2018
nCode User Group Meeting
February 28 ‐ March 1, 2018 – Novi, MI USA
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WholeLife
Dr Andrew Halfpenny
Director of Technology – nCode Products
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WholeLife Summary 20
• WholeLife represents a unified approach to fatigue.
• From crack initiation to final failure.
• First release specifically targeting welded joints.
• Outstanding accuracy over current methods.
• Particularly well suited to lightweight structures and thick welds.
• New DesignLife option for welds.
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New WholeLife Glyph for Welds in DesignLife 21
• A new Unified Theory of fatigue developed with Prof. G. Glinka, University of
Waterloo, Canada
• More accurate modelling of the complete failure process that leads to better correlation
with test
• Uses standard seam weld modelling
• Ability to analyse the detailed design of individual welds
• Multiple failure modes may be investigated
• Efficient, only critical locations are analysed
• Supports multiaxial time based loading
• Residual stresses in weld may be included
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Fatigue – Initiation & Crack Growth 22
Total Life = Crack Initiation + Crack Growth
SN Analysis* EN Analysis LEFM
Total Life Crack Initiation + Crack Growth
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Idealisation of a crack growing through a plate 23
Progressive crack growth: sequence of successive initiation failures
• High stress at crack‐tip causes slip planes and progressive weakening of the grain
• Stress intensity increases as the crack grows so failure of each grain occurs more
quickly
∗
• Effective radius of crack tip grain size
*
*
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Crack Growth Model ⁄ 24
• Crack growth rate ⁄ is a function of the
Stress Intensity
Kmax
‘crack‐tip driving force’ Δ
Kmin Knxt
∆ Time
• Δ is a function of the ‘stress intensity’ and
R ratio (after Walker) ∆
• is a function of stress , geometry ,
crack length , and the residual stress field
at the tip of the crack
• is the ‘small crack correction’
∗
1
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Universal Weight Function (UWF) Solutions 25
Y = f(geometry, stress profile)
• Transforms nominal stress into
Stress Intensity (K) at the crack tip
• UWF applies stress profile explicitly
of the geometry
(i.e. use a single geometry for any
number of stress distributions)
• UWF can deal with complex stress
distributions such as residual stress
fields and crack‐tip wake stresses
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Cyclic Crack‐tip Plasticity Model 26
stress
Theoretical elastic stress K1 K3
Kmax
Stress Intensity
Crack‐tip opening
K2 Kmin
K0
ys
Time
2 x
Multiaxial crack‐tip stress profile based on Creager‐Paris law for blunt cracks:
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Cyclic Crack‐tip Plasticity Model 27
stress
Theoretical elastic stress K1 K3
Kmax
Stress Intensity
Crack‐tip opening Plastic energy needs
redistributing
K2 Kmin
K0
ys
Time
2 x
Loading
Crack‐tip closing s0
′
1
Unloading
∆ ∆ ∆
2∆
s 2 ′
Crack‐tip plasticity is based on
Stress
multiaxial Neuber‐Ramberg‐Osgood 2 Strain
cyclic plasticity model with plastic
redistribution: s3
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Cyclic Crack‐tip Plasticity Model 28
stress
Theoretical elastic stress K1 K3
Kmax
Stress Intensity
Crack‐tip opening Plastic energy needs
redistributing
K2 Kmin
K0
ys
Time
2 x
rf
Crack‐tip closing 2
Compression
s1
1 = 3
Crack‐tip plasticity is based on s1 1 = 3
Stress
Stress
Stress
s1
multiaxial Neuber‐Ramberg‐Osgood 1 = 3
cyclic plasticity model with plastic
s
redistribution: Strain 2 Strain
2=0
Strain
2
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Cyclic Crack‐tip Plasticity Model ‐ Crack retardation 29
Current Overload Cycle
r1 r2 rf
sr
Compressive wake from variable‐amplitude loading
1 2
3 3
a a
Compressive wake from constant‐amplitude loading
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WholeLife Weld
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Inputs to a WholeLife Weld Calculation 31
Applied load histories
Through-thickness Kt profiles
Membrane
Bending
Residual stress profile
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Kt Profiles 32
• Kt Stress profiles and Weight functions are used to calculate stress intensity factors
• DesignLife has default parameters based on simple weld geometry
Stress multiplication factor
Membrane
Bending Fillet weld profile:
Monahan CC (1995) Early fatigue cracks
growth at welds. Computational
Mechanics Publications, Southampton.
Custom routine:
• CSV import of profiles
• Python scripting
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Inputs to a WholeLife Weld Calculation 33
Applied load histories
Through-thickness Kt profiles
Membrane
Bending
Residual stress profile
WholeLife material data
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WholeLife Material Data 34
Strain-Life (EN) properties LEFM crack growth properties
0.01
Strain Amplitude (uE)
R = 0.3
R = 0.2
R = 0.1
3
110
3 4 5 6 7 8
100 110 110 110 110 110 110
Reversals to Failure
Stress vs. Strain curve
4
110
Stress
3
110
100
3
110 0.01 0.1 1
Strain
b d
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Validation using SAE FD&E T Joint Test Data
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Description of SAE FD&E Committee Total Life Project 36
SAE Fatigue Design & Evaluation
(FD&E) Committee
TOTAL LIFE FATIGUE PROJECT
To validate the Glinka methodology
2012
www.fatigue.org/projects/total‐life‐project
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SAE Case Study – specimen loading 37
Constant amplitude
• 24kN, R = 0.3
• 24kN, R = 0.1
• 18kN, R = 0.1
• 10.8 kN, R = ‐1
Block load
• 24kN,
variable‐amplitude,
block‐load
Random
• 24kN,
variable amplitude,
time history file
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SAE Case Study – stress distribution and residual stresses 38
Comparison - Welded to Machined FEM Stress Distributions
• Stress distribution from applied
loads
• Residual stresses in the welded
specimens
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SAE Case Study 39
A36 T-Joint Test Results
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SAE Case Study – DesignLife analysis 40
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Correlation with Test – Comparison with Standard Solid Seam Weld Analysis 41
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WholeLife vs Seam weld 42
• The standard seam weld approach uses an SN curve that represents the fatigue
behavior of a typical weld.
• Using this “One Size Fits All” approach, this SN curve is purposely conservative to
deal with the worst‐case welds.
• WholeLife has used the actual weld geometry, and crack growth properties to
predict the life. This reduces the need for conservatism, resulting in a more accurate
life prediction.
• This methodology has been demonstrated by SAE to estimate life within a factor of
2.
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Demonstration
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WholeLife Weld Demo 44
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Summary 45
• WholeLife represents a unified approach to fatigue
• Includes initiation and propagation stages
• Applicable to all fatigue analyses including welded
joints
• Outstanding accuracy over current methods
40
• Particularly well suited to lightweight structures and 30
thick welds 20
• We have correlated this method to the SAE test cases 10
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Questions
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Dr Andrew Halfpenny
Director of Technology – nCode Products
www.hbmprenscia.com [email protected]
WholeLife V???.pptx
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