INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
ENSC 20143

COMPILED BY:
ASSOC. Prof. RAMONA G. COLANNAY
 MODULE 1
Basic Principles, Concept and Definition

Overview:

provides a discussion about the two parts of Engineering Mechanics, the components of each part,
different terms used in this course, types of force systems, axioms in mechanics, meaning of free-body diagram,
and the two laws used in force analysis. We first introduce the different principles in engineering mechanics
followed by the different types of force systems and introduction of different analysis in this course.
Module Objectives:
After successful completion of this module, the students should be able to:

. 1.Analyze the nature, structure and content of the Engineering Mechanics curriculum.
2.Define vector quantities, distinguish scalar from vector, and solve problems on vector components.
3.Explain rigid bodies as statics and dynamics.
4. Apply the force polygon method for adding more than two forces.
5. Draw the resultant of concurrent forces and coplanar forces using three equations of equilibrium.
6.Draw the resultant of the given trusses.
6.Determine the resultant of frames and beams.
Course Materials:
Engineering Mechanics may be defined as the science which considers the effects of forces on rigid bodies. It is
divided naturally into two parts: statics and dynamics.
Statics considers the effects and distribution of forces on rigid bodies which are and remain at rest. While
Dynamics considers the motion of rigid bodies caused by the forces acting upon them.
C
Rigid Body is defined as a definite amount of matter, where parts of which are fixed in position relative to each
other. Actually, solid bodies are never rigid; they deformed under the action of applied forces. In many cases,
this deformation is negligible compared to the size of the body and the body may assumed rigid. Bodies made
of steel or cast iron, for example, are of this type.

Rigid-body Mechanics
Statics: deals with equilibrium of bodies under action of forces (bodies may be either at rest or
move with a constant velocity).
 Rigid-body Mechanics
• Dynamics: deals with motion of bodies (accelerated motion)

Scalar and vectors:

Scalars: only magnitude is associated.
Ex: time, volume, density, speed, energy, mass
Vectors: possess direction as well as magnitude, and must obey the parallelogram law of addition (and the
triangle law)

Ex: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force,

moment, momentum

Equivalent Vector: V = V1 + V2 (Vector Sum)

Speed is the magnitude of velocity

vector
A Vector V can be written as: V = Vn
V = magnitude of V
n = unit vector whose magnitude is one and whose direction coincides with
that of V
Unit vector can be formed by dividing any vector, such as the geometric position vector,
by its length or magnitude
 Vectors represented by Bold and Non-Italic letters (V) Magnitude of vectors

represented by Non-Bold, Italic letters (V)

y j
x i, j, k – unit vectors
i

z k

Vector Addition: Procedure for Analysis

Parallelogram Law (Graphical) Resultant

Force (diagonal) Components (sides of
parallelogram)
 Algebraic Solution
Using the coordinate system

Trigonometry (Geometry) Resultant Force and

Components from Law of Cosines and Law of Sines

Determine the magnitude of the reaction force R.

 LAW OF SINE

T = R = 98.1N
Sin31.4° Sin110° Sin 38.6°

T=81.9N & R=147.8N

Force Systems
Force: Magnitude (P), direction (arrow) and point of application (point A) is important
Change in any of the three specifications will alter the effect on the bracket. Force is a Fixed

Vector

In case of rigid bodies, line of action of force is important (not its point of
application if we are interested in only the resultant external effects of the force), we will
treat most forces as
External effect: Forces applied (applied force);
Forces exerted by bracket, bolts, Foundation
(reactive force)

Internal effect: Deformation, strain pattern –

Cable Tension P permanent strain; depends on material properties of
bracket, bolts, etc.
 Concurrent force:
Forces are said to be concurrent at a point if their lines of action intersect at that point
F1, F2 are concurrent forces; R will be on same plane; R = F1+F2

F2 F2
R = F1+F2
R
F2
R R F2
A A
F1 A F1
F1 F1
Plane

Forces act at same point Forces act at different point Triangle Law

(Apply Principle of Transmissibility)

Components and Projections of Force

Components of a Force are not necessarily equal to the Projections of the Force unless the axes on
which the forces are projected are orthogonal (perpendicular to each other).

F1 and F2 are components of R. R = F1 + F2

Fa and Fb are perpendicular projections on axes a and b,

respectively.

R ≠ Fa + Fb unless a and b are perpendicular to each other

 Components of Force
Examples # 1.
 Components of Force
0
Example # 2. II
Determine the x and y scalar components of
F , F , and F acting
1 2 3

at point A of the bracket

 Moment: Example
Components of Force
ASSIGNMENT.
1.

Solution:
 Moment: Example
2. Additional problems will be provided by the professor in actual discussion.

3:Tension in cable BC is 725-N, determine the resultant of the three forces

exerted at point B of beam AB.

Solution:
• Resolve each force into rectangular
components.

• Determine the components of the

resultant by adding the
corresponding force components.

• Calculate the magnitude and

direction of the resultant.
 Moment: Example

Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the

base point O of the 600 N force in different ways
Solution 1.

Moment about O is

Solution 2.
Solution 3.

Solution 4.
 Solution 5.

The minus sign indicates that the vector is in the negative z-direction

Equivalent Systems: Resultants

Equilibrium

Equilibrium of a body is a condition in which the

resultants of all forces acting on the body is zero.
Condition studied in Statics
3 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM:

∑fx=0, ∑fy=0, ∑M=0

 Equivalent Systems: Resultants
Vector Approach: Principle of Transmissibility can be used

Magnitude and direction of the resultant force R is obtained by

forming the force polygon where the forces are added head to tail
in any sequence
For the beam, reduce the system of forces shown to (a) an equivalent force-
couple system at A, (b) an equivalent force couple system at B, and
(c) a single force or resultant.
Note: Since the support reactions are not included, the given system will
not maintain the beam in equilibrium.
SOLUTION (a) Compute the resultant force and
the resultant couple at A.

R = Σ F = 150j − 600j + 100j − 250j

R = −600N j
MR = Σ r × F
A
= 1.6i ×(-600j) + 2.8i ×(100j)
+4.8ix(-250j)
M 1880 N. NK
RA= -
ASSIGNMENT:
R = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4

R = 150 − 600 + 100 − 250 = −600 R

d
N Rd = F1d1 + F2d2 + F3d3 + F4d4

d = 3.13 N

R R
d

A B
NOTE: Discussion of the problems as well as extra activities and other instructional materials will be provided
by the professor in google meet (for actual discussion) in google classroom and in messenger.

MODULE 2
 BEAMS AND TRUSSES

Overview: Beams element s are supported for static, frequency, buckling, and nonlinear studies. Large displacement solution in
static studies is not supported for beams. For the beam formulation to produce acceptable results, the length of the beam can
be 10 times larger than the largest dimension of its cross section. A principal objective of trusses study was to quantify the
effect of tightening rods, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Howe’s proposed prestressing technique. Additional
objectives were to quantify the static behavior under dead load, prestressing, live load, shrinkage, and creep, and to provide
guidance for assessment, rehabilitation, and maintenance of truss.

Module Objectives:
1. Define beam or simple beam.
2. Give its uses/functions.
3. Classify what type of beam based on its loading and supports
4.Determine the reactions of beams using equations of equilibrium.
5. Define truss or simple truss.
6.Give its uses/functions.
7.E NUMERATE SEVERAL TYPEs OF TRUSSES.
8. Determine the reaction of trusses.

Coarse Materials;
Beam-a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an opening or part of a building, usually to support
the roof or floor above.

What is a beam and what is its purpose?

Beams are usually horizontal structural elements that carry loads perpendicular to their longitudinal direction
Beams primarily carry vertical gravitational forces. They are also used to carry horizontal loads (e.g., loads due
to an earthquake or wind or in tension to resist rafter thrust as a tie beam or (usually) compression as a collar beam).

Types of beam structure

Simply supported beams. Simply supported beams are those that have supports at both end of the beam
A simply supported beam is one that rests on two supports and is free to move horizontally. Typical practical applications of
simply supported beams with point loadings include bridges, beams in buildings, and beds of machine tools.
What is function of simply supported beam?
A cantilever beam is a member with one end projecting beyond the point of support, free to move in a vertical plane under the
influence of vertical loads placed between the free end and the support.

What is function of cantilever beam?

Cantilevers provide a clear space underneath the beam without any supporting columns or bracing. Cantilevers became a
popular structural form with the introduction of steel and reinforced concrete. They are used extensively in building
construction, notably in: Cantilever bridges.
Continuous Beam resting upon several supports, which may be in the same horizontal plane. A beam having several spans in
one straight line; generally, has at least three supports.

What is continuous beam used for?

Continuous steel beams allow for the construction of large and high door openings, bridges, multi-storey buildings, roof
structures and much more. One needs to design the continuous steel beam frame they need based on the construction
structure they are planning to make.
Fixed Ended Beam.
A beam that is supported at both free ends and is restrained against rotation and vertical movement. Also known as built-in
beam; encastré beam.

Equations of equilibrium:
∑MA=0, ∑MB=0 , ∑FV=0 and ∑FH=0
Rigid Body Equilibrium

Support Reactions
Prevention of
Translation or
Rotation of a body

Restraints
 TRUSSES:
A roof truss is an engineered, structural framework of triangulated timbers that provides support for a roof. ...
How do roof trusses work? Roof trusses act much like a lid on a box. They work by transferring the weight of the roof
to the load bearing walls of the house.

 What is the main purpose of roof truss?

 A truss is a triangular structure integrated into a roof to support a load. Aside from lending support and
strength to a roof's frame, they also bridge the space above rooms.
 What is the simplest truss?
 triangle truss
 The most simple type of truss is a triangle truss. Simple triangle trusses consist of a series of triangles
arranged so that the weight being supported is distributed evenly for maximum support.24 Apr 2017


 What Is a Simple Truss? - Sciencing


https://www.google.com/search?
q=trusses+roof&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPH897PH897&oq=trusses&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0i512l9.17996j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=
UTF-8#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20simplest,com%20%E2%80%BA%20simple%2Dtruss%2D10018330

Most Common Types of Roof Trusses

 Gable Trusses. A variety of the trusses shown above fit into the common or gable truss category,
including the King Post, Queen Post, Howe, and Double Howe trusses. ...
 Hip Truss. ...
 Scissor Roof Truss. ...
 Attic Truss. ...
 Mono Truss. ...
 North Light Roof Truss. ...
 Flat Truss. ...
 Gambrel Truss.

NOTE: Discussion of the problems as well as extra activities will be provided by the professor in google meet.
The other instructional materials will be provided by the professor in google meet (for actual discussion)
in google classroom and in messenger.
Vectors
Vectors