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TOPIC-RELATION AND FUNCTIONS (M) – 9417968165/7719686002

BASED ON EQUIVALENCE PROPERTY OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. (i) Determine whether each of following relations are reflexive, symmetric and
transitive:
(i) Relation R in the set A = { 1,2,3,…….14} defined as
R = { (x , y) : 3x-y-0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as
R = {(x, y): y = x + 5, x < 5}
(iii) Relation R in the set A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6} defined as
R = { (x , y) : y is divisible by x }
(iv) Relation R in set Z of integers defined as
R = { (x , y) : x-y is an integer }
(ii) Show that relation R in set Z of all integers given by R= {(a, b): a, b ∈ z and 5
divides a-b} is an equivalence relation.
2. Show that relation R in the set A ={x: x ∈ w: 0≤ x≤12} given by R= {(a, b)
:|𝑎 − 𝑏| is multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 2.
3. Show that relation R in the set A ={ 1,2,3,4,5}given by R={a ,b):|𝑎 − 𝑏| is even}
is an equivalence relation. Show that all elements of {1,3,5} are related to each
other and all elements of {2,4} are related to each other but no element of {1,3,5}
is related to any element of {2,4}.
4. Show that relation R in the set of real numbers defined as R= {(a, b): a ≤ b2} is
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
5. Check whether relation R in set S of all real numbers defined by R = {(a, b): a ≤
b3} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
6. Give an example of a relation which is (i) reflexive but neither symmetric nor
transitive. (ii) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. (iii) Transitive but
neither reflexive nor symmetric. (iv) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(v) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
7. If relation R is defined on the set R of all real numbers by R ={ (a, b) : 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 =1,
determine R is reflexive , symmetric or transitive
8. For real numbers x and y define x R y iff x-y+√2 is an irrational number. Is R
reflexive, symmetric or transitive? Explain your answer.
9. For real numbers x and y define x R y iff x-y+√3 is an irrational number. Is R
reflexive, symmetric and transitive? Explain your answer.
10. (a) Let A be the set of all students of a boys school .Show that the relation R in A
given by R = {(a, b) : a is sister of b} is empty relation. (b) Let A be the set of
heights of students in your school. Show that the relation R in A given by R = {(a,
b): a – b < 3 meters} is universal relation. (c) State the reason for which the
relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is not transitive.
11. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by (i) R=
{(T1,T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}. (ii) R = {(T1, T2):T1 is equal in area to T2}.Show
that in each case R is an equivalence relation.
12. Show that the relation R in the set S of all straight lines in a plane given by R = {(
l1,l2) : l1 is parallel to l2 is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related
to the line y = 2x + 4.
13. Show the following relation in Z, the set of all integers, is equivalence relations:
R = {(x, y): x – y is an integer}.
14. Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane, given by R = {(P,Q) :
distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from
the origin},is an equivalence relation. Further show that the set of all points
related to a point P ≠ (0, 0) is the circle passing through P with origin as Centre.
15. Show that the relation R, defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {T1,T2) : T1 is
similar to T2 }, is an equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles T 1
with sides 3, 4, 5, T2 with sides 5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10.Which
triangles among T1,T2 and T3 are related?
16. Show that the relation R, defied in the set A of all polygons as R = {(P 1 , P2) : P1
and P2 have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of
all elements in set A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5?
17. Show that the relation R in the set R of all real numbers, defined as R ={(a,b): a ≤
b} is reflextive and transitive but not symmetric.
18. Prove that the relation R in the set A = { 5,6,7,8,9} given by R ={( a ,b) : |𝑎 − 𝑏|
is divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements of set A
related to 6.
19. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a ,b) : a = b -2 , b> 6}
(A) (2,4) 𝜖 R (B) (3,8)∈ R (C) (6,8)∈ R (D) (8,7)∈ R
20. Let N be the set of all positive integers. Show that the relation R on N × N
defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if and only if a + d = b + c is an equivalence relation. N
21. Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by
(x, y) R (u, v) if and only if x v = y u. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
22. If N denote the set of natural numbers and R be relation on N x N defined by (a, b)
R (c, d) if ad (b +c) = b c (a +d). Show that R is an equivalence relation
23. Let set A = {1,2, − − −,9} and R be the relation in A x A defined by (a,b) R (c,d)
if a+d = b+c for (a,b) ,(c,d) in A x A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and
also obtain the equivalence class [(2,5)].
24. If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, show that R-1 is also an equivalence
relation on A.
25. If R1 and R2 are equivalence relations in a set A, show that R1 ∩ R2 is also an
equivalence relation.
26. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R1 be a relation in X given by R1 ={(x ,y) :
x-y is divisible by 3} and R2 be a another relation on X given by
R2 = {(x ,y):{x,y} ⊂ { 1,4,7} or {x,y} ⊂ {2,5,8} or {x,y} ⊂ {3,6,9} }.Show that
R1 = R2.
27. Let A = {1, 2, 3}.Then show that number of relations in A containing (1, 2) and
(2, 3) which are reflexive and transitive but not symmetric is three.
28. Let A = {a, b, c} and the relation R be defined as follows: R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a,
b)} Then, write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R
reflexive and transitive.
29. Show that number of equivalence relations in the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1, 2)
and (2, 1) is two.
30. Let f: X → Y be a function.Define a relation R in X given by
R = {(a, b): f (a) = f (b)}.Examine whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
31. Let A = {1,2,3} , then number of relations containing (1,2) and (1,3) which are
reflexive and symmetric but not transitive is (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 4.
32. Let N be the set of all positive integers. Show that the relation R on N × N
defined by (a ,b) R (c ,d) if and only if 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑏2 +𝑐 2 is an equivalence relation
on N
33. Let W denote the set of words in the English dictionary. Define the Relation R as
R ={(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑊: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛}.
Show that R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
34. Find the number of relations, no of reflexive relations, no of symmetric relations,
no of non-reflexive relations, no of non-symmetric relations on set A which
contains 6 elements.
35. Find the number of equivalence relations that can be obtained on set A = {a, b, c}
and list them.
ANSWERS: 2. [2] = {2, 6, 10} 5. Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor
transitive 7. Not reflexive, not transitive but symmetric
8. Reflexive but not symmetric and not transitive 9. Reflexive but not symmetric
and not transitive 12 . {L: L is a line of form y = 2x + C} 15. T1 and T 3 are
related as sides are proportional. 16. Set of all triangles 18. [6] = {6, 8} 19. C
23. {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)} 28. 3 34. 236 , 230 , 221 , 236 − 230 ,
236 − 221 35. 5