILL LESSEN THE CASES

HEALTH FACILITIES OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
WHICH CATER TO
MENTAL HEALTH
MATTERS

● ISLAND'S ABUNDANCE
OF COCONUT AS MAIN ● HAVE AMPLE SUPPLY OF
BUILDING MATERIAL MATERIALS TO THE
PROPOSED PROJECT.
● AVAILABILITY OF
LOCALLY SOURCED ● USE IT TO MINIMIZE
MATERIALS DELAY IN CONSTRUCTION
TIME.
● OPEN UP JOB
OPPORTUNITIES FOR
● IT IS A GREAT HELP TO
LOCALS
THE LGU.

● KINDLE THE SPIRIT OF

VOLUNTEERISM OF THE ● MAKING USE THE SPIRIT
COMMUNITY OF VOLUNTEERISM TO
HELP MORE INDIVIDUALS.
● EASE OF ● EXPECT PATIENTS FROM
NEIGHBORING ISLANDS.
TRANSPORTATION
PREPARE AMPLE SPACE TO
FROM JORDAN PORT CATER THEM.

● OPEN FOR FUTURE ● MAXIMIZE THE USE OF

EXPANSION SPACE

● IMPROVE LOCAL ● DESIGN A CONDUCIVE

SPACE FOR THE
ECONOMY AND
RESIDENTS TO LEARN
EMPLOYMENT AND BE PREPARE TO
THROUGH VOCATIONAL INTERACT OUTSIDE.
COURSES TO BE
OFFERED

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● PRESENCE OF PESTS ● ENSURE PROPER

SUCH AS TERMITES TREATMENT FOR
AND MOSQUITOES FOUNDATIONS AND
FOOTINGS AND
INCLUDE MOSQUITO
REPELLING
MECHANISMS IN THE
SITE
● MARK PROPER
● LIVESTOCK FARMING
BOUNDARIES USING
OF NEIGHBORING
VEGETATION TO AVOID
LOCALS
INSTANCES OF
TRESPASSING IN THE
SITE
● PLACING TREES
● HARSH RAINS THAT
WITHIN THE SITE TO
CAUSE FLOODING
THREATS HELP MITIGATE
FLOODS AND
INCORPORATE FINS IN
THE STRUCTURE TO
REDIRECT THE RAIN
● INCORPORATE
● HOT AND HUMID
PASSIVE VENTILATION
CLIMATE
STRATEGIES AND
COMPREHENSIVE AIR
FLOW PLANS TO
MAXIMIZE THE GOOD
AIR QUALITY

● THE POSSIBLE
● ENSURE PROPER
EXPANSION OF NEARBY
SETBACKS AND
RIVER
ADEQUATE DISTANCE
FAR FROM THE RIVER

Table 12: SWOT Analysis

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4.6 Pictures of the Site

Figure 43: The expansive view that invites you as you enter the site premises

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Figures 45 and 46: Greenery is seen all throughout the site.The apparent presence of livestock animals

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4.7 Climatic and Site Analysis

Figure 47: Climatic and Site Analysis

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4.7.1 Existing Elements

Figure 48: Trees

Figure 49: Livestock

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Figure 50: Plains

Figure 51: Lakes, Rivers

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4.7.2 Proposed Zoning and Circulation

Figure 52: Proposed Zoning and Circulation of the Site

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4.8 Presentation of Survey and Evaluation

A set of questionnaires with varying questions was created and prepared.

Based on the target respondent's knowledge of the existing Rehabilitation Center, twenty (20)

people were chosen as survey respondents for the evaluation of the existing Rehabilitation in

Rumbang, Pototan around 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on a sunny day. The Rehabilitation Center's

current state was assessed and evaluated by the staff.

Respondents Classification No. of Respondents

Selected Staff 20

Total 20

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The Building Overall Instruction: Please (✔) the box of your answer with 1 being the lowest

to 5 being the highest.

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4.8.1 Survey Results and Data Evaluation

In general the tallied results were based on questionnaires that included technicality,

functionality, behavioral, and personal experiences. Technically, the majority of them agreed

that the existing building needed to be renovated. Some of it needs to be changed or added

because it does not satisfy them. The respondents considered the zoning and arrangement of

the buildings poor. Overall, the findings indicate that the building needs to be renovated to

ensure proper circulation and ventilation.

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4.9 Design Consideration

Design considerations, These are areas that may affect the requirements, design or

operational concept of a structure and it is the architectural process throughout the design

process. This will serve as a design guideline and planning tool in respect of the accessibility

of the design process.

4.9.1 RA 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines

Section 701. Occupancy classification

● Group D – Institutional

Group D Occupancies shall include:

● Division 1 – Mental hospitals, mental sanitaria, jails, prisons,

reformatories, and buildings were personal liberties of inmates are

similarly restrained.

WABI-SABI wellness center is categorized as Group D, Division 1 Instutional Facility. This

should operate according to the national building code of the philippines. Personal liberties

must be incorporated into the system for safety and security for its residents(DPWH, NBCP).

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4.9.1.1 Classification and General Requirements of all Buildings

Dimensions were based on the Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a Hospital

and other Health Facilities by the Department of Health.

SPACE REQUIREMENTS

MEDICAL

Space DEFINITION Suggested Area

CONSULTATION AREA Mental health assessment, individual 7.43SQM, DOH.

counseling, education and therapy.

EXAMINATION AREA Patient consultation, examination, 7.43SQM, DOH

and various noninvasive treatments
and procedures.

AFTERCARE OFFICE Office that manages the care given to 5.02SQM, DOH
a patient after their release from the
facility.

RECORDS Stores personal records of residence, 9.0SQM, DOH

Data of residents.

DIETARY Place used by the facility’s dietitian 5.02SQM, DOH

AMBULANCE BAY Parking used by the facility’s 9.29SQM, DOH

ambulances

EMERGENCY SERVICES Provision of standard first aid and 9SQM, DOH

medical emergencies needing basic
life support Suturing of minor wounds

SESSION AREA

DENTAL Dental health facility, Access to 7.43SQM, DOH

standard dental requirements.

PSYCHOLOGIST Room for the facility’s psychologist 7.43SQM, DOH

THERAPIST Therapy facility for residents. 7.43SQM, DOH

NURSE OFFICE Prevention of illness and disability, 5.02SQM, DOH

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early detection and correction of

health.

CHIEF OFFICE 5.02SQM, DOH

HOLDING AREA Area where patients are temporarily 12.00SQM, DOH

held while awaiting processing.

TREATMENT AREA Room where the residents receive 7.43SQM, DOH

medical care.

PSYCHOMETRICIAN Facility for psychometry 7.43SQM, DOH

PHYSICIAN Room for the facility’s physician 7.43SQM, DOH

RESTROOMS Managing of personal hygiene for the 2.5SQM, DOH

residents

SLEEPING QUARTERS Designated sleeping area 6.5SQM, DOH

STORAGE Storage for medical equipment and 7.4SQM,DOH

supplies.

RESIDENT

RESIDENT HOUSING Occupied by residents for personal 7.43SQM, DOH.

use

PRAYER ROOM Area where in residence use for 35.0SQM, DOH

praying

LIBRARY Provides books that are educational, 35.0SQM, DOH

fictional, history and positivity.

GYM Area used for physical exercise and 35.0SQM, DOH

other activities.

LAUNDRY AREA Used for washing and drying of 5.02SQM, DOH

clothes.

DISHWASHING AREA Area used for washing dishes and 4.65SQP, DOH
cutlery.

COVERED COURT Physical activities, fitness, makeshift 42.0SQM, DOH

activity area.

MULTI-PURPOSE HALL Psycho-social activities, education 35.0SQM,DOH

and therapy.

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MULTI- PURPOSE ROOM Multi-purpose activities are being 42.0SQM, DOH

held.

ACTIVITY HALL Physical, social, educational activities 42.0SQM, DOH

are being held.

COMMUNAL BATHROOM Multi-user bathroom that is shared by 13.9SQM

multiple residents in a hall.

COMMUNITY GARDEN Space for the patients to cultivate and 42.0SQM, DOH
CENTER grow plants.

VOCATIONAL FACILITIES Facilities used for vocational activities 42.0SQM, DOH

for the patients.

STORAGE Room used to store equipment or 7.4SQM

supplies.

STAFF

PARKING Area used for parking of vehicles. 9.29SQM, DOH

REGISTRATION RECEPTION Receiving and registration of patients. 12.0SQM, DOH

MOTORPOOL Provides shop space to service 9.29SQM, DOH

vehicles, a wash bay, office space,
garage space for vehicles and a
storage area.

CONFERENCE ROOM Dedicated space for events such as 7.43SQM, DOH

business conference calls and
meetings.

GUARD HOUSE House personnel and security 5.02SQM, DOH

equipment.

RESTROOM Managing of personal hygiene for the 2.5SQM, DOH

staff

ADMINISTRATION performance of personnel, 12.0SQM, DOH.

accounting, records, supply and
housekeeping

LEGAL OFFICE Office for the facility’s lawyer. 5.02SQM, DOH

CASHIER AND BILLING Handling of payments and receipts. 7.43SQM, DOH.

RECORDS records keeping encoding of patient 9.0SQM, DOH.

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profile

TEACHING STAFF Office for Teaching staffs to occupy 5.02SQM, DOH

DORMITORIES Space used for staff to be occupied 6.5SQM

and house.

SOCIAL WORKERS OFFICE Office space for social workers to 5.02SQM, DOH
record.

KITCHEN Area where staff's food are prepared 10SQM, DOH

and cooked.

HUMAN RELATIONS AND Managing and organizing facility staff. 5.02SQM, DOH
RESOURCES

VISITOR

PARKING Used for parking of vehicles 9.29SQM, DOH

MESS HALL Room where groups of people eat 42.0SQM, DOH

together.

ENROLLMENT Used for the enrollment of patients. 12.0SQM, DOH

LOBBY Area for receiving and holding 12.0SQM, DOH

visitors.

PAC-B(IQUIRIES) Inquiries for visitors are being 12SQM, DOH

entertained.

RESTROOM Restroom used by the visitors. 2.5SQM

EXAMINATION ROOM Access Visitors, Examine visitors 5.02SQM, DOH

belongings.

INTERVIEW FAMILY ROOM Family consoling space, Access 35.0SQM, DOH

families background and of its
residents.

RECEPTION Space used for the receiving of 12.0SQM, DOH

patients.

UTILITIES

WATER HARVESTING STATION Collection of rainstorm-generated 4.65SQM

runoff in order to provide water for
human, animal, or crop use.

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JANITOR Janitor's storage area is where all of 3.9SQM, DOH

the cleaning essentials and supplies
are located.

ELECTRICAL Room dedicated to electrical 4.65SQM

equipment.

MECHANICAL Room dedicated to the mechanical 4.65SQM

equipment and its associated
electrical equipment.

PLUMBING Room dedicated for the facility’s 4.65SQM

plumbing system.

CONTROL ROOM A central space where a large 7.43SQM, DOH

physical facility or physically
dispersed service can be monitored
and controlled.

SECURITY HEADQUARTERS Manages and provides security 7.43SQM, DOH

throughout the facility.

DISPOSAL Manages waste and disposal of 1.67SQM, DOH

waste throughout the facility.

4.6.1.1 Setback Requirements

SECTION 804. Sizes and Dimensions of Courts

YARD – the required open space left between the outermost face of the

building/structure and the property lines, e.g., front, rear, right and left side yards. The width

of the yard is the setback. Yards prescribed for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and

Recreational Buildings are shown in Table VIII.3. hereafter(DPWH, NBCP).

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Table 13: Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings

4.6.2 RA 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines

Section 5. Responsibility for the Enforcement of this Code.

This Code shall be administered and enforced by the Bureau of Fire Protection

(BFP), under the direct supervision and control of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Protection,

through the hierarchy of organization as provided for in Chapter VI of Republic Act No.

6975. with the approval of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local

Government (DILG), the BFP, is hereby authorized to (REP, ACT NO. 9514, 2008):

a. Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe standards,

schedules of fees/fire service charges and administrative penalties therefore as

provided in the pertinent provisions of this Code;

b. Reorganize the BFP as may be necessary and appropriate;

c. Support and assist fire volunteers, practitioners and fire volunteer

organizations in the country who shall undergo mandatory fire suppression,

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inspection, rescue, emergency medical services and related emergency

response trainings and competency evaluations to be conducted by the BFP. In

the case of the Fire practitioners, they shall undergo mandatory continuous

professional education and competency evaluation of their expertise,

knowledge and skills in the area of fire science, engineering and technology to

be conducted by the BFP;

The BFP may enter into external party agreements for the conduct of training,

education and evaluation of fire volunteers, practitioners and fire volunteer

organizations, which shall be under the full control and supervision of the

BFP: Provided, however, That during firefighting operations, fire volunteer

organizations shall be under the direct operational control of the fire ground

commanders of the BFP;

d. Enter into long term agreement, either through public biddings or

negotiations in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 9184,

otherwise known as the Government Procurement Reform Act of 2003, for the

acquisition of fire prevention, fire protection and fire fighting investigation,

rescue, paramedics, hazardous material handling equipment, supplies,

materials and related technical services necessary for the fire services;

Section 6. Technical Staff.

The Chief, BFP shall constitute a technical staff of highly qualified persons who are

knowledgeable on fire prevention, fire safety, and fire suppression. They may be drawn not only from

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the organic members of the BFP and other government offices and agencies, but also from other

sources. In the latter case, they will either be appointed into the service or hired as consultants in

accordance with law. The technical staff shall study, review and evaluate latest developments and

standards on fire technology; prepare plans/programs on fire safety, prevention and suppression and

evaluate implementation thereof; develop programs on the professionalization of the fire service;

coordinate with appropriate government and private institutions for the offering of college courses on

fire technology and fire protection engineering; propose amendments to the Fire Code; advise the

Chief, BFP on any matter brought to his attention; and perform such other functions as directed on

any matter brought to his attention and perform such other functions as directed by higher authorities

(REP, ACT NO. 9514, 2008) .

Section 7. Inspections, Safety Measures, Fire Safety, Constructions, and Protective and/or

Warning Systems.

As may be defined and provided in the Rules and Regulations, owners, administrators or

occupants of buildings, structures and their premises or facilities and other responsible persons shall

be required to comply with the following, as may be appropriate:

a. Inspection Requirement - A fire safety inspection shall be conducted by the Chief,

BFP or his duly authorized representative as prerequisite to the grants of permits

and/or licenses by local governments and other government agencies concerned, for

the:

(1) Use or occupancy of buildings, structures, facilities or their premises

including the installation or fire protection and fire safety equipment, and

electrical system in any building structure or facility; and

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(2) Storage, handling and/or use of explosives or of combustible, flammable,

toxic and other hazardous materials;

b. Safety Measures for Hazardous Materials - Fire safety measures shall be

required for the manufacture, storage, handling and/or use of hazardous

materials involving:

(1) cellulose nitrate plastic of any kind;

(2) combustible fibers;

(3) cellular materials such as foam, rubber, sponge rubber and plastic foam;

(4) flammable and combustible liquids or gases of any classification;

(5) flammable paints, varnishes, stains and organic coatings;

(6) high-piled or widely spread combustible stock;

(7) metallic magnesium in any form;

(8) corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, organic peroxide, nitromethane,

ammonium nitrate, or any amount of highly toxic, pyrophoric, hypergolic, or

cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as well as material compounds which

when exposed to heat or flame become a fire conductor, or generate excessive

smoke or toxic gases;

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(9) blasting agents, explosives and special industrial explosive materials,

blasting caps, black powder, liquid nitro-glycerine, dynamite, nitro cellulose,

fulminates of any kind, and plastic explosives containing ammonium salt or

chlorate;

(10) fireworks materials of any kind or form;

(11) matches in commercial quantities;

(12) hot ashes, live coals and embers;

(13) mineral, vegetable or animal oils and other derivatives/by products;

(14) combustible waste materials for recycling or resale;

(15) explosive dusts and vapors; and

(16) agriculture, forest, marine or mineral products which may undergo

spontaneous combustion.

(17) any other substance with potential to cause harm to persons, property or

the environment because of one or more of the following: a) The chemical

properties of the substance; b) The physical properties of the substance; c) The

biological properties of the substance. Without limiting the definition of

hazardous material, all dangerous goods, combustible liquids and chemicals

are hazardous materials.

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e. Enter into Memoranda of Agreement with other departments, bureaus,

agencies, offices and corporations of the government, as well as private

institutions, in order to define areas of cooperation and coordination and

delineate responsibility on fire prevention education, fire safety, fire

prevention, fire suppression and other matters of common concern

Section 9. Violation, Penalties and Abatement of Fire Hazard.

1. Fire hazards shall be abated immediately. The Chief, BFP or his/her duly

authorized representative, upon the report that a violation of this Code or other

pertinent laws, rules and regulations is being committed, shall issue

notice/order to comply to the owner, administrator, occupant or other person

responsible for the condition of the building or structure, indicating among

other things, the period within which compliance shall be effected, which

shall be within ten (10) to fifteen (15) days after the receipt of the

notice/order, depending on the reasonableness to adequately comply with the

same (REP, ACT NO. 9514, 2008).

4.9.3 Parking Considerations

According to National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096) Parking Area and

Loading/Unloading Requirements Rule VII .

a. In Section 1.3 ,Private Hospital required to have the following:

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1. One (1) off-street cum onsite car parking slot for every twelve (12) beds

2. One (1) off-RROW (or offstreet) passenger loading space that can

accommodate two (2) queed jeepney/shuttle slots provide at least one (12)

loading slot for articulated truck or vehicle a 12.00 meters long container van

plus 6.00 meters length for a long/hooded prime mover

3. One (1) loading slot for a standard truck for every 5,000.00 sq. meters of GFA

4. Provide truck maneuvering area outside of the RROW within property or lot

lines onlv

b. In Division D-3, Nursing homes for ambulatory patients. school and home, for

children over kindergarten age, orphanages required to comply the following.

1. One (1) off-street cum onsite car parking slot for every twelve (12) beds

2. Add one (1) off-RROW (or off~ street) passenger loading space that can

accommodate two (2) queued jeepney/shuttle slots

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4.10 Space Programming

4.10.1 Space Requirements

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Figure 53: Space Requirements

4.10.2 Inventory of Spaces

MULTI-PURPOSE HALL - Psycho-social activities, education and therapy.

GYM - Area used for physical exercise and other activities. This is also a place where we

DIETARY - the kinds and amounts of food available to or eaten by an individual, group,

or population.

AFTERCARE - the care, treatment, or supervision given to persons discharged from an

institution (such as a hospital).

PSYCHOLOGIST - an expert or specialist in psychology.

THERAPY - treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder.

CONSULTATION AREA - a meeting with an expert or professional, such as a medical

doctor, in order to seek advice.

EMERGENCY SERVICES - the public organizations that respond to and deal with

emergencies when they occur, especially those that provide police, ambulance, and

firefighting services.

NURSE OFFICE - Prevention of illness and disability, early detection and correction of

health.

HOLDING AREA - Area where patients are temporarily held while awaiting

processing.

DENTAL - Dental health facility, Access to standard dental requirements.

AMBULANCE BAY - Parking used by the facility’s ambulances.

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RECORDS - Stores personal records of residence, Data of residents.

EXAMINATION AREA - Patient consultation, examination, and various noninvasive

treatments and procedures.

TREATMENT AREA - Room where the residents receive medical care.

PSYCHOMETRICIAN - Facility for the psychometrist.

PHYSICIAN - Room for the facility’s physician.

RESTROOMS - Managing personal hygiene.

SLEEPING QUARTERS - Designated sleeping area.

STORAGE - Storage for medical equipment and supplies.

PARKING - Area used for parking of vehicles.

REGISTRATION RECEPTION - Receiving and registration of patients.

MOTORPOOL - Provides shop space to service vehicles, a wash bay, office space,

garage space for vehicles and a storage area.

CONFERENCE ROOM - Dedicated space for events such as business conference calls

and meetings.

GUARD HOUSE - House personnel and security equipment.

ADMINISTRATION - Performance of personnel, accounting, records, supply and

housekeeping.

LEGAL OFFICE - Office for the facility’s lawyer.

CASHIER AND BILLING - Handling of payments and receipts.

RECORDS - Records keeping encoding of patient profile,

TEACHING STAFF - Office for Teaching staff to occupy.

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DORMITORIES - Space used for staff to be occupied and house.

SOCIAL WORKERS OFFICE - Office space for social workers to record.

KITCHEN - Area where food is prepared and cooked.

HUMAN RELATIONS AND RESOURCES - Managing and organizing facility staff.

PARKING - Used for parking of vehicles.

MESS HALL - Room where groups of people eat together.

ENROLLMENT - Used for the enrollment of patients.

LOBBY - Area for receiving and holding visitors.

PAC-B (INQUIRIES) - Inquiries for visitors are being entertained.

EXAMINATION ROOM - Access Visitors, Examine visitors belongings.

INTERVIEW FAMILY ROOM - Family consoling space, Access families background

and of its residents.

RECEPTION - Space used for the receiving of patients.

WATER HARVESTING STATION - Collection of rainstorm-generated runoff in order

to provide water for human, animal, or crop use.

JANITOR - Janitor's storage area is where all of the cleaning essentials and supplies are

located.

MECHANICAL - Room dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its associated

electrical equipment.

ELECTRICAL - Room dedicated to electrical equipment.

PLUMBING - Room dedicated for the facility’s plumbing system.

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CONTROL ROOM - A central space where a large physical facility or physically

dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.

RESIDENT HOUSING - Occupied by residents for personal use.

PRAYER ROOM - Area where in residence use for praying.

LIBRARY - Provides books that are educational, fictional, history and positivity.

LAUNDRY AREA - Used for washing and drying of clothes.

DISHWASHING AREA - Area used for washing dishes and cutlery.

COVERED COURT - Physical activities, fitness, makeshift activity area.

MULTI-PURPOSE HALL - Psycho-social activities, education and therapy.

MULTI-PURPOSE ROOM - Multi-purpose activities are being held.

ACTIVITY HALL - Physical, social, educational activities are being held.

COMMUNAL BATHROOM - Multi-user bathroom that is shared by multiple residents

in a hall.

COMMUNITY GARDEN CENTER - Space for the patients to cultivate and grow

plants.

VOCATIONAL FACILITIES - Facilities used for vocational activities for the patients.

STORAGE - Room used to store equipment or supplies.

SESSION AREA - Place where residents receive therapy.

CHIEF OFFICE - Office of the facility’s chief.

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4.10.3 Zoning of Spaces

Figure 54: Proposed Zoning

4.10.4 Matrix Diagram

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Figure 55: Main matrix diagram

Figure 56: Building 1, Entrance\

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Figure 57: Building 2, Admin

Figure 58: Building 3, Residential Facilities

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Figure 59: Building 4, Employee

Figure 60: Building 5, Medical and dorm

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Figure 61: Building 6, Utilities

Figure 62: Building 7, Job function

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Figure 63: Building 8, Aftercare

4.10.5 Bubble Diagram

Figure 64: Main bubble diagram

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Figure 65: Building 1, Entrance bubble diagram

Figure 66: Building 2, Admin bubble diagram

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Figure 67: Building 3, Residential’s Facilities bubble diagram

Figure 68: Building 4, Employee bubble diagram

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Figure 69: Building 5, Medical and resident dorm bubble diagram

Figure 70: Building 6, Utilities bubble diagram

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Figure 71: Building 7, Job function bubble diagram

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Figure 72: Building 8, Aftercare bubble diagram

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Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DO NOT DO THIS. WE ARE NOT YET HERE IN THIS PART OF THE RESEARCH

PAPER.

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Chapter 6

APPENDICES

6.1 Letters

Figure 73: POE Letter

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

6.2 Survey Forms/Questionnaires

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Figure 74: POE Questionnaire

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6.3 List of Tables/Figures

Table 1 Comparison of Effects of Nature and Urban Slides on Affect States 13

Table 2 The proportion of social media images from different nations 15

photographs with nature labels identified with different nature categories for each
social context.

Table 3 Data during the monitoring for Compressive Strength 36

Table 4 Data during the monitoring for Split Tensile Strength 36

Table 5 Energy Consumption of No Insulation, Coconut Fiber Insulation and 41

Fiberglass Insulation at a 24 hour period

Table 6 Decay Resistivity of the Coconut Board 44

Table 7 Electrical Conductivity Sensors 45

Table 8 Selected trail mixes of Coconut Shell Concrete 48

Table 9 Work plan and Timetable 65

Table 10`Technical Descriptions of the Lot 74

Table 11 Population of Jordan, Guimaras from 1900-2020 82

Table 12 SWOT Analysis 87

Table 13 Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational 102

Buildings

Figure 1 Tucson Mountain Home Facade by Rick Joy 19

Figure 2 Thorncrown Chapel Isle by E. Fay Jones 19

Figure 3 San Miguel's corporation headquarters environment 21

Figure 4 San Miguel's corporation headquarters portal entrance landscape 22

Figure 5 The 289, Hita, Japan 23

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Figure 6 Proposed Green building, That uses natural light on organic material 24

Figure 7 The Fallingwater by Architect F.L. Wright in Pennsylvania 25

Figure 8 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Perspective View 27

Figure 9 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Fins 28

Figure 10 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital forest-like designs 29

Figure 11 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital balconies with scented plants 29

Figure 12 Ostra Psychiatric Hospital lobby, mini center garden 31

Figure 13 Ostra Psychiatric Hospital garden 31

Figure 14 Result of the Experiment to the Compressive strength 34

Figure 15 Result of the Experiment to the Compressive strength 35

Figure 16 Normal Concrete 38

Figure 17 Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete 38

Figure 18 CFRB 2% 39

Figure 19 CFRB 3% 39

Figure 20 CFRB 4% 40

Figure 21 Coconut Boards 42

Figure 22 Electrical Conductivity Sensors 45

Figure 23 Microscopic view of coconut grains 46

Figure 24 Coconut Decorative Strings 50

Figure 25 Coconut wood preservation stages 51

Figure 26 Sawing and processing of coconut timber 52

Figure 27 Mill Cutting Pattern 53

Figure 28 End grain view of high density cocowood test specimens 55

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Figure 29 End grain view of cocowood test specimen with densities of 483kg/m³ 55

Figure 30 conceptual framework workflow 64

Figure 31 Geographic location of the site 69

Figure 32 Zoning Map of Jordan, Guimaras 69

Figure 33 Flood Hazard Map of Jordan, Guimaras 70

Figure 34 Earthquake Hazard Map of Jordan, Guimaras 71

Figure 35 Tsunami Hazard Map 72

Figure 36 Lot Plan in Jordan, Guimaras 75

Figure 37 Topographic map of the site and the surrounding area 76

Figure 38 Viewpoint of physical elements from West facing the circumferential 79

road

Figure 39 Scenic overlook of Grasslands fronting East 79

Figure 40 The expansive view that invites you as you enter the site premises 88

Figure 41 The nearby 90

Figure 42 Greenery is seen all throughout the site.The apparent presence of 90

livestock animals

Figure 43 The expansive view that invites you as you enter the site premises 89

Figure 44 The nearby stream of water found at the - side of the lot 90

Figure 45 Greenery is seen all throughout the site.The apparent presence of 90

livestock animals

Figure 46 Greenery is seen all throughout the site.The apparent presence of 90

livestock animals

Figure 47 Climatic and Site Analysis 91

Figure 48 Trees 92

Figure 49 Livestock 92

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Figure 50 Plains 93

Figure 51 Lakes, Rivers 93

Figure 52 Proposed Zoning and Circulation of the Site 94

Figure 53 Space Requirements 111

Figure 54 Proposed Zoning 121

Figure 55 Main matrix diagram 121

Figure 56 Building 1, Entrance 122

Figure 57 Building 2, Admin 122

Figure 58 Building 3, Residential Facilities 123

Figure 59 Building 4, Employee 123

Figure 60 Building 5, Medical and dorm 124

Figure 61 Building 6, Utilities 124

Figure 62 Building 7, Job function 125

Figure 63 Building 8, Aftercare 125

Figure 64 Main bubble diagram 126

Figure 65 Building 1, Entrance bubble diagram 126

Figure 66 Building 2, Admin bubble diagram 127

Figure 67 Building 3, Residential’s Facilities bubble diagram 127

Figure 68 Building 4, Employee bubble diagram 128

Figure 69 Building 5, Medical and resident dorm bubble diagram 128

Figure 70 Building 6, Utilities bubble diagram 129

Figure 71 Building 7, Job function bubble diagram 129

Figure 72 Building 8, Aftercare bubble diagram 130

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Figure 73 POE Letter 132

Figure 74 POE Questionnaire 135

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6.4 Documentations

Interview with the Hospital Engineer In front of a constructing facility

With our tour guide, Sir Ryan Interview with the Staff

Guided visit with the Site Engineer In front of the soon to be Resident’s Facility

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6.5 References

Alcazaren, P. (2021, March 12). SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION’S OFFICE BUILDING

Landmark for a better world. Philstarlife.

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Alibudbud, R. (n.d.). Gender in mental health: Comparison of the rate and social factors of

depression, anxiety, and stress among young adult Filipino heterosexual cisgender

men and women and LGBT+ individuals. NCBI - National Center for Biotechnology

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Baillères, H., & Hopewell, G. (2010). Department of Employment, Economic Development

and Innovation. Cocowood Processing Manual: From Coconut Wood to Quality

Flooring. http://era.deedi.qld.gov.au/1950/

Barbiero, G., & Berto, R. (2021). Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation: An Onto- and

Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.

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Berto, R. (2014). The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological Stress: A

Literature Review on Restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394–409.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Brose, A., Kongoletos, J., & Glicksman, L. (2019). Coconut Fiber Cement Panels as Wall

Insulation and Structural Diaphragm. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7.

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Browning, W., Ryan, C., & Clancy, J. (2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Improving

Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.

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Budiman, I., Sumarno, A., Triastuti, Prasetyo, A. M., Maidina, Widodo, E., Akbar, F.,

Subiyanto, B., & Nugroho, A. (2021). The properties of cement boards reinforced

with coconut coir fiber (Cocos nucifera) as building materials. IOP Conference

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Chang, C. C., Cheng, G. J. Y., Nghiem, T. P. L., Song, X. P., Oh, R. R. Y., Richards, D. R., &

Carrasco, L. R. (2020). Social media, nature, and life satisfaction: global evidence of

the biophilia hypothesis. Scientific Reports, 10(1).

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Das, S., Das, B., & Imam, R. I. (2021, December 14). CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER

COMPOSITE REINFORCED WITH COCONUT COIR TREATED BY KOH.

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Ede, Anthony & Agbede, Joshua. (2015). Use of Coconut Husk Fiber for Improved

Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete. International Journal of Scientific

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Juniper, A. (2003). Wabi Sabi: The Japanese Art of Impermanence - Understanding the Zen

Philosophy of Beauty in Simplicity. Tuttle Publishing.

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Kasingsing, P. (2021, September 20). Green Screen: Proving eco-friendliness with these 5

structures. BluPrint.

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Kellert, S. (2012). Birthright. People and Nature in the Modern World.

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Killmann, W. (1996). Coconut Palm Stem Processing: Technical Handbook. Protrade.

López, M., & Maiello-Reidy, L. (2018, February 23). Prisons and the mentally ill: why

design matters. Penal Reform International.

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Makes a Difference. EN - Dormakaba Blog.

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