20ME501 - Thermal Engineering II

Part-A

1. Complete the T-s and h-s plot of super saturated expansion of steam in
a nozzle

1. Explain metastable flow.

1. Explain the phenomenon of super saturated expansion in steam nozzle.

1. Name the various types of nozzles and their function.

1. Define nozzle efficiency.

2. Sketch and state different types of nozzles.

2. Write down the expression for velocity at exit from steam nozzle.

2. Write down the expression for the critical pressure ratio in a steam
nozzle.

2. Give the five applications of steam nozzles.

2. Explain why nozzles are made as convergent-divergent.

3. Define boiler efficiency.

3. Explain fusible plug and state where it is located in a boiler.

3. Explain the function of the boiler chimney.

3. There is no chimney in the case of a locomotive boiler. Explain

3. Merits and demerits of the dead weight safety valve.

4. Define heating value of fuel.

4. List some solid fuels.

4. List some liquid fuels.

4. Explain the effect of sulphur in coal when used in a boiler.

4. Explain the effect of boiler loading on boiler efficiency.

5. State the function of fixed blades.

5. State the function of moving blades.

5. Explain the need for compounding in steam turbine:

5. State any two advantages and disadvantages of velocity-compounded

turbines.

5. Define the degree of reaction.

6. Enumerate the energy losses in the steam turbine

6. Explain Impulse Steam Turbine

6. Explain Impulse Reaction Steam Turbine

6. Differentiate Impulse and Reaction Turbines

6. Define and explain diagram efficiency

7. Explain the Principle of Cogeneration

7. Explain the Classification of Cogeneration Systems

7. ▪ Explain the Topping cycle Cogeneration Systems

7. ▪ Explain the Bottoming cycle Cogeneration Systems

7. List the important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration

8. Define Heat-to-power ratio

8. Explain types of Cogeneration Systems/Technologies.

8. List the disadvantages of Back Pressure Steam Turbine

8. List the advantages of Back Pressure Steam Turbine

8. Explain Combined Cycle Cogeneration Systems

9. Explain the unit of Refrigeration.

9. Define COP of a refrigerator.

9. A Carnot’s refrigerator requires 1.3 KW per tonne of refrigeration to

maintain a region at a low temperature of – 380C. Determine the COP
of the refrigerator and the highest temperature of the cycle.

9. Explain the effects of undercooling

9. Explain the effects of superheating

10. Define ‘Wet bulb depression’.

10. Define ‘dew point temperature

10. Define relative humidity

10. Define Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

10. Explain adiabatic humidification of air.

Part – B

11.a. A convergent nozzle is supplied with steam at 10 bar and 270 oC. The
diverging portion of the nozzle is 3.2 cm long and throat diameter is 6
mm. Find the semi cone angle of the divergent section so that the steam
leaves the nozzle at 1.2 bar. The loss in the nozzle due to friction is 15%
of the total enthalpy drop. Assume that the loss takes place only in the
divergent part of the nozzle. (13)

11.a. Steam at a pressure of 10 bar and 0.98 dry is passed through a C-D
nozzle to a back pressure of 0.1 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.55 kg/sec.
Find (i) pressure at throat and (b) number of nozzles used if each nozzle
 has a throat area of 0.5 cm2. The enthalpy drop used for reheating the
steam by friction in the divergent part is 10% of the overall isentropic
drop. Take index of expansion = 1.13. (13)

11.a. Steam at 15 bar and 0.97 dry is discharged through a C-D nozzle to a
back pressure of 0.2 bar. The flow rate is 9 Kg/KWhr. If the Power
developed is 220 KW, determine (i) Throat pressure (ii) Number of
nozzles required if each nozzle throat area is 32 mm2. (iii) if 12% of
overall isentropic enthalpy drop reheats the steam by friction in divergent
part only then find out cross sectional area at the exit of the nozzle. (13)

11.a. Steam at 10 bar and 200oC is expanded through a set of 3 nozzles to 4.2
bar. What is the type of nozzle? Find the minimum area of the nozzle
required to discharge 3 kg of steam per second. Neglect initial velocity
and assume expansion is Isentropic. (13)

11.a. Derive the expression for the exit velocity, mass flow rate and critical pressure
ratio of a steam nozzle. (13)

11.b. Derive an expression for maximum discharge through a convergent

divergent nozzle for steam. (13)

11.b.1. Derive the condition for maximum discharge and expression for
maximum discharge in steam Nozzle. (13)

11.b. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 11bar enters a convergent-

divergent nozzle and leaves at a pressure of 2 bar. If the flow is adiabatic
and frictionless, Determine:
(i) Exit velocity of steam
(ii) Ratio of cross section of exit and that at throat. (13)

11.b. Steam having pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dryness is expanded through
a convergent-divergent nozzle and the pressure of steam leaving the
nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity at the throat for maximum discharge
conditions. Index of expansion may be assumed as 1.135. Also find the
 area at the Exit and the discharge if the throat area is 1.2 cm2. Assume
the flow is Isentropic. (13)

11.b. The inlet condition of steam to a convergent-divergent nozzle is 2.2

MN/m2 and 2600C. The Exit pressure is 0.4 MN/m2. Assuming frictionless
flow up to the throat and a nozzle efficiency of 85 percent. (1) Determine
the flow rate for a throat area of 32.2 cm2 and also (ii) determine the
exit area. (13)

12.a. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages and applications of a Locomotive boiler (08)
(ii) Write a note on high pressure boilers (05)

12.a. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages, and applications of a Lancashire boiler (08)
(ii) Define boiler draught and also classify it. (05)

12.a. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages and applications of a Cornish boiler. (08)
(ii) Explain Boiler trail (05)

12.a. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages and applications of a Stirling boiler (08)
(ii) Discuss the function of a spring-loaded safety value with neat sketch
(05)

12.a. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages and applications of a Loeffler boiler (08)
(ii) Discuss, briefly, the working of an economiser in a boiler plant giving
a neat sketch. (05)

12.b. (i) Describe with a neat diagram, the construction, working advantages,
disadvantages and applications of a La Mont boiler. (08)
(ii) Explain with neat sketch working of Feed check valve (05)
12.b. Explain the functions of a Superheater. With a neat sketch describe the
working of a superheater. (13)

12.b. Calculate the efficiency of (a) boiler, (b) economizer and (c) whole plant
having the following data:
a) Boiler Mass of the feed water =2060 kg/hr
Mass of the coal burnt =227 kg/hr
Calorific value of coal =30,000 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of steam produced =2750 kJ/kg
b) Economizer Inlet temperature of feed water =15° C
Exit temperature of feed water =105°C
Atmospheric air temperature =18° C
Temperature of flue gases entering =370° C
Mass of flue gases =4075 kg/hr
Specific heat of flue gases =1.3 kJ/kg°C

12.b. In a boiler, the following observations were made:

Pressure of steam = 10 bar
Steam condensed = 540 kg/hr
Fuel used = 65 kg/hr
Moisture in fuel = 2% by mass
Mass of dry flue gases = 9 kg/kg of fuel
Lower calorific value of fuel = 32000 kJ/kg
Temperature of the flue gases = 325oC
Temperature of boiler house = 28oC
Feed water temperature = 50oC
Mean specific heat of flue gases = 1 kJ/kg K
Dryness fraction of steam = 0.95
Draw up a heat balance sheet for the boiler. (13)

12.b. The Following data is collected from a boiler trial. Feed water = 680 kg/hr
at 20oC. Steam generated at 15 bar and 300oC. Coal used = 95 kg/hr
with C.V = 26.5 MJ/kg. Ash and unburned coal collected = 4kg/hr whose
 C.V = 2.2 MJ/kg. Flue gas formed = 18 kg per kg of coal. Flue gas
temperature = 300oC and ambient temperature = 28oC. Take Cpg = 1.025
KJ/kgoC. Determine
(i) boiler efficiency
(ii) Equivalent evaporation from and at 100oC
(iii) % of unaccounted heat. (13)

13.a. In a De-Laval turbine, the steam issues from the nozzles with a velocity
is 850 m/sec. The nozzle angle is 20, mean blade velocity is 350
m/sec. The blades are equiangular. The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/min.
The friction factor is 0.8. Determine the following:
(i) blade angles
(ii) axial thrust on the end bearing
(iii) power developed in KW
(iv) blade efficiency
(v) stage efficiency, if the nozzle efficiency is 93%. (13)

13.a. In a De-laval turbine, the steam enters the wheel through a nozzle with
a velocity of 500m/s and an angle of 20° to the direction of motion of
the blades. The blade speed is 200m/s and the exit angle of the moving
blade is 25°. Find the inlet angle of the moving blade, exit velocity of
steam and its direction and work done per kg of steam. (13)

13.a. Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 500
m/sec at an angle of 30 to the plane of rotation of the blades. The
mean blade speed is 285 m/sec. The blade angle on the exit side is 35
The blade friction coefficient is 12%. Determine the
(i) the angle of the blade on the entry side.
(ii) work done per kg of steam.
(iii) diagram efficiency
(iv) axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second. (13)

13.a.2. Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600
m/s at an angle of 25° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean
 blade speed is 255 m/s. The blade angle on the exit side is 30°. The
blade friction coefficient is 10%. Determine
3. (1) the angle of the blade on the entry side
4. (2) the work done per kg of steam
5. (3) the diagram efficiency
(4) the axial thrust per kg of steam/second. (13)

13.a. The following data refer to a single-stage impulse turbine:

Isentropic nozzle enthalpy drop = 200 kJ/kg
Nozzle efficiency = 90%
Nozzle angle = 250
The ratio of the blade to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5. Blade
coefficient=0.9. The velocity of steam entering the nozzle 30 m/s. Find
(i) the blade angles at the inlet and outlet if the steam enters the blade
without shock and leaves the blade in the axial direction,
(ii) blade efficiency,
(iii) power developed and
(iv) axial thrust if the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s. (13)

13.b. The following data refers to a single-stage impulse turbine: Steam

velocity = 800 m/s; Blade speed = 300 m/s; Nozzle angle = 20°; Blade
outlet angle = 25°. Neglecting the effect of friction, calculate the power
developed by the turbine for the steam flow rate of 25 kg/s. Also,
calculate the axial thrust on the bearings. (13)

13.b. In a single-stage impulse turbine, heat drop in the nozzle is 251 kJ/kg.
Nozzle efficiency is 90%. Nozzle angle is 20°. The ratio of blade speed
to the whirl component of steam speed is 0.5, the blade velocity
coefficient is 0.9. Absolute velocity of steam entering the nozzle = 20
m/s. The steam flow rate is 10 kg/s. Steam leaves the blades axially.
Determine
(i) Blade angles at inlet and outlet
(ii) Blade efficiency
 (iii) Power developed
(iv) Axial thrust. (13)

13.b. What is Governing of Steam Turbines. Explain Throttle Governing of

Steam Turbines with neat sketch. (13)

13.b. Steam is supplied to a three-stage turbine at 40 bar and 400°C and

exhaust pressure is 0.05 bar, with dryness fraction of 88%. The work
developed in the first stage is 237.5 kJ/kg, in the second stage is 237.5
kJ/kg and the third stage is 475 kJ/kg. The condition line may be
assumed as a straight line. Determine
(a) the condition at the entry to each stage,
(b) stage efficiency,
(c) reheat factor,
(d) Internal efficiency of the turbine. (13)

13.b. In one stage of a reaction steam turbine, both the fixed and moving
blades have inlet and outlet blade tip angles of 35° and 20° respectively.
The mean blade speed is 80 m/s and the steam consumption is 22500
kg/hr. Determine the power developed and stage efficiency if the
isentropic heat drops in both fixed and moving rows is 23.5 kJ/kg in the
pair. (13)

14.a. Electricity and process heat requirements of a manufacturing facility are

to be met by a cogeneration plant consisting of a gas turbine and a heat
exchanger for steam production. The plant operates a simple Brayton
cycle between pressure limits of 150 KPa and 1250 KPa with air as the
working fluid. Air enters the compressor at 28°C, combustion gases leave
the turbine and enter the heat exchanger at 550°C, and leave the heat
exchanger of 325°C while the liquid water enters the heat exchanger at
25°C and leaves at 175°C as a saturated vapour. The net power
produced by the gas-turbine cycle is 925 kW. Assuming a compressor
isentropic efficiency of 85% and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 90%,
determine the
 (a) the mass flow rate of air,
(b) back work ratio and thermal efficiency, and
(c) the rate at which steam is produced in the heat exchanger, also
determine the
(d) Utilization efficiency of the cogeneration plant, defined as the ratio of
the total energy supplied to the plant. (13)

14.a. Steam is generated in the boiler of a cogeneration plant at 12 MPa and

400°C at a steady rate of 8 Kg/s. In normal operation, steam expands in
the turbine to a pressure of 0.2 MPa and is then routed the process
heater where it supplies the process heat. Steam leaves the process
heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the boiler pressure. In this
mode, no steam passes through the condenser which operates at 10
KPa.
(a) Determine the power produced and the rate at which process heat is
supplied in this mode.
(b) Determine the power produced and rate of process heat supplied if
only 65% of the steam is routed to the process heater and reminder is
expanded to the condenser pressure. (13)

14.a. Consider a cogeneration power plant modified with regeneration. Steam

enters the turbine at 8MPa and 450°C and expands to a pressure of 0.3
MPa. At this pressure, 65% of the steam is extracted from the turbine
and the reminder expands to the pressure of 15 KPa. A 35% of the
extracted steam is used to heat the feed water in a closed feedwater
heater. The rest of the extracted steam is used for process heating and
leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa. It is
subsequently mixed with the feedwater leaving the feedwater heater and
the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure.
Assuming both turbines and pump to be isentropic, show the cycle
on a T-S diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine the mass
flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 23 MW.
(13).
14.a. The steam is generated in the boiler of a cogeneration plant at 12 bar
and 350°C at a rate of 32 Kg/s. The plant is to produce power while
meeting the process steam requirements for a certain industrial
application. Five - sixth of the steam leaving the boiler is throttled to a
pressure of 6 bar and is routed to the process heater. The rest of the
steam is expanded in a turbine to a pressure of 2 bar and is also routed
to the process heater. Saturated water leaves the process at 250°C.
Neglecting the pump work, determine the
(a) net power produced,
(b) rate of process heat supply and
(c) utilization factor of this plant. Assume isentropic efficiency of the
turbine as 83% (13).

14.a. A cogeneration plant is to generate power and 8500 kW of process heat.

Consider an ideal cogeneration steam plant. Steam enters the turbine
from the boiler at 10Mpa and 450°C. One -third of the steam is extracted
from the turbine at 800kpa pressure process heating. The remainder of
the steam continues to expand and exhaust to the condenser at 8kpa.
the steam extracted for the process heater is condensed in the heater
and mixed with the feedwater at 800kpa.the mixture is pumped to the
boiler pressure of 10 MPa. Show the cycle on a T-S diagram with respect
to saturation lines, and determine the
(a)mass flow rate of steam that must be supplied by the boiler
(b) net power produced by the plant and
(c) utilization factor. (13)

14.b. Water is the working fluid in a cogeneration cycle that generates

electricity and provides heat for campus buildings. Steam at 3 MPa and
400oC enter a two-stage turbine with a mass flow rate 2.5 kg/s. A fraction
of the total flow, 0.262, is extracted between two stages at 0.25 MPa to
provide for building heating and the remainder expands through the
second stage to the condenser pressure of 0.06 bar. Condensate returns
from the campus buildings at 0.2 MPa, 60°C and passes through a trap
 into the condenser where it is reunited with the main feedwater flow.
Saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 0.06 bar. Each turbine stage
and pump have an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Determine the
(a) rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam
generator in KJ/hr.
(b) net power developed, in KJ/hr.
(c) rate of heat transfer for building heating, in KJ/h
(d) rate of heat transfer to the cooling water passing through the
condenser, in KJ/hr (13)

14.b. In a cogeneration plant, the power load is 6.5 MW and the heating load
is 1.75 MW. Steam is generated at 40 bar and 500° C and is isentropically
expanded through a turbine to a condenser at 0.08 bar. The heating load
is supplied by extracting steam from the turbine at 2.2 bar which is
condensed in the process heater to saturated liquid at 2.2 bar and then
pumped back to the boiler. Compute the,
(a)Steam generation capacity of the boiler in tonnes/h,
(b)heat input to the boiler in MW and
(c)heat rejected to the condenser in MW. (13)

14.b. A large food-processing plant requires 8 Kg/s of saturated or slightly

superheated steam at 50 bar which is extracted from the turbine of a
cogeneration plant. The boiler generates steam at 120 bar and 400°C at
a rate of 18 Kg/s and the condenser pressure is 12 bar. Steam leaves the
process heater as a saturated liquid. It is then mixed with the feed water
at the same pressure and the mixture pumped to the boiler pressure.
Assuming both pumps and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 92%,
determine the
(a) rate of heat transfer to the boiler,
(b) power output of the cogeneration plant and
(c) utilization factor. (13)
14.b. A large food-processing plant requires 8 Kg/s of saturated or slightly
superheated steam at 50 bar which is extracted from the turbine of a
cogeneration plant. The boiler generates steam at 120 bar and 400°C at
a rate of 18 Kg/s and the condenser pressure is 12 bar. Steam leaves the
process heater as a saturated liquid. It is then mixed with the feed water
at the same pressure and the mixture pumped to the boiler pressure.
Assuming both pumps and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 92%,
determine the
(a) rate of heat transfer to the boiler,
(b) power output of the cogeneration plant and
(c) utilization factor. (13)

14.b. In cogeneration plant the power load is 7.5 MW and the heating load is
1.09 MW. Steam is generated at 40 bar and 400°C and is isentropically
expanded through a turbine to a condenser at 0.07 bar. The heating load
is supplied by extracting steam from the turbine at 2 bar which is
condensed in the process heater to a saturated liquid at 2 bar and then
pumped back to the boiler. Compute the
a) steam generation capacity of the boiler in tonnes/hr,
b) heat input to the boiler in MW
c) heat rejected to the condenser in MW. (13)

15.a. With the aid of a sketch and plot explain in detail the construction and
working of a vapour compression refrigeration system. (13)

15.a. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the construction and working of
an air refrigeration cycle. (13)

15.a. With the aid of a sketch and plot, explain in detail the construction and
working of a simple vapour absorption refrigeration system. (13)

15.a. Explain in detail the construction and working of a practical vapour

Compression refrigeration system. (13)
15.a. Explain in detail the working of lithium bromide water absorption system.
(13)

15.b. The pressure in the evaporator of an ammonia refrigerator is 1.9011 bar

and the pressure in the condenser is 12.381 bar. The refrigerator is in
dry saturated condition at the entry of the condenser. Calculate
a) the refrigerator effect per unit mass of the refrigerator and
b) the COP. (13)

15.b. An ammonia refrigerator operates between evaporating and

condensing temperatures of -16°C and 50°C respectively. The vapour is
dry saturated at the compressor inlet. The compression process is
isentropic and there is no undercooling of the condensate. Calculate
(i) The refrigerating effect per kg.
(ii) The mass flow and power input per KW of refrigeration and the
COP. (13)

15.b. It is required to design an air-conditioning plant for a small office room

for following winter conditions:
Outdoor conditions ...... 14°C DBT and 10°C WBT
Required conditions ...... 20°C DBT and 60% R.H.
Amount of air circulation ...... 0.30 m3/min./person.
Seating capacity of office ...... 60.
The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by
adiabatic humidifying. Determine the following:
a) Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the surface temperature
required if the bypass factor of coil is 0.4.
b) The capacity of the humidifier.
Solve the problem by using psychrometric chart. (13)

15.b. An office is to be air conditioned for 50 persons when the outdoor

conditions are 30°C DBT and 75% RH. If the quantity of air supplied is
0.4 m3/min/person, find the following:
a) capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration
 b) Capacity of the heating coil.
c) Amount of water vapour removed (Assume that the required
air inlet conditions are 20°C DBT and 60% RH. Air is conditioned first
by cooling and dehumidification and then by heating
d) if the heating coil surface temperature is 25°C, find the bypass
factor of the heating coil. (13)

15.b. An auditorium of 100 seating capacity is conditioned for the given

specifications:
Outdoor conditions : 35°C and 65% RH;
required air inlet conditions : 15°C and 40% RH;
The quantity of air supplied : 0.5 m3/min/person.
The required conditions are achieved first by cooling and dehumidifying
and then by heating. Find the following:
(a) Capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration.
(b) Capacity of the heating coil in kW.
(c) by-pass factor of the heating coil if the surface temperature of the
coil is 22°C. (13)

Part – C ( 1 x 15 = 15 Marks)

16.a. Air enters the compressor of an aircraft system at 100 kPa, 277 K and
is compressed to 300kPa with an isentropic efficiency of 72%. After
being cooled to 328 K at constant pressure in a heat exchanger, the air
then expands in a turbine to 100 kPa with an isentropic efficiency of
78%. The low-temperature air absorbs a cooling load of 3 tonnes of
refrigeration at constant pressure before re-entering the compressor
which is driven by the turbine. Find COP of the refrigerator, driving
power and air mass flow rate. (15)

16.a. A refrigerating machine of 6 tonnes capacity working on Bell-Coleman

cycle has an upper limit of pressure of 5.2 bar. The pressure and
temperature at the start of the compression are 1.0 bar and 16°C
respectively. The compressed air cooled at constant pressure to a
 temperature of 41°C enters the expansion cylinder. Assuming both
expansion and compression processes to be adiabatic with γ= 1.4,
Calculate:
(i) Co-efficient of performance.
(ii) Quantity of air in circulation per minute.
(iii) Piston displacement of compressor and expander.
(iv) Bore of compressor and expansion cylinders. The unit runs at 240
rpm. and is double acting. Stroke length = 200 mm.
(v) Power required to drive the unit
For air take γ = 1.4 and Cp = 1.003 kJ/kg K. (15)

16.a. Explain how conventional steam power plant can be used a residual
heat recovery system with a neat sketch. (15)

16.a. Explain the waste heat recovery boilers with neat sketch. (15)

16.a. In a reaction turbine, the blade tip angles at inlet and exit are 35° and
20° respectively. At a certain place in the turbine, the drum diameter is
0.9 m and the blades are 0.08 m high. At this place, steam has a pressure
of 1.7 bar and dryness fraction 0.935. If the speed of the turbine is 280
rpm and the steam passes through the blades without shock, find the
mass of steam flow and the power developed in the ring of the moving
blades. (15)

16.b. In a Parson’s reaction turbine, mean blade speed is 60 m/s. Inlet

conditions of steam are 3 bar and 200°C. For the fixed and moving
blades, the inlet angle is 20°. Axial flow velocity is 0.8 times the blade
velocity. Determine
(a) Blade height if blade height is 1/10 of mean blade ring diameter.
(b) Power developed by pair of fixed and moving blade rings.
(c) Heat drop required by the pair if steam expands with an efficiency of
0.8. Steam flow rate is 8 kg/s (15)

16.b. The following reading was recorded during a boiler trial:

 Feed water =2400 kg/hr
Ambient temperature =330 C
Feed water temperature =420 C
Fuel used =205 kg/hr
Composition of fuel by mass:
Carbon = 84%, Hydrogen = 9.27%, Oxygen = 6.73%
Calorific value of fuel =39500 kJ/kg
Average of chimney temp. =3070 C
Height of chimney =32 m
Steam pressure =11.054 bar (gauge)
Barometric pressure =710 mm of Hg
Air supplied in excess =50%
Steam condition = 0.96
Calculate
a) Boiler efficiency
b) Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C
c) Draught produced in mm of water (15).

16.b. The following readings were recorded during two-hour trial on a boiler:
Feed water supplied =14000 kg
Boiler working pressure =10 bar
Dryness fraction of steam =0.96
Temp. of feed water entering economizer =35°C
Temp. of feed water leaving economizer =90° C
Temperature of steam leaving super heater =250° C
Coal burnt =1500 kg
Calorific value of coal =33500 kJ/kg
Calculate:
a) a) Enthalpy received by feed water in economizer, boiler and super
heater.
b) b) Percentage of heat utilized in economizer, boiler and super heater
c) c) Overall thermal efficiency of plant
d) Overall equivalent evaporation from and at 100°C. (15)
16.b. (i) What are the effects of friction on the flow through nozzle? Explain
with help of h-s diagram (08)
(ii) Explain the differences between supersaturated flow and isentropic
flow through steam nozzles (07)

16.b. (i) Explain the phenomenon of supersaturated expansion (metastable

expansion) of steam in a nozzle. (08)
(ii) Explain the physical significance of Wilson’s line as referred to super-
saturated flow through steam nozzles (07)