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1-Principals of Surveying

This document discusses the principles of surveying. It covers the classification of surveying, including land surveying and engineering surveying. The basic principles of surveying are outlined, including establishing control points from whole to part and fixing new station positions by at least two independent processes. Methods of detail survey using total stations, chains, and theodolites are described. The document also discusses the reliability of surveys and types of errors, including blunders, systematic errors, and random errors.

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Kethees Crush
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89 views7 pages

1-Principals of Surveying

This document discusses the principles of surveying. It covers the classification of surveying, including land surveying and engineering surveying. The basic principles of surveying are outlined, including establishing control points from whole to part and fixing new station positions by at least two independent processes. Methods of detail survey using total stations, chains, and theodolites are described. The document also discusses the reliability of surveys and types of errors, including blunders, systematic errors, and random errors.

Uploaded by

Kethees Crush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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01.

Principles of Surveying CIVIL


Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

Surveying, Measuring & Setting Out

Introduction
On completion of this unit, students should be able to
 Undertake a survey to establish a station network for horizontal and vertical control
 Explain the process of undertaking a topographic survey
 Apply industry standard techniques in the production, transferring, and staking out of co-ordinates of
multiple construction elements
 Prepare a report on the causes of errors and techniques to improve accuracy, including the use of
digital data

Classification

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Eng. C. M. Shafraz
01. Principles of Surveying CIVIL
Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

Land Surveying

Engineering Surveying

Surveys specifically done for engineering purposes


 For construction of buildings, dams, roads etc.
 Cover only a limited area and can therefore be treated as plane surveys

Basic Principles of Surveying

1. “Always work from whole to the part”


• Precisely establishing control points widely distributed over the area
• By means of Triangulation or Precise Traversing
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Eng. C. M. Shafraz
01. Principles of Surveying CIVIL
Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

• Might have leg length up to up to 50 km


• Distance – Microwave EDM & Angles – Precise Geodetic Theodolite
• Subdivisions are made such that the divisions fit into the control network/framework established
earlier so that proper control of probability of error-propagation in the field work of surveying
• Details of subdivisions are measured at lower level of precision

2. “Fix the position of a new station by at least two independent process”

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Eng. C. M. Shafraz
01. Principles of Surveying CIVIL
Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

Systems of Surveying

Closed Traverses

Control Traverse on large sites

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01. Principles of Surveying CIVIL
Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

Control Traverses on long, narrow sites

Methods of Detail Survey


• By using Total Station
• Set up at or with reference to a control point
• Recording all three coordinates of all detail points in the vicinity of the control point

• By using chain surveying


• divide the site into smaller triangles with the control stations as references
• Chain/steel tape for survey lines
• Linen tape for offset lines

• By using theodolite and tape


• Running smaller traverses within the site with control stations as references
• Offset method

Reliability of a Survey
 All kind of measurement techniques – unavoidable errors
 Accuracy of a measurement – defined as the nearness of that value to its true values
 Accuracy allows a certain amount of tolerance
 True value of a measured quantity – can never be known
 Precision – degree of agreement among the measures when Measuring the quantity for several times

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Eng. C. M. Shafraz
01. Principles of Surveying CIVIL
Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

Accuracy Required
 Accuracy required – defined by the scale of the plot
 Because, plottable errors are not allowed in the survey data
 E.g.
A good draftsman can plot a length of minimum 0.25 mm
Assume he has to produce a plan at a scale of 1/1000
The smallest plottable distance is 0.25 m
→ for a plan of this scale by this draftsman – all measurements must be taken s.t.
the relative positions of any two points must be determined to 0.25 m or better
 Accuracy of a measurement – defined as the nearness of that value to its true values
 Accuracy allows a certain amount of tolerance
 True value of a measured quantity – can never be known
 Precision – degree of agreement among the measures when Measuring the quantity for several times

Types of Errors
Blunders, Mistakes or Gross Errors
• Due to lack of concentration by the observer, recorder
• E.g. Mis-reading, Mis-booking, Moving the position of staff at a changing point, taking measurement
at a wrong point, missing a chain length, etc.

Systematic Errors
• Errors following definite mathematical or physical law
• May be constant or variable
• If increases as the survey progresses – called cumulative errors
• May be due to natural conditions such as
• Temperature Rise
• Refraction
• E.g. elongated chain, stretched steel tape, zero error in angular measurements, neglecting slope in
length measurement, etc.

Random or Accidental Errors


• Remaining errors are of this category
• Generally small
• Not usually cumulative
• Due to imperfection of instrument, changing conditions, observers’ liability to commit errors
• E.g. variation in the eyesight of the person using telescope instrument, sudden changes of
temperature or wind, atmospheric disturbances, etc.

Geographic Coordinate System

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Surveying, Measuring & Setting out Tutorial -1

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