Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Maritime Transport and Technology

Safety Culture Impact on Seafarers

Graduation Project Submitted For the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and
Maritime Transport for Resume the Bachelor Degree

Submitted by

Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Moussa El Sakran

Mohamed Akram Yousef
Ahmed Eman Mohamed Amin
Ahmed Abd El Gawad Mohamed

Supervised By

Captain: Mohamed Nassar

2022
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 Declaration

We here by certify that this material, which we now submit for assessment on the program of study
to leading to the award of Bachelor of Science in (Maritime Transport and Technology) is entirely
our own work. We have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and dose not
to the best of our knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work
of others save and to extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged with in the text of
our work.

1. Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Moussa El Sakran 17101439

(Signature)…………………………

2. Mohamed Akram Youssef 18101620

(Signature)……………………….

3. Ahmed Eman Mohamed Amin 18101549

(Signature)……………………….

4. Ahmed Abd El Gawad Mohamed 18102321

(Signature)……………………….

Supervised By:
Captain Mohamed Nassar

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 Acknowledgments

We would like to express our special thanks to those who provided insight and support, and who
generously shared their expertise for this research. We asserts that the survival of this challenge
was due in no small part to the supervisor and the head master of maritime department Captain/
Mohamed Nassar who always helped us with his knowledge and gave us a unique opportunity to
make this project. He also assisted a lot in coming out with the idea of the research, in addition to
organization and presentation of the project.

We also want to express our sincere gratefulness to Arab Academy and Maritime Transport doctors
and auditors. As well as, our parents who were supporting and motivating us along our education
journey.

III
 Abstract
The marine environment is a dangerous working environment, which is filled with risks and
hazards. In the last few years most of researches deduced that the lack of safety thinking is a main
cause for human errors, which leads to accidents and hazard situation. As the human at sea is
always a subject for fatigue, illness and work load, that result in the un attention, memory failure
or mistaken by human factor. As well as the facing the rough conditions while sailing, and the
inadequate dealing with it is a big problem

This project highlights the importance and explain the vital role of safety culture and it’s results
on maritime shipping. The safety has to improved and updating as the maritime shipping also
upgrade it self. The crew on board ships has to be ready to deal with any situation. As a reason,
the safety culture assist in improving the performance of seafarers at sea.

IV
 `

Table of content

Chapter One : Introduction

1.1Background 3
1.2Research Problem 3
1.3Research Questions 4
1.4Research Objectives 4
1.5Research Methodology 4
1.6 Research Plan 5
Chapter Two : Safety Issue at Sea
2.1. Introduction 7
2.2. Safety trouble 7
2.2.1.Error of Human 8
2.2.1.1. Fatigue 9
2.2.1.2. Inadequate Communications 10
2. 3. Act of god 11
2.3.1. Bad climate 11
2.3.1.1.Storms 12
2.3.1.2.Typhoons 12
2.3.1.3. Tsunamis 13
2.3.1.4. Snow and ice 13
2.4.TITANIC Catastrophe 14
2.4.1. The occasions of the accident 14
2.4.2.The conclusions of the accident 18
Chapter Three : Safety Culture
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. SafetyCulture 22
3.3. Safety management system 23
3.4. Safety culture aim 24
3.5. Improving safety culture 25
3.5.1.Clear Safety Goals and Connect them 26

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 3.5.2.Show Support for Safety 27
3.5.3.Upper Support and Visibility 27
3.5.4.Guiding uniformity in Your Safety Program 28
3.5.5.Communicate Safety Frequently 8
3.5.6.Reward Safe Behaviours 29
3.5.7.Strive for Continual Improvement 30
3.6. SafetyPerformance 30
3.6.1.Safety measures and indicators 31
Chapter Four : Safety Improvement at sea
4.Safety Improvement at sea 35
4.1. Introduction 35
4.2. Situational awareness 35
4.2.1.Survey Findings and Discussion 36
4.3. Leader ship and Supervision 37
4.4. Culture and knowledge 38
4.5. Practices and drills 39
4.6 .Teamwork 40
4.7. Fatigue and mental health 41
4.8. Reporting accidents, near misses and non-conformances 42
Chapter Five : Conclusion& Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion 45
5.2 Recommendations 45
References 47

VI
 List of Figures
Fig. (2.1) Fatigue consequences 10
Fig. (2.2) Typhoon at Arbian sea 13
Fig. (2.3) Titanic accident 16
Fig. (2.4) news about the accident 16
Fig. (3.1) safety culture definition 22
Fig. (3.2) Safety Culture Improvement 26
Fig. (3.3) TRIR from 2009 to 2013 31
Fig. (3.4) safety culture monitor and evaluation cycle 32
Fig. (4.1) drills ship board 40

VII
 List of tables

Table page
Table (4.1) survey according to age …………………………………………………………36
Table (4.2) survey according to experience ………………………………………………….36

VIII
 List of Abbreviations

IMO International Maritime Organization

ISM International Safety Management code

MSG Master's Service Gram

OGP Oil and Gas Producing

RMS: Royal Mail Ship

SMS Safety Management System

TRIR Total Recordable Incident Rate

TRIR Total Recordable Incidents Rate

UK United Kingdom

WHS workplace health and safety

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Chapter One
Introduction

2
 1. Introduction
1.1Background

A long term in the past and the losses of human lifestyles is extreme trouble at maritime transport.
The maritime discipline became representing a un secure surroundings for human. And because
the maritime transport isvery critical worldwide. As a end result, maritime protection is an critical
aspectto the transport enterprise as human lifestyles and big monetary investments are involved.
While maximum marine casualties are because of collisions and groundings, oil and petroleum
merchandise are specifically spilled from small manufacturing companies, shipment ships and
tankers. As properly as, cruise ships are becoming more injuries reported, what precisely is wanted
is a higher schooling to group onboard within side the occasion of an emergency at sea or in ports
(lalovich, P., 2017)

To sum up, with inside the final a long time the maritime transport witnessed a whole lot of injuries.
The trouble began out taking important care, specially while the end result is the lack of lifestyles.
Most of these injuries became a end result for loss of protection on board vessels. And because the
protection of lifestyles is the primary detail that we attempt to offer at sea, however we usually
face alot of challenges. However, the deliver shape is the maximum impacted component ofdeliver
to numerous conditions. So, the non-stop supervision of the hull is very critical to cope with any
terrible circumstance shape, to conquer any uprising accident

1.2Research Problem

The maritime transport is continually invaded byrisks affecting this field. Which has a international
affordable effect. One of the principal aiming of IMO and administrations regarding maritime
transport, strive in amanner or every other to use all protection measures at sea. Maritime
protection has advanced significantly for the reason that days of the Titanic, via each subsequent
transport catastrophe is every other name for similarly protection improvements. But, as thecurrent
era invaded the maritime transport the dangers concerned with thetransport additionally growth on
the opposite hand. Also human mistakes play an important issue in protection of lives at sea. In
different words, the un-good enough schooling ortaking protection measures will cause
catastrophe. The impendence of the human error100 % is an not possible and the occurrence of
accidents. The human understanding additionally hasa incredible impact that might cause his
death.
3
Even, if he has all wanted helps for survival.

So the safety Culture a critical component that must be implemented and advanced to triumph over
any threat at sea. And as safety Culture has a critical effect at the protection overall performance
so it changed into important tospeak and display how that may be done.

1.3Research Questions
From the previous discussion we can deduce the following questions to be the source of
research study

• What is safety problem at sea?

• What are the reasons for safety issue?
• What is safety culture?
• How can safety culture affect the seafarer’s performance?
• What is the impact of applying the safety culture at work place?
1.4Research Objectives
The maritime shipping is a field that is filled with dangerous situations either due to human
errors or the act of god. These reasons highlights that human life is always under a critical threat,
which indicates the requirement of high safety measures to help human to survive at this
environment. The main aim of this research is to discuss the importance of safety culture and
introduce methods of applying it at sea to overcome safety issue.

In the light of the research problem, the research targets the following points:

• Identify safety problems facing seafarers.

• Highlighting reasons for the occurring of lack of safety.
• Discussing the safety culture.
• Identifying the importance of safety culture.
• Discussing the impact of safety culture.
• Applying these culture on maritime shipping.
1.5Research Methodology
The methodology applied throughout the research paper is based on the analysis on the existing
literatures on the subject through a desktop research method. The existing international, regional
and States' practice in the area of legal and operational arrangements to address the problem of
safety at sea, which will be analyzed in order to draw some positive conclusions and frameworks
4
that will be compared to the current national arrangement to be able to provide some improvements
and recommendations for applying safety culture. For the legal framework to deal with these
problems, the achievement criteria is measured through the mechanism given by the legislation to
successfully reduce the safety issue at sea when it happens. In this regards, the following key legal
elements which constitute the requirement for an effective legislative regime to apply these
knowledge as they can maximize the probability of surviving of life at sea.

1.6 Research Plan

The project clarify the safety culture impact on the maritime shipping by the research study through
the following chapters:

Chapter One: Introduction

Chapter Two: History of Life Saving Appliances

Chapter Three: Improvement of Life Saving Appliances

Chapter Four: The Impact of Modern Life Saving Appliances

Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations

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 Chapter Two
Safety Issue at Sea

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 2. Safety Issue at Sea
2.1. Introduction

The maritime area hasa completely fantastic price worldwide. From a long term in the past and the
entire world relied on it for transportation of products and people. Despite, the importanceof the
maritime area, it nonetheless constitute one of the maximum dangerous environments. The
maritime transport witnessed a variety of losses which constitute critical problem. For instance,
the maritime transport became a topic for piracy,injuries, lack of lives and harming the marine
surroundings. As a reason, theIMO commenced related to rules associated with imposing
protection at sea. The business enterprise aimed on supplying protection to marine surroundings
through decreasing the mistakes as a result of the human detail at sea. (SchienM ,2004)

2.2. Safety trouble

Safety is one of themaximum crucial problems at sea, that effect the human and marine
surroundings. Forthe final many years and the human attempted to make the maritime transport a
safe running surroundings, and commenced setting up all feasible protection measures andput into
effect the ships to use positive rules. But, the problem is that each day weface a brand new scenario
and specific protection problems. For instance the deliver isdifficulty for the following:

• Collision

• Fire

• Capsizing

• Sinking

• Man-over-board

• Explosion

Theseexamples can cause the lack of human existence, deliver, shipment or maybe the entire ships.

“SAFETY FIRST” is well-known phrase that iswritten onboard vessels and signs. But this phrase
is a large lie because the protection isnow no longer implemented love it must to be because of
many motives. All those motives are lyingimportant reasons:

7
1. Human mistakes

2. Act of god

After studying maximum ofinjuries associated with protection. It is observed that the mankind
constitute maximum ofreasons to loss of protection. The human is the only who has to use
protection at seaand to assess and address any crucial scenario. The insufficient protection
subculture supply upward push to assessing the emergency constitute through human mistakes or
actof god.

Thehuman mistakesis a major reason for maximum of injuries that arise at sea. Regarding any
protection measures taken to triumph over mistakes. The human is constantly a topic of fatigue,
infection or laziness (lalovich, P., 2017) .

2.2.1.Errorof Human

The phrases human mistakes refers to errors as a result of an character or organization of people
or even a entire business enterprise which end result the happening of injuries because of atechnical
fault. Human mistakes is a time period which covers specific of hazardous acts,omissions,
behaviors and hazardous situations or a aggregate of those in whichthe character must have had
acted in a specific way. The human mistakes canboth be unintentional movement so one can be
labeled as errors or intended movement so as to be labeled as violation.

Unintended movements arethe mistakes that manifest by chance and generally arise in obligations
which might be sooften executed that they emerge as automatic. These mistakes are labeledinto
slips and reminiscence lapses mistakes. These mistakes are removed handiest through enhancing
the layout of device making sure that employees can handiest paintings within side theaccurate
way or permitting mistakes to be detected and corrected earlier than anydamaging results arise. On
the alternative hand, the Intended movements mistakes arelabeled into errors and violations
categories. In spite of a sincere attempt to comply with processes, errors arise whilst a mistake in
judgmentreasons an fallacious rule to be implemented or a step in a technique to be finished out
oforder. Therefore, this class carries the jobs and know-how based errors, which may be removed
through enhancing the training, supervision andthe pleasant of procedural documentation.
Violations are the non-compliance errors that manifest whilst a person or some thing purposefully

8
breaks established ,famous rules. Routines, superb and acts of sabotage are the important factors
of the violations mistakes, which may be addressed through making sure that groupdo now no
longer understand the blessings of noncompliance to be more than any damaging results. (J.
Carlisle, 2014)

2.2.1.1. Fatigue

Fatigue has been recognized because the 1sttrouble to mariners in specific research. It became
additionally the maximum common problemfor human mistakes. And particularly paintings-
associated fatigue is of unique concerning protection-crucial occupations including transportation
in land, sea and air. The results of paintings-associated fatigue were appreciably studied inexpert
settings. A new look at has objectively substantiated those anecdotal fears: in a look at of crucial
vessel casualties and employees accidents, it became deduced that fatigue represented to 16% of
the vessel casualties and 33% of the accidents at sea. (lalovich, P., 2017)

A function of the maritime industry is that seafarers have to paintings in shifts to preserve the
deliver jogging continuously.Various kinds of shift were used, however the maximum not
unusualplace is that the shift divides his day into chunks, leaving him with much less time to
relaxation and recuperate,ensuing in much less sleep. It method it is done. Under adverse
situations,sleep may be as a result of steady pressure including noise, vibration, deliver
movement,and different disruptive elements at sea. It's even worse in case you are compelled to
sleepat an inconvenient time of the day, including running out of doors everyday hours.

Working styles and existence on board ships range substantially through shipment, trade, group
nationality and flag state, and with varying stages of fatigue. Operations in brief sea transport
appear like extra tiringwith extra port calls and the ensuing expanded workload. Compared to farm
workers, sailors record better stages of lethargy and terrible sleep pleasant.However, it's miles not
possible to estimate the significance and effect of fatigue onseafarers worldwide. Previous research
have had low reaction fees, making comparisons with fatigue fees within side the wellknown
populace difficult. However,styles of every day variant in fatigue are measurable and were
shownto differ substantially among precise subgroups of seafarers and on the startand cease of the
voyage. There is proof that seafarers' running hours arebeneathneath recorded and that this can be
associated with cultural and financial pressures. (SchienM ,2004)

9
 Fig. (2.1) Fatigue consequences

https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2015.0024/

2.2.1.2. Inadequate Communications

Most service provider marine crews these days are multinational and culturally diverse. Shipping
agencies are surely involved aboutwhy they blend seafarers of various nationalities, however this
varies from employerto employer and relies upon now no longer handiest at the deliver of seafarers
however additionally on variousdifferent factors. Ensuring the protection of ships with
multicultural and multilingual crews has grow to be more and more essential in latest years. Quality
of existence andpaintings performance on board are maintained thru conversation. Even if you
hardly ever have to mention it while finishing a secular task. Successful conversation,accurate
decision-making and conversation to affected humans, statement ofevents, and coping with
worries and affected humans all rely onconversation, as does mutual appreciation and appreciation.
10
However, it have to be emphasised that language is essential to conversation, social andexpert
interaction, and the knowledge of motive thru language. Therequirement that humans on board can
talk nicely with every different and with applicable government ashore could be very essential.
There is ample anecdotal proof to signify that situations on board ships variety from cushyand
green to gloomy (Tage SL,2005) .

Nautical claims describe measures that canbe taken to save you those injuries from happening
within side the first place. B. Clear and significant approaches to be observed with the aid of using
officials and team and, more importantly, to make sure that they recognize the outcomes if now no
longer properly observed. They additionally emphasized of their document the significance of
implementing powerful schooling packages for officials, specifically in terms of powerful
conversation and hazard assessment. Sailing in water, heavy visitors or near toland will increase
the hazard. You have to be privy to this and take appropriate action. Multiple conversation troubles
had been diagnosed in maximum of the victims.For this reason, the dialogue of vessel and human
injuries makes a specialty of the relative unfold of various varieties of issues in preference to the
percentage ofsaid instances with one of a kind varieties of issues. A dialogue of the major
conversation issues throughout marine casualties follows, and the proportion ofcasualties because
of one of a kind varieties of conversation issues is presented. (World Maritime News, 2015)

2. 3. Act of god

The Act of god which isa 2d choice for twist of fate occurrence, it's miles the class of motive which
doesn’t want human interception to happen. For example, one of the maximum knownfor delivery
records is awful climate that has many shapes irrupting the deliveryin maritime area such as:
storms, wind,hurricanes and one of the well-known ones is the ice bergs which became motive for
theTitanic disaster. As a result, human will be efficaciously geared up for withstanding and
managing those causes.

2.3.1. Bad climate

The maritime area is vicinity of tough climate, seafarers continually face tough climate and sea
conditionThis tough climate may placed a vessel in risk, the bulk of maritime rescuesare carried
out beneathneath greater favorable conditions. Nevertheless, uneven waters androbust winds may

11
also monitor a boat's flaws. When the boat is absolutely powered up,the masses within side the rig,
for example, attain their maximum, regularly in winds oflittle greater than pressure three whilst
cursing to windward.

Any dust that might typically be at the backside of the gasoline tank on a hard day could be stirred
up and is probable toclog gasoline filters. In addition, elements like exhaustion, seasickness, and
coldcan all have a miles larger effect than they could on a sunny day. Depending onyour
experience, the definition of "terrible climate" will change significantly. (Bad Weather Impacts
Shipping, 2022)

2.3.1.1.Storms

Common storms consist of excessive winds, heavy rainfall, floods, worst-case scenarios, and
hurricanes and cyclones. Trade flows may be disrupted whilst roads and ports are closed and flights
and journeys are cancelled. For example, in April 2021, CycloneSeroha devastated elements of
Western Australia. Freight visitors became affected asforemost roads have been closed, which
includes maximum of the

Great Eastern Highway. His CBH institution ofgrain cooperatives stated the cyclone had caused
"great disruption toCBH's rail, street and delivery programs". The rail community at Geraldton
andKwinana has been closed and all ships were moved from Geraldton to theGulf. (BadWeather
ImpactsShipping, 2022)

2.3.1.2.Typhoons

A hurricane is a large tropical cyclone. They may have a main effect on delivery and disrupt whole
worldwide deliver chains. They sluggish down the ship, inflicting frustrating delays, and within
side the worst instances can smash the whole ship.

The capsize of the stay export vessel GulfLivestock 1 in September 2020 is a placing and tragic
example. Her 11,947-tonvessel, sporting 5,867 stay cattle, encountered heavy seas west of
AmamiOshima(southwestern Japan) as a result of Typhoon Maysak on its manner from New
Zealand toChina. Of the forty three team individuals on board, best survived. Efforts to rescue
survivors have been hampered due to the fact the hunt vicinity became within side the direct orbit
ofTyphoonsMaysak and Haishen. Ultimately, a seek try with the aid of using the Japanese

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 Fig. (2.2) Typhoon at Arbian sea

Source :https://phys.org/news/2021-05-tropicalcyclones-arabian-sea.html

2.3.1.3. Tsunamis

Over the closing 20 years, we've got witnessed the capability for such disruption. The 2004

Indian Ocean Tsunami destroyed all ports and piers among Lounge and Murano in Indonesia. The
2011 Tohoku tsunami additionally broken many ports alongside Japan's Pacific coast, inflicting
approximately $12billion in harm to Japanese ships, ports and offshore facilities (Carlisle,J., 2014).

2.3.1.4. Snow and ice

Heavy snow and ice can block predominant roads and purpose extreme site visitors congestion.
Trucks should adjust their routes and drivers may be at danger because of terrible visibility. Snow
can additionally purpose flight cancellations and shipping delays. In truth, extra than 50%
ofclimate delays are reportedly due to snow and ice.

Storm His Darcy, which hit Europe in early2021, is an instance of a devastating snow fall event.
Temperatures dropped to minus 27 levels Celsius in a few components of the continent. Flights
and train trips had been canceled at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Train journey has

13
additionallybeen canceled in London and a few components of the UK.(How Severe Weather Can
Increase Maritime Injuries)

2.4.TITANICCatastrophe

The Royal Mail Ship(RMS) Titanic became a passenger mail deliver that struck an iceberg on its
maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City on April 14, 1912. More than2,2
hundred individual have been on board. As a end result of the collision, the deliver sank in the
early hours of 15 April, killing extra than 1,500 human beings and making her one ofthe deadliest
peacetime maritime failures in history. The deliver became 883 toes lengthy, ninety two toes wide,
displaces (or weights) 52,310 tons (1 lengthy ton equals her2240 pounds). The top from the keel
to the pinnacle of her 4 stacks or funnels became her a hundred seventy five toes, of which almost
35 toes have been under the waterline. The Titanic became better above the water than maximum
civic homes of the time. At the time,the Titanic became the most important shifting item created
via way of means of mankind. The media defined the deliver as "unsinkable". (KING5, Stan
McMeekin,2021)

After the catastrophe ofthe TITANIC, some catastrophes have had a extra profound effect at the
fabricof society. This loss has now no longer best modified the manner North Atlantic passenger
site visitors is treated, however it has additionally modified fundamental attitudes closer to
protection measures at sea, as properly because it highlighted the significance of protection
subculture in surviving at sea. In a few cases, the adjustments should show up at once to providea
secure environment. (Carlisle,J., 2014)

2.4.1. The occasions of the accident

On April 10, 1912, theTitanic set sail from Southampton, England, on its maiden voyage to New
YorkCity. Which became named “Millionaire’s Special”, the deliver became manned via way of
means of Edward J.Smith, acknowledged as 'Captain of the Millionaires' because of its reputation
withrich passengers. But whilst the Titanic's undertow shook the anchored New York closer to the
large liner, the voyage nearly commenced with a collision. After her hour-lengthy maneuver to
keep away from an accident, the Titanic became underway. On the night timeof April 10th, the
deliver docked at Cherbourg, France. The city's docks have been toosmall to deal with the Titanic,

14
so passengers needed to board and disembark ontenders. About hours later, the Titanic resumed
her voyage. On the morningof eleven April, the deliver made her very last European port name at
Queenstown (Cobh),Ireland. About 13:30 the deliver units sail for New York City. With
approximately 2,2 hundred human beings have been on board, which includes approximately
1,three hundred passengers, (lalovich, P., 2017)

For maximum of the voyage,Titanic radio operators Jack Phillips and Harold Blyde acquired
iceberg warnings, maximum of which have been relayed to the bridge. The guys labored
forMarconi and plenty in their activity became to relay messages from passengers. On thenight
time of April 14th, the Titanic commenced drawing close a place acknowledged to contain
icebergs. Smith modified the deliver's direction barely and persisted south.However, he maintained
the deliver's pace at approximately 22 knots. At approximately 21:40Mesaba broadcast an ice
subject warning. This message became by no means relayed to theTitanic's bridge. At 22:55, the
close by Leyland liner Californian stated it stopped making manner after it's miles surrounded via
way of means of ice. Phillips, who treated the passenger ‘message, blamed the Californian for
worrying him. Frederick Fleet andReginald Lee, have been assigned to preserve a lookout, they
have been stationed in theTitanic's Crow's Nest. Their mission became made extra tough via way
of means of the truth that thesea became surprisingly calm that night time. Little water breaks on
the bottom, makingicebergs tougher to spot. Also, the crow's nest binoculars have been missing.
Atround 23:40, approximately four hundred nautical miles (740 km) south of Newfoundland,
Canada,an iceberg became sighted and the bridge became notified.

First OfficerWilliam Murdoch ordered the deliver to "tough starboard". This became a maneuver
to show the deliver to port (left) and to preserve a stern propulsion.The Titanic commenced turning,
however it became too near keep away from a collision. The starboard facet of the deliver scraped
alongside the iceberg. At least 5 of her watertight cubicles were breached. After assessing the
harm, and resonates that when the deliver's ahead compartment became packed with water,
thedeliver's bow might fall deep into the sea, and water from the broken compartment might flood
every next compartment, sealing the deliver's destiny that theTitanic might sink(Carlisle,J.,
2014)..

15
 Fig. (2.3) Titanic accident Fig. (2.4) news about the accident

Source : https://riadalwani.medium.com/business-lessons-from-the-titanic-3a6369bbbda4

Captain Edward J. Smith ordered Phillips to start sending misery signals, certainly considered one
among which reached theCARPATHIA at approximately 00:20 on fifteenth of April, and the
deliver immediately headed towards the TITANIC. However, the CARPATHIA became
approximately fifty eight nautical miles(107 km) away whilst it acquired the signal, and it'd take
greater than three hoursto attain the TITANIC. Other ships, which include the Olympic, responded,
however theyhad been all too a long way. (Tage SL,2005)

A deliver became visible nearby, however the Titanic couldn't attain it. ACALIFORNIAN became
additionally nearby, however his radio became down at some stage in the night. In antry to touch
a close-by deliver, orders had been given to start launching lifeboats with the ladies and youngsters
first. The variety of lifeboats at theTitanic handed the variety required for who onboard, however
with 20 boats shemay want to simplest bring 1,178 humans, a long way much less than the entire
variety of passengers.The hassle became exacerbated through the reality that the lifeboat became
properly below capability because the team feared the davits might now no longer be capable of
help the weightof the completely loaded boat. (The Titanic canceled a scheduled lifeboat exercise

16
in advance withinside the day, and the team had been unaware that the davit were examined
inBelfast.) The first lifeboat to go away the Titanic Number 7 may want to simplest hold
approximately 27 humans, however there has been lots of room. In the end, simplest 705 of her
humans had been stored in lifeboats. (Tikkanen, A., 2022)

As the Titanic's bow persisted to sink, the strict lifted from the water, setting extremely good
stresssat the midsection. At round 02:00 the strict propeller became trulyvisible above the water
and the simplest lifeboats left on board had been her 3 collapsible boats. Smith brushed off the
team, saying, "Everyone's for himself."(He became reportedly final visible at the bridge and his
frame became in no way found), At02:18, the Titanic's lighting fixtures went out. It then snapped
in and the bow sankinto the water. Reports estimate that this segment probable took approximately
6mins to attain the seafloor at approximately 30 miles in line with hour. The stern rose again and
in brief submerged earlier than eventually turning into vertical. It in brief stayed inthat function
earlier than starting its very last fall. At approximately 02:20 the deliver sank asher stern
additionally disappeared into the Atlantic. It is stated that the stress ofthe water prompted this
portion, which nevertheless contained air, to implode as itsank (Tozer D ,2013) .

Hundreds of humans jumped into the ice water. Fearing flooding, the ones with inside the lifeboats
delayed returning to select out up survivors. When they paddled back, maximum of the humans
inthe water had been useless as a result. Ultimately, over 1,500 humans died. Apart fromthe team,
who suffered approximately seven-hundred casualties, the third magnificence fleet suffered
thebest losses. Of approximately 710, simplest approximately 174 survived. (However, allegations
that the guidance passengers had been avoided from boarding the boat had been eventually in large
part brushed off. Smith's failure to elevate a widespread alarm meant that a few third-magnificence
passengers had been dispatched off till it became too late.) Manyladies additionally had issue
navigating the complicated Titanic without problems from the lower decks, so a few reached the
higher deck after maximum of the lifeboats had launched). The Carpathia arrived within side the
location round 03:00, greater than an hour after the Titanic sank. Lifeboat 2 reached the lining first.
Over the following fewhours, the Carpathians picked up all survivors. White Star chairman
Ismaywrotea message to ship to her line workplace at White Star. "We are deeply sorryto tell you
that the Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg this morning andclaiming many lives. More on that

17
later." At nighttime Carpathia set coursefor New York City in which she arrived on April 18th.
(Tikkanen,A., 2022)

2.4.2.The conclusions of the accident

Ship’s master neglected the safety speed

From the beginning,Captain E.J., the captain of the Titanic, changed into blamed Mr. Smith for
navigatingthis large vessel at excessive speed (22 knots) within side the iceberg-encumbered
waters of theNorth Atlantic. Some believed that Smith changed into looking to enhance the transit
timeof the White Star, the Titanic's sister deliver. But in a 2004 paper, engineerRobert Essen
counseled that the motive the Titanic changed into cruising at complete speedchanged into possibly
defined via way of means of efforts to manipulate a hearth place in one of the deliver's coalbunkers.
(Pruitt, S., 2018)

 Thehelm’s guy might also additionally have taken a deadly incorrect turn

In 2010, Louise Patten(granddaughter of the Titanic's oldest navigator, Charles Lightoller)

claimedthat one of the deliver's team individuals changed into "sturdy to starboard" tokeep away
from drawing near an iceberg. After listening to the order to show around, I panicked. Since the
deliver on the time changed into operated via way of means of her one-of-a-kind steering command
systems, he have become careworn and veered the incorrect manner closer to the iceberg. Patten
integrated this model of the events, which she heard fromher grandmother after Lightoller's death,
into her fictional account of theTitanic disaster, Good as Gold.

(Pruitt, S.,2018)

 The wi-fi radio operator brushed off a key iceberg caution.

An hour earlier than theTitanic hit the iceberg, every other close by deliver, the Californian,
radioed that ithave been halted via way of means of a thick layer of untamed ice. However, the
caution did now no longerstart with the prefix "MSG" (Master's Service Gram), which want
thecaptain to verify receipt of the message directly, so Titanic's radio operator, Jack Phillips,
changed into capable of verify the caution of the opposite ships.But, concept it changed into now
no longer pressing and did now no longer byskip it. (lalovich, P., 2017)

18
Lifeboats hassle

In an try totouch a close-by deliver, the lifeboats started out to launch, with the ladies andkid's
orders given first. The range of lifeboats at the Titanic exceededthe range required via way of
means of the British Trade Commission, however with 20 boats she ought to most effective deliver
1,178 people, a ways much less than the overall range of passengers. .The hassle changed into
exacerbated via way of means of the truth that the lifeboat changed into nicely below capability
because the team feared the davits might now no longer be capable of help the weightof the
completely loaded boat. (The Titanic canceled a scheduled lifeboat exercise in advance withinside
the day, and the team had been unaware that the davit have been examined inBelfast.) The first
lifeboat to depart the Titanic Number 7 ought to most effective hold approximately 27 people,
however there has been masses of room. In the end, most effective her 705 people had been stored
in lifeboats (Pruitt,S., 2018).

Decision-making even as the accident

The order of FirstOfficer William Murdoch which changed into "tough starboard". This changed
into maneuver to show the deliver to port (left) and to keep a stern propulsion.The Titanic began
out turning, however it changed into too near keep away from a collision. By reversing the
thrusters, Murdoch simply brought on the Titanic to rotate more slowly than if it had been
travelling at its authentic speed. Most professionals believethat even supposing the deliver hit the
iceberg head on situation, the deliver might survived (Tikkanen,A., 2022) .

19
Chapter Three
Safety Culture

20
 3. Safety Culture
3.1. Introduction
The maritime fieldconstantly wanted the interplay of protection to hold and enhance the protection
atsea. A protection cultures have frequently been advanced for the motive of facilitating institution
discussions on protection at numerous organizational stages andoffer crucial enter into the system
of non-stop protection and protectionCulture development. A protectionCultureis described as “an
organizational Culture that locations a excessive stage of significance on protection beliefs, values
and attitudesand those are shared with the aid of using the bulk of humans inside the business
enterprise orworkplace”. An lively protectionCulturecan purpose the development of workplace
fitness and protection (WHS) and organizational overall performance (Tikkanen,A., 2022) .

Safety Culture flecksthe attitudes, values and behaviors of individuals, companies and agencies
concerning protection. Safety control refers to formal protection practices and duties documented
in a protection control system. A well-advanced Safety Culture in side your agency permits you to
hold and enhance protection overall performance with a focal point on secure operations and
protection developmentprocesses. Safety Culture has been proven to be a sturdy main indicator or
predictor of protection consequences throughout industries and countries. Research showsthat
agencies and groups which have well-advanced, functioning andproactive fitness and protection
control structures in vicinity generally tend to have fewerwork-associated injuries and incidents.
The crucial interrelationship betweenSafety Culture and protection control is emphasized in
Cooper's Safety CultureModel. These consist of subjective inner mental factors (i.e.,
humans’attitudes and perceptions of protection and protection lifestyle), observablesafetyrelated
behaviors (protection overall performance), and goal situational characteristics (organizational
structure, protection control, structures, and work processes). (Understanding protection lifestyle,
2013)

To sum up, the modern training of these days contain protection expertise and Culture for the
youngsters and students. Safety expertise in an agency is likewise related to apositive
consequencesapproachtoprotection. In different words, to construct a thoughts with fundamentals
of protection, Safety Culture must be elaborated. For example, a number of us can’t address any
emergency alarm and nation of panic and inattention maintain you back. Or even spotting the
fundamental symptoms and symptoms that wecan see at faculties or malls. As protection Culture

21
commonly consist of a proactive state of affairs associated with protection. This manner collecting,
monitoring, and analyzing statistics associated with protection and fitness and having up to date
expertise approximately how workand protection are functioning. In this way, a expertise on
protection Culturescreated wherein one learns from the protection records accumulated and
reported,and is inclined to introduce adjustments whilst wanted (Tage SL,2005) .

3.2. SafetyCulture

TheInternationalMaritime Organization(IMO)highlights the important of Safety Culture on

vessels and in thetransport industry.The IMO states that “An agency with a ‘protection lifestyle’
is one which gives suitable precedence to protection and realizes that protection must be controlled
likedifferent regions of the business”. For the marine field, it's miles important for seafarers to be
expert in protection exercise and that won’t exist untilhaving ok the protection lifestyle. This
professionalism is decided with the aid of usingattitudes and overall performance, very frequently
formed with the aid of using the Culture of the transport business enterprise.

Fig. (3.1) safety culture definition

https://www.myseatime.com/blogadm/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Safety-Culture.png

IMO additionally emphasizes thesignificance of protection control structures in transport. Also

regular withCooper's protection way of life model, IMO acknowledges the two-manner hyperlink
22
among protectionway of life and protection control. The IMO's International Safety Management
(ISM)Code offers requirements for the secure control and operation of ships and theprevention of
pollution. The ISM Code is binding and units dreams for protectioncontrol. All employees in rate
of deliver operation are required to establisha protection control gadget. The theoretical wondering
for the utility of theISM Code helps and encourages the improvement of a protection way of life
withinside thetransport industry. The Code offers a self-regulatory gadget for operation ofships
adequately and occupational fitness and protection on board ships. The Codeoffers processes,
threat control, incident and compliance reporting andevaluation to make sure secure operation.
And processes for inner audits andreviews. (Introduction To Safety Culture, 2020)

3.3. Safety management systems

The effectiveness ofthe ISM Code has been examined in numerous studies, however no definitive
indictators had been provided. Tzannatos and Kokotos observed that this code had a positive effect
on Greek transport. A have a look at of injuries regarding vessels flying theGreek flag among 1993
and 2006 (i.e. earlier than and after the implementation ofthe ISM Code) confirmed an typical
discount in man-made injuries because of theimplementation of the ISM Code. (64% to 52%),
however, Greek flagged shipsendured to keep their dominance in casualties. In the pre-ISM
era,tankers and lowpax ships had been additionally intently related to man-made
casualties,however the implementation of the ISM Code has removed this hyperlink. It has
beencriticized for growing bureaucracy. In addition, the requirement for standardized protection
control and written processes is perceived through manyseafarers as going towards their not
unusualplace sense, revel in and expertise (Tikkanen,A., 2022) .

To acquire powerfuselflaw of protection and occupational fitness and protection,

theimplementation of a protection control gadget is intently connected to theemployer's dedication
to protection and employee participation in protection control selection-making. These elements
are intently associated with an organization’s protection way of life. Involving personnel in
selection-making will increase their dedication totake movement and make adjustments in which
necessary. Good conversation and listening capabilities throughout organizational levels,
corporations and people beautify shared situational cognizance of threat and protection. Inadequate
conversation or crew participation also are elements that force organization downward and
causefaults. Crew participation is regularly hampered through activity lack of confidence that
23
correlateswith bad conversation among personnel and managers. Bhattacharya explorewhether or
not employment and social situations exist withinside the maritime context thatassist powerful
implementation of self law. The survey confirmed thatmanagers and seafarers had been operating
with substantially exceptional understandings ofthe cause and use of his ISM Code, developing an
opening among its intended cause and practice. I became. A widespread aspect became the
seafarers' lack ofinvolvement in occupational fitness and protection control because of their
badoperating situations (paintings in security) and occasional agree with their superiors. Inthis
have a look at, seafarers worry being held responsible for injuries and close to misses on board,
main to bad conversation and under-reporting. An vital partof a protection way of life is organizing
a honest way of life wherein the reaction to incidents and injuries is taken into consideration
honest.

(Introduction ToSafety Culture, 2020)

Efficient protection control structures all encompass the gathering of protection records from the
operational manufacturing gadget if you want to study from injuries and incidentsand therefore
offer a foundation for non-stop protection improvement. Studies display that under-reporting
constitutes a chief hassle withinside themaritime industry.Oltedal and McArthur observed that a
better reporting frequency withinside the Norwegian service provider fleetbecameassociated with
more suitable protection training, a trusting and open courting amongst thecrew, overall
performance of proactive threat identity sports and comments onsaid occasions. Lower reporting
became associated with performance needs and shortage ofinterest to protection from shore
employees (Pruitt,S., 2018).

3.4. Safety culture aim

A enough protection way of life assists the companies to keep secure operations. From operators
to managers, everybody takes protection seriously, remains vigilant and avoids compromises as a
way to paintings as adequately as possible. This can significantly lessen the threat of injuries. In
contrast, a bad protection way of life way that now no longer everybody takes protection seriously.

They are unobservant, content material with thepopularity quo, and inclined to compromise. This
might also additionally imply that the employees or operations are threatened through a extra threat
of incidents and injuries. In an organization with a bad protection way of life, incidents, in

24
particular close to misses, arenow no longer said or nicely addressed and commands aren't nicely
followed. (Understanding protection way of life, 2013)

This isn't always green nor powerful on thelengthy run. For example, if incidents aren't said and
classes aren'tlearned, incidents will retain to occur. This can pose an undue threat to employees
and the public. Safety way of life is consequently a key aspect in ensuring that protection is
embedded in an organization’s operations.

3.5. Improving safety culture

There are some vital classes to preserve in thoughts whilst seeking to enhance your
organization’sprotection way of life. First, many companies first try to investigate their current
protection way of life (additionally regarded as “protection climate”). This is accomplished
withinside the followingmanner. Surveys and questionnaires; selective surveys of personnel; and
observing operating personnel. These strategies deliver selection makers an outline of
theorganization’s protection way of life. Another vital lesson is that it is able to taketime to enhance
an organization’s protection way of life due to the fact people's attitudes andconduct take time to
alternate. After all, protection way of life alternate typically startswith small adjustments on the
nearby level. Having a right reporting gadget forincidents and occasions and a honest and
independent reaction can pass an extended manner inenhancing the general way of life of an
organization (Pruitt,S., 2018).

These nearby adjustments later cause larger, greater sweeping cultural adjustments. Remember
that constructing away of life of protection blessings everybody. Therefore, it's miles vital to
addressthose additives of protection way of life first. Improving the way of life of protection
needsan included method to protection thru particular moves in 3 areas:

• technical aspects,

• protection control

• human and organizational elements

25
 Fig. (3.2) Safety Culture Improvement

https://www.icsi-eu.org/en/mag/safety-culture-definition
The development ofprotection is a chronic movement, which must be advanced each day to
conquerthe rebellion protection dangers going through human at sea. Safety strategies should
consist of agreater integration fromhuman andorganizations. Thefollowing steps can assist in
upgrading the protection measures on board ships and agency (Tikkanen,A., 2022) .

3.5.1.Clear Safety Goals and Connect them

Setting a purpose to be injury-unfastened in a calendar 12 months is admirable, however it's also

very ambiguous.Setting overly positive dreams can absolutely prevent your protection efforts ifthe
inspiration of your protection software isn't in place. Connect different dreams ormovements on
the way to improve the behaviors of employees to gain large prices ofprotection onboard. For
example make certain that:

• Personnel are carrying their private defensive device everyday.

• Personnel are filling out required office work consisting of daily inspections.

• Personnel are reporting risks withinside the place of work.

• Personnel are attending all protection drills.

After dreams adventmethod write them down and begin connecting them, it's also very vital toset
up a written regulations and processes to attract the preferred expectancies ofall people within side
26
the organization. If employees and executives do now no longer apprehend whatis needed from
them, the preferred dreams won’t be achieved. Policies andprocesses must talk protection
expectancies and movements required to make certain achievement. You must actually have a
step-with the aid of using-step written disciplinary policy outlining the results of now no longer
following the policies(Pruitt,S., 2018).

3.5.2.Show Support for Safety

Once the dreams are actually set in addition to the expectancies for the important movements
wanted togain them, all people within side the organization wishes to take the important
movements to attain those dreams. Employees want to peer that protection is vital, now no longer
just listen that it's miles. There is an limitless examples for what movements display aid for
protection that consists of:

• Correcting risks within side the paintings place.

• Guiding employees while they may be now no longer following the restrictions.

• Addressing protection issues that employees can also additionally have.

• Management following the equal policies set for the personnel.

Attitudes can have an effect on conduct, however as employees emerge as greater snug with
protection practices, their attitudes can emerge as greater nice.

3.5.3.Upper Support and Visibility

This tip is directly associated with illustering aid for protection. The capacity of creating
sustainable development as a unmarried contributor is confined. This fact applies regardless ofyour
position. Once approved, have interaction those stakeholders and lead them to visibleinside your
protection software(SchienM ,2004)

The following examples can assist supervisor and high ranges in protection helping and visibility:

• Taking element in toolbox talks or protection drills.

• Walking the power or task web website online.

• Leading place of work inspections.

• Coaching personnel while hazardous behaviors or hazardous conditions are discovered.

27
Involving energetic events on your protection software demonstrates the price of protection to all
people on your organization.

3.5.4.Guiding uniformity in Your Safety Program

This tip is associated witha few different guidelines in this list, however it is really well worth
increasing on. If protection isn'tuniformly supported, development can be confined and
unsustainable. Goals andprotection expectancies should be supported with the aid of using regular
aid and messaging.All employees should be held responsible in a clean and predictable manner so
thatthey apprehend that deviations from expectancies will now no longer be tolerated. Ifmanagers
intrude with efforts in positive regions of the organization, they should additionally be held
responsible. A small wide variety of horrific men in the course of an organizationcould have a big
terrible effect on the general protection software (Ting SC, Tzeng GH,2013).

3.5.5.Communicate Safety Frequently

A a hit protection software wishes to be targeted as frequently as possible. Periodical protection

meetings by myself aren't sufficient to gain a world-magnificence protection software. Think of
exceptional approaches to talk protection. Use the unfastened protection talks in this web website
online to discover the way to bring your personal protection message, such as: B. A bit
ofbehavioral protection lectures or culture. If you do not have a number of assembly time,use pay
slips, protection posters, emails, etc. Remind personnel of the importance of protection.
Quantifying the results of common protection indicators may be difficult, however vital.

How you method your protection message additionally has a large effect on whether or not it
resonates together along with your personnel. Safety must now no longer experience like
punishment or repetition. Every worker is a completely unique individual who wishesa completely
unique message to apprehend and encourage them (Pruitt,S., 2018).

3.5.6.Reward Safe Behaviours

A well applied protection incentive software could make a significant distinction in your protection
software. If those packages aren't well implemented, they could absolutely underminean
organization’s protection efforts. Companies frequently enforce protection incentive packages to
praise employees who aren't injured in an twist of fate or injury.

28
These varieties of large dreams are frequently vague in phrases of speaking preferred behaviors
and might inspire terrible behaviors. B. Not reporting accidents once they occur.

Incentive packages frequently want to praise employees for demonstrating nice and secure
conduct.

For example:

• Rewarding reporting risks.

• Rewarding personnel who prevent paintings while it's miles hazardous to continue.

• Wearing private defensive device.

• Completing protection training.

• Filling out protection office work.

Upgrading this system to conquer issues which might be presently a root reason to the protection
hassle and focusing onnon-stop development to keep away from this system from turning into
stale.

3.5.7.Strive for Continual Improvement

To in addition enhance yourprotection software,the focal point should be drawn on protection

flaws. Improvement is aendless method. Establishing an audit software or organizing a protection
committee are approaches to perceive weaknesses on your protection software. Once
vulnerabilities are identified, an movement plan may be advanced to begin addressing the ones
vulnerabilities. The movement plan must element theduties and closing dates for every movement
taken to remediate the defectand offer clean steering to all personnel concerned within side the
remediation method. When we attempt to deal with those weaknesses, they emerge as
strengths.Continuously compare this system over time to enhance it. (Improve Safety Culture in
Your Workplace, 2017)

3.6. SafetyPerformance
One of the most vital elements in enhancing performance in protection of existence onboard ships
is enhancing the overall performance of protection operations. Although an awful lot interest
hasbeen paid to the use and advent of innovative protection overall performance signs,traditionally

29
contractor protection has been evaluated and managed the use of lagging signs. Assessing an
organization’s protection overall performance allows organizations determine the effectiveness in
their controls, however protection overall performance assessments challenged with the aid of
using quite a few classifications.

Safety overall performance as an average end result ofan organization’s protection control may be
conceptualized in phrases of six factors:

• Safety device.

• Safety measures.

• Safety control.

• Accident research statistics.

• Safety culture.

• Safety organization.

Safety overall performance records become decided on the person and organizational ranges.
Theperson degree consists of overall performance roles, skills, enjoy andpersonality. The
organizational degree consists of the surroundings of theorganization, which values humans and
values the traits of the workingenvironment. The 3 factors of achievement are:

• Awareness.

• Performance.

• Motivation.

Performance additives outline real-worldconduct at paintings, consisting of: B. Compliance with

Health and Safety Performance. (Impact of Safety Culture on Safety Performance, 2021)

If those assessments indicatethat a aspect of the protection software is faulty or degraded,

adaptivedevelopment and speedy mitigation measures must be implemented. According tothe

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, beyond protection overall performance is measured with the aid
of using oil and fuelline agency followup activities, such as Total Recordable Incidents Rate
(TRIR), as proven inFig. (3.3). Fluctuations in lagging signs of protection. TRIR confirmed
irregular styles from 2009 to 2013, usually crossing oil and fuel line generating country(OGP)

30
boundaries. Therefore, it's miles a segment with inadequate protection overall performance.
Regarding main indicator anomalies, the frequencies display an inconsistent sample and the equal
may be discovered in Fig. (3.3).

Fig. (3.3) TRIR from 2009 to 2013

Source:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394037

3.6.1.Safety measures and indicators

Some signs degree the protection effect of apaintings twist of fate in hindsight. Use main signs to
research unique crew conduct and every day sports. This technique lets in seafarers to alternate
habits earlier than injuries and incidents occur. Leading signs consequently serve as caution gear
for each managers and personnel to behave earlier than belongings harm,private harm or maybe
harm occurs. Available lagging signs did notoffer enough records approximately the proper
reasons of occupational injuries.This omission calls for similarly research and studies via way of
means of the organizationto find the proper reasons of fitness and protection incidents. Leading
signsallow personnel and executives to install location powerful structures and processesfor
monitoring worker protection performance. Such monitoring structures quicklypick out place of
job protection deficiencies and check out root reasons via way of means ofhighlighting worker
sports and attitudes (Tozer D ,2013)

31
 Fig. (3.4) safety culture monitor and evaluation cycle

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/board-safety-culture-what-how-implement-
bartmaaswinkel-b-sc-

To have an powerful protection subculture, it's far crucial to have a way of tracking and measuring
protection overall performance to pick out approaches to enhance protection. A evaluate of
historical coincidence statistics indicates that out of about three hundred dangerous acts (or close
to misses),29 dangerous acts are in all likelihood to bring about damage. Of those 29 injuries, 1
should statistically bring about critical damage or death. So decreasing or keeping off three
hundred unstable behaviors or close to misses should in all likelihood save you a chief damage
(Pruitt,S., 2018).

The primary intention of protection subculture is to alternate the conduct of employer employees
and/or deliver crews (as appropriate) in order that they "agree with in protection, reflect on
consideration on protection and are dedicated to protection". Building an powerful protection
subculture primarily based totally on thestandards of non-stop improvement, character

32
commitment, and everyone'sobligation is a long-time period procedure that calls for a fantastic
deal of attempt andattempt. Experience with the best implementation of SMS ought to already
leadto behavioral alternate, however extra measures can also be required. Someagencies may also
want to behavior a “behavioral protection assessment” to monitor adjustments withinside the
organization's protection subculture. The following diagram indicates thebehavioral protection
assessment procedure. (Maaswinkel, B., 2021)

33
 Chapter four
Safety Improvement
at sea

34
 4. Safety Improvement at sea

4.1. Introduction

The marine surroundings is an un secure operating surroundings as mentioned before. In different

phrases we hear approximately a whole lot of injuries that arise in such field. their is probably
human errorsin such injuries that may result in such catastrophe or it is probably act of god ascause
for strain on deliver and fighting horrific weather. To conclude, the human detail needs to be
equipped for handling any scenario or emergency even causewith the aid of using him or with the
aid of using god. However, from the preceding discussions the protection tradition isa chief supply
of protection windfall at sea because it will assist in growing theprice of situational focus and
protection knowledge. And it's going to reduce theprice of fatigue, insufficient communications
and un secure acts or conditions.

4.2. Situational awareness

Itis crucial to recognize what's going on and compare its impact. Always look for troubles on this
regard. If you note a problem, do not forget about it.Analyze as a group. To live on pinnacle of
things, ask your group participants for theirenter and speak effectively. Ensure procedures, hazard
assessments, andchecklists are as much as date. But remember, with a great technique and an
effective checklist, it is pretty feasible that you will neglect about or neglect about something.
Thisis even much more likely at some stage in instances of strain, emergencies, or uncommon
conditions.Building a capable group and specializing in exact teamwork is consequently a key
precedence for the protection of every body on board(Maaswinkel, B., 2021).

In the complicated global ofmaritime operations, many stuff can pass wrong. Taking the time to
speak facilitates prevent many injuries. This is in particular vital in emergencies and stressful
situations. Therefore, in case you note a problem, please notify the appropriate group her member.
Self-advocacy is the maximum vital thing, however it is now no longer easyfor every body, as a
few human beings locate it hard to say themselves in the front ofolder human beings. On the
alternative hand, a few seniors do now no longer just like the self-statement ofjuniors. Therefore,
captains have to construct a tradition on board that encourage screws to elevate focus of troubles
and create a tradition wherein human beings are now no longer afraid to talk up.

35
4.2.1.Survey Findings and Discussion

The take a look at became designed and performed foredeck/engine marine personnel. The motive
of this take a look at is to accumulate relevant facts at the significance of situational focus as an
inherent ability of duty officials. It additionally targets to decide the effectiveness of rules, policies
andera in retaining the specified stage of situational focus. To date,ninety four of his naval officials
were interviewed, including:

sixty seven deck officials (71.3%).

27 engineer officials (28.7%).

The survey consisted of parts, thefirst with preferred statistics approximately the group and the
second one with questions approximately situational focus. General statistics approximately
seafarer's age, sea carrier enjoy, remaining rank on board, deliver kind and enjoy in this deliver
kind. The dialogue will awareness on how officials act in crucial situations(Situational focus).

Answered the questions within side the 2nd component on situational focus in relation to the
overall statistics. A overall of ninety four officials answered to the survey:

Table (4.1) survey according to age

Ages of officers Percentage whom answered

between the ages of 20 and 25 4 officers (4.3%)
between 25 and 30 years old 24 officers (25.5%)
between 30 and 40 years old 33 officers (35.1%)
between 40 and 50 years old 23 officers (24.5%)
more than 50 years old 10 officers (10.6%)
Table (4.2) survey according to experience
Experience Percentage
had less than 1 year of experience 7 officers (7.4%)
had 1 - 4 years of experience 13 officers (13.8%)
had 4 - 10 years of experience 37 officers (39.4%)
had 10 - 15 years of experience 17 officers (18.1%)
had more than 15 years of experience 20 officers (21.3%)

36
Most of the respondents are deck officials.Since most important injuries (collision, crash,
grounding, fouling, etc.) are mainlybecause of the deckhand's loss of consciousness, that is
appropriate for questionnaires.When it involves situational consciousness withinside the engine
room, loss of consciousnesscan cause system harm and harm to man or woman team members.
Inaddition, sufficient respondents got here from the engineering branch in order that
theirperspectives on situational consciousness may be as compared with the ones of deckhands.
66officials (70.2%) stated he became over 30 years vintage and seventy four officials (78.7%)
stated hehad over four years of experience. Most of the respondents are skilledseafarers and their
reviews in this difficulty are valid. The very last rank question indicates that there have been greater
junior officials than senior officials (Maaswinkel, B., 2021).

4.3. Leader ship and Supervision

In particular, an organization’s productivity, fine and protection tradition is contemplated within

sidethe capacity of managers to undoubtedly impact conduct and lead and manage regulatory
compliance. Supervisors are the direct hyperlink among higher controland the workforce. Line
managers have a huge effect on employee engagement in average paintings. Similarly, manager
training is likewise anpowerful intervention, because the manager's function has a big effect.
Improving their abilities consequently has an immediate effect at the workplace, in which they
arrive into direct touch with employees each day. Trained supervisors are uniquely placed to
without delay enforce the price in their newly received abilities,main to an average development
in protection tradition. Employees additionally apprehend the significance of protection within
side the agency through intently watching their superiors.Therefore, through expressing the
significance of protection via powerful and ongoing training, supervisors usually set expectancies
for protection projects thatallow sustainable outcomes. (Misch, 2015).

It is likewise essential to apprehend that an organization's capacity to decrease protection incidents

relies upon on how directors cope with sure elements. Factors that reduce protection incidents
consist of compliance with protection regulations, cessation ofrisky operating situations,
implementation of corrective movements while risky situations occur, clean demonstration of
worries through supervisors, and provisionof suitable protection education. Includes organization.
Additionally,supervisors want the abilities to be powerful protection coaches. Such abilities are

37
essential and assist enhance overall performance regions past protection. Basically,control abilities
have principal factors to her: counseling and training. Theformer can assist remedy overall
performance problems that stand up in spite of training, whilethe latter can cause excellent overall
performance and save you problems. (lalovich, P., 2017)

Management ought to view protection as a long-time period funding of their agency, now no longer
a cost. It is their roleto constantly and visibly encourage a tradition of protection. It is likewise
their roleto be protection cultural champions, to pick out different champions, and to steward the
procedure of cultural transformation. This generally manner going nicely past compliance and
constantly manner thinking about protection as part of all selections while allocating enough assets
to protection considerations.

Building an powerful protection tradition isnow no longer a transfer that may be “became on”,
however as a substitute a huge transformation thattakes time to nurture. Even while control
commits themselves to establishing excessive fine protection tradition, it nevertheless takes time
to enforce the essential adjustments, or even greater time for personnel to be satisfied that that is a
actual,lasting extrude and now no longer a fad quickly to be abandoned. Management dedication
toprotection takes actual effort, however will pay exceptional dividends. Without sturdy,steady
and long-time period management from the top, it isn't feasible to enhancethe fine of an
organization’s protection tradition. (OrganizationalCulture and Leadership, Schien, 2004)

4.4. Culture and knowledge

From a protection tradition perspective, key factors are the ones beliefs, attitudes and behaviors
that beautify or doubtlessly endanger the secure operation of the vessel and the protectionof all on
board. Shipping agencies can consequently enforce a as a part of their average protection tradition.
This has established to be a excellentmanner to broaden powerful strategies for reporting and
studying injuries andincidents and supplying remarks to the vessel in any respect
times(Maaswinkel, B., 2021).

Examples of Positive Safety Behaviors

• Constant vigilance and diligence

• Taking duty while detecting a protection difficulty, egAlertthe proper crew member

• Prompt reporting of protection problems

38
• Taking set off action

• Helping and guiding colleagues

• Suggesting adjustments in tactics to enhance protection

4.5. Practices and drills

Clearly, secure operations require that each one operations employees be competent. Understand
andgrasp secure tactics. Knows feasible risks and the way to keep away from them. This isensured
through training and education. Correct acts and movements are a high key toprotection.
Procedures and practices are evolved to make sure that paintings is performedcorrectly, safely,
legally and according with predicted standards. However,it's far not possible to create tactics that
cowl all contingencies. Additionally,real practices might also additionally vary from predicted
tactics and conduct. If now no longerefficiently addressed, this conduct ought to grow to be the
brand new norm with low protectionand fine thresholds. However, the exercise can pick out the
great employeesfor the specified task at some point of the emergency situation. Ensure that
handiest qualifiedand skilled employees are used. Take gain of powerful teamwork,such as
onshore professional assist while needed. (Tips toenhance human elements and maritime
protection, 2018)

Attentionto education now no longer handiest guarantees the above, however additionally sends a
sturdy sign thatcontrol cares approximately protection and therefore its employees. Employees
whoexperience valued and do the proper component even if no person is looking. Fortunately,
wehave the right possibility to enforce a new, powerful and seen educationprogram. If your
organization's education isn't always already international class, it is able to be supplemented with
a range of recent academic content material and techniques. Giventhe significance of education,
the blessings of making an investment in education, and thetangible effect, interest to education is
nearly universally identified as a essential element of protection tradition transformation.
(Maritime protection tradition, 2016)

39
 Fig. (4.1) drills ship board

https://zeymarine.com/the-importance-of-seafarers-safety/

4.6. Teamwork

Effective teamwork method human beings paintings collectively to obtain a not unusualplace aim.
Teams which have not unusualplacegoals, a shared intellectual model, talk effectively, and assist
every different are a ways much more likely to paintings properly and paintings safely. Teamwork
may be better by collaborating in all onboard activities, discussing troubles with group participants,
and the use of off- and on-obligation possibilities to get to realize colleagues. Willingnessto pay
attention and contribution are his key standards for a hit teamwork. (Tips to enhance human
elements and maritime protection, 2018)

Support from group participants because the institution tactics its goals. Real teamwork begins
offevolved within side thedepartments. When a branch has paintings to do, there may be mutual
help from absolutely each person to finish the paintings that wishes to be accomplished. If a person
is unskilled,the group and her participants want to realize every different and educate every
different. When thedeckhand cleans, one region may also end earlier than the alternative. Those
who've finishedpass to assist wherein others are nevertheless operating. Or begin transferring
system to a new segment to preserve cleansing. All participants of the group paintings collectively
to obtain their goals. (Paul F., 2014) And to set up accurate teamwork there may be 5 component
that could assist:
40
1. Develop complementary abilities amongst team participants. These include interpersonal
abilities, technical abilities, and problem-fixing abilities. Teams want the capacity to clear up
conflicts among participants and locate solutions to challenges they’ve by no means confronted
earlier than. Take the time to proportion what you already know with the relaxation of your group.

2. Develop clean overall performance goals. Perhaps cleansing ought to be accomplished in

sooner or later in preference to or perhaps the sheath strainer wishes to be wiped clean extra
regularly. Whatever the aim, absolutely each person ought to have a clean knowledge ofwhat the
expectancies are.

3. Articulate the remaining aim of the group. Are you there to getthe deliver to and from or are
you there to offer quality provider to your guests, you could give attention to having what you
want.

4. Examine and make clear the technique every will take to finish the venture.

5. Crew ought to keep themselves and others accountable. When a personas sound asleep past
due or has simply finished a few required venture, get your group collectively and ensure
absolutely each person knows that neglecting one character method extra paintings for absolutely
each person else.

4.7. Fatigue and mental health

A latest Fatigue Report has proven that fatigue impacts protection and lengthy-term (6 months or
longer)bodily and intellectual fitness, with lengthy operating hours related to increased sleepiness
and negative sleep quality. Onboard injuries of "close to misses"that may result in melancholy and
lack of motivation. Night guards are maximum atchance of falling asleep on obligation, in line
with the report, even as captains arestressed, fatigued and want time to recover on the cease of
undertaking trips.Through superior fatigue chance management, we will assist passengers sleep
extrawithout difficulty on board. (Maaswinkel, B., 2021)

In order for absolutely each personate perform their responsibilities safely, it's far maximum
critical to be healthful both bodily and mentally. In many respects, the enterprise has to this point
successfully addressed the subject of health at sea. Note that her IMO Seafarers Day this12 months
become committed to the welfare of team participants. Nonetheless, all shippingcompanies ought

41
to expand operational fitness packages and feature guidelines andpractices in region to make sure
the suitability in their services. Job incompetence, mainly alcohol and drug abuse, is a chief motive
of injuries concerning human beings, mainly overboard. (Seafarer fatigue, 2015)

Workload is one in all the important reasons of fatigue and negative bodily and intellectual fitness.
It is described as ascenario wherein workforce are obliged to carry out a particular venture inside
designated time limit. Workers' resilience is pondered within side the quantity of proceedings they
generate, so long as their workload does now no longer exceed their capacity to carry out their
assigned responsibilities. Stress, on the alternative hand, may be brought on byan excessive amount
of or too little paintings. In particular, there are qualitative andquantitative workloads. The former
happens while an worker feels not able tocarry out a specific venture, or while an worker's cap
potential or abilities are now no longer getting used for the venture assigned. The latter takes place
while too many responsibilities are assigned to workers. A mixture of immoderate qualitative and
quantitativeworkload is every other class of workload. Working conditions, in particular,are
elements that result in immoderate volumetric workloads. In different words, all responsibilities
ought to be accomplished cautiously and appropriately withinside the shortest feasible time. Atthe
identical time, quantitative extra workload is the end result of many mistakes as a result of time
pressure. Moreover, workers' mental properly-being canbe adversely tormented by quantitatively
low workloads. Again, doing a simple venture time and again once more could make it
monotonous and tiring, main to a lackof interest. As a end result, decreased employee interest
results in inappropriate behavior. It is consequently clean that workloads play an critical function
in organizational protection outcomes. (Seafarer fatigue,2015)

4.8. Reporting accidents, near misses and non-conformances

When large-scale incidents occur, lots of time, effort, and cash are frequently spent attempting
toparent out what came about and what the basis motive is. When research revealsthe causative
elements, they frequently grow to be apparent and seen lengthy earlier than the incident. Prompt
reporting of such elements and events, observed bysuitable corrective movement, can save you
incidents that bring about damage,contamination, damage or death. However, it's also critical that
the companyand team understand the significance and cost of reporting non-conformances and
dangerous incidents (close to misses). When reporting a non-conformity or close to-leave out itis

42
critical to make sure that each one employees onshore and on board recognize thatthe aim isn't to
pursue liability. Rather, figuring out nonconformities or close to misses offers an possibility to
research why they occurred. Thereasons of close to misses are similar to people who result in non-
public damage. Byknowledge why an incident occurred, you could take corrective movement.
When corrective movement is taken, the possibilities of real injuries and incidentsmain to damage,
damage, or environmental pollutants are substantially decreased. (Paul F., 2014)

43
 Chapter Five
Conclusion
&
Recommendations

44
 5. Conclusion & Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion

To conclude, theseafarers are continually going through hard situations and state of affairs that
needs to be handled in a right and prepared manner. As the technique of responding to anystate of
affairs may want to keep or kill lives at sea in a manner or another. The protection is important
issue at maritime delivery to behavior the ship, shipment and folks onboard safely. In different
words, protection is a persistent development movements that needs to be advanced and prepared
daily because the delivery maintains improving itself. The protection tradition is a way which
enterprise can enhance protection processes and preparedness for employees at paintings place.
The protection tradition began out invading the ocean and took a excessive priority. As ship’s
proprietors and companies is being concerned for lives on board in addition to the shipment and
the ship(Maaswinkel, B., 2021).

The essential purpose changed into foundersand what's the protection tradition and the way can
it's carried out on board ships.However, the protection tradition additionally wished development
because it has a right away impaction overall performance of employees on vessels.

5.2.Recommendations

To sum up, the studies assist us to infer the following hints after discussing the significance of
protection tradition and it’s important role:

• The protection tradition is vital for enforcing an effectiveSMS so it's miles vital to create your
protection control device primarily based totally on a goodprotection tradition.

• Update your know-how approximately protection due to the fact each day we are facing
newstate of affairs that we needs to be equipped to stand it.

• The protection tradition has a right away impact on overall performance so whenprotection
overall performance has an problem we should appearance lower back for the heritage tradition.

• It is essential after enforcing SMS primarily based totally on protection tradition it’s miles
vital to display and compare your device as there is probably a scarcity inyour know-how or maybe
your device implementation.

45
• You can locate the faults of with the aid of using gazing and assessing situational recognition
of employees,

Teamworkof the team and reviews of non-conformity and threat situations.

46
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