14 Statistics

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

390 Xam idea Mathematics–X

Statistics 391
 MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER
 There are three methods to find the mean of a grouped data. So the choice of method
to be used depends on the numerical values of xi and fi. If xi and fi are sufficiently small,
then the direct method is used. If xi and fi are numerically large, then we can go for the
assumed mean method or step-deviation method. If the class sizes are unequal and xi are
large numerically, we can still apply the step-deviation method by taking h to be a suitable
divisor of all the di’s.
 Modal class: A class interval in a group data is called modal class which have maximum
frequency.
 Mean is the arithmetic average of observations of the data but mode is the average of that
observations of data which belong to the group having maximum frequency, i.e., mode is
most frequent value or most popular observation.
 Median class: A class interval, in which cumulative frequency is greater than and nearest
n
to is called median class.
2
 The median of a group data can be obtained graphically as the x coordinate of the point
of intersection of more and less than ogive.

Fig. 14.1

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option in the following questions.

1. While computing mean of a grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are
 [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) centered at the lower limits of the classes
(b) centered at the upper limits of the classes
(c) centered at the class marks of the classes
(d) evenly distributed over all the classes
2. The graphical representation of a cumulative frequency distribution is called
 [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) bar graph (b) histogram (c) frequency polygon (d) ogive
3. Construction of a cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) all of the above

392 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 4. The class mark of the class 15.5 – 20.5 is
(a) 15.5 (b) 20.5 (c) 18 (d) 5
f1 – fo
5. In the formula, Mode = l + f p × h, f2 is
2f1 – f0 – f2
(a) frequency of the modal class
(b) frequency of the second class
(c) frequency of the class preceding the modal class
(d) frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
6. Consider the following distribution: [NCERT Exemplar]
Marks obtained Number of students
Less than 10 5
Less than 20 12
Less than 30 22
Less than 40 29
Less than 50 38
Less than 60 47
The frequency of the class 50 – 60 is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 38 (d) 47
7. For the following distribution: [NCERT Exemplar]
Class 0–8 8–16 16–24 24–32 32–40
Frequency 12 26 10 9 15
The sum of upper limits of the median class and modal class is
(a) 24 (b) 40 (c) 32 (d) 16
8. The runs scored by a batsman in 35 different matches are given below: [NCERT Exemplar]
Runs scored 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 60–75 75–90
Frequency 5 7 4 8 8 3
The number of matches in which the batsman scored less than 60 runs are
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 19
9. Consider the following frequency distribution of the height of 60 students of a class:
[NCERT Exemplar]

Height (in cm) Number of students

150 – 155 15
155 – 160 13
160 – 165 10
165 – 170 8
170 – 175 9
175 – 180 5

The sum of the lower limit of the modal class and upper limit of the median class is

(a) 310 (b) 315 (c) 320 (d) 330

Statistics 393
 10. The class marks of the class 18–22 is
(a) 4 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 20
11. / fi = 18, / fi xi = 2p + 24 and mean of any distribution is 2, then p is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6
/ fi ui
12. In the formula x = a + h f p

/ fi , for finding the mean of a grouped frequency distribution,
ui =
xi + a xi – a a – xi
(a) (b) h(xi – a) (c) (d)
h h h
13. The abscissa of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than type
cummulative frequency curves of a grouped data gives its
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) all of these
14. The arithmetic mean of 1, 2, 3 ...... n is
n+1 n n –1 n
(a) (b) (c) (d) +1
2 2 2 2
15. For the following distribution [NCERT Exemplar]
Class 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
The sum of lower limits of the median class and modal class is

(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 35
16. Consider the following frequency distribution : [NCERT Exemplar]
Class 0–5 6–11 12–17 18–23 24–29
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11

The upper limit of the median class is

(a) 17 (b) 17.5 (c) 18 (d) 18.5
17. For the following distribution : [NCERT Exemplar]
Marks Number of students
Below 10 3
Below 20 12
Below 30 27
Below 40 57
Below 50 75
Below 60 80
The modal class is
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30 (c) 30 – 40 (d) 50 – 60
18. Consider the data: [NCERT Exemplar]
Class 65–85 85–105 105–125 125–145 145–165 165–185 185–205
Frequency 4 5 13 20 14 7 4

The difference of the upper limit of the median class and the lower limit of the modal class is

(a) 0 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 38

394 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 19. The time in seconds, taken by 150 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below:
 [NCERT Exemplar]
Class 13.8 – 14 14 – 14.2 14.2 – 14.4 14.4 – 14.6 14.6 – 14.8 14.8 – 15
Frequency 2 4 5 71 48 20
The number of atheletes who completed the race in less then 14.6 seconds is:

(a) 11 (b) 71 (c) 82 (d) 130
20. Consider the following distribution : [NCERT Exemplar]
Marks obtained Number of students
More than or equal to 0 63
More than or equal to 10 58
More than or equal to 20 55
More than or equal to 30 51
More than or equal to 40 48
More than or equal to 50 42
The frequency of the class 30 – 40 is

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 48 (d) 51

Answers
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c)
19. (c) 20. (a)

Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]

Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s) in the blank space(s).
1.
Average of a data is called _____________ .
2.
_____________ is mid value of class interval.
3.
_____________ is graphical representation of cumulative frequency distribution.
4.
_____________ is the value of the observation having the maximum frequency.
5.
Mode = 3 _____________ – 2 _____________ .
6.
In ungrouped data the data must be arranged in proper manner to find _____________ .
7.
The median of grouped data obtained graphically as the _____________ coordinate of the point
of intersection of more and less than ogive.
8.
If n is even then the median of ungrouped data is _____________ observation.
9.
In step deviation method to find the mean ui is _____________ .
10. In less than ogive we take cumulative frequency and corresponding _____________ of the class
intervals.

Answers
1. mean 2. Class mark 3. Ogive 4. Mode 5. Median, Mean

1  n    x i –A
th th
n
6. median 7. x 8.  +  + 1  9.
2  2  2   h

10. upper limit

Statistics 395
Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]
1. Find the class mark of the class 10 – 25.
Upper limit + Lower limit 10 + 25 35
Sol. Class mark = = = =17.5
2 2 2

2. Find the mean of the first five natural numbers.

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15
Sol. Mean = = = =3
5 5 5

3. A data has 13 observations arranged in descending order. Which observation represents the
median of data?
Sol. Total no. of observations = 13, which is odd.

n +1 th 13 +1 th 14 th
\
The median will be c m term = c m = c m = 7th
2 2 2

i.e., 7th term will be the median.
4. If the mode of a distribution is 8 and its mean is also 8, then find median.
Sol. Mode = 8; Mean = 8; Median = ?
Relation among mean, median and mode is 3 median = mode + 2 mean
3 × median = 8 + 2 × 8.

8 +16 24
Median = = =8
3 3
5. In an arranged series of an even number of 2n terms which term is median?
Sol. No. of terms = 2n which are even.

;a k + a +1 k E
n th n th

2 2
\
The median term will be
2

2n th th
<c +1 m F
2n
m +c
nth + (n +1) th
== G
2 2
= [Put n = 2n]
2 2

i.e., the mean of nth and (n + 1)th term will be the median.

6. What does the abscissa of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than
type cumulative frequency curves of a grouped data represent?
Sol. The abscissa of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than type cumulative
frequency curves of a grouped data gives its median.
7. Name the graphical representation from which the mode of a frequency distribution is
obtained.
Sol. The mode of frequency distribution is determined graphically from Histogram.

396 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 8. A student draws a cumulative frequency curve for the marks obtained by 60 students of a class
as shown in fig 14.2. Find the median marks obtained by the students of the class.

Fig. 14.2
n
Sol. Here n = 60 \
= 30
2
Corresponding to 30 on y-axis, the marks on x-axis is 40.
\
Median marks = 40.
9. Write the modal class for the following frequency distribution:
Class Interval 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
Frequency 33 38 65 52 19 48
Sol. Maximum frequency, i.e., 65 corresponds to the class 30 – 40
\
Modal class is 30 – 40.

Short Answer Questions-I [2 marks]

1. If xi's are the mid-points of the class intervals of a grouped data. fi’s are the corresponding
frequencies and x is the mean, then find / fi ^ xi – xr h .
/ fi xi
Sol. We know mean (xr) =
/ fi
\ / fi xi = xr / fi     ...(i)

Now the value of / fi ^ xi – xrh = / fi xi – / fi xr

   = / fi xr – / fi xr = 0 . (Using (i))
2. Consider the following frequency distribution.
Class 0–5 6–11 12–17 18–23 24–29
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11

Find the upper limit of median class.

Statistics 397
 Sol. Classes are not continuous, hence make them continuous by adding 0.5 to the upper limits and
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limits.

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative frequency

0–5.5 13 13
5.5–11.5 10 23
11.5–17.5 15 38
17.5–23.5 08 46
23.5–29.5 11 57
Total S f = 57
Note :– Class interval can’t be negative hence the first CI is starting from 0.

Rf 57
Now to find median class we calculate = = 28.5
2 2
\ Median class = 11.5 – 17.5.

So, the upper limit is 17.5
3. Find the median class of the following distribution:
Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
Frequency 4 4 8 10 12 8 4
Sol. First we find the cumulative frequency

Classes Frequency Cumulative frequency

0–10 4 4
10–20 4 8
20–30 8 16
30–40 10 26
40–50 12 38
50–60 8 46
60–70 4 50
Total 50

n 50
Here, = = 25
2 2
\ Median class = 30 – 40.

4. Find the class marks of classes 15.5–18.5 and 50–75.
upper limit + lower limit
Sol. Class marks =
2
18.5 +15.5 34
Class marks of 15.5 – 18.5 = = =17
2 2

75 + 50 125
Class marks of 50 – 75 = = = 62.5 .
2 2

398 Xam idea Mathematics–X

Short Answer Questions-II [3 marks]
1. If the mean of the following distribution is 6, find the value of p.
x 2 4 6 10 p+5
f 3 2 3 1 2
Sol. Calculation of mean

xi fi fi x i
2 3 6
4 2 8
6 3 18
10 1 10
p+5 2 2p + 10
Total Sfi = 11 Sfixi = 2p + 52

We have, Sfi = 11, Sfixi = 2p + 52, X = 6

Rfi xi
\ Mean ^X h=
Rfi

2p + 52
⇒   6 =
⇒ 66 = 2p + 52
11
⇒
2p = 14 ⇒ p=7
2. Find the mean of the following distribution:
x 4 6 9 10 15
f 5 10 10 7 8
Sol. Calculation of arithmetic mean

xi fi fi x i
4 5 20
6 10 60
9 10 90
10 7 70
15 8 120
Total Sfi = 40 Sfixi = 360

Σfi xi 360
\ Mean ( X ) =
= =9
Σfi 40
3. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical
components: [NCERT]
Lifetime (in hours) 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
OR
The following table gives the number of participants in a yoga camp.

Statistics 399
 Age (in years) 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
No. of participants 8 40 58 90 83
Find the modal age of the participants. [CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
Sol. Here, the maximum class frequency is 61 and the class corresponding to this frequency is 60–80.
So, the modal class is 60–80.
Here, l = 60, h = 20, f1 = 61, f0 = 52, f2 = 38
f1 – f0 61 – 52 9
\ Mode = l + # h = 60 + # 20 = 60 + # 20
2f1 – f0 – f2 2 # 61 – 52 – 38 122 – 90

9 45
= 60 +× 20 = 60 + = 60 + 5.625 = 65.625
32 8

Hence, modal lifetime of the components is 65.625 hours.
OR
Similar solution as above only values are changed.
Ans: 58.205

4. The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of
the students.
Weight (in kg) 40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75
Number of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
[NCERT]
Sol. Calculation of median
Weight (in kg) Number of students (f) Cumulative frequency (cf)
40–45 2 2
45–50 3 5
50–55 8 13
55–60 6 19
60–65 6 25
65–70 3 28
70–75 2 30
Total S fi = 30

n
We have, S fi = n = 30     ⇒     =15
2
n
The cumulative frequency just greater than =15 is 19, and the corresponding class is 55 – 60.
2
\ 55 – 60 is the median class.

n
=15 , l = 55, cf = 13, f = 6, h = 5
Now, we have
2
n
f p# h
– cf
2
\ Median = l
+
f

2
= 55 + c m # 5 = 55 + # 5 = 55 +1.67 = 56.67
15 – 13

6 6
Hence, median weight is 56.67 kg.

400 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 5. The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correctly to the nearest millimetre, and the
data obtained is represented in the following table:
Length (in mm) 118–126 127–135 136–144 145–153 154–162 163–171 172–180
Number of leaves 3 5 9 12 5 4 2
Find the median length of the leaves. [NCERT]
Sol. Here, the classes are not in inclusive form. So, we first convert them in inclusive form by
h h
subtracting from the lower limit and adding to the upper limit of each class, where h is the
2 2
difference between the lower limit of a class and the upper limit of preceding class.
Now, we have
Class Interval Number of leaves Cumulative frequency
117.5–126.5 3 3
126.5–135.5 5 8
135.5–144.5 9 17
144.5–153.5 12 29
153.5–162.5 5 34
162.5–171.5 4 38
171.5–180.5 2 40
Total Sfi = 40
n
We have, n = 40 ⇒ = 20
2
n
And, the cumulative frequency just greater than is 29 and corresponding class is 144.5 – 153.5.
2
So median class is 144.5 – 153.5.
n
Here, we have = 20, l = 144.5, h = 9, f = 12, cf = 17
2
n
f p # h = 144.5 + c 20 – 17 m # 9
– cf
2
\ Median = l +
f 12
3 9
= 144.5 +
× 9 = 144.5 + = 144.5 + 2.25 = 146.75 mm.
12 4
Hence, the median length of the leaves is 146.75 mm.

Long Answer Questions [5 marks]

1. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy rate.
Literacy rate (in %) 45–55 55–65 65–75 75–85 85–90
Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3
OR
Find the mean of the following frequency distribution. [CBSE 2019 (30/5/2)]
Class 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
Frequency 17 28 32 24 19
Sol. Here, we use step deviation method to find mean.
Let assumed mean A = 70 and class size h = 10

Statistics 401
 xi – 70
So, ui =
10
Now, we have

xi – 70
Literacy rate (in %) Frequency Class mark ui = fiui
10
45–55 3 50 –2 –6
55–65 10 60 –1 – 10
65–75 11 70 0 0
75–85 8 80 1 8
85–95 3 90 2 6
Total Sfi = 35 Sfiui = –2
Σfi ui (−2)
\ Mean ( X ) = A + h ×
= 70 + 10 × = 70 − 0.57 = 69.43%
Σfi 35
OR
Solution is same as above only values are changed.
Ans: 50
2. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The
mean pocket allowance is ` 18. Find the missing frequency f. [NCERT]
Daily pocket allowance (in `) 11–13 13–15 15–17 17–19 19–21 21–23 23–25
Number of children 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
OR
The arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution is 53. Find the value of k.
Class 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
Frequency 12 15 32 k 13
[CBSE 2019 (30/1/2)]
Sol. Let the assumed mean A = 16 and class size h = 2, here we apply step deviation method.
xi – A xi – 16
So, ui = =
h 2
Now, we have,

Class Interval Frequency Class mark xi – 16 fiui

ui =
2
11–13 7 12 –2 – 14
13–15 6 14 –1 –6
15–17 9 16 0 0
17–19 13 18 1 13
19–21 f 20 2 2f
21–23 5 22 3 15
23–25 4 24 4 16
Total Sfi = f + 44 Sfiui = 2f + 24
We have, mean ( X ) = 18, A = 16 and h = 2

402 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 Rfi ui
\
( X ) = A + h ×
Rfi
2f + 24 2f + 24
18 = 16 + 2 × e o ⇒ 2=2× e o
f + 44 f + 44
2f + 24
⇒
1 = ⇒ f + 44 = 2f + 24
f + 44
⇒ f = 44 – 24
⇒
f = 20
Hence, the missing frequency is 20.
OR
Similar solution as above. Only values are changed.
Ans : k = 28

3. The distribution below gives the marks of 100 students of a class.
Marks 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 30–35 35–40
Number of students 4 6 10 10 25 22 18 5
Draw a less than type and a more than type ogive from the given data. Hence, obtain the
median marks from the graph.
Sol.
Marks Cumulative frequency Marks Cumulative frequency
Less than 5 4 More than 0 100
Less than 10 10 More than 5 96
Less than 15 20 More than 10 90
Less than 20 30 More than 15 80
Less than 25 55 More than 20 70
Less than 30 77 More than 25 45
Less than 35 95 More than 30 23
Less than 40 100 More than 35 5

Fig. 14.3
Hence, median marks = 24

Statistics 403
 4. For the following frequency distribution, draw a cumulative frequency curve (ogive) of 'more
than type' and hence obtain the median value. [CBSE 2019(30/5/1)]
Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
Frequency 5 15 20 23 17 11 9
Sol. We have cumulative frequency table,
Class Cumulative frequency
More than 0 100
More than 10 95
More than 20 80
More than 30 60
More than 40 37
More than 50 20
More than 60 9
N = 100
N
= 50
2

Fig 14.4
N

a = 50
2

` Median = 34.34 = 34.3
5. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in
20 houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.
Number of plants 0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8–10 10–12 12–14
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
Which method did you use for finding the mean and why? [NCERT]

404 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 Sol. Calculation of mean number of plants per house.
Number of plants Number of houses (fi) Class mark (xi) f i xi
0–2 1 1 1
2–4 2 3 6
4–6 1 5 5
6–8 5 7 35
8–10 6 9 54
10–12 2 11 22
12–14 3 13 39
Total Sfi = 20 Sfixi = 162

Σfi xi 162
Hence, Mean ( X ) = = = 8.1
Σfi 20
Here, we used direct method to find mean because numerical values of xi and fi are small.
6. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100 policy holders.
Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18 years onwards
but less than 60 years.
Age (in years) Number of policy holders Age (in years) Number of policy holders
Below 20 2 Below 45 89
Below 25 6 Below 50 92
Below 30 24 Below 55 98
Below 35 45 Below 60 100
Below 40 78
Sol. We are given the cumulative frequency distribution. So, we first construct a frequency table from
the given cumulative frequency distribution and then we will make necessary computations to
compute median.
Class interval Frequency (fi) Cumulative frequency (cf)
15–20 2 2
20–25 4 6
25–30 18 24
30–35 21 45
35–40 33 78
40–45 11 89
45–50 3 92
50–55 6 98
55–60 2 100
Total Sfi = 100
n
Here, n = 100 ⇒ = 50
2
n
And, cumulative frequency just greater than = 50 is 78 and the corresponding class is 35 – 40. So
2
35 – 40 is the median class.

Statistics 405
 n
\
= 50, l = 35, cf = 45, f = 33, h = 5
2
KJK n ON
K – cf OO
\ Median = l + KK 2 O# h
K f OO
L P
= 35 + c m # 5 = 35 +
50 – 45 5
#5
33 33
25
= 35 += 35 + 0.76 = 35.76
33
Hence, the median age is 35.76 years.
7. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.
Daily income (in `) 100–120 120–140 140–160 160–180 180–200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and draw
its ogive. [NCERT]
Sol. Converting given distribution to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, we have,
Daily income (in `) Cumulative frequency
Less than 120 12
Less than 140 12 + 14 = 26
Less than 160 26 + 8 = 34
Less than 180 34 + 6 = 40
Less than 200 40 + 10 = 50
Now, let us plot the points corresponding to the ordered pairs (120, 12), (140, 26), (160, 34),
(180, 40), (200, 50) on a graph paper and join them by a freehand smooth curve.

Fig. 14.5

Thus, obtained curve is called the less than type ogive.

406 Xam idea Mathematics–X

HOTS [Higher Order Thinking Skills]
1. The mean of the following frequency table is 50. But the frequencies f1 and f2 in class 20–40
and 60–80 respectively are missing. Find the missing frequencies.
Classes 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 Total
Frequency 17 f1 32 f2 19 120
Sol. Let the assumed mean A = 50 and h = 20.
Calculation of mean

Class interval Mid-values (xi) Frequency (fi) xi – 50 fi ui

ui =
20
0–20 10 17 –2 –34

20–40 30 f1 –1 –f1

40–60 50 32 0 0

60–80 70 f2 1 f2

80–100 90 19 2 38

Total Sfi = 68 + f1 + f2 Sfiui = 4 – f1 + f2

We have, Sfi = 120 (Given)

⇒
68 + f1 + f2 = 120
⇒ f1 + f2 = 52
...(i)
Now, mean = 50

Rfi ui 4 – f1 + f2
⇒
Xr = A + h f p ⇒ 50 = 50 + 20 × ) 3
Rfi 120

4 – f1 + f2 4 – f1 + f2
⇒
50 = 50 + ⇒ 0=
6 6
f1 – f2 = 4 ...(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
f1 + f2 = 52
f1 – f2 = 4
2f1 = 56
⇒ f1 = 28
Putting the value of f1 in equation (i), we get
28 + f2 = 52 ⇒ f2 = 24
Hence, the missing frequencies f1 is 28 and f2 is 24.
2. If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.

Class interval 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 Total

Frequency 5 x 20 15 y 5 60

Statistics 407
 OR
Find the values of frequencies x and y in the following frequency distribution table, if N = 100
and median is 32. [CBSE 2019(30/5/1)]

Mark 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 Total

No. of students 10 x 25 30 y 10 100

Sol. Here, median = 28.5 and n = 60

Now, we have
Class interval Frequency (fi) Cumulative frequency (cf)
0–10 5 5
10–20 x 5+x
20–30 20 25 + x
30–40 15 40 + x
40–50 y 40 + x + y
50–60 5 45 + x + y
Total Sfi = 60

Since the median is given to be 28.5, thus the median class is 20 – 30.
n
\
= 30, l = 20, h = 10, cf = 5 + x and f = 20
2
n
f2 p# h
– cf 30 – (5 + x)
\
Median = l + ⇒ 28.5 = 20 + < F # 10
f 20

25 – x
⇒
28.5 = 20 + # 10
20
25 – x
⇒
28.5 = 20 + ⇒ 57 = 40 + 25 – x
2
⇒
57 = 65 – x ⇒ x = 65 – 57 = 8
Also, n = Sfi = 60
⇒
45 + x + y = 60
⇒
45 + 8 + y = 60 ( x = 8)
\
y = 60 – 53 ⇒ y=7
Hence, x = 8 and y = 7.
OR
Similar solution as above. Only values are changed.
Ans : x = 9, y = 16

408 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 PROFICIENCY EXERCISE
QQ Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each]
1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions.
(i) The abscissae of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than type
cumulative frequency curve of a grouped data gives its
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) All of these
(ii) Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
(a) Mean (b) Range (c) Mode (d) Median
(iii) The runs scored by a batsman in 35 different matches are given below:
Runs Scored 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 60–75 75–90
Frequency 5 7 4 8 8 3
Number of matches in which the batsman scored less than 60 runs are
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 19
(iv) If the mean of data is 27 and mode is 45, the median is
(a) 30 (b) 27 (c) 32 (d) 33
/ fi ui
(v) In the formula x = a + h >
/ fi H for finding the mean of grouped frequency distribution,
ui is equal to
xi + a xi – a a – xi
(a) (b) h (xi – a) (c) (d)
h h h
2. Fill in the blanks.
(i) An ogive is useful in determining _____________ .
(ii) The arithmetic mean of 1, 2, 3 . . . n is _____________ .
f1 – f0
(iii) In the formula, mode = l + > H # h, f2 is _____________.
2f1 – f0 – f2
(iv) Mode of a data is its _____________ value.
(v) _____________ of a data cannot be determined graphically.
QQ Very Short Answer Questions : [1 mark each]
3.
Consider the following frequency distribution.

Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60

Frequency 3 9 15 30 18 5
Determine the modal class.
4.
Consider the following frequency distribution:
Class 0–5 6–11 12–17 18–23 24–29
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11
Find the upper limit of the median class. [NCERT Exemplar]
5.
For the following distribution, find the modal class.
Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
Number of students 3 12 27 57 75 80
[NCERT Exemplar]
Statistics 409
 Rfi ui
In the formula X = A + h f
6. p for finding the mean of grouped frequency distribution, what
Rfi
is the value of ui? [NCERT Exemplar]
7.
The times, in seconds, taken by 150 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below:
Class 13.8–14 14–14.2 14.2–14.4 14.4–14.6 14.6–14.8 14.8–15
Frequency 2 4 5 71 48 20
Find the number of athletes who completed the race in less then 14.6 seconds. [NCERT Exemplar]
8.
In the following distribution:
Monthly income More than More than More than More than More than More than
range (in ™) ™10000 ™13000 ™16000 ™19000 ™22000 ™25000
Number of 100 85 69 50 33 15
families
Find the number of families having income range ™16000 – 19000.
9.
Consider the following distribution:
Marks Obtained Less than 10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50
Numbers of students 02 10 15 30 40
Find the number of students having marks in range 30–40.
10. Which graphical representation helps in determining the median of a given frequency distribution?
11. What is the empirical relation between mean, median and mode?
12. Which measure of central tendency is given by the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the
‘more than’ ogive and ‘less than’ ogive?
13. What is the value of the median of the data represented by the following graph of less than ogive
and more than ogive?

Fig. 14.6

410 Xam idea Mathematics–X

QQ Short Answer Questions-I: [2 marks each]
14. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution:
Class Interval 25–30 30–35 35–40 40–45 45–50 50–55
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14
15. Write the median class of the following distribution: [CBSE 2019, (30/2/1)]
Classes 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
Frequency 14 6 8 20 15 12 9
16. The mean, median and mode of grouped data are always different. State True or False and
justify your answer.
17. Find the class marks of classes 15–35 and 20–40.
18. If the mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then find the value of k.
xi 1 2 3 4 5
fi k 5 8 1 2

QQ Short Answer Questions-II: [3 marks each]

19. The table below shows the salaries of 280 persons:
Salary (In thousand `) Number of Persons
5 – 10 49
10 – 15 133
15 – 20 63
20 – 25 15
25 – 30 6
30 – 35 7
35 – 40 4
40 – 45 2
45 – 50 1
Calculate the median salary of the data. [CBSE 2018, (30/1)]
20. By changing the following frequency distribution ‘to less than type’ distribution, draw its ogive.
Classes 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 60–75
Frequency 6 8 10 6 4
 [CBSE 2018, (C) (30/1)]
21. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution.
Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
Frequency 8 10 10 16 12 6 7
 [CBSE 2019, (30/1/1)]
22. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole term.
Find the mean number of days a student was absent.
Number of days 0–6 6–12 12–18 18–24 24–30 30–36 36–42
Number of students 10 11 7 4 4 3 1
 [CBSE 2019, (30/3/1)]

Statistics 411
 23. The weights of tea in 70 packets is given in the following table:
Weight (In g.) Number of Packets
200 – 201 12
201 – 202 26
202 – 203 20
203 – 204 9
204 – 205 2
205 – 206 1

Find the modal weight. [CBSE 2019, (C) (30/1/1)]

24. Find the value of p, if the mean of the following distribution is 20.
x 15 17 19 20+p 23
f 2 3 4 5 6
25. For the following distribution, calculate mean:
Classes 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59
Frequency 14 22 16 6 5 3 4
26. Find the mean age of 100 residents of a town from the following data:

Age equal and above (in years) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

No. of Persons 100 90 75 50 25 15 5 0
27. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.

Daily Expenditure (in `) 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350

No. of households 4 5 12 2 2
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method. [CBSE 2019, (30/1/3)]
28. The mileage (km per litre) of 50 cars of the same model was tested by a manufacturer and details
are tabulated as given below:

Mileage (km/l) 10–12 12–14 14–16 16–18

Number of Cars 7 12 18 13
Find the mean mileage. The manufacturer claimed that the mileage of the model was 16 km/l.
Do you agree with this claim?
29. The following are the ages of 300 patients getting medical treatment in a hospital on a particular
day:

Age (in years) 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70

No. of patients 60 42 55 70 53 20
Form:
(i) Less than type cumulative frequency distribution.
(ii) More than type cumulative frequency distribution.
30. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical
components:

412 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 Lifetimes (in hours) 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120
No. of components 10 35 52 61 38 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
QQ Long Answer Questions: [5 marks each]
31. The mean of the following distribution is 18. Find the frequency f of the class 19 – 21.
Classes 11–13 13–15 15–17 17–19 19–21 21–23 23–25
Frequency 3 6 9 13 f 5 4
 [CBSE 2018, (30/1)]
32. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory:
Daily Income (in ™) 100–120 120–140 140–160 160–180 180–200
Number of Workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and draw
its ogive. [CBSE 2018, (30/1)]
33. Find the mean and mode for the following data:
Classes 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
Frequency 4 8 10 12 10 4 2
 [CBSE 2018, (C) (30/1)]
34. If the median of the following frequency distribution is 32.5. Find the values of f1 and f2.
Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 Total
Frequency f1 5 9 12 f2 3 2 40
 [CBSE 2019, (30/1/1)]
35. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Daily income (in `) 200–220 220–240 240–260 260–280 280–300

Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a ‘less than type’ cumulative frequency distribution and draw
its ogive.  [CBSE 2019, (30/1/3)]
36. Change the following data into ‘less than type’ distribution and draw its ogive:
Class Interval 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
Frequency 7 5 8 10 6 6 8
 [CBSE 2019, (30/2/1)]
37. Change the following distribution to a ‘more than type’ distribution. Hence draw the ‘more than
type’ ogive for this distribution.
Class Interval 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90
Frequency 10 8 12 24 6 25 15
 [CBSE 2019, (30/3/1)]
38. Calculate the mean of the following frequency distribution:

Class 10–30 30–50 50–70 70–90 90–110 110–130

Frequency 5 8 12 20 3 2
 [CBSE 2019, (30/4/2)]

Statistics 413
 39. The following table gives production yield in kg per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village:

Production yield
40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70
(kg/hectare)
Number of farms 4 6 16 20 30 24
Change the distribution to a ‘more than type’ distribution, and draw its ogive.
 [CBSE 2019, (30/4/2)]
40. If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8, then find the missing frequency x:

Class 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120

Frequency 5 8 x 12 7 8
 [CBSE 2019, (C) (30/1/1)]
41. The annual rainfall record of a city of 66 days is given in the following table:
Rainfall (in cm) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60
Number of days 22 10 8 15 5 6
Calculate the median rainfall using ogive (of more than type and of less than type).
42. Draw ‘less than’ ogive and ‘more than’ ogive for the following distribution and hence find its
median.
Classes 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90
Frequency 10 8 12 24 6 25 15
43. The following is the frequency distribution of duration for 100 calls made on a mobile phone:
Duration (in seconds) 95–125 125–155 155–185 185–215 215–245
Number of calls 14 22 28 21 15
Calculate the average duration (in sec.) of a call and also find the median from a cumulative
frequency curve.
44. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all the frequencies is 50.
Compute the missing frequency f1 and f2.

Classes 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120

Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8
45. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:

Age (in years) 5–15 15–25 25–35 35–45 45–55 55–65

No. of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two measures
of central tendency.

Answers
1. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) (v) (c)
n (n + 1)
2. (i) median (ii) (iii) frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
2
(iv) most frequent (v) Mean

414 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 xi – a
3. 30–40 4. 17.5 5. 30–40 6. 7. 82 8. 19
h
9. 15 10. Ogive 11. 3 median = mode + 2 mean 12. Median 13. 8
14. 38.33 15. 30–40 16. False, it depends on the data 17. 25, 30 18. k = 4
19. ™ 13.42 thousand or ™ 13420 (approx) 21. Mode=36
22. Mean = 14.1 23. Mode = 201.7 24. p = 1 25. 36.36
26. 31 years 27. ™211 28. 14.48 km/L, No
29.
(i) Less than Type (ii) More than Type
Age (in years) Number of students Age (in years) Number of students
Less than 20 60 More than or equal to 10 300
Less than 30 102 More than or equal to 20 240
Less than 40 157 More than or equal to 30 198
Less than 50 227 More than or equal to 40 143
Less than 60 280 More than or equal to 50 73
Less than 70 300 More than or equal to 60 20
30. 65.63 hours 31. f = 8 33. Mean = 42.2, Mode = 45
34. f1 = 3, f2 = 6
38. 65.6 40. x = 10 41. 21.25 cm 42. 58.33
43. Average = 170.3 sec, Median = 170 sec. 44. f1 = 8, f2 = 12
45. Mode = 36.8 year, Mean = 35.38 years

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 40

Section A
1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (4 × 1 = 4)
(i) Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
(a) class mark (b) mean (c) median (d) mode
(ii) An ogive is useful in determining the
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) all of the above
/ fi di
(iii) In the formula x = a +
for finding the mean of a grouped data, di's are deviations
/ fi
from a of
(a) lower limits of the classes (b) upper limits of the classes
(c) mid-points of the classes (d) frequencies of the class marks

(iv) If xi's are the mid-points of the class intervals of a grouped data fil s are the corresponding
frequencies and x is the mean, then ∑ fi ( xi − x) is equal to

(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) 2

Statistics 415
 2. Fill in the blanks. [3 × 1 = 3]
(i) ________________ is the positional mid value of the observations in a data.
(ii) Number of times a particular observation occurs is called ________________ .
n

(iii) A class interval, in which cumulative frequency is greater than and nearest to is called
2
________________ .

3. Solve the following questions. (3 × 1 = 3)

(i) The mean of 11 observations is 50. If the mean of first 6 observations is 49 and that of the
last six observations is 52, what is the value of 6th observation?
(ii) What is the mean of first five prime numbers?
(iii) Consider the following distribution.

Marks obtained Number of observations

More than or equal to 0 68

More than or equal to 10 53
More than or equal to 20 50
More than or equal to 30 45
More than or equal to 40 38

More than or equal to 50 25

Find the number of students having marks more than 29 but less than 40.

Section B
QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 2 = 6)

4. Consider the following frequency distribution of the heights of 60 students of a class.

Height (in cm) 150–155 155–160 160–165 165–170 170–175 175–180
Number of students 15 13 10 8 9 5

What is the sum of the lower limit of the modal class and upper limit of the median class?
5. If the mean of the following distribution is 27, find the value of p.
Classes 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
Frequency 8 p 12 13 10

6. An aircraft has 120 passenger seats. The number of seats occupied during 100 flights is given in
the following table:
Number of seats 100–104 104–108 108–112 112–116 116–120
Frequency 15 20 32 18 15

Determine the mean number of seats occupied over the flights.

416 Xam idea Mathematics–X

QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 3 = 9)
7. Calculate the median from the following data:
Rent (in `) Number of tenants
1500–2500 8
2500–3500 10
3500–4500 15
4500–5500 25
5500–6500 40
6500–7500 20
7500–8500 15
8500–9500 7

8. Calculate the missing frequency from the following distribution, it being given that the median
of the distribution is 24.
Age ( in years) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
Number of persons 5 25 f 18 7

9. Draw ‘less than’ ogive and ‘more than’ ogive for the following distribution and hence find its median.
Classes 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90
Frequency 10 8 12 24 6 25 15

QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 5 = 15)

10. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory:
Daily income (in `) 100–120 120–140 140–160 160–180 180–200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10

Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and draw
its ogive. Find the median from this ogive.
11. The annual profits earned by 30 shops of a shopping complex in locality give rise to the following
distribution:
Profit Number of shops
(in lakhs in `) (frequency)
More than or equal to 5 30
More than or equal to 10 28
More than or equal to 15 16
More than or equal to 20 14
More than or equal to 25 10
More than or equal to 30 7
More than or equal to 35 3

Draw both ogives for the above data and hence obtain the median.

Statistics 417
 12. The marks obtained by 100 students of a class in an examination are given below.
Marks No. of students
0–5 2
5 –10 5
10–15 6
15–20 8
20–25 10
25–30 25
30–35 20
35–40 18
40–45 4
45–50 2

Draw ‘a less than’ type cumulative frequency curves (ogive). Hence find median.
 [CBSE 2019(30/1/2)]

Answers
1. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (a)
2. (i) median (ii) frequency (iii) median class
3. (i) 56 (ii) 5.6 (iii) 7
4. 315 5. p = 7 6. 110(approx) 7. ™5,800 8. f = 25
9. 58.33(approx)
10. ™138 11. Median = ™17.5 lakh 12. 29.5
zzz

418 Xam idea Mathematics–X