MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.

Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Through the ages, fishing has been one of the

earliest occupations known to man. It has grown from

crude and simple beginning into a complex industry with

modern equipment and installations. The commodities that

man derived from the oceans, seas, lakes and rivers are

more numerous and varied than what is commonly known.

Philippines, an island-dwelling population of more

than 100 million Filipinos and more than 7, 100 islands,

is a major fishing nation and the world’s second largest

archipelagic state. Philippine seas supply food for over

one hundred million Filipinos, livelihood for millions of

people and foreign exchange. The fisheries sector is

divided into the municipal and commercial subsectors and

aquaculture subsector. With the growing population of the

Philippines, fisheries are one of the major industries

seen as a positive contributor to the developing economy.

As Philippines is located in the typhoon belt, the

country is usually affected by 15 and struck by five to

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

1
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

six cyclonic storms per year with other natural hazards

such as landslides, active volcanoes, destructive

earthquakes and tsunamis. Major environmental issues

include uncontrolled deforestation especially in

watershed areas, soil erosion, air and water pollution in

major urban centers, coral reef degradation, and

increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are

important fish breeding grounds. (Food and Agriculture

Organization, 2004) The country is also on constant alert

for red tides and fish kills. Seemingly impossible just

20 years ago, protein deficiency among fishing

communities is now increasing at an alarming rate.

Aklan, one of Philippines’ provinces that has

aquaculture-based livelihood, is also seen affected by

this apparent issue in the fishing industry with

its total volume of fisheries production in 2016 was

declined by 1.90% due to the decrease in output across

all sub-sectors and species as reported by the Philippine

Statistics Authority-Aklan. The decline in commercial and

marine fishery production was attributed to lesser

fishing operations due to rough seas and strong winds

brought by northeast monsoon conditions, low volume of

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

2
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

catch in swamps, creeks, estuaries and rivers and the

shift of some fishermen to other job such as construction

work.

With these emerging problems in the fishing

industry, people have begun to explore the factors that

affect the growth of species. One study by Utne-Palm et.

al (2018) revealed that most fishes and crustaceans

respond to light, and artificial light sources may

therefore be an efficient stimulus to manipulate

behaviors in aquatic animals. Light is an important

environmental factor regulating physiological processes

and ecological activities in fishes. (Meakin, 2011) The

role of light intensity in fish biology has been

documented in numerous fish species under experimental

conditions and in nature (Rickel & Genin 2005). Light has

been correlated with a variety of responses such as

growth, survival (Soderberg 1990; Cerqueira & Brugger

2001), swimming activity (Oppedal et al. 2001; Marchesan

et al. 2005; Johansson et al. 2006), cannibalism

(Appelbaum & Kamler 2000; Han et al. 2005), metabolism

(Appelbaum & Kamler 2000), metamorphosis (Puvanendran &

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

3
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Brown 2002), swim bladder inflation, and feeding

behaviour (Puvanendran & Brown 1998; Noble et al. 2005).

Realizing the need to address these emerging

problems in the fish industry, the researchers were

motivated to evaluate the effects of different colors of

water in weight gain, length, feed efficiency and

condition factor of the Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia).

Two fishes were subjected to the experiment and were

exposed to different water tanks for three weeks.

Comparisons were made for growth, length and behavioral

changes between treatments. This research paper aimed to

pinpoint the barriers surrounding the problem for the

future actions or recommendations to be proposed by the

researchers. This study offers a new insight into

understanding the impact of color on behavior and growth

of fish, which may contribute to the spatial

distribution, predator avoidance and recruitment of fish

in inshore coastal waters.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

4
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Like the other vital resources such as forests,

Philippine fisheries are now considered on the verge of

collapsing – a victim of the almost unabated “plunder of

the commons” (Tacio, 2009) which poses a serious crisis

among fisher folks as fishing has been an important

source of livelihood for Filipinos.

In the middle of year 2010 and 2017, Philippine

fishery production declined which resulted to the

contribution of fishery to agriculture growth to be

negative (Dy, 2018). This decline in fishery production

is largely a result of the destruction of coral reefs,

which serve as habitat for marine organisms. Coral reefs

are suffering despite long-term measures outlawing

damaging fishing practices.

As an answer to the problem, the researchers

conducted a study to evaluate the effects of color of

water in weight gain, length, feed efficiency and

condition factor of the Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia)

wherein the results would be a basis to come up with a

solution to solve this crisis.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

5
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Specifically, this study sought to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the changes on Oreochromis niloticus

(tilapia) brought about by the color of water in terms

of:

a) weight gain

b) length

c) feed efficiency

d) condition factor?

2. How does the condition of Oreochromis niloticus

(tilapia) differ when placed in uncolored water and

colored water?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the

water color and growth of Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia)

in terms of:

a) weight gain

b) length

c) feed efficiency

d) condition factor? (OMIT!!!)

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

6
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Out of 2,824 marine fish species in Philippines,

Oreochromis niloticus, locally known as tilapia was

chosen to be subjected by the researchers to put under

experiment to test the effects of water color in terms of

growth and performance. This study was performed during a

3-week period from February 21, 2019 to March 13, 2019 at

Melchor Memorial School Inc., Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan.

Duplicate experimental fish were distributed and cultured

into separate tanks, which showed different water colors,

i.e. red and uncolored. This study covered the assessment

of changes on tilapia brought about by the colors of

water in terms of weight gain, length, feed efficiency

and condition factor. Its main purpose was to focus on

the condition of experimental subject during the

intervention. The findings and observations made from

this experiment would be a basis to formulate hypothesis,

which would eventually be an underlying principle to come

up with a solution to increase production in the fish

industry.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

7
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In conducting this study, researchers much inspired

because of the significant benefits to the following

individuals:

 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR).

The result of this study could be a basis for the

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in

conceptualizing, implementing and integrating

programs, facilities and projects that would be an

instrument to help easily enrich fishing production

in the industry.

 Scientific community. This study would give the

scientific community insight and new ideas into

understanding the impact of water color in the

behavior of fish which would lead them eventually

for further research and investigation.

 Community. This research is valuable to the

community for they may acquire ideas and incentives

about the emerging issue in the fish industry. This

would increase the awareness of the people in the

community, thus, encouraging them to take actions to

minimize this problem.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

8
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Teachers/Professors. This research will also aid

them their discussions regarding related lessons. It

will be easier for them to tackle related topics

about this research.

 Fisher folks. They would benefit from this study for

they could gain new ideas and knowledge that would

help them with their livelihood. The results would

be a helpful guide for them to meet the world’s

growing demand for fish, thus, make the life of

people more convenient.

 Future researchers. The results of the study can be

a basis for other researchers’ future references.

This would be a useful reference for the researchers

who would plan to make any related study regarding

this matter. They may also include other variables

to deepen the study to come up with alternative

solutions to minimize the problem.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

9
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Control Subject

Feed Condition
efficiency factor
Weight gain

Weight gain
Weight gain Length

Uncolored Water

Oreochromis INTERVENTION Assessment

niloticus

Red-colored Water Independent Variable

Experimental Subject Dependent Variable

Fig. 1 Research Paradigm

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

10
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

The main concept of this study is to evaluate the

effects of color of water in weight gain, length, feed

efficiency and condition factor of the Oreochromis

niloticus (tilapia).

This study embraced experimental research design

wherein the subjects placed under experiment were

randomly assigned for different levels of treatment. The

findings would be a basis for researchers to formulate

solution on the existing problem.

Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study. The

subjects placed under observation are duplicate

Oreochromis niloticus distributed and cultured into

different tanks with different water colors (i.e. red and

uncolored). These variables are the independent variables

that will be needed in this study. These variables are

constant and observed.

It also included the assessment of changes on

Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) brought about by the

color of water in terms of weight gain, length, feed

efficiency and condition factor. The output of the study

assessed the effects of water color among the subjects

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

11
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

wherein the results would serve as a basis to come up

with a solution to minimize the existing problem.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

12
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a better and clearer understanding of this

study, the researchers hereby provide the conceptual and

operational definition of the following terms:

 Assessment. It refers to the evaluation or

estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of

someone. (Oxford Dictionary, 2017).

 In this study, it means to evaluate the changes

made on the subject brought about by water

color in terms of weight gain, length, feed

efficiency and condition factor.

 Condition factor. It is defined as measurement of

the general health condition of fish as calculated

by the ratio of body weight to body length. (NAL

Thesaurus, 2014).

 In this study, it referred to the quantitative

relation between changes in body weight and

body length of the subject.

 Feed efficiency. It is defined as ratio or rate

measuring of the efficiency with which the bodies of

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

13
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

livestock convert animal feed into the desired

output. (Wikipedia, 2018)

 In this study, it is defined as feed intake

divided by the weight gain of the fish.

 Fishery. It is an entity engaged in raising or

harvesting fish, also typically defined in terms of

the people involved, species or types of fish, area

of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of

boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of

the foregoing features. (Wikipedia, 2019).

 In this study, it referred to the sector of

industry chosen by the researchers to be the

main concept of this research.

 Growth. It is the process of increasing in physical

size and development. (Encyclopedia Brittanica,

2018).

 In this study, it means the change in size or

development made on the subject as a result of

intervention.

 Length. It is the measurement of extent of something

from end to end. (Collins Dictionary, 2016).

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

14
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 In this study, it means the change in

measurement made in the subject as a result of

intervention.

 Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia). It referred to the

common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid

fish from the tilapiine cichlid tribe which are

mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams,

ponds, rivers and lakes and less commonly found

living in brackish water. (Wikipedia, 2019)

 In this study, it is defined as dependent

variable placed under observation to determine

the effects of water color in the subject’s

specific aspects.

 Water color. It is the property possessed by water

of producing different sensations on the eye as a

result of the way the object reflects or emits

light. (Oxford Dictionary, 2017)

 In this study, it is an independent variable

that is believed to affect the growth

performance of fish when distributed and

cultured into different tanks.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

15
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related

literature and studies, both local and foreign, which

provides a background and a frame of reference upon which

the conceptual framework and other entries of this study

were formulated.

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country in the

Western Pacific comprising more than 7, 000 islands,

inhabited by over 100 million Filipinos. It is an

archipelagic state with total territorial water of

2,200,000 km2 and total land area of 299,735 km2 in which

102,984 km2 or 34% is agricultural. With the thousands of

islands endowing the Philippines, fishing has been the

importance source of livelihood for Filipinos since time

immemorial, with fish being the country’s second staple

food next to rice. On the average, every Filipino

consumes daily about 98.6 grams of fish and fish

products.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

16
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Fisheries is a very important industry in the

Philippines. Its importance is underscored by the fact

that as of 1995, Philippines ranked twelfth among the

largest fish producer in the world and ranked fourth in

terms of aquaculture production based on figures from FAQ

Yearbook, 1995. In addition, Philippines has also one of

the highest per capita fish consumption in the world at

36 kg per year of fish and fishery products. (BFAR, 1997)

Not only fishing supplies source of food for

Filipinos, the fishing industry also provided employment

to about one million Filipinos or around 3% of the

country’s labor force in 1998. Being labor intensive,

municipal fishing generated 68% of the total employment,

followed by aquaculture with 26% and commercial fishing,

6%. In addition, 16,500 fishermen were also employed in

commercial fishing on large vessels that operate in the

Philippines waters and areas of the Pacific catching tuna

and other species.

However, as time goes by, productivity of marine

fisheries resources has been declining as a result of the

environmental degradation and ineffective natural

resources management, leading to the current condition of

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

17
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

fisheries in the Philippines and worldwide in bleak.

Overfishing, illegal fishing and habitat destruction

combined with increased demand for fish and population

growth continue to drive fisheries production into a

deeper abyss. (Dalzell et. al, 1987)

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY

According to the latest government figures, total

fisheries production in 2013 (including seaweed) reached

4.7 million metric tons (mt) worth PNP 244.6 billion.

In tonnage terms, total production fell 3.3% or

200,000 mt, down from 4.9 million mt in 2012. Part of the

reason for drop in fisheries output in 2013 was the

serious impact of Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as

Yolanda, on the aquaculture and municipal fisheries

sectors in the Central Visayas region after the storm

struck in November that year.

Damage caused by the storm continues to affect

fisheries and agricultural production in affected areas

as work continues to repair the damage and support

rebuilding of affected rural communities.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

18
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Aquaculture, Philippines’ largest fisheries sector,

has production reached 2.37 million mt in 2013,

eventually fell down 6.6% from 2.54 million mt the

previous year.

Municipal fisheries consisting of small scale and

artisanal fishermen is the second largest fisheries

sector with total production of 1.26 million mt in 2013,

down 1.3% compared with the previous year.

Commercial fisheries, meanwhile was less affected by

the typhoon damage and recorded a 2.4% increase in

production in 2013, registering a total catch of 1.07

million mt, up from 1.04 million mt the previous year.

The decline in fishery production led to the faster

increase of caught fish retail prices in Metro Manila:

galunggong rose by 30% by 2010 to 2016 versus pork which

is increased by 22%, dressed chicken by 16% and bangus

and tilapia by 17% through 2017.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

19
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

FISHING PRODUCTION IN AKLAN AND ITS MAJOR SETBACKS

Aklan, one of Philippines’ provinces located in the

Western Visayas region, is also seen affected by the

emerging issue in the industry with its fisheries

production down 2% in 2016.

Fishing has been considered as a crucial source of

income for the people in Aklan as aquaculture constitutes

a significant component in the province’s fishing

industry. Furthermore, fishponds and offshore fishing are

also the major providers of huge employment for Aklanons.

During 2016, the province has suffered from a major

setback as its fisheries production declined by 1.90% due

to decrease in output across all sub-sectors and species,

based on the report of the Philippine Statistics

Authority (PSA)- Aklan. Data showed that the total

fisheries production in the province in 2016 was

estimated at 22,694.31 mt, lower by 440.19 mt compared to

23.134 mt in 2015.

With these emerging problems in the fishing

industry, people have begun to explore the factors that

affect the growth of species, specifically among fishes.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

20
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

One factor that is seen to be affecting the growth

performance of fishes is the enrichment of its

environment. Numerous researchers have tried altering

fishes’ environment through changing the light and color

intensity of its environment to test its effects among

the subjects.

Various designs and shapes of tanks are being used

in aquaculture facilities and the main attention is paid

to the hydrodynamic designs of the rearing systems.

However, water color, which may affect growth performance

and feed intake in fish, is mostly disregarded when

setting-up an aquaculture facility. Since different fish

species require diverse environmental characteristics

during their life stages, selection of the right water

color may offer the fish a less stressful culture

environment, which is different from the natural habitats

of the animal. Feeding activity, growth performance and

welfare of the fish may be negatively affected under

stressful conditions. (Kesbic et. al, 2016) Several

efforts have been made to investigate environmental

effects such as tank color or lighting conditions on

visual detection of prey in fish larvae.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

21
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Considering the advantages brought about by color

and light intensity among fishes, the effects of colored

light and photoperiod on various aspects of fish

physiology have been investigated, including growth,

survival, the neuro-hormonal system, reproduction,

behavior, and the stress response (Volpato and Barreto

(2001), Bayarri et al. (2002), Naor et al. (2003), Ruchin

(2004), Karakatsouli et al. (2007), Bani et al. (2009),

Banan et al. (2011), Pourhosein Sarameh et. al (2012)

The role of color intensity in fish biology has been

documented in numerous fish species under experimental

conditions and in nature (Rickel & Genin, 2005). Color

has been correlated with a variety of responses such as

growth, survival (Cerqueira & Brugger, 2001), swimming

activity (Oppedal et al, 2001; Marchesan et al, 2005;

Johansson et al, 2006), cannibalism (Appelbaum & Kamler,

2000; Han et al, 2005), metabolism (Appelbaum & Kamler,

2000), metamorphosis (Puvanendran & Brown, 2002), swim

bladder inflation, and feeding behavior.

In the natural environment, color intensity and

background color affect the ability of fish to detect

food and hence, feeding success. Therefore, color can

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

22
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

affect both fish growth and mortality. The impact of

light and background colors should, therefore, be

considered during fish culture; especially in

economically important species. In general, the highest

growth rate of fish larvae has been achieved when light

conditions and background color are optimized to contrast

feed from the background (Henne and Watanabe, 2003,

Jentoft et al, 2006, Strand et al, 2007). In aquaculture,

the positive influence of rearing light colour is

economically important because it may affect fish growth

and development and thereby lead to enhanced efficiency

of production.

The visual environments of fish are blue, green or

near infrared and fish have cone cells which enable them

to discriminate colors. Despite this, very few studies

have been devoted to understanding the effects of

background or light color on fish biology. Even so, some

interesting effects have been reported. In salmonids,

background color decreases egg development and increases

egg mortality. In other fish families, effects of

environmental color have also been described, such as

changes in schooling, fright reaction, and color

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

23
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

attractiveness in Sardinops caerulea, Oplegnathus

fasciatus, Monocanthus cirrhifer, Cybium niphonium,

Spheroides niphobles, and Sphyraena japonica, and

increased survival and growth in the Eurasian perch

larvae, Perca fluviatilis. Also, in the study conducted

by Loukashkin et. al also showed that fish are attracted

to green and blue colors and avoid red color.

Additionally, a previous study of the characid fish,

Brycon cephalus, has suggested that these colors may

affect reaction to stressors.

One study revealed by Utne-Palm (2017), states that

most aquatic free-swimming organisms respond to light.

Behavioral responses such as vertical migration, diel

activity rhythm and schooling dynamics are considered to

be driven by ambient color intensity. Vision is an

important sensory modality and most fishes and

crustaceans react to visual stimuli when searching for

food, avoiding predators and mating. Most fish utilize

vision in order to orientate and perform activities such

as foraging, breeding and avoiding predators, making it

crucial for their survival. Fish behavior can be affected

even by artificial color stimuli. A common reaction of

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

24
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

fish groups to the presence of artificial color is to

school and move towards the light source. Functional

explanations for such a reaction include predator

avoidance and enhancement of feeding efficiency. Thus,

artificial color plays as an efficient stimulus source to

manipulate behaviors in aquatic animals.

It has been reported also in 2016 by Kesbic et. al

that color can affect fish stress, influencing metabolism

of fish, and so the growth performance and feed

utilization. As in the nature, color intensity and

background color affects vision of fish for food detection

and the success in feeding that may influence fish growth

performance and survival rate

Another study conducted by Imanpoor et. al (2011)

stated artificial environments that are very different

from the natural habitats of fish may negatively affect

fish feeding activity, health, welfare and growth,

especially if conditions are stressful to the fish. One

environmental characteristic that affects fish physiology

is the background or light color. Some environmental

color effects on fish have been shown to modulate several

physiological and behavioral responses, such as feeding,

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

25
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

growth, reproduction, sex determination aggression,

larval jaw malformation and stress response. Several fish

species prefer dark tank walls as they promote a suitable

contrast between the prey and the background color.

However, some studies have shown a preference by some

fish species for light tank colors. One study would be

from Imanpoor et. al (2011) revealed that growth function

obtained from light color treatments indicated that

growth indices of goldfish have a better performance in

white light than in red light. The effect of light color

on growth performance has been proved which is different

based on type of species and stage of life in fish. Fish

are capable of color vision (Cheng and Flamarique, 2004)

and the effects of light spectrum on several aspects of

fish physiology have been investigated. White light in

comparison with red light is said to be having

wavelengths similar to natural light, caused less stress

in the fish breed in artificial environments which

finally results in a better development. Also, it is

suggested that further investigations on intensity and

duration of music and color, in relation to other rearing

environment (tanks, water quality, etc.) and fish

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

26
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

(species, life stage, feeding, rearing density, etc.)

origin factors affecting farmed fish quality and welfare,

would contribute to a very promising outcome in improving

understanding of fish physiology.

According to the experiment performed by Imanpoor

et. al (2011), fishes maintained in the black tanks

appeared more susceptible to disease. It shows that

rearing in black tanks should be considered stressful for

fishes and should be avoided in aquaculture practice.

As what reported also by Marchesal (2004), in

contrast to what is traditionally believed, exploiting

strong white lights may not necessarily be the most

effective way to attract and concentrate fish in the

illuminated area of the fishing grounds.

Same study was also conducted by Volpato (2001)

wherein the results showed that blue color was an

effective inhibitor of the stress-induced cortisol

response in the Nile tilapia.

Kesbic (2016) also found in his study that the color

of the culture tanks affects feed utilization and growth

performance in fish, hence, advising to consider the tank

colors when setting-up an aquaculture facility.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

27
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Another study performed by Utne-Palm (2017)

demonstrated that Krill responded to the artificial light

sources, and their swimming activity and degree of

attraction were related to the wavelength of the emitted

light. Cod showed indifference or a weak avoidance

response to the tested light stimuli. Thus, artificial

light sources emitting light within the wavelength of

448–560 nm may be used to attract krill without causing

pronounced avoidance responses in cod.

Aly et. al (2017) also identified from their study

that the blue color represented the lowest growth

performance and it may due to the reduced vision, which

prevents fish to detect the feed well, while red color

has better growth performance in spite of the

insignificance between the tested colors. This result is

congruent with Volpato et al. who found that red color

stimulates feeding intake and improves growth performance

more than yellow, green, blue, and white colors. This is

attributed to that fish under stress environment such as

red color is more aggressive and grew almost many times

as much in the less stressful conditions (blue color).

Karakatsouli et al., (2007) also observed that rainbow

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

28
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under red light had a

better food intake and growth than blue light. Also, they

found that red light can affect the growth indices and

survival rate of fish, such as rainbow trout. One of the

reasons which were mentioned for this phenomenon is the

existence of oil droplets in the eyes of such fish. These

oil droplet filter spectrums have a low wavelength and

let high wavelengths pass by. Therefore, fish culture in

red light causes the food to contrast better with the

environment and ease the process of feeding. Fishes

cultured in red tanks expressed the greatest weight

increase but the fish held in dark blue tanks performed

the poorest weight gain.

Another study of Villamizar et al., (2011) proved

that larvae (European sea bass and sole larvae) were

significantly affected by light characteristics. The

larvae achieved the best performance and showed fastest

development and lowest degree of deformity under a

light/dark cycle using blue light, conditions which were

closest to their natural aquatic environment. On the

other hand, Migaud et al., (2009) achieved maximum

survival rates of Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in red light

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

29
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

than white, green and blue light (Migaud et al. 2009;

Cited in: Villamizar et al., 2011).

Dadfar et. al (2017) also described in their study

that growth rate of rainbow trout was significantly

affected by light. The weight and length of fish reared

under yellow light were highest in the third month of the

experiment. Such results were probably connected to the

rainbow trout preference to the yellow color that does

not induce the stress in fish and saves the energy

required for growth. Papoutsoglou et al. (2000) also

added that the body weight of common carp maintained

under yellow-colored water was higher than fish held

under black and green color.

FEED CONVERSION RATIO AND CONDITION FACTOR IN AQUACULTURE

The efficiency with which animals turn feed into meat

and other food products, such as eggs or milk, varies by

species and production method. A common measure of this

efficiency is the feed conversion ratio (FCR), defined as

a unit of feed consumed divided by a unit of body mass

gain. FCR is a parameter depending on the life stage of

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

30
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

fish that increases as fish size/age increases (Robinson

and Li, 2010).

Typical FCRs for animals raised using commercial

feeds and intensive production methods (i.e. not

extensive production like grazing) are as follows: beef

cattle: 6.0–10.0, pigs: 2.7–5.0, chickens: 1.7–2.0, and

farmed fish and shrimp: 1.0–2.4.

Aquatic animals have lower (more efficient) FCRs than

large terrestrial animals in part because they expend

less energy to move, stay upright, and regulate their

body temperatures due to buoyancy and because most are

ectothermic. (Fry et. al, 2018)

On the other hand, Fulton’s condition factor is

widely used in fisheries and general fish biology

studies. Condition factor compares the wellbeing of a

fish and is based on the hypothesis that heavier fish of

a given length are in better condition. Condition factor

has been used as an index of growth and feeding

intensity. Condition factor decreases with increase in

length and also influences the reproductive cycle in

fish.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

31
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

This factor is calculated from the relationship

between the weight of a fish and its length, with the

intention of describing the “condition” of that

W
individual. The formula is of the form: K = where K =
L

Fulton’s condition factor, W = the weight of the fish,

and L is the length (usually total length). A scaling

factor is usually applied to bring the factor close to 1.

The history of the search for a relationship to describe

fish condition and the development of a mathematical tool

for quantifying variations in fish populations is an

example of how rapidly the exchange of ideas can lead to

progress in understanding fundamental principles about

fish growth. (Nash et. al, 2006)

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

32
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

CHAPTER 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents and discusses the method of

research instrument and the procedures used in this

study, the sources of data, sampling design and also the

statistical treatment of the data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study both employed quantitative and qualitative

approaches in obtaining data regarding the changes on

Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) brought about by the

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

33
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

color of water in terms of weight gain, length, feed

efficiency and condition factor. Researchers sought to

narrate what had transpired during the experiment of a

particular subject in their own words, simultaneously

emphasizing objective measurements and the statistical,

mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected

from the observation.

To attain the objectives of the study, the

researchers chose experimental research design,

specifically posttest research design. Experimental

research design is conducted with a scientific approach,

where a set of variables are kept constant while the

other set of variables are being measured as the subject

of experiment. In addition to what had been said,

researchers used posttest only control design wherein the

experiment has two or more randomly assigned groups: an

experimental group and a control group. The treatment is

applied to the experimental group and the post-test is

carried out on both groups to assess the effect of the

treatment or manipulation. Researchers focused and

recorded the changes that have been observed throughout

the experiment for the purpose of rationalizing the

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

34
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

effects of water color among the subjects. This method

enables the researchers to interpret the theoretical

meaning of the findings and hypothesis development for

further studies.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

35
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

In view of the researchers’ intention to contribute

to the furtherance of fishery as livelihood in their

community and their desire to look into the real status

of fishery to be able to solve emerging problems in the

fishing industry as STEM students, which guided them in

conducting an experiment, the researchers opted to

conduct their study at Melchor Memorial School Inc.

Melchor Memorial School Inc. is situated in sloping

topography with an approximate area of nine thousand six

square meters (9,006 m2 ) and one point five kilometers

(1.5 km) away from town proper. There are three (3)

buildings: Main Building, Annex 1 & 2 and Old Annex.

Consisting of one (1) Office of the Principal, two (2)

Admin Office, one (1) Science Laboratory, one (1)

Computer Laboratory, one (1) T.L.E room, one (1) Learning

Resource Center, three (3) faculty rooms, six (6) comfort

rooms and twenty-six (26) classrooms.

Melchor Memorial School Inc. was formally

established in 1949. In its first year of operation, the

school became the second home of secondary students. The

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

36
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

school continued to grow, as such, a new grade level was

added every year and then became Melchor Memorial School

Inc. With the completion of the secondary department

(JHS), the next task was the need to put up the secondary

department (SHS). The school kept on growing by leaps and

bounds in terms of enrollment as well as the needed

manpower from junior high school up to senior high

school. The improvement of the school facilities seemed

to be a non-stop project of the school administrators.

Every year, there are new constructions which the school

could be proud of. Eventually, Melchor Memorial School

Inc. became known in the whole municipality of Ibajay.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

37
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

a.

(a) Map of the Philippines showing the location of the

Province of Aklan

b.

(b) Blueprint of the Melchor Memorial School Inc. (Main

and Old Annex Building)

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

38
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Duplicate tilapia fish were caught from lagoon

located at Tagbaya, Ibajay, Aklan, having the length

ranging from 4 inches. On February 21, 2019, the subjects

were distributed and cultured into different tanks, one

having colored water and another one having uncolored

water. Faint red tinge was used to tint the water of

experimental subject. Water quality was monitored daily

to ensure the well-being of subjects.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted

using descriptive statistics such as feed efficiency and

condition factor.

To determine the growth performance of the subjects

during intervention, the formulas below were used:

𝐟𝐢
FCR =
𝐰𝐠

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

39
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

where

fi = feed intake

wg = weight gain

𝐰
K =
𝐥

where

w = weight

l = length

Feed efficiency is a good indication of how

efficient a feed or a feeding strategy can be. The lower

the FCR (feed conversion ratio), the higher the weight

gain obtained from the feed.

On the other hand, condition factor is an indicator

of the general fish condition. It is used to assess the

status of the aquatic ecosystem in which fish live. When

the value of condition factor is higher, this means that

the fish has reared in a better condition, such as less

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

40
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

stress, better water quality, availability of well-

balanced feeds, etc.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

41
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data which was

computed, analyzed and interpreted regarding the study in

assessing changes observed on subjects under experiment.

DAY-TO-DAY RECORD OF OBSERVATION

Day 1 – Feb. 21, 2019

The conduct of experiment began at around 8 AM.

Duplicate Oreochromis niloticus have length ranging from

4 inches, cultured in different tanks. Subjects were

placed under different water tanks – one having red-

colored water and one having uncolored water. A pinch of

food coloring was used to color the water. Subjects were

fed twice a day with crushed toasted bread.

The observations made from the experiment were the

following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

42
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subjects were perceived to be timid which looked

like they were still adapting to their environment.

 Subjects were found staying at the corner of the

tank for such a long period of time

 Subjects seemed afraid when approached by humans.

 Subject placed under uncolored water moved a lot as

compared to the subject under red water.

 Subject under red-colored water has the slightest

movements.

Day 2 – Feb. 22, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its second

day were the following:

 Subject under the red-colored water was stationary

relative to its position lying on the bottom of the

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

43
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

tank which was an indication of stress and

uncomfortable water condition.

 Almost no body movement could be observed in the

subject under red-colored water and showed low

awareness to its surroundings.

 Subject under red-colored water had its gills

oscillate at low rate and it had its fins flopped at

slow motion.

 Subject under color-free water tank was very

different from the subject under colored water as it

was gasping at the surface of the water most of the

time which showed deficiency of oxygen in the tank.

It had its gills oscillates fast and its breathing

patterns was almost likely irregular.

 The awareness of the subject under color-free water

was present but seemed to be afraid when approached.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

44
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Day 3 – Feb. 23, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its third

day were the following:

 Subject under color-free water was gasping for some

air, probably due to lack of oxygen in its area.

 Subject under color-free water had its movement been

observed to be irregular and it seemed like it was

uncomfortable in its habitat.

 Subject under red-colored water tank had begun to

move around the tank.

 As compared to the fish in the color-free water

tank, the fish oscillated much faster.

Day 4 – Feb. 24, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its fourth

day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

45
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under red-colored water underwent some

changes. The fish became yellowish due to the change

of lighting on its environment.

 The subject under red-colored water also did not

move at all inside the tank. It just only stayed on

a certain position or area.

 The subject under uncolored water had more movements

as compared to the other one and somehow, it

constantly moved up to the surface of the water,

probably because the fish had to gasp some air due

to lack of oxygen available on the tank.

 Small bits of detritus could be found at the bottom

of subjects’ tanks which simply demonstrated the

normal appetite of subjects despite of different

environments.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

46
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Day 5 – Feb. 25, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its fifth

day were the following:

 Subject under red-colored water tank had been

observed to be active when approached by humans.

 It also had been observed that subject under red-

colored water tank flopped its flippers faster as

compared to the other subject.

 Subject under color-free water tank demonstrated a

panic attack when approached by humans.

 Even though both tanks had been cleaned yesterday,

both tanks found to have small bits of detritus at

the bottom which exhibited normal appetite of the

subjects.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

47
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Day 6 – Feb. 26, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its sixth

day were the following:

 Both subjects were in great condition and exhibited

normal appetite.

 Both water tanks were filled with small bits of

detritus.

 The subject under uncolored water was observed to be

more active as it moved around more as compared to

another subject.

Day 7 – Feb 27, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

seventh day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

48
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 The subject under colorless water had been observed

to be always staying at the bottom of the container.

 The subject under colorless water had its fins

flocking naturally in motion.

 The subject under red-colored water was a bit bigger

as compared to another subject.

 The subject under red-colored water was very active

as it kept on swimming around the tank and its fins

kept on flocking.

 The measured length of subjects was found to be

11.303 cm (under colored water) and 10.9982 cm

(under uncolored water) respectively.

Day 8 – Feb 28, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its eighth

day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

49
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 The subject under red-colored water grew bigger as

compared to another subject.

 The subject under red-colored water just stayed in a

certain area, either on the left side or the right

side of the tank.

 There were no changes observed on the subject under

color-free water.

 The subject under color-free water exhibited

behavior similar to another subject, such as staying

in the same position for a long period of time.

Day 9 – Mar 1, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its ninth

day were the following:

 Subject under uncolored water was kind of active and

exhibited a lot of movements.

 Subject under uncolored water was attentive when you

began to feed it.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

50
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 There were not changes observed on the subject under

uncolored water and it still stayed usually on the

left or right side of the tank.

 Subject under colored water was attentive when you

began to feed it.

 Subject under colored water still demonstrated

normal appetite.

Day 10 – Mar 2, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its tenth

day were the following:

 Subject under colored water tend to have a minimal

movements as it only moved to the each side of the

tank.

 Subject under colored water tend to gasp most of the

time due to lack of oxygen.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

51
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under uncolored water had its conditions

quite similar to another subject.

Day 11 – Mar 3, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

eleventh day were the following:

 Red color on water was slightly faded, making the

water a bit blurry and unclear.

 Subject under uncolored water showed a natural

movement as it kept on swimming around and its fins

flocked naturally.

 Subject under colored water exhibited strange

behaviors.

 Subject under colored water had its movement minimal

and it always stayed at one side of the tank.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

52
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Day 12 – Mar 4, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

twelfth day were the following:

 Subject under colored water looked yellowish due to

change in lighting and tend to move around more.

 Subject under colored water was quite bigger as

compared to another subject.

 Their scales and features were different from each

other since some characteristics on the subject

under colored water were altered due to change in

environment.

Day 13 – Mar 5, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

thirteenth day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

53
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under uncolored water demonstrated oxygen

deficiency in water as it kept gasping for air at

the surface most of the time

 Subject under uncolored water was settling on the

bottom for some short time.

 Subject under colored water settled on the bottom

most of the time, similar to another subject.

 Subject under colored water can swim the volume of

water at short time interval and quite healthier as

compared to another subject.

Day 14 – Mar 6, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

fourteenth day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

54
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under uncolored water seemed fine and there

was no any weakness found in the movement of the

fish.

 Subject under uncolored water kept moving very well

most of the time.

 Subject under colored water was found to be weak as

it did not move a lot unlike another subject.

Day 15 – Mar 7, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

fifteenth day were the following:

 Both subjects exhibited active behavior throughout

the whole time.

 Both subjects kept swimming on their tank which was

completely different from the past few days that

they just stayed in the corner or bottom of the

tank.
“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

55
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 More small bits of detritus could be found in the

tank of subject under colored-water as compared to

another subject’s tank.

Day 16 – Mar 8, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

sixteenth day were the following:

 There were no visible changes observed among the

subjects.

 Attentive behavior on subjects under experiment

could be observed.

 Subject under colored water was seen to be more

active as compared to another subject due to more

detritus found on the tank of the subject under

colored water.

Day 17 – Mar 9. 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

seventeenth day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

56
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under colored water looked very hungry as it

used to eat the food provided to it.

 Subject under colored water drank too much water and

it moved very lively.

 Subject under uncolored water acted normal and

seemed comfortable on its environment.

Day 18 – Mar 10, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

eighteenth day were the following:

 Subject under uncolored water was kind of active as

it used to move to each side of the tank.

 Subject under uncolored water also exhibited normal

appetite as it always eats the food provided to it.

 Subject under colored water was more active, as

compared to past few days. It did not stay in only

one side of the tank which was actually a good sign.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

57
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Day 19 – Mar 11, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

eighteenth day were the following:

 Both subjects had been seen to be active throughout

the day.

 They both exhibited normal appetite as more detritus

could be found at the bottom of their tanks.

 Subject under colored water had more movements as

compared to another subject.

Day 20 – Mar 12, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

twentieth day were the following:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

58
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Subject under colored water does not always stay in

just one side as it used to have a lot of movements

throughout the whole day.

 However, subject under colored water did not

attentively eat the food given to it.

 Subject under uncolored water was active and used to

eat the food given to it.

Day 21 – Mar 13, 2019

The observations made from the experiment on its

twenty-first day were the following:

 Subject under uncolored water seemed to be normal as

it only stayed in the bottom of the tank.

 Subject under colored water had its fins kept

flocking but not changing its position most of the

time.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

59
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

 Both subjects were attentive when they were given

food.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

60
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Table 1. Presentation of Length and Width of Subjects

Before and After

Subject Water color Initial Final Initial Final

length length Weight weight

1 Red 10.16 11.4808 10 g 15 g

cm cm

2 Uncolored 10.16 11.176 10 g 11 g

cm cm

Table 1 shows the presentation of length and width

of subjects before and after the intervention. Both

subjects had similar initial length and weight, 10.16 cm

and 10 grams respectively.

After the intervention, subject under colored water

had its length of 11.4808 cm wherein 1.3208 cm was

increased to its initial length. On the other hand,

subject under uncolored subject had length of 11.176 cm

wherein 1.016 cm was increased to its initial length.

With regards to its weight, subject under

colored water weighed 15 grams wherein 4 grams was

increased to its initial weight. However, subject under

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

61
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

uncolored water weighed 11 grams wherein only 1 gram was

increased to its initial weight.

From the data presented above, it was apparent that

experimental subject weighed heavier and extensive as

compared to another subject.

Table 2. Effect of Tank Color on Feed Utilization and

Condition Factor for Oreochromis niloticus

Subject Water Weight gain Feed Condition

color efficiency factor

1 Red 4 g 0.4 1.30653

2 Uncolored 1 g 2 0.98425

Table 2 presents the effect of tank color on growth

and feed utilization for Oreochromis niloticus which

determines the growth performance of subjects throughout

the intervention.

Subject under colored water had 0.4 as the rate of

its feed efficiency while the control subject got 2. Both

subjects were only fed by toasted bread twice a day.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

62
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Feed efficiency is a good indication of how

efficient a feed or a feeding strategy can be. The lower

the FCR (feed conversion ratio), the higher the weight

gain obtained from the feed.

In connection with the data presented above, the

experimental subject got the lowest FCR which means the

change in water color stimulates feeding motivation on

the subject.

On the other hand, condition factor is an indicator

of the general fish condition. It is used to assess the

status of the aquatic ecosystem in which fish live. When

the value of condition factor is higher, this means that

the fish has reared in a better condition, such as less

stress, better water quality, availability of well-

balanced feeds, etc.

As stated above, experimental subject had condition

factor of 1.30653 while the control subject got 0.98425.

Experimental subject had the highest condition factor

which means that it was healthier as compared to another

subject when it comes to overall aspects.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

63
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the findings

based on the gathered data relative to the problems cited

in Chapter 1 of this study.

This also includes the conclusions drawn derived

from the findings and the recommendations.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Organized according to the specific questions of the

study, the following were the findings of the study.

1. In terms of length, experimental subject had its

length of 11.4808 cm wherein 1.3208 cm was added to its

initial length. On the other hand, control subject had

length of 11.176 cm wherein 1.016 cm was added to its

initial length.

On the other hand, with regards to the weight,

experimental subject weighed 15 grams wherein 4 grams was

added to its initial weight. However, the control subject

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

64
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

weighed 11 grams wherein only 1 gram was added to its

initial weight.

Concerning to the feed efficiency of both subjects,

experimental subject had 0.4 as the rate of its feed

efficiency while the control subject got 2. On the other

hand, experimental subject had condition factor of

1.30653 while the control subject got 0.98425.

2. Experimental subject had been observed to be

active throughout the intervention as it kept flocking

its fins and moved around the tank. Its scales and some

parts of its body became yellowish and this was due to

the change of lighting in environment. However, it also

turned to its original color afterwards and did not last

long. After the intervention, its tail also became tinted

with red due to the food coloring used to tint the water.

It also demonstrated normal appetite as it always

had many pieces of detritus found at the bottom of the

tank. However, it was not attentive when you began to

feed it.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

65
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

With regards to the control subject, it usually

stayed on the bottom of the tank but also moved around

actively sometimes. It used to gasp every time at the

surface of the water. As compared to another subject, it

was attentive and quick to take the food given to it. It

also exhibited normal appetite as many pieces of detritus

were found at the bottom of the tank every time.

3. There is a significant relationship between the

water color and growth of Oreochromis niloticus

(tilapia). Data presented above showed the difference

between two subjects in terms of weight gain, length,

feed efficiency and condition factor. Experimental

subject was seen to be extensive and healthier as

compared to control subject. This means that water color

plays a vital role when it comes to growth and

performance of fish.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the findings of the study, the following

conclusions were drawn:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

66
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

1. Behavior and performance of fishes differ when

placed and cultured into tanks with different color.

2. Fishes placed and cultured in red-colored water

grow healthier and bigger as compared to fish maintained

in uncolored water.

3. Water color plays a vital role in growth and

performance of fishes. The importance of water color was

given emphasis by the results of feed efficiency and

condition factor of both subjects wherein it was

eventually found that experimental subject was healthier

and more extensive than control subject.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of the aforementioned conclusion, the

following recommendations are hereby offered.

1. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources should

conceptualize, implement and integrate programs,

facilities and projects that would be an instrument

to help easily enrich fishing production in the

industry.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

67
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

2. Scientific community should continue working to

fully understand the impact of water color on the

behavior of fish which would give future researchers

insight and new ideas.

3. Community should take actions to minimize this

emerging problem in the fishing industry.

4. Fisher folks should develop and conceptualize

strategies that would aid growth and performance of

fishes. This would help them to completely

understand the nature of fishes and thus, helping

them develop solutions and further meet the world’s

growing demand for fish and make the life of people

more convenient.

5. Future researchers should dig deeper regarding this

study to enhance the problem faced by the fisher

folks.

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

68
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

REFERENCES:

Guerrero, R.D. III. (1991). Philippine fisheries sector:

problems and recommendations Philippine Council for

Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, Los Banos,

Laguna Philippines Univ., Los Banos, College, Laguna

Philippines. Retrieved from http://agris.fao.org/agris-

search/search.do?recordID=PH9210596

Dalzell P., P. Corpuz, R. Ganaden and D. Pauly, 1987.

Estimation of Maximum Sustainable Yield and Maximum

Economic Rent from the Philippine Small Pelagic

Fisheries: BFAR Tech Pap. Ser. 10(3): 23 p.

National Statistics Office. 2000.

Food and Culture Organization (2004). Fishery and

Aquaculture Country Profiles. Retrieved from

http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/PHL/en

Meakin C. (2011). Growth, behaviour and colour changes of

juvenile King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctata)

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

69
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

mediated by light intensities. Retrieved from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288330.2011

.608687

Boeuf G, Le Bail PY (1999). Does light have an influence

on fish growth? Aquaculture 177: 129 152. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/15314656/Does_light_have_an_influ

ence_on_fish_growth

De Robertis A, Ryer CH, Veloza A, Brodeur RD 2003.

Differential effects of turbidity on prey consumption of

piscivorous and planktivorous fish. Canadian Journal of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60: 15171526. Retrieved

from http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f03-

123

Rickel S, Genin A (2005). Twilight transitions in coral

reef fish: the input of light-induced changes in foraging

behaviour. Animal Behaviour 70: 133 144. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222663675_Twilig

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

70
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

ht_transitions_in_coral_reef_fish_The_input_of_light-

induced_changes_in_foraging_behaviour

Wallace JC, Kolbeinshavn A, Aasjord D. (1988).

Observations on the effect of light-intensity on the

growth of arctic charr fingerlings (Salvelinus alpinus)

and salmon fry (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 72: 8184.

Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848

688901482/pdf?md5=c7b890036a3e11bbfdf82c45a2f0e8ba&pid=1-

s2.0-0044848688901482-main.pdf&_valck=1

Downing G, Litvak MK. (1999). The influence of light

intensity on growth of larval haddock. North American

Journal of Aquaculture 61: 135140. Retrieved from

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1577/1548-

8454(1999)061%3C0135:TIOLIO%3E2.0.CO;2/full

Soderberg RW. (1990). Temperature effects on the growth

of blue tilapia in intensive aquaculture. The Progressive

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

71
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Fish-Culturist 52: 155157. Retrieved from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=sR-

9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Soderberg+RW+1990.+Temperat

ure+effects+on+the+growth+of+blue+tilapia+in+intensive+aq

uaculture.+The+Progressive+Fish-

Cultu&source=bl&ots=bCozmuZ7dD&sig=Vz-

iXbl7Vk8xOqqPsCmWxHDpbtU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLuIzn1PHf

AhXPTn0KHbXyC9IQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ

Cerqueira VR, Brugger AM. (2001). Effect of light

intensity on initial survival of fat snook Centropomus

parallelus (Pisces: Centropomidae) larvae. Brazilian

Archives of Biology and Technology 44: 343349. Retrieved

from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848

688901482/pdf?md5=c7b890036a3e11bbfdf82c45a2f0e8ba&pid=1-

s2.0-0044848688901482-main.pdf&_valck=1

Oppedal F, Juell JE, Taranger GL, Hansen T. (2001).

Artificial light and season affects vertical distribution

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

72
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

and swimming behaviour of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in

sea cages. Journal of Fish Biology 58: 15701584.

Marchesan M, Spoto M, Verginella L, Ferrero EA. (2005).

Behavioural effects of artificial light on fish species of

commercial interest. Fisheries Research 73: 171185.

Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-

8649.2001.tb02313.x

Johansson D, Ruohonen K, Kiessling A, Oppedal F, Stiansen

JE, Kelly M, Juell JE 2006. Effect of environmental

factors on swimming depth preferences of Atlantic salmon

(Salmo salar L.) and temporal and spatial variations in

oxygen levels in sea cages at a fjord site. Aquaculture

254: 594605. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016578

3604003133

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

73
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Appelbaum S, Kamler E. (2000). Survival, growth,

metabolism and behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell

1822) early stages under different light conditions.

Aquacultural Engineering 22: 269 287. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014486

0900000546

Puvanendran V, Brown JA. (2002). Foraging, growth and

survival of Atlantic cod larvae reared in different light

intensities and photoperiods. Aquaculture 214: 131151.

Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223938293_Foragi

ng_growth_and_survival_of_Atlantic_cod_larvae_reared_in_d

ifferent_light_intensities_and_photoperiods

Battaglene SC, McBride S, Talbot RB. (1994). Swim bladder

inflation in larvae of cultured sand whiting, Sillago

ciliata Cuvier (Sillaginidae). Aquaculture 128: 177192.

Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223472638_Swim_b

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

74
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

ladder_inflation_in_larvae_of_cultured_sand_whiting_Silla

go_ciliata_Cuvier_Sillaginidae

Utne-Palm A. C., M. Breen, S. Lokkeborg, O-B. Humborstad.

(2018). Behavioural responses of krill and cod to

artificial light in laboratory experiment. Retrieved from

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/jour

nal.pone.0190918

Mangilog P. (2017). Aklan fisheries production declines

in 2016. Retrieved from

https://aklanforum.blogspot.com/2017/07/aklan-fisheries-

production-declines-in.html

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

75
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Appendix A: LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE PRINCIPAL

January 30, 2019

HON. JULIO M. ESTOLLOSO

School Principal
Melchor Memorial School Inc.
Laguinbanua, Ibajay, Aklan

Dear Hon. Estolloso:

Greetings!

Research Capstone is the stepping stone of success in every student’s

life. It enables students to utilize their higher order thinking skills
in connecting their projects to community’s issues, helping students in
their next stage of life with the different skills and abilities they
learned throughout the process.

At present, Grade-12 Sapphire of Melchor Memorial School Inc is having

their capstone project in fulfillment of the requirements for Research
Capstone. On behalf of my groupmates, we are conducting an experimental
study with a title of “3-Week Assessment of Effectiveness of Water Color
in Growth and Performance of Oreochromis niloticus” that aims to
evaluate the effects of water color on fishes in terms of weight gain,
length, feed efficiency and condition factor. However, for this
experiment to be fully implemented and conducted, we need sufficient
amount of budget for the materials needed.

In view thereof, we would like to ask financial assistance from your

good office to hold the expenses for the following materials:

 2 Oreochromis niloticus or tilapia - ₱300.00

 Fish food/feeds - ₱100.00
 Dye/food coloring (i.e blue, green, red) - ₱30.00
 2 ream of short coupon bond - ₱400.00

Your immediate and positive response on the abovementioned request will

be highly appreciated.
Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

ANDREA A. IGUP
Researcher/Group Representative

Noted:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

76
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

MICHAELA ALEJANDREI SOLANO

Research Capstone Adviser

Approved by:

JULIO M. ESTOLLOSO
School Principal

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

77
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

APPENDIX B: CURRICULUM VITAE

Curriculum Vitae

ANDREA A. IGUP

Aquino, Ibajay, Aklan

09303333126

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 23, 2001

Place of Birth: Quezon City

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 17

Height: 4’9

Weight: 75 kg.

Father’s Name: Eduardo A. Igup

Occupation: Salesman

Mother’s Name: Salvacion A. Igup

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Angelica A. Igup

Abigail A. Igup

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

78
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Solido Elementary School

Solido, Nabas, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

79
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

ALLAYNA MARIE R. FERNANDEZ

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

09454807618

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: January 27, 2001

Place of Birth: Kalibo, Aklan

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 18

Height: 5'1

Weight: 47 kg.

Father’s Name: Allan Jay M. Fernandez

Occupation: Deceased

Mother’s Name: Rafaela Rosemarie R. Fernandez

Occupation: Government Employee

Sibling’s Name: None

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

80
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Laguinbanwa Elementary School

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

81
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

DANICA L. ALAG

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

09070588902

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 25, 2000

Place of Birth: Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Akln

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 18

Height: 5'3

Weight: 51 kg.

Father’s Name: Rondio G. Alag

Occupation: Carpenter

Mother’s Name: Marites L. Alag

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Mary Joy L. Alag

Roselyn L. Alag

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

82
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Jhon Mark L. Alag

Rosie Ann L. Alag

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Laguinbanwa Elementary School

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

83
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

JENO M. VILLANUEVA

Bagacay, Ibajay, Aklan

09101859564

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: December 7, 2000

Place of Birth: Ibajay District Hospital

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 18

Height: 5'3

Weight: 47 kg.

Father’s Name: Noel S. Villanueva

Occupation: Laborer

Mother’s Name: Ellen M. Villanueva

Occupation: Teacher

Sibling’s Name: Jezebel M. Villanueva

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

84
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Unat-Bagacay Elementary School

Unat, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

85
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

DANICA S. SAUS

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

09957222499

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: August 22, 2000

Place of Birth: Ibajay District Hospital

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Born Again Christian

Age: 18

Height: 5'2

Weight: 60 kg.

Father’s Name: Pedrito C. Saus

Occupation: Government Employee

Mother’s Name: Evangeline Saus

Occupation: Housewife

Siblings Name: James Ryan S. Saus

Jhon Raymund S. Saus

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

86
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Jade S. Saus

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Ibajay Central School

Poblacion, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

87
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

RALPH G. TRINIDAD

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

09063339721

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 26, 2000

Place of Birth: Ibajay District Hospital

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 18

Height: 5’3

Weight: 55 kg.

Father’s Name: Roger T. Trinidad

Occupation: Deceased

Mother’s Name: Marivic G. Trinidad

Occupation: Food Vendor

Siblings Name: Roselyn Mae Trinidad

Rovhic Chris Trinidad

_________________________________________________________

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

88
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Laguinbanwa Elementary School

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

89
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

RAMIA C. JONGAY

Naile, Ibajay, Aklan

09091570042

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 10, 2000

Place of Birth: Naile, Ibajay, Aklan

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Assemblies of God

Age: 18

Height: 5'1

Weight: 50 kg.

Father’s Name: Reynaldo B. Jongay

Occupation: Farmer & Local Pastor

Mother’s Name: Regina C. Jongay

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Ricardo C. Jongay

Riza C. Jongay

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

90
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Rolly C. Jongay

Rachel Jongay

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Naile Elementary School

Naile, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

91
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

MAICAH MAE A. TAMBO-ONG

San Isidro, Ibajay, Aklan

09955168219

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: February.2,2000

Place of Birth: San Isidro,Ibajay,Aklan

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 19

Height: 5'3

Weight: 48 kg.

Father’s Name: Reden Tambo-ong

Occupation: Fish Vendor

Mother’s Name: Dailen Tambo-ong

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Trixie Mae Tambo-ong

Kaye Ruzzel Tambo-ong

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

92
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Ashley Jean Tambo-ong

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: San Isidro Elementary School

San Isidro, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

93
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

LEOBEN LYLE L. TEODOSIO

Regador, Ibajay, Aklan

09276410243

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 8, 1999

Place of Birth: Kalibo, Aklan

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 19

Height: 5’4

Weight: 45

Father’s Name: Lyle T. Teodosio

Occupation: Deceased

Mother’s Name: Lilibeth L. Teodosio

Occupation: Teacher

Sibling’s Name: Lexie Lhouise L. Teodosio

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

94
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Lyra Claire L. Teodosio

Llana Mae L. Teodosio

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Naisud Central School

Naisud, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2011-2012

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

95
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

ANTHONY M. MAAGMA

Agbago, Ibajay, Aklan

09476533856

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 30, 1999

Place of Birth: Agbago, Ibajay, Aklan

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Seventh Day Adventist

Age: 19

Height: 5'8

Weight: 48 kg.

Father’s Name: Antonio S. Maagma Jr.

Occupation: Physician

Mother’s Name: Lilibeth M. Maagma

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Angel Lee M. Maagma

Andrew Louie M. Maagma

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

96
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Andrian Lloyd M. Maagma

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Agbago Elementary School

Agbago, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

97
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae

JOHN PAUL NALANGAN

Aslum, Ibajay, Aklan

09276410243

_________________________________________________________

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: May 23 2000

Place of Birth: Ibajay District Hospital

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Age: 18

Height: 5’5

Weight: 48 kg.

Father’s Name: Pablo M. Nalangan Sr.

Occupation: Deceased

Mother’s Name: Julinda M. Nalangan

Occupation: Housewife

Sibling’s Name: Monica M. Nalangan

Nira M. Nalangan

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

98
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

Pablo M. Nalangan

Joanna M. Nalangan

_________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: Melchor Memorial School, Inc.

Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2018-2019

PRIMARY: Ibajay Central School

Poblacion, Ibajay, Aklan

S.Y 2012-2013

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

99
 MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan
Trunklines:289-2316; 289-2828; 289-2799
Email: [email protected]

“In MMSI, we Mold and Maintain our Student with Integrity, Intelligence and Industry”

100