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CHAPTER 2 - Ac Circuits - Part 1

The document discusses AC circuits and phasors. It introduces sinusoids and defines them using amplitude, angular frequency, phase, period and frequency. Phasors are then introduced as a way to represent sinusoids using complex numbers in a frequency domain. Common circuit elements of resistance, inductance and capacitance are analyzed in both the time and phasor domains. Impedance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current for a circuit element and expressions are given for the impedances of R, L, and C. Kirchhoff's laws and circuit analysis techniques like voltage and current division are presented as ways to analyze AC circuits using phasors. Some examples of transforming circuits between the time and phasor domains are also provided.

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muhammad irfan hakimi bin nor yazid
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73 views23 pages

CHAPTER 2 - Ac Circuits - Part 1

The document discusses AC circuits and phasors. It introduces sinusoids and defines them using amplitude, angular frequency, phase, period and frequency. Phasors are then introduced as a way to represent sinusoids using complex numbers in a frequency domain. Common circuit elements of resistance, inductance and capacitance are analyzed in both the time and phasor domains. Impedance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current for a circuit element and expressions are given for the impedances of R, L, and C. Kirchhoff's laws and circuit analysis techniques like voltage and current division are presented as ways to analyze AC circuits using phasors. Some examples of transforming circuits between the time and phasor domains are also provided.

Uploaded by

muhammad irfan hakimi bin nor yazid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 23

CHAPTER 2

AC CIRCUITS

Suziana Binti Omar- FKE-UiTM Terengganu


2.0 Introduction (1)
2.0 Introduction (2)
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (1)

vs(t) = 10V

How to determine v(t) and i(t)?


How can we apply what we have learned before to determine i(t) and v(t)?
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (2)
•A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
•A general expression for the sinusoid,
v(t )  Vm sin(t   )

Other forms for an AC signal:-


where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
Ф = the phase
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (3)

1
f  Hz
T
2
T

  2f

• Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency


can be compared by their amplitude and phase
difference.
• If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if
phase difference is not zero, they are out of phase.
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (4)
Example 1

Given a sinusoid, 5 sin( 4t  60 o ), calculate its


amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and
frequency.
Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = –60o, angular frequency


= 4 rad/s, Period = 0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (6)
•A phasor is a complex number that represents
the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
•It can be represented in one of the following
three forms:

a. Rectangular z  x  jy  r (cos  j sin  )


r x2  y2
b. Polar z  r  where y
  tan 1
c. Exponential x
z  re j
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (7)
Example 3
Evaluate the following complex numbers:

a. [(5  j2)(1  j4)  5 60o ]

b. 10  j5  340o
 10 30o
 3  j4
Solution:
a. –15.5 + j13.67
b. 8.293 + j2.2
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (8)
Transform a sinusoid to and from the time domain to the phasor domain:

v(t )  Vm cos(t   ) V  Vm 
(time domain) (phasor domain)

• Amplitude and phase difference are two principal concerns in the study of
voltage and current sinusoids.
• Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our proceeding study.
If a voltage or current expression is in the form of a sine, it will be changed
to a cosine by subtracting from the phase.
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (9)
Example 4
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t – 40o) A
v = –4sin(30t + 50o) V
Solution:
a. I  6  40 A
b. Since –sin(A) = cos(A+90o);
 4140
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50 +90 ) = 4cos(30t+140o) V
o o

Transform to phasor => V V


2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (10)
Example 5:
Transform the sinusoids corresponding to phasors:
V  1030 V
I  j(5  j12) A
Solution:
a) v(t) = 10cos(t + 210o) V
5
b) Since I  12  j5  122  52  tan 1 ( )  13 22.62
12
i(t) = 13cos(t + 22.62o) A
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (11)
The differences between v(t) and V:
• v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain representation
V is the frequency or phasor-domain representation.
• v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
• v(t) is always real with no complex term, V is generally complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies only when frequency is constant; when it is applied to
two or more sinusoid signals only if they have the same frequency.
2.1 Sinusoids and Phasors (13)
Summary of voltage-current relationship
Passive Element Time domain Frequency domain

R
v  Ri V  RI

di
L vL V  jLI
dt
dv I
iC V
C dt jC
2.2 Impedance,Z (1)

• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V


to the phasor current I, measured in ohms Ω.
V
Z  R  jX
I
where R = Re, Z is the resistance and X = Im, Z is the reactance.
Positive X is for L and negative X is for C.
2.2 Impedance,Z (2)
Impedances and admittances of passive
elements
Element Impedance

R
ZR

Z  jL
L

1
C Z 
jC
2.2 Impedance,Z (3)
  0; Z  0

Z  jL   ; Z  

  0; Z  
1
Z
jC   ; Z  0
2.2 Impedance,Z(4)
After we know how to convert RLC components from time to phasor domain, we
can transform a time domain circuit into a phasor/frequency domain circuit.

Hence, we can apply simplification method to analyze the circuit by using:


1. Circuit Reduction (Short Circuit and Open Circuit)
2. Impedance equivalent (series, parallel or total).
3. Ohm’s Law
4. Voltage division (VDR) and Current division (CDR)
5. Kirchoff ’s Law (KVL and KCL)

• All the mathematical operations involved are now in complex domain.


2.2 Impedance,Z(5)
Exercise 1

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and i(t).

vs  5 cos(10t )

Answers: i(t) = 1.118cos(10t – 26.56o) A; v(t) = 2.236cos(10t + 63.43o) V


Exercise 1:

March 2014
Exercise 2:

Oct 2012
Exercise 3:

Sep 2014
Exercise 4

• March 2015

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