Yeshassu 2019

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
ZILLAPANCHAYATH, RAMANAGARA

Department of Public Instruction,

Ramanagara District

YASHASSU:2019-20

A BUNCH OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR SSLC STUDENTS

SUBJECT: SCIENCE
VALUABLE GUIDANCE:
SRI . SOMASHEKARAIAH SRI . GANGAMARE GOWDA M H,
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (ADMIN), DEPUTY DIRECTOR (Development),
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
RAMANAGARA DIST. RAMANAGARA DIST.

DIRECTED BY:
Mr. SOMALINGAIAH P, EDUCATION OFFICER,DDPI OFFICE,RAMANAGARA
Mr. SURESH, EDUCATION OFFICER,DDPI OFFICE,RAMANAGARA
Mrs. PAVITHRA DEVI, SUBJECT INSPECTOR –SCIENCE, DDPI OFFICE, RAMANAGAR
RESOURCE TEAM:
1. Mr. RAGAVENDRA MAYYA, ASST TEACHER, GHS BYRAPATTANA, CHANNAPATNA
2. . Mr. SWAMY T, ASST TEACHER, GGJC, CHANNAPATNA

3. Mr. VINAY D, ASST TEACHER, GHS, KUNAGAL, RAMANAGARA

4. Mr. RAMESH PANDITH N, ASST TEACHER, GHS SUGGANAHALLI, MAGADI
5. Mr. ANIL KUMAR C N, ASST TEACHER, GHS ARALALUSANDRA, RAMANAGARA
6. Mr. VINAY KUMAR S ,ASST TEACHER, KPS ARALALUSANDRA, CHANNAPATNA
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7. Mr. MARUTESH ,ASST TEACHER, JAIN VIDYANIKETAN, KANAKAPURA

MARKS DISTRIBUTION FOR THEMES AND THE UNITS COVERD UNDER THEMES:

SL.NO THEMES UNITS TOTAL

MARKS
1. MATERIALS IN  CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
DAILY LIFE  ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
 METAL AND NON METALS
25
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELIMENTS
2. WORLD OF  LIFE PROCESS
LIVING  CONTROL AND COORDINATION
22
 HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
3. NATURAL  LIGHT: REFLECTION AND
PHENOMENA REFRACTION
12
 HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL
WORLD
4. HOW DO  ELECTRICITY
THINGS  MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTIC
13
WORK? CURRENT

5. NATURAL  SOURCES OF ENERGY

RESOURCES  OUR ENVIRONMENT
08
 MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
TOTAL 80

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1: ELECTRICITY
1.
Measuring Mathematical
Definition SI Unit
Device form

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1 Electric
ampere
Current:- The rate of flow of electric charges Ammeter
(A)

2 Potential Amount of work done to move a unit

Difference:- positive charge from one point to Voltmeter volt(V)
another in the electric field

3 Resistance:- The opposition offered by a

Ohmmeter ohm(
conductor for the flow of electrons

2. State Ohm’s Law and express mathematically.

The current (I), flowing in a metallic wire and the potential Difference (V) across its terminal in an electric circuit
is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature remains the same.
= constant ;
3. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depends?
(A)Length of conductor (B) Area of Cross section
(C) Material of conductor (D) Temperature
4. Define Electric Power . Mention its SI unit
Rate of doing electric work or rate of electrical energy consumed.
SI unit:- Watt (W )
Note:-
P=VI P = I2R P= P= P=
5. State Joule’s law of Heating . Express it in the equation form.
Heat produced in a resistor is (I)directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance (II)resistance
for a given current, and (III)time for which the current flows through the resistor.
H = I2Rt
6. Tungsten is used in electric bulbs. Why?
The melting point of tungsten is 3380oC and has high resistance. So that the electric energy can easily change into
heat energy and then light energy.
7. What are the features of fuse wire?
(a) Low melting point (around 200oC) (b) High resistance
8. Fuse is a safety device. How?
Fuse wire is placed in series in alive wire of electric circuit. If the current in the circuit is increased the fuse wire
gets heated and melts. This results in breakdown of an electric circuit.
9. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6V battery?
Solution:
Data: Q= 1 Coulomb, Potential difference (V) = 6V, work done or enegy given =?
work done or energy given = VQ= 6 x 1 = 6J
10. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2C across 2 points having a potential difference 12V?
11. A charge of 400C flows through a conductor for 13 minutes and 20 seconds. Find the magnitude of current
flowing through the conductor.
Solution:
Data: Q= 400 Coulomb, time (t) = 13 min 20 s= 800 s, Current (I) =?
Current

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12. A charge of 5000C flows through a conductor for 2 hours and 30 minutes .Find the magnitude of current
flowing through the conductor.
13. The specific resistance of copper is 1.62 x10-8 . What do you mean by the statement.
The resistance offered by copper wire of length 1m, area of cross section 1m2 is 1.62 x 10-8
14. Three resistors 3 , 6 , 4 are connected in series. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
Solution : As resistors are connected in series,

15. Three resistors 3 , 6 , 4 are connected in parallel. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
Solution : As resistors are connected in parallel,

16. If the total resistance between the points A and B is 2 then

calculate r3.
Solution : As resistors are connected in parallel,

17. Calculate the total resistance in the following circuits.

(a) (b) (c)

18. Calculate the monthly bill

for a heater of resistance 40 , which is used on 220V mains, such that its daily use is for 5 hours. The cost
of electric energy is Rs 3.60 per kWh. Solution:
Resistance of heater = 40 , Potential Difference = 220V , time = 5 hrs
Power =
Energy consumed in 5 hrs = p X t = 1210 x 5 = 6050 Wh
Energy consumed in a month = 6050 x 30 = 181500Wh = kWh = 181.5 kWh
Monthly bill = 181.5 x 3.6 =Rs 653.40
19. Calculate the monthly bill for a heater of resistance 20 , which is used on 240V mains, such that its daily
use is for 2 hours. The cost of electric energy is Rs 4.30 per kWh.
20. An electric heater is rated as 1200W – 220V. Calculate the current flowing through it and resistance of
heating element.
21. Remember:-(a) 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J

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(b) 1 HP = 750 W
(c) 1 C = Total charge on 6.25 X 1018 electrons
(d) Charge on one electron = 1. 6 X 10-19 C
22. Define specific resistance.
It is the amount of resistance offered by a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross section
SI unit is . It is mathematically expressed as
23. Observe the following table:
Which of the following is best suitable for usage in electric Material Specific resistance
circuits . Justify your answer. (
Silver is best conductor.Out of the given conductors its specific Silver 1.6 X 10-8
resistance or resistivity is the least. i.e., 1.6 X 10 -8 and hence Nickel 6.84 X 10-8
offers less resistance for the flow of electric current through it. Germanium 0.45
24. How many 9 resistors( in parallel) are required to carry 4A Glass 10 - 1014
10

on 12V battery ?
Solution:
Current ( = 4A, Potential Difference (V) = 12 V,
Total resistance of the circuit ( when resistors are in parallel) ( )=

n=3
25. How many 12 resistors( in parallel) are required to carry 2A on 4V battery ?
26. The adjoining graph is a V-I graph. Calculate resistance from the graph.

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27. Remember:

28. Draw the circuit diagram to verify Ohm‟s law

XY – Nichrome wire

A – ammeter

V - voltmeter

K – plug key

+v …..-v - cells/ battery

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29. Draw a circuit diagram to show series connection of resistors.

30. Draw a circuit diagram to show parallel

connection of resistors.

31. Mention the factors that affect resistivity of a material.

(a) Length of the conductor (b) Thickness/ area of cross section of the conductor

32. Draw a simple electric circuit comprising of a bulb, a cell, a plug key and an ammeter.

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Chapter 2: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current.

1) Mention the effects of electric current.
(a) Heating Effect (b) Chemical effect (c) Magnetic effect

2) Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
The compass needle gets deflected due to the magnetic field around a bar magnet.

3) e raaraWaa Wah rarhaWa ta htat aireeWa hac eWtat a tahW?

 Field lines are closed
 It starts from north pole to south pole outside the bar magnet.
 Lines of force repel each other.
 They do not intersect each other.

4) What is the inference of Oersted’s experiment?

Magnetic field is produced around a current carrying conductor.

5) Why do not two magnetic lines of force intersect with each other?
If two magnetic lines of force intersect each other it would mean that there are two directions of the magnetic
field at the point of intersection, which is not possible.

6) State the rule which is used to find the direction of induced current. Or State Fleming's right hand rule.
Fleming's right hand rule states that, if the fore finger, middle finger and thumb of the right hand are stretched
at right angles to each other, with the fore finger in the direction of the field and the thumb in the direction of
the motion of the wire, then the current in the wire is in the direction of the middle finger.

7) How do you increase the intensity of magnetic field around a solenoid?

(a) Increase the number of turns
(b) Magnitude of current.

8) Define electromagnetic induction.

A changing magnetic field linking the conductor induces electromotive force in the conductor. This
phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

9) A static magnet doesn’t induce electromotive force in a stationary coil of wire. Why?
As there is no relative motion between the coil and the magnet, there is no change in magnetic field linking
the coil. Hence emf is not induced in the coil.

10) Current induced during Faraday’s experiment is not direct current. Why?
As the magnetic field is changing , the current induced is not direct current.

11) Define a Dynamo (Generator).

A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is called a dynamo. It works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.

12) Define Motor.

A device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is called a motor.

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Its principle is: A current carrying conductor kept in magnetic field experiences mechanical force.

13) Differentiate between Alternating current and Direct current.

Alternating current changes its direction every half cycle
Direct current flows in a single direction.

14) What are Commutators?

The arrangement of split rings in a DC dynamo allows current to flow in a single direction in the external
circuit.

15) What are transformers?

Transformers are devices used to increase or decrease emf of alternating current.

16) Transformers are not used in circuits of direct current. Why?

Because no change in magnetic field.

17) Differentiate between AC dynamo and DC dynamo

AC DYNAMO DC DYNAMO
1 The ends of the coil are connected to The ends of the coil are connected to split rings
slip rings
2 The direction of current in external The direction of current in external circuit
circuit changes every half cycle doesn‟t change every half cycle

18) Differentiate between Dynamo and motor.

Dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy whereas motor is a device that
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

19) State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

1st law: A changing magnetic field linking a coil induces emf in the coil.
2nd law: The magnitude of induced emf is proportional to rate of change of magnetic field linking the coil.

20) List out the factors affecting induced emf.

 Number of turns of the coil
 Strength of magnet
 Rate of change of magnetic field
 Area of the coil
21) State right hand thumb rule.
Imagine that you are holding a current carrying conductor in your right hand.
Thumb indicates the direction of flow of current.
Other four fingers indicate the direction of magnetic field around it.

22) State Fleming’s left hand rule. OR state motor rule.

Fleming's left hand rule states that, if the fore finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand are stretched
at right angles to each other, the fore finger indicates the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger
indicates direction of current in the coil then, the thumb represents the motion of the coil( mechanical force
acting on the coil).

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23) What is mutual induction?

If the current in one coil changes (primary coil) it induces current in the other coil (secondary coil) placed in
near it . This phenomenon is called mutual induction.

24) When does short circuit take place?

When the insulation of the wires get damaged the live wire comes in contact with neutral wire directly and
the current in the circuit increases ubruptly. This is called short circuiting.

25) What is the function of earthing wires?

The metallic body is connected to the earth wire which provides a low resistance conducting path for
the current. Thus it ensures any leakage of the current to the metallic body of the appliance keeps its potential
to that of the earth. And the user may not get a severe electric shock.

26) Remember :
Type of coil Pattern of Magnetic field lines
egtwrthg artS Concentric circles

At every point in a circular coil it is concentric circles and at the centre it is

Circular coil straight line

Outside the solenoid the lines of force are as in bar magnet, where as inside
the lines of forece are parallel to each other.
eloSelrS

27) In a simple electric circuit if magnetic needle is brought near a straight copper wire then the direction of
deflection of magnetic needle is :

(a) SOUTH NORTH OVER MAGNETIC

NEEDLE DEFLECTS TO WEST - SNOW

(b) NORTH SOUTH OVER MAGNETIC

NEEDLE DEFLECTS TO EAST - NSOE

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28. How do you think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if:
(i) Current in the rod AB is increased
(ii) a strong Horse shoe magnet is used and
(iii) length of the rod is increased?
we know that ,A current carrying conductor kept in
magnetic field experiences mechanical force.
here, Mechanical Force, B – Magnetic Field , - Electric
current, length of the conductor

In all the situations stated in the question the displacement

increases as the mechanical force increases.

29. If the current given to coil 1 changes the needle of the galvanometer connected to the coil 2 deflects. Why?
Name the phenomenon.

If current in coil 1 changes, then the magnetic field

around it also changes. The coil 2 is placed in the region of
changing magnetic field and current is induced in coil 2.
Hence the needle deflects.
This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

30. Draw a neat labelled figure of a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.OR Draw a neat
labelled figure of electric motor.

31. Draw a neat labelled figure of a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.OR Draw a neat
labelled figure of electric generator.

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32. Draw a neat figure to represent magnetic lines of force around a straight wire current carrying conductor

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Chapter-3: LIGHT- Reflection and Refraction

1. Terms related to Mirrors and Lenses

Pole of mirror Center of the Spherical Mirror

Optic Center Center of the Lens

Center of The center of the sphere of which the reflecting(refracting) surface of a spherical
Curvature mirror(lens) forms a part.

Radius of The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting ( refracting) surface of a spherical
Curvature mirror(lens) forms a part

Principal Axis A straight line passing through the pole and the center of curvature of a spherical
mirror.

Principal Focus The point on principal axis at which the rays after reflection( refraction) actually (or
appear to) meet

Focal Length The distance between the centre of mirror (lens) and the principal focus

Aperture The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical Mirror

2. State laws of reflection.

1.The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray , the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the same
plane.

3. State laws of Refraction.

1. The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for the light of a given
colour and for the given pair of media. (Snell‟s Law)
4. List the difference between Reflection and Refraction of Light.

Reflection of Light Refraction of Light

When light is incident on a smooth polished surface 1. when light travels obliquely from one medium to
it bounces back to same medium. other medium of varying optical densities it changes
Eg: when light is incident on mirrors it reflects its path(bends)
Eg: when light tavels from air to water it bends

5. List out the differences between Real image and Virtual image

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Real Image Virtual Image

1.It can be taken on a screen. 1. It can‟t be taken on a screen.

2. It is formed in front of the mirror. 2. It is formed behind the mirror.

3. It is always inverted 3. It is always erect

4. The rays of light actually meet at a point after 4. The ray of light appear to diverge from a point
reflection or refraction. after reflection or refraction.

6. What are the differences between Concave and Convex Mirrors.

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

1. Both real and virtual images are formed 1. Images are always virtual and very small

2. Both inverted and erect images are formed 2. Images are always erect

7. List out the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

1. The Image formed is always virtual and erect 2.The size of the image is equal to that of the object. 3. The
image is laterally inverted.

8. Explain the experiment ofRefraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab.

PO – Incident Ray

O’S – Emergent ray

OO’- Refractedray

MM’ – perpendicular drawn

NN’- perpendiculardrawn

ABCD- Glass
When theSlab
light ray is incident

on glass slab obliquely it travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, that is from air to glass and the light
ray bends towards the normal. Later the light ray emerging out from the glass slab travels from glass to air that is
from a denser medium to a rarer medium and now the light ray bends away from the normal. Emergent ray is
parallel to the direction of the incident ray.

9. On what factors do refractive Index of a material depend?

1. Nature of an object 2. Density of medium 3.The relative speed of propagation of light

10. On what factors do the lateral shift (displacement) of light depend during refraction of light?
1. Angle of incidence 2. Refractive index of the medium 3. Nature of the medium
4. Wavelength of incident ray.

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11. List the uses of Mirrors and Lenses.

Concave Mirror Torch, Search-light,Vehicle headlights, Shaving mirrors, Solar furnace, Dentist
use Concave mirror to see large images of the teeth

Convex Mirror Rear view Mirror

Concave Lens Spectacles, Binoculars, Torch lights

Convex Lens Microscopes, Telescopes, Binoculars

12. Mention the reason for the refraction of light.

The change in the speed of the light when travelling from one medium to another medium

13. What is refractive Index? Mention the refractive index of water.

The extent of the change in direction that take place in a given pair of media is expressed in term of Refractive
Index.
Refractive index of water n=1.33.

14. Define The power of a lens. Write its SI unit.

Thepower of lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.Or
The degree of measure of ability of lens to converge or diverge the rays of light incident on it.
SI unit : dioptre
P = 1/f
15. Whatis Magnification?
Theratio between the height of the image to the height of the object.
16. Definea1adioptre. mention the Power of Concave and Convex lenses.
A lens is said to have a power of 1 dioptre, if its focal length is 1 metre. 1D=1m-1. The power of a convex lens is
positive and concave lens is negative.

17. If the image formed by a spherical mirror for all position of the object placed in front of it is always erect
and diminished. What type of mirror is it. Draw a labelled diagram to support your answer.

CONVEX MIRROR.

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18.The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What do you mean by this statement?

It means that the velocity of light in diamond is 2.42 times lesser than the speed of light in vacuum.

19. A student focuses the image of a candle flame placed at about 2m from a convex lens of focal length 10cm
on a screen. After that he moves gradually the flame towards the lens and each time focuses its image on the
screen.
a) In which direction does he move the lens to focus the flame on the screen?
Ans: The student moves the lens away from the screen to focus the image.
b)What happens to the size of the image of the flame formed on the screen?
Ans: The size of the image increases.
c)What difference is seen in the intensity of the image of the flame on the screen?
Ans: intensity decreses.
d)What is seen on the screen when the flame is very close(about 5cm) to the lens?
Ans: No image formed on the screen. A virtual image formed behind the candle

20. A student used a device (x) to obtain or focus the image of a wall illuminated distant building on a screen
placed 8cm form the device. What is the name of the device(x). Find its focal length.

Ans: Convex lens of focal length 8cm.

21. A student very cautiously traces the path of a ray through a glass slab for the different values of the angle of
incidence ( He then measures the corresponding values of the angle of refraction ( and the angle of
emergence( for every values of the angle of incidence. On analysing these measurement of angles what is his
conclusion.

Ans: . Because the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. The angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of emergence. The refracted ray travels from a rarer medium it bents towards the normal. Thus the angle of
incidence is greater then the angle of refraction.

22. Analyse the following data showing variation of image distance with object distance in case of convex lens
and answer the following questions without doing any calculation.

Sl.no U v
1 -100 +25
2 -60 +30
3 -40 +40
4 -30 +60
5 -25 +100
6 -15 +120

a)What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason to justify your answer.

Ans: When the image distance of an object is same. It means that the object is placed 2f then the image is formed at
2f. Therefore 2f=40cm, f=20cm

b) Write the serial number of the observation which is not correct. On what basis have you arrived at this conclusion.

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Serial number 6 is incorrect. Given that the object is placed at 15cm which is between the focal length and the lens.
The image should be formed on the same side of the object.

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Points to remember:

Snell‟s law: Constant

Absolute refractive Index =

Mirror Lens

FocalLength

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Magnification

Power

Problems:

Note :
 The focal length of concave mirror is –ve and that of a convex mirror is +ve
 The focal length of concave lens is –ve and that of a convex lens is +ve
 The power of concave lens is –ve and that of a convex lens is +ve
 The object distance is always negative ( both in mirror and lens)
 Magnification, m=1, Height of object is equal to height of image.
 m>1 Height of object is lesser than height of image
m<1 Height of object is greater than height of image
 Magnification of real image is -ve
 Magnification of virtual image is +ve.
1) If the Magnification of an object of 1m is 2, find the height of the Image?

2) If the radius ofcurvature of a mirror is 03cm then find the Focal length

3) If the angle ofincidence of a light ray in air medium is450, angle of refraction in the medium of glass is 300,,
then find therefractive Index.

=√
4) The image is formed at the distance of 15 cm by a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the Object
distance.

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5) The focal length of aconvex lens is 03cm.Find the Power of Lens.

= 0.1m

6) Two thin lenses of focal lengths +10cm and -5cm are kept in contact. What is the focal length and power of
combination.

Power =

For more practice:

1. A student uses a lens of focal length +50cm and another student uses a lens of -50cm . discuss the nature
and find power of lens
2. The power of a lens is -2.0 D find the nature and focal length of the lens.
3. An object of height 5 cm is placed at a distance of 40cm from a convex lens of focal length 50cm.
Calculate the size, position and nature of image formed.
4. The speed of light in water is 2.25x108m/s and in vacuum it is 3x108m/s Calculate the refractive index of
water.
5. An object of height 2 cm is placed at a distance of 16cm from a concave mirror. The mirror forms a real
image of height 3cm. Calculate position of image formed and the focal length of the mirror.

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Chapter 4: The Human Eye and the colourful world

1.Write the different parts of the eye and their functions.

Sl. Parts of the eye Functions

No.
1 Sclera It protects the eye ball
2 Coroid It consists of blood vessels and nerve. Receives pain
3 Retina A light sensetive membrane. Helps to form image.
4 Rod cells Receives dim light but doesnot identify colours.
5 Cone cells Receives bright light and identify colours.
6 Corona A transparent membrane through which light ray enter.
7 Irish It controls the size of the pupil and gives colour to the eye.
8 Pupil It regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.
9 Crystalline lens It refract the light rays and enables the accomodation of the eye.
10 Ciliary muscles It enables the crystalline lens to fix in its place.
11 Vitreous and Avoids loosening of layers of the eye and helps in reflection of
aquous humoue light.
12 Optic nerve Sends signals to the optic centre of the brain.
13 Light sensitive Gets activated upon illumination and generates electrical signals.
cells

1. Explain defects of vision and their remedies.

Defects of Meaning Reason Remedies
vision
Myopia A person with myopia can see 1. Far points is nearer than infinity. Usage of
nearby objects clearly but 2. excessive curvature of the eye concave lens
cannot see distant objects lens. of suitable
distinctly. 3. elongation of the eyeball. power.
Hypermetropia A person with hypermetropia 1. The near point is farther Usage of a
can see distant objects clearly away from the normal near convex lense
but cannot see nearby objects point (25 cm). of appropriate
distinctly 2. The focal length of the eye power.

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lens is too long.

3. The eyeballhas come too
small.
Presbyopia The power of accomadation of 1. Diminishing fluxibility of Usage of
the eye usually decreases with the eye lens. concave and
aging. The near point 2. Gradual weakning of the convex lens of
gradually recedes away. ciliary muscles. appropriate
power.
Astigmatism Incomplete curvature of the Defect in refraction of eye lens. Usage of
eye lens appropriate
lens.
Cataract The crystalline lens of people It is possible to
at old age become milky and restore vision
cloudy. through a
ataract
surgery.

3. What is vision range? Write the near and farthest point of the eye.
The difference between the near and farthest point which a normal eye can see is called the vision range.the
near point of the eye is about 25cm and farthest point is infinity.
4. What is tyndall effect? Explain.
The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles is called Tindal effect.
Very fine particles scatter light of shorter wavelengths while particles of larger size scatter light of longer
wavelengths.
5. What is spectrum? Give an example for natural spectrum.
The band of the coloured components of the light beam is called its spectrum. Rainbow is a natural spectrum.
6. What is dispersion of light? Name the colours formed due to the dispersion of white light.
When a white light is incident on a prism it gets refracted and splits up into 7 components colours. This
phenomenon is called dispersion of light. The colours so formed are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange
and red.
7. Give reason for the dispersion of light.
Different colours have different wavelengths and during refraction, every colour of light bend through its own
angle with respect to the incident ray.
8. Describe Newton’s experiment which explains dispersion of light.
Two identical prisms were taken. One was placed erect whereas the second prism are placed in an
inverted position. When white light was incident on an erect prism it was refracted and dispersed into the
spectrum of seven colours. When the spectrum was incident on the inverted prism, white light was emerged.
This experiment of Newton shows that white light is made up of 7 colours.

9. Why do stars blinked?

The twinkling of a stars is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight on entering the earth‟s
atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth. As the path of rays of light coming
from the stars goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and causes twinkling of
stars.

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10. Describe the process of formation of formation of a rainbow.

A rainbow is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere. It is
formed in a direction opposite to that of sun. The water droplets acts like a small prisms. They refract and
disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it comes out of the
raindrop. Due to the dispersion of light and internal reflection spectrum of different colour is formed.
11. Why planets do not twinkle?
The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended sources but as point sized sources of
light. So the planets do not twinkle.
12. Why will there be advanced sunrise and delayed sunset?
The sun is visible about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise and about 2 minutes after the actual sunset
because of atmospheric refraction.
13. Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?
The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of
visible light. These are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelength at the blue end.
14. Why is the sea water blue in colour?
Sea water absorbs the colours of longer wavelength in large quantity than the blue colour of shorter
wavelength. So, form the white light entering the sea, only blue colour is reflected.
15. Why is the colour of the sun red at sunrise and sunset?
During sunrise and sunset, since the light form the sun travels a longer distance in the atmosphere, red colour
of longer wavelength scatters more.
16. why are danger signal lights red in colour? OR why are red lights used to stop the vehicles in traffic
signals?
The red colour is least scattered by fog or smoke and has longer wavelength.
17. What is hyper metropia? Write the two causes for development of this effect? Describe with a ray
diagram how this defect of vision can be corrected by using spectacles?
A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but
cannot see nearby objects distinctly
1. The near point is farther away from the normal near point (25 cm).
2. The focal length of the eye lens is too long.
3. The eye ball has come too small

Usage of a convex lense of appropriate power.

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18. What is myopia? State the two causes of myopia. With the help of labeled ray diagram show the eye
defect myopia? Correction of myopia using a lens.

A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see
distant objects distinctly.

1. Far points is nearer than infinity.

2. excessive curvature of the eye lens.

3. elongation of the eyeball.

Usage of concave lens of suitable power.

Chapter-5 : Sources of energy

1. Conventional sources of energy: Firewood, Flowing water, Fossil fuels( coal, petroleum, diesel,
kerosene)
2. Non- Conventional sources of energy: Solar energy, wind energy, bio mass, geothermal energy, tidal
energy, nuclear energy.
3. Renewable sources of energy: Solar energy, wind energy, Firewood, flowing water
4. Non Renewable sources of energy: Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum products)
5. List out the characteristics of good sources of energy
1.High efficiency 2. Easily available 3. Easy to store and transport 4. Economical
6. How are fossil fuels formed? Mention the effects caused by using such fuels? Millions of years
ago large number of animals and plants (Bio mass) got buried beneath the Earth. Under humid conditions,
high pressure, temperature of the earth and bacterial decomposition in absence of air decomposed to form
Fossil fuels. Eg. Coal and petroleum products.

Effects- Air pollution, Acid rain, green house effect, Global warming.

7. What is Solar energy? List out solar devices and their functions.
The energy received from Sun in the form of heat and light. Or The energy radiated by sun in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Solar devices:-
Solar cooker : Uses heat energy of sun to cook food.
Solar cell: Device used to convert light energy into electrical energy.
Solar water heater: Uses heat and light energy for getting hot water.

8. Define Solar constant.

The amount of energy reaching perpendicularly per square metre per second in theoutermost boundary of
earth's atmosphere. i.e. ,1.4kJm-2s-1.

9. List out the disadvantages of Solar cooker.

1. Consumes more time 2. Is not convenient to prepare food In all seasons.

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10. Write the function of glass top of solar cooker.

The glass top prevents heat losses due to conduction, convection and radiation.

11. What is wind energy? List out the merits and demerits
The kinetic energy of the moving wind is used to rotate blades to produce electrical energy

Merits Demerits

1. Doesn‟t cause pollution 1. Setting up of wind energy farms is expensive.

2. It is renewable source of energy 2. Cannot be established in all places and
requires more land.
3. Minimum speed of wind is 15km/h

12. What is geothermal energy? It is not much useful, Why?

Due to high pressure and temperature in the Earth‟s crust, the underground water comes in contact with
hotspots and changes into steam. The steam so formed can be used to turn turbines and generate electricity.
Demerits:- Geologically it is only a few places and it is expensive.

13. Name the major constituents of Bio-gas. List out the merits of Bio mass
The major constituents of Bio-gas is Methane(about 75%) and hydrogen.
Merits of bio mass: 1. Causes less pollution 2. Improves fertility of soil

14. Differentiate between wave energy and tidal energy.

Wave energy Tidal energy

The kinetic energy of waves in sea is used The gravitational force of moon and earth causes
to produce electricity. tides. This rise and fall of tides can be used to
produce electrical energy.

15. Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions.

Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

The process by which a heavy unstable nucleus is The process of combining two lighter nuclei to
broken into medium weight nuclei by the form an element Enormous amount of energy is
bombardment of a slow neutron, so as to liberate liberated. Eg: Fusion of hydrogen
more neutrons and tremendous amount of energy
eg: Fission of Uranium (U-235)

16. Establishing Nuclear reactors causes pollution by radiation. How? During nuclear
fission process harmful radiations are emitted out and even during the disposal of the spent fuel, causes
environmental contamination which can effect health of millions of people.

17. Use of CNG is highly effective. How?

Compared to other fuel CNG is a cleaner source of energy. So it can be used to reduce pollution also.

18. How do thermal power plants work? Why it is not eco-friendly?

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By burning coal, the heat produced is used to convert water into steam. This steam is used to turn turbines
and hence generate electricity.
Burning of coal causes pollution it releases oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur into atmosphere.

19. Most of the environmentalist opposes for construction of dams. Why?

By construction of dams most of the agricultural lands are submerged and the submerged vegetation rots
and produces large amount of methane gas.
20. The sources of energy must be conserved. why?
Most of the sources of are non renewable and are depleting at a very faster rate. In order to make it
available to next generation it is to be conserved also to avoid pollution and save environment.

21. How can we obtain biogas? Biogas becomes blessings to former why? Explain with the black
diagram .
Manure and dung are also fed into the biogas
plant, It is decomposed by the micro
organisms under exclusion of light and
oxygen. The final product of this fermentation
process is biogas with methane as the main
ingredient.

22. In the following power stations how electricity is produced? Explain.

i. Thermal power station: By burning coal, the heat produced is used to convert water into steam. This
steam is used to turn turbines and hence generate electricity.
ii. Hydro power station: Using of kinetic energy of water to turn turbines and generate electricity.
iii. Nuclear power station: By fission reaction of uranium like heavy metals, the heat produced is used to
convert water into steam. This steam is used to turn turbines and hence generate electricity.

23. List out the merits and demerits of solar cell?

Merits: Used in satellite and space search engine, Transmission of television, Radio broad casting etc.
Demerits: Production cost is more, availability of silicon is less, Each solar cell produces 0.5V electricity.

24. Why is energy of water flowing in a river considered to be an indirect form of solar energy?
Ans: In water cycle, the clouds produces rain fall, due to this rivers are flowing with high kinetic energy

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CHEMISTRY

Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

1. What is balanced chemical equation?

When the number of atoms of different elements on reactant side and product side are equal, such chemical
equation is called a balanced chemical equation.
2. Why chemical equation should be balanced?
According to the law of conservation of mass „mass can neither be created nor be destroyed during a chemical
reaction‟, hence a chemical equation should be balanced.
3. What is chemical combination reaction? Give example.
A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product is called chemical combination.
3H2 + N2 2NH3
4. What is chemical decomposition reaction? Give example.
A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to form two or more products is known as chemical
decomposition reaction.
ZnCO3 ZnO(S) + CO2
5. What are exothermic reactions?
The which are involved in the evolution of heat are called exothermic reactions.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
6. What are endothermic reactions?
The reactions which occurs by the absorption of heat are called endothermic reactions.
2HgO + heat 2Hg + O2
7. What is displacement reaction? Give example.
When a more reactive element displaces less reactive element from its compound is called displacement
reaction.
Mg(S) + 2HCl 2MgCl2 + H2
8. What is double displacement reaction? Give example.
The reaction in which two different ions or group of atoms in the reactant molecules are displaced dy each
other is called double displacement reaction.
2KBr + BaI 2KI + BaBr 2
9. What is oxidation reaction? Give example.
The process of addition of oxygen to a substance or removal of hydrogen from a substance is called oxidation
reaction.
Heat
2Cu + O2 2CuO
Copper Oxygen Copper oxide
Cu is oxidized to Cuo

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10. What is reduction reaction? Give example.

The processes of removal of oxygen from a substance or addition of hydrogen to a substance are called
reduction reaction.
CuO + O2 Cu + H2O
CuO is reduced to Cu
11. What are redox reactions?
The reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously are called redox reactions.
12. What is thermal decomposition?
The reactions use the energy in the form of heat for decomposition of the reactant.
Heat
2NaHCO3 CO2 + H2O Na2CO3
13. What is photochemical decomposition? Give example.
These are the chemical reactions involves the light energy for the purpose of decomposition.
Sun light
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2
Silver chloride Silver chloride
( White) (Greyish white) ( Yellowish green)
14. What is electrolysis? Give example.
The reactions involve the use of electrical energy for the decomposition of the reactant molecule.
electrolysis
2H2O 2H2 + O2
15. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
By applying paint on iron articles, they can prevented from corrosion ( rusting). Paint does not allow oxygen
and moisture to come in contact with the surface of iron.
16. What is corrosion?
The phenomenon in which metals are slowly eaten away by the reaction of air, water, chemicals present in the
atmosphere is called corrosion.
Ex: The black coating on silver and the green coating on copper.
17. What is Rancidity?
The process of slow oxidation of oil and fat present in the food materials resulting in the change of smell and
taste in them is called rancidity.
18. How do you prevent the rancidity of food?
 By keeping food materials in air tight container.
 Refrigeration of cooked food at low temperature.
 Packing of food items like potato chips in packs containing nitrogen gas instead of air, it prevents oils
and fat reacts with air.
 Avoid keeping the cooked food and food materials in direct contact with air.
 By adding anti-oxidents. Ex: BHA ( Butrylated Hydroxy Anisole)

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19. Write one use of quicklime or burnt lime.

It is used in the manufacture of cement.
20. Name two metals which undergo corrosion.
Iron, copper, silver etc.,
21. What is the precosinory measures taken during the burning of magnesium strip with in the laboratory.
It should be keep away from the eyes and Should ware safety glasses.
22. Why do we stored silver chloride in dark coloured bottles?
Silver chloride is converted into silver metal and chlorin when it kept in direct sun light.
Dark green bottles interrupt the path of light, it cannot reach the silver chloride contained in the dark coloured
bottles, and its decomposition is prevented.
23. Why does the colour of the copper sulphate solution changed when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Because, iron is more reactive than copper. It displaces copper metal from aqueous copper sulphate solution.
Thus, blue colour of copper sulphate faded away to give green colour solution of copper sulphate.
Fe(S) + Cu SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(S)
Grey Blue Green Brown
24. Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? Explain.
The food taken by the living beings is ultimatly broken down to glucose by the digestive system. The glucose
formed is slowly oxidised to carbon dioxide and water with the release of heat energy. Thus, respiration is an
exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
25. Write the following chemical reactions statements into balanced chemical equation?
i) Hydrogen gas reacts with nitgoren gas to form ammonia
H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3 (g)
ii) Hydrogen sulphide gas burnt in air to give water and carbon dioxide.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
iii) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate gives aluminium chloride and precipitate of barium
sulphate.
3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3 2AlCl3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
iv) Potassium metal reacts with water gives potassium hydroxide hydrogen gas.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2 (g)
26. What is pricipitation reaction? Explain with an example.
The chemical, which is involved in the formation of water insoluble precipitation, is called precipitation
reaction.
Na2SO4 (aq) + BaSO4(aq) BaSO4 + NaCl
(Precipitate)

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Chapter-2: Acid Base and Salt

 Acids are those chemical substances which are sour in taste arid change the colour of blue litmus solution to
red.
 Bases are those chemical substances, which are bitter in taste, soapy to touch and turn red litmus solution to
blue.
 Acids react with bases to produce salt and water.
 In presence of water, acids give H+ ions.
 Indicators are the substances that change their colour or odour when added into an acid or an alkaline solution.
 Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichen, a plant belonging to the division thallophyta,
arid is commonly used as an indicator.
 Olfactory indicators are the substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.
 Larger the number of H+ ions produced by an acid, stronger is the acid arid vice-versa,
 Strength of an acid or base depends on the number of H + ions OH ⁻ ions produced by them respectly.
 pH is a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
 Salts are produced by the neutralisation reaction between acid and base.
 Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH) 2]. It is represented as
CaOCl2 .
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an ingredient of antacids, which neutralises excess acid in the stomach and
provides relief from indigestion.
 The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHC0 3 and plaster of Paris is CaS04 .
1/2H2O
 Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt.

1. Mention any two properties of acids.

• Acids are sours in taste.
• Change the colour of blue litmus to red litmus.
2. Mention any two properties of bases .
• Acids are bitter in taste.
• Change the colour of red litmus to blue litmus
3. Which gas is liberated when acid reacts with metals generally?
Hydrogen gas.
4. Why does dry HCI gas not change the colour of dry litmus paper?
Dry HCl gas does not contain any H+ or H2O+ ions, so it does not show any acidic property. Hence, it does
not change the colour of dry litmus paper. To show its acidic behavior, it needs wet litmus paper.

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5. What is the effect concentration of H+ ions on the solution?

H+ ions concentration increases the pH ranges between 1 to 6.9 and the solution become acedic.
H+ ions concentration decreases from pH 7.0 to 14.0 , the solution become basic.
6. What is the common name of CaOCl2 ?
Bleaching powder.
7. Name the sodium compound used to convert hard water to soft water.
Washing soda- Na2CO3,10 H2O
8. Which type of drugs used in the treatment of indigestion?
Antacids
9. Why do not acids show acidic behavior in the absence of water?
Ions are produced only in aqueous medium and presence of H+ ions are responsible for the existence of
acidic properties. Hence, acids show acidic behavior only in the presence of water and not in its absence.
10. Plaster of paris should be stored in moisture proof containers. Explain why?
Plaster of Paris (POP) is chemically calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaS0 4 . H20).

When it comes in contact with water it sets into a hard solid mass, called gypsum. To prevent this Plaster of
Paris must be stored in moisture-proof containers.
CaS04 . H20 +1 H2O CaS04 .2 H20

11. Why milk and sours food substances are not stored in copper and brass container?
Because, milk and sours food reacts with brass and copper release hydrogen gas and and some toxic
substances.
12. What is neutralization reaction? Give example.
The reaction between an acid and base to form salt and water is called neutralization reaction.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCI(aq)+ H2O(l)
13. Write the uses of washing soda.
Uses of washing soda are:
(i) It is used as a cleansing agent (detergents).
(ii) It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.
14. Give two important uses of baking soda.
Uses of baking soda are:
(i) It is used in bakery.
(ii) It is used for extinguishing fire (in soda-acid fire extinguishers).
15. What is a salt?
The substance produced by the neutralization reaction between acid and base are called salt.
16. What is chloro-alkali process?

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When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brain), it decomposes to
form sodium hydroxide. This process is called chloro-alkli procsss.( because of the the products formed).
17. Name two chemical compounds manufactured from common salt.
Sodium hydroxide and Baking soda.
18. Even though baking soda is best disinfectant, why should it not to be used excessively?
Because, when it reacts with water liberate chlorine gas and it is responsible for ozone layer depletion.
19. How acid rain affects the aquatic life?
Acid rain destroys eggs of aquatic organisms.
20. Solutions of glucose and alcohol does not exhibit acidic property, Why?
Solutions of glucose and alcohol does not exhibit acidic property because they does not dissociates into ions.
21. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to
the acid?
Dilution of a concentrated acid is a highly exothermic reaction and a lot of heat is generated.
Care must be taken while mixing concentrated acid with water. The acid must always be added slowly to
water with constant stirring.
Water is added to the concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause
burns. The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
22. Write the uses of baking powder?
i) It is used as bleaching agent in textile industry and paper industry
ii) Used as disinfectant for water to make it germ free.
iii) Used as an oxidising agent in many chemical industry,
23. Write the chemical equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and water.
CaS04 . H20 + 1 H2O CaS04 .2 H20

plaster of Paris Gypsum

24. Write the uses of plaster of Paris.
i) It used by the doctors for joining the fractured bones at right position ie., for making plaster to support
fractured bones.
ii) It is used to making decorative pieces and for making design on ceilings.
25. Draw diagram to show acid solution in water conducts electricity.
26. Draw diagram to show reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by
burning.

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Chapter-3: Metals and Non-Metals

• At present about 118 elements are known.
• Elements, which form positive ions by losing electrons, are called metals.
• Metals are lustrous, ductile, malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are solids at room
temperature except mercury, which is a liquid.
• Metallic luster in pure state, metals have a bright shining surface. This property is called metallic lustre.
Metals like gold, silver and platinum are known for their shining surface.
• Hardness Most of the metals are hard. The hardness varies from metal to metal. Some alkali metals like
lithium, sodium and potassium are so soft that they can be easily cut with a knife.
• Ductility Metals are generally ductile. It is the property due to which a metal can be drawn into thin wires.
Gold is the most ductile metal.
• Malleability Most of the metals are malleable. It is the property of metal due to which it can be beaten into
thin sheets. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals.
• Electrical conductivity : Most of the metals are good conductors of electricity in solid state. However,
conductiviry may vary from one metal to another. The conduction of electricity or flow of electric current
occurs due to the flow of free electrons present in the metal.
• Good conductor of heat: Generally metals are good conductors of heat, except lead and mercury, which are
poor conductors of heat. Metals like copper and silver are among the best conductors of heat.
• Sonority: The metals that produce a sound on striking a hard surface are said to be sonorous. Using this
property, school bells are made up of metals.
• Melting and boiling points : Metals generally have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has the
highest melting point among metals, while gallium and cesium have very low melting points. These two
metals will melt if we keep them on our palm.
• Almost all the metals combine with oxygen (or air) to form metal oxides that are basic in nature except
aluminium oxide and zinc oxide which are amphoteric in nature.
• Metallic oxides are insoluble in water but some of them dissolve in water to form hydroxides known as
alkalis.
• Metals react with water and produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas,
• Except a few less reactive metals (such as Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pt, etc), all metals react with dil. sulphuric acid,
hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
• Aqua-regia is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in the
ratio of 3:1.
• Reactive metal can displace a comparatively less reactive metal from its compounds in aqueous salt solution
or in molten form.
• Metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series can displace hydrogen from dilute acids.

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• Hydrogen also have non-metallic properties but, due to its electropositive nature, it has been placed in the
reactivity series.
• Non-metals are those which form negative ions by gaining electrons.
• Non-metals do not react with water or steam to evolve hydrogen gas.
• Non-metals do not react with dilute acids to release hydrogen gas. Thet react with hydrogen to form hydrides.
• Ionic compounds (like sodium chloride) do not exist as discrete molecules but indeed they are the aggregates
of oppositely charged particles.
• The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth crust are known as minerals.
• Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are called ores. Removal of unwanted material
(gangue) from the ore is called enrichment or concentration of ore.
• The process of purification of the metal obtained after reduction is called refining of metals.
• Many metals like Cu, Sn, Ni, Ag, etc., are refined electrolytically.
• Corrosion is the slow process of eating away of metals by the reactioI,1 of atmospheric air and moisture.
• Rusting of iron is prevented by galvanizing, by making alloys, painting, greasing or oiling and tin-plating and
chromium plating.
• An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal.

1) Name a metal which is non-lustrous and a non-metal which is lustrous.

Iron (due to corrosion on the surface) is a metal that is non-lustrous and iodine is a non-metal which is
lustrous.
2) Which of the following metals will melt at body temperature (37°C)?
Gallium, magnesium, caesium and aluminium.
Gallium and caesium melt at body temperature (37°C).
3) Name two metals which react with dil.HN03 to evolve hydrogen gas.
Manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg) are the examples of two metals that react with dil. HN03 to evolve
hydrogen gas.
4) Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity Na, K, Cu and Ag.
The decreasing order of reactivity of the given metals is K> Na> Cu > Ag.
5) Although metals form basic oxides, name one metal which forms an amphoteric oxide.
Aluminium is a metal which forms an amphoteric oxide.
6) Why is tungsten metal selected for making filaments ofincandescent lamp bulbs?
Tungsten has a high melting point. Therefore, it is used for making filament of bulbs.
7) How do metals and non-metals combine?
Metals and non-metals combine by the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals to form ionic bonds.

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8) Name a solvent in which electrovalent compounds are soluble and a solvent in which they are insoluble.
Water is a (polar) solvent in which electrovalent compounds are soluble and petrol is a non-polar solvent in
which they are insoluble.
9) Name one metal which reacts neither with cold water, nor with hot water, but reacts with steam to
produce hydrogen gas.
Iron is the metal which does not react with cold and hot water but reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas.
10) A piece of granulated zinc was dropped into copper sulphate solution. After sometime, the colour of the
solution changed from blue to colourless. Why?
Blue copper sulphate is converted to colourless zinc sulphate, as zinc, being more reactive, displaces copper
from CuS04 solution and forms a colourless solution of zinc sulphate.
11) Name one property which is not shown by ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
12) Why does calcium float in water?
Calcium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Although, calcium is heavier than water, but due to the
sticking of the H2 gas bubbles on calcium metal surface, it starts floating.
13) What is anode mud?
The impurities collected down below anode during electrolytic refining of metals is called anode mud.
14) A green layer is gradually formed on a copper plate when left exposed to air for a week in a bathroom.
What could this green substance be?
This green substance is basic copper carbonate CuC03 ·Cu(OH)2.
15) Name two electrolysis form. metals that are obtained by of their chlorides in molten form.
Sodium and calcium are obtained by electrolysis of their chlorides in molten form.
16) Name the metals which are usually alloyed with gold to make it harder.
Copper and silver are usually alloyed with gold to make it harder.
17) What is meant by 22 carat gold?
An alloy consisting of 22 parts by weight of pure gold and 2 parts by weight of copper or silver is called 22
carat gold.
Pure gold of 24 carat is not used for making jewellery as it is very soft to hold gems and pearls.
18) Name any two alloys whose electrical conductivity is less than that of pure metals.
In brass and bronze, electrical conductivity is lower than that of pure metal.
19) Can rusting of iron nail occur in distilled water?
No, because distilled water has no dissolved oxygen in it. Hence, rusting will not occur.
20) Name an alloy that contains a non-metal as one of its constituents.
Steel (iron + carbon) is an alloy that contains a non-metal asone of its constituents.
21) Name an alloy which has mercury as one of its constituents.
Zinc amalgam is an alloy that has mercury as one of its constituents.

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22) Explain what happens if bauxite containing iron and silica as impurities is directly subjected to the
process of electrolytic reduction without prior purification.
Crude bauxite contains iron oxide and silica as impurities. If any amount of iron is present in the bauxite, it
will get deposited at the cathode in preference to aluminium because iron is less electropositive than
aluminium.
23) Name a metal which (i) is a good conductor of heat. (ii) has a very low melting point. (iii) does not react
with oxygen even at high temperature. (iv) is most ductile

(i) Silver , Copper (ii) Gallium/Caesium (iii) Silver iv)Gold (iv) Gold

24) Give reason for the following: (i) School bells are made up of metals.
(ii) Electrical wires are made up of copper.
(i) Metals are sonorous (produce sound on being hit), so school bells are made up of metals.
(ii) Copper is a very good conductor of electricity. So, it is used for making electrical wires.
25) A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is hardest natural substance, whereas Z is a
good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y and Z.
 A non-metal X is carbon (C).
 Carbon exists in two different forms called the allotropes of carbon. These allotropes are diamond and
graphite.
 Y is diamond because diamond is the hardest natural substance and Z 'is graphite which is a good
conductor of electricity.
26) What is meant by electrolytic reduction? How is sodium obtained from its molten chloride? Explain.
 In electrolytic reduction, the metals are extracted by the electrolysis of their salts.
 Sodium obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides.
 The metals are deposited at the cathode (the negatively charged electrode), whereas chlorine is
liberated at the anode (the positively charged electrode).
At cathode: Na+ + e⁻ Na
At anode: 2 Cl⁻ Cl2 +2e⁻
Reaction : Na Cl Na⁺ + Cl⁻
27) During extraction of metals, electrolytic refining is used to obtain pure metals.
(i) Which material will be used as anode and cathode for refining of silver metal by this process?
(ii) Suggest a suitable electrolyte also.
(iii) In this electrolytic cell, where do we get pure silver after passing electric current?
i) Anode impure block of silver metal, Cathode Pure thin strip of silver metal
ii) Aqueous solution of a silver salt like AgN03 can be used as an electrolyte.
iii) We get pure silver at cathode, because at cathode, reduction reaction will take place.
Ag⁺(aq) + e⁻ Ag(s)

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28) Explain the process of electrolytic refining for copper with the help of a labeled diagram.
Diagram: Ref text book Fig:3.12 page no. 53
 In electrolytic process, the impure metal is made the anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made the
cathode.
 A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte.
 On passing the current through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the
electrolyte.
 An equivalent of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode.
 At cathode Cu2++ 2e⁻ Cu (deposited)
 At anode Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e⁻
(Impure metal) (Dissolved)
29) What is rosting?
Roasting It is the process in which a sulphide ore is heated below its melting point in the presence of excess
air to convert it into metal oxide.
30) What is calcination?
Calcination It is a process in which a carbonate ore is heated below its melting point in the absence of air to
convert it into metal oxide.
31) What is thermite reaction? Explain with an example.
The reaction of metal oxide to form metal by using aluminium powder as a reducing agent is known as
thermite reaction.( Exothermic reaction)
The amount of heat produced is so high in this reaction, hence the metals are produced in the molten state.
The reaction of iron (III)oxide (Fe203) with aluminium to produce iron in molten state.
It is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. This process is called thermite welding.
Fe203 (s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al203 (s)+ Heat
Ferric oxide Aluminium Iron
32) What is an alloy? Give example along with their components.
An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. It is prepared by
mixing the metals in molten form and then cooling the mixture.
e.g. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc (Cu and Zn)
Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin (Cu and Sn)
Solder, an alloy of lead and tin
33) What is amalgum?
If an alloy contains mercury as one of its components, it is called amalgam,
e.g. sodium-mercury amalgam, silver-mercury amalgam etc.
34) Write important properties of alloy.
 The electrical conductivity and melting point of an alloy is less than that of pure metals.

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 Can change the metallic property by adding various components like metals and non-metals.
35) What is reactivity series? Write the order of reactivity series of metals.
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities.

K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al >Zn > Fe >Sn > Pb >H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au

36) What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
The metallic oxides which show the properties of acids as well as bases are called amphoteric oxides.
It means that they react with both bases and acids to form salt and water.
e.g. ZnO and Al203
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
37) Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.
Zinc and magnesium displace H 2 from dilute acids while copper and silver do not.
38) Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
In ionic compounds, strong electrostatic forces of attraction are present between the oppositely charged ions.
When these compounds are heated, a lot of heat energy is consumed to break these strong electrostatic forces
of attraction during melting. Therefore, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
39) Define the following terms: (i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue
(I) The naturally occurring elements or compounds of metals present in the earth's crust are called
minerals.
(II) Ores are those minerals from which a particular metal can be extracted profitably.
(III) The undesirable impurities present in the ore are called gangue or matrix.
40) Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Gold and platinum are the two metals that are found in nature in free state.
41) Draw labeled diagram to show the action of steam on metals.
42) Draw labeled diagram of testing the conductivity of a salt solution.

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Chapter-4 : Carbon and its compounds

 Covalent bonds: These are formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms, so that both can achieve a
completely filled outermost shell.
 Catenation: The property of self linking of elements mainly C-atoms through covalent bonds to form long,
straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes is called catenation.
 Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table due to its small size and strong C - C bond. Hence,
stable.
 Tetravalency of Carbon: Carbon belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Its atomic number is 6 and the
electronic configuration is 2, 4. Thus, it has four electrons in the outermost shell. Hence, its valency is four,
i.e. it is capable of bonding or pairing with four other carbon atoms or with the atoms of some other
monovalent elements like hydrogen, halogen (chlorine, bromine) etc.
 Hydrocarbons are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.
 They are of two types, i.e. saturated hydrocarbon having only one single bond between two carbon atoms and
unsaturated hydrocarbon have at least one multiple bond (ie., double or triple bond) between two carbon
atoms along with the single bonds.
 Alkanes: These have carbon-carbon single bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n+2
 Alkenes: These have carbon-carbon double bonds along with single bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n
Alkynes: These have at least one carbon-carbon triple bond along with single bonds. Their general formula is
CnH2n-2
 Isomerism: Organic compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula are called
isomers. The phenomenon is called isomerism.
 The functional groups: such as alcohol (R -OH), aldehydes (R –CHO), ketones (R - CO- R' ) and carboxylic
acid (R -COOH) decide characteristic properties of the carbon compounds that contain them.
 Homologous series: A series of compounds having same functional group but a difference of –CH2 unit (14
unit mass) between two successive members is called homologous series.
 Oxidation: It is the process of addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.
 The substances which provide oxygen to other substances are called oxidising agents.
 Alcohols can be oxidised to carboxylic acid by heating them either in presence of oxidising agents like
alkaline KMnO 4 (potassium permanganate) or acidified K2Cr207 (potassium dichromate).
 Combustion : It is the reaction in which CO2 and H2O are obtained by burning organic compound. Saturated
hydrocarbons burn with blue flame due to their complete combustion.
 Addition reaction : In this reaction, the reagents add completely to the substrate, e.g. hydrogenation to
vegetable oil to obtain ghee.

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 Substitution reaction: In this reaction, an atom or group of atoms replace another atom or group from the
substrate.
 Carbon and its compounds are some of the major sources of fuel, e.g. coal, petroleum etc.
 Flame is the region where combustion of gases occur. It is of two type: blue flame (or non-luminous flame)
and yellow flame (or luminous flame).
 Ethanol, C2 H5OH is soluble in water. It gives ethene on reaction with conc. H2 S04 at 160°C. It gives sodium
ethoxide with Na.
 Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH also called acetic acid. Its 5- 8% aqueous solution is called vinegar.
 It gives CO2 gas with sodium carbonate and bicarbonates.
 Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acid (RCOONa) here, R = C 15 H31 , C17H35.
 Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
1. what are covalent bonds?
The bonds which are formed by the sharing of an electron pair between the atoms (either same or different
atoms) are known as covalent bonds.
2. Write the properties of covelent compounds?
The compounds containing covalent bonds are called covalent compounds.
It has the following properties:
i) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points due to small intermolecular forces of
attraction between the atoms.
ii) Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity. This is because the electrons are
shared between atoms and no charged particles are formed in these compounds.
iii) Covalent compounds are generally volatile in nature.
3. What are the two properties of carbon, which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds, we see
around us? Explain.
Two main properties which led the carbon to form a huge number of carbon compounds are:
(i) Catenation: The property of self-linking of elements mainly C-atoms through covalent bonds to form
long, straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes is called catenation.
Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table due to its small size and strong C - C bond.
Hence, stable.
(ii) tetravalency of carbon; it has four electrons in the outermost shell. Hence, its valency is four, i.e. it
is capable of bonding or pairing with four other carbon atoms or with the atoms of some other
monovalent elements like hydrogen, halogen (chlorine, bromine) etc.
4. Mention four differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

saturated hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbons

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I. Only single bond is present in between I. Double or triple bond is also present in
carbon-carbon atoms. between carbon-carbon atoms.
II. Substitution reaction occurs. II. Addition reaction occurs.
III. It burns with blue flame. III. It burns with sooty flame.
IV. Less reactive IV. Highly reactive.
5. Write the general formula of alkane, alkene, and alkyne.
Alkane: CnH2n+2 Alkene: CnH2n and Alkyne: CnH2n--2
6. Draw the electron dot structures for (a) Ethanoic acid (b) H 2S (c) Propanone (d) F2 e) CCl4 f) CO2

7. Write the molecular formula and structural formula of methane, ethane, propane and butane.
Name of alkane Molecular formula Structural formula
Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8

Butane C4H10

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8. Write the molecular formula and structural formula of ethene, propene and butene.

Name of alkane Molecular formula Structural formula

Ethene C2H4

Propene C3H6

Butene C4H8

9. Write the molecular formula and structural formula of ethyne and propyne.

Name of alkane Molecular formula Structural formula

Ethyne C2H2

Propyne C3H4

Butane C4H8

10. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

A series of similarly constituted compounds in which the members present have the same functional group
and similar chemical properties and any two successive members in a particular series differ in their molecular
formula by (- CH2) unit, is called a homologous series.
e.g. alkane series CnH2n+2
CH4 Methane C4H10 Butane
C2H6 Ethane C5H12 Pentane.
C3H8 Propane
11. Compare the structure of benzene and cyclohexane by drawing them.

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Structure of benzene and cyclohexane are:

Benzene (C6H6) has six Csaroms and six Hvarorns, it

contains three double bonds alternately between two C-
atoms.
Cyclohexane (C6H12) has six C-atoms each possessing two
H-atoms, thus twelve H-atoms in total. It does not consist
of any double bond.

12. Define structural isomer and draw the isomeric structures of butane.
Carbon compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula are called structural
isomers.

13. What is functional group? Name the different functional group.

Functional groups may be defined as an 'atom' or a 'group of atoms' which makes acarbon compound (or
organic compound) reactive and decide its properties (or functions) regardless of the length and nature of
carbon chain

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14. Nomenclature of functional group.

15. Name the following compounds.

i) Propanone
ii) Butanal
iii) Methanoic acid

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16. Name the following compounds.

(i) Propan-1-ol or propanol

(ii) Propanoic acid
(iii) chloropropane
(iv) Propanal
(v) Prop-I-yne or propyne
(vi) Butan-2-one

17. Write the uses of ethanol and acetic acid.

Uses of ethanol are:
i) It is used as an active ingredient in all alcoholic drinks.
ii) It is useful in medicines like tincture of iodine, cough syrups and many other tonics.
iii) Alcohol isused asan additive in petrol, since it isacleaner fuel and give rise to only CO2 and H20 when
burnt in sufficient air.
Uses of Acetic Acid
i) It isused for making vinegar.
ii) It iswidely used asa preservative in pickles.
iii) It isusedfor the synthesisofother compounds likeesters.
18. What is esterification reaction?

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When ethanol (an alcohol) reacts with acetic acid (a carboxylic acid) in the presence of an acid as catalyst, a
fruity (sweet) smelling liquid called ester is obtained. This reaction is called esterification.

Chapter -5: Periodic Classification of Elements

• Elements are classified on the basis of similarities in their properties. Initially, elements are grouped as metals
and non-metals.
• Dobereiner grouped the elements into triads. Dobereiner showed that when the three elements in a triad were
arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the
average of the atomic masses of the other two elements.
• Newlands' Law of Octaves, states that when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
mass, every eighth element has properties similar to first one.
• Mendeleev arranged the known 63 elements in increasing order of their atomic masses and according to their
chemical properties.
• Mendeleev adjusted few elements with slightly greater atomic mass before the elements with slightly lower
atomic mass. So. that elements with similar properties could be grouped together.
• Mendeleev also predicted the existence of some yet to be discovered elements on the basis of the gaps in his
periodic table.
• According to Modern Periodic Law. "the physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic
function of their atomic number".
• Elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged in 18 vertical columns called groups and 7 horizontal
rows called periods.
• The periodic repetition of elements having similar properties after regular intervals is known as periodicity.
• Valency denotes the combining capacity of the atom of an element.
• Valency depends on the number of electrons in the outer most shell. If the number is 1, 2, 3, 4 then, valency is
same as 1, 2, 3, 4 but if the electrons present in the outer shell are 5, 6, 7, 8 then, valency is 8 - 5= 3, 8 - 6 = 2,
8 - 7= 1, 8- 8= 0 respectively. Similar, trend is seen in atomic size.
• Atomic radius decreases on moving from left to right along a period due to an increase in nuclear charge
which tends to pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and reduces the size of the atom. Similar trend is seen
in atomic size.
• Metallic character increases on moving down a group and decreases across a period.
• While non-metallic character decreases on moving down a group and increases across a period.
• Oxides of metals are basic and of non-metals are acidic.
• The acidic nature of oxides increases along a period from left to right and decreases on moving down a group.
• Electronegativity is the relative electron attracting tendency of an atom for a shared electron pair in a covalent
bond with other atom. It increases along a period from left to right and decreases on moving down a group.

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1. State Doboreiner’s law of triads.

Doboriner‟s law states that „”when the three elements in a triad were arranged in the order of increasing
atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly equals to the average of the atomic masses
of the other two elements.
2. Chlorine, bromine and iodine form a Dobereiner's triad. The atomic masses of chlorine and iodine are
35.5 and 126.9, respectively. Predict the atomic mass of bromine.
In Dobereiner's triad, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of
the other two elements.
Thus, the atomic mass of bromine
=

= 81.2u
Atomic mass of bromine is 81.2 u. 81.2 u
3. Up to which element, the Law of Octaves was found to be applicable?
Law of octaves was applicable up to calcium (Ca, atomic mass = 40).
4. A and B are the two elements having similar properties which obey Newlands' Law of Octaves. How
many elements are there in between A and B?
According to Newlands' law of octaves, every eighth element has properties similar to that of the first. The
elements A and B have similar properties which obey Newlands' law of octaves.
Thus, there are 6 elements in between A and B.
5. Why are noble gases missing from Newlands' Octaves?
The noble gases were not known at that time and therefore, they are missing from Newland‟s octaves.
6. What is meant by periodicity in properties of elements with reference to periodic table?
The repetition of the properties of elements after regular intervals, when the elements are arranged in the
order of their increasing atomic numbers, is called periodiciry.
7. Atomic number is considered to be a more appropriate parameter than atomic mass for classification
of elements in a periodic table. Why?
The properties of elements depend upon valence electrons in the atom which in turn depends on the total
number of electrons, i.e. atomic number. Therefore, atomic number is a more appropriate parameter than
atomic mass for the classification of elements.
8. Write the atomic numbers of two elements Xand Y having electronic configuration 2,8,2 and 2,8,6
respectively.
Atomic number of X = 2 +8 +2 = 12
Atomic number of Y = 2 +8 +6 = 16
9. Write the valency and usual number of valence electrons of group 18 of the periodic table.
Valency = 0, Number of valence electrons =8
10. Where would you locate the element with electronic configuration 2, 8 in the modern periodic table?
Since, the element contains 8 valence electrons, thus, it belongs to group 18 and it has two shells therefore it
belongs to second period of the modern periodic table.
11. Elements A, B, C and D have atomic numbers 1, 8, 11 and 19 respectively. Choose the odd element and
give reason foryour answer.
Odd element is B having atomic number 8.
Reason B has six electrons in its valence shell but A, Cand D have one electron in their valence shells.
12. Out of the two elements X and Y which has bigger atomic radius?
(i) X has atomic number = 18 and atomic mass = 40.
(ii) Y has atomic number = 20 and atomic mass = 40.

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Radius of Y is bigger than that of X. This is because in X, the number of shells is three (2, 8, 8) while in Y, it
is four (2,8,8,2).
13. Write the correct increasing order of the atomic radii of 0, F and N.
F< 0 < N because atomic radii decreases as the atomic number increases due to increase in effective nuclear
charge.
14. Out of two elements, potassium and sodium, which one can lose electron easily? Give reason for your
answer.
Potassium, because the tendency to lose electron increases as we move down a group.

15. Which group of elements will form an acidic oxide?

Elements of group 15, 16, 17 form acidic oxides as these are non-metals.

16. The element with atomic number 14 is hard and forms acidic oxide and a covalent halide. To which of
the categories does the element belong?
Non-metal, because it forms acidic oxide which is a characteristic of non-metals.

17. Mention the type of compounds formed between group 1 and group 17 elements.
Ionic compounds.
18. An element X is in second period of group 16 of the periodic table. Is it metal or non-metal? Give
reason for your answer.
Second period suggests that there are two shells present in an element, while group 16 suggests that there are
6 valence electrons. Thus, electronic configuration is 2, 6. Its atomic number is 8 and it is a non-metal as it
contains 6 valence electrons.

19. An element X forms a chloride with formula XCI 3. The element X would most likely be in the same
group of the periodic table as is Na, Mg, Al or Ca.
The formula of chloride is XCI3, that means the valency of the element X is 3. The element having valency 3
will be present in group 13 (10 + 3).
Among the given choices, aluminium (AI) belongs to group 13

20. In Mendeleev's periodic table, why does tellurium with atomic mass = 127.6 appear before iodine
having atomic mass = 126.9?
Tellurium with atomic mass = 127.6 was placed before iodine (atomic mass = 126.9 u) so that elements
having similar properties could be grouped together. The properties of tellurium (Te) were similar to those of
molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) while properties of iodine (I)were similar to those of chlorine (Cl) and
bromine (Br).
21. Write the formulae of chlorides of Eka-silicon and Eka-aluminium, the elements predicted by
Mendeleev.
Eka-silicon is germanium (Ge). It lies in group 4 of Mendeleev's periodic table and thus, has a valency of 4.
:. The formula of its chloride is GeCI 4.
Eka-aluminium is gallium (Ga). It lies in group 3 of Mendeleev's periodic table and thus, has a valency of 3.
:. The formula of its chloride is GaCI3.
22. State the reason for the following: (i) The elements of the same group have similar chemical properties.
(ii) The elements of the same period have different properties.
i) Due to same number of valence electrons.
ii) Due to different number of valence electrons.

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23. Atomic number of three elements X, Y and Z are given below:

Element Atomic number X=4, Y= 13, Z= 18
Identify the period, group and block to which these elements belong.

Element Electronic configration Period Group Block

X=4 1S22S2 2nd 2 S

Y=13 1S22S22P6 3S23P1 3rd 13 P

Z=18 1S22S22P6 3S23P6 3rd 18 P

24. A part of the periodic table has been shown below.

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
1 C
2 A E G
3 B D F

Answer the following questions on the basis of position of elements in the above table.
(i) Which element is a noble gas? Give reason.
(ii) Which element is most electronegative? Give reason.
(iii) Write the electronic configuration of (a) B and (b) E.
i) G is a noble gas, because it is present in group 18 and has zero valency.
ii) E is the most electronegative element due to its smallest atomic size and larger tendency to
gain electrons.
iii) (a) Electronic configuration of B = 1S22S22P6 3S1
(b) Electronic configuration of E = 1S22S22P6 3S23P5

25. What is meant by group in the modern periodic table?

How do the following changes occur on moving from top to bottom in a group?
(i) Number of valence electrons
(ii) Number of occupied shells
(iii) Size of atoms
(iv) Metallic character of element
(v) Effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons

The vertical column of the periodic table consisting elements of similar properties is called group.

i) Number of valence electrons remains same.

ii) Number of occupied shells increases.
iii) Size of atoms increases (as number of shell increases).
iv) Metallic character increases on going down the group.
v) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)decreases on going down the group.

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26. The position of three elements X, Y and Z in the periodic table is given below.
Group 16 Group 17
_ _
_ Y
_ _
X Z
Giving reason, answer the following questions.
(i) Out of Y and Z which element will be more metallic?
(ii) Will atomic size of Z be smaller or larger than that of X?
(iii) Out of Y and Z which element will be more electronegative?
i) Z is more metallic than Y, as the size of element Z is more than that of Y and tendency to
lose electron increases as we go down the group.
ii) Atomic size of Z is smaller than that of X as atomic size decreases on moving from left to
right along a period due to increase in effective nuclear charge.
iii) Y is more electronegative than Z as electronegativity decreases on going down the group due
to increase in atomic size.

27. Table, which shows Trends in the modern periodic table.

Periodic trends Move from left to right in the Move from top bottom in the
periodic table group of periodic table.
1 Atomic size Decreases increases
2 Ionization energy Increases Decreases
3 Metallic property Decreases Increases
4 Electro positivity Decreases Increases
5 Electronegativity Increases Decreases

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BIOLOGY
Chapter: 1: LIFE PROCESSES
Chapter at glance

1) Maintenance of life requires processes like nutrition, respiration, transport of materials within the boy and
excretion of waste products.
2) Transpiration and gaseous exchange in plants are regulated by stomata.
3) Autotrophic nutrition involves the intake of simple inorganic materials from the environment and an external
energy source like the sun to synthesis complex high energy organic material.
4) Heterotropic nutrition involves the intake of complex material prepared by other organisms.
5) In human beings, the food eaten is broken down by various steps along the alimentary canal and the digested
food is absorbed in the …..
6) The length of the small intestine differs in various animals depending on the food they eat.
7) During the process of respiration, organic compounds such as glucose are broken down to provide energy in
the form ATP.ATP is used to provide energy for other reactions in the cell.
8) Respiration may be aerobic (presence of O2) and anaerobic (O2 is absent). Aerobic respiration makes more
energy available to the organism.
9) Chemical equation of aerobic respiration.

C2H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 → 6CO2 +6H2O + energy

glucose pyruvate

10) Chemical equation of anerobic respiration

C6H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

Glucose pyruvate ethanol
11) In human beings the transport of materials such as oxygen, CO2, food and excretory products is a function of
the circulatory system.
12) In humans the circulatory system consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
13) The transport of water, minerals, food and other martials in highly differentiated plants is the function of the
vascular tissues xylem and phloem.
14) Transpiration : Loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant.
15) Translocation : Transport of soluble produce of photosynthesis by phloem.
16) The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and
urethra.
17) In human beings excretory products in the form of soluble nitrogen compounds and removed by the nephrons
in the kidneys.
18) Plants use a variety of techniques to get rid of the waste material, like the secretion of veins, gums, withering
of leaves, bark flowers etc.,

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1) Through which process carbon and energy is available to autotrophs.

Photosynthesis
2) Write the equation of photosynthesis.

SUN LIGHT AND CHLOROPLAST

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + H2O

3) What is translocation?
The process of transportation of food from leaves to other part so plant body is called translocation.
4) What is transpiration?
The process of loss of water from trial plant body in the form of water vaporous especially through stomata is
called transpiration.
5) What is heterotrophism ?
The process by which organisms obtain food from other organisms is called heterotrophism.
6) Name the secretions secreted from Gastric glands.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Pepsin, Rennin, Mucous and small amount of Gastric lipase.
7) Which muscles controls the movement of food form stomach.
Spinctor muscles.
8) Which part of digestive system helps in complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids ?
Small intestine
9) Which enzymes of pancreas helps in efficient digestion of protein ?
Trypsin and chymotrypsin.
10) Name the intermediate and final products obtained during aerobic respiration.
Intermediate product – pyruvate or pyruvic acid
Final products – carbon dioxide and water
11) What is the amount of energy obtained during aerobic and anaerobic respiration while the break down
of one glucose molecule ?
Aerobic respiration – 38 ATP and 686 Kcal of heat energy.
Anaerobic respiration – 2 ATP and 56 Kcal of heat energy.
12) Which acid responsible for the cramping of muscles?.
Lactic acid.
13) What is the transportation of material ?
It is the process of movement of oxygen, CO2, waste substances and secretion of glands form the region of
availability to the region of storage or excretory organs.
14) Name the following blood vessels.
a) The blood vessels which transport blood form heart to different parts of the body.
b) From different parts of the body to heart.
A) a) Arteries b) Veins
15) What is emulsification ? What is its significations.
The process of breakdown of larger fat droplets into smaller droplets of fat with the help of bile salts present
in bile juice.
It helps to increase the surface area for enzyme action.
16) Which is the structural and functional unit of human kidney?
Nephrons
17) What is excretion ?
The process of removal of nitrogenous waste substances from produced during metabolic activities of the
body is called excretion.

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18) Which is the excretory substances excreted form human kidney ?

Urea.
19) Name the two glands, which secretes Amylase enzyme.
Salivary glands and pancreas.
20) Which process helps in the removal of waste substances form blood while kidney failure ?
Dialysis.
Two marks questions :
21) What are the conditions necessary for Autotrophic nutrition ? Name its product.
Necessary conditions : Carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, sunlight, water, proper temperature.
Products : Glucose and oxygen.
22) What are the important events of photosynthesis ?
The main events occurs during photosynthesis are
i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen.
iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
23) Differentiate between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition

1) In which organic food is manufactured 1) In which organic food is obtained from
various sources
2) An external source of energy is required 2) Energy is obtained by oxidation of food
form synthesis of organic food
3) The organisms lives and depends on 3) The organisms depends and must live in
inorganic medium contact with sources of organic matter
4) It is found in green plans 4) It is found in animals, man, non-green
plants, fungi and most of bacteria.

24) How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food ?

 Small intestine has several finger like projections called villi.
 These are specially designed for absorption.
 They have a dense network of blood capillaries and lymph, which helps to carry the absorbed food lymph
which helps to carry the absorbed food materials in blood to different parts of the body.
25) Differentiate between saprophytes and parasites.

Saprophytes Parasites
1) Obtain the food from dead and decaying 1) Obtain food from living hosts of different
organisms species
2) Extra digestion process is identified 2) Digestion process is absent
3) Only digested food is taken into the body 3) Digested, partially digested or undigested
food is taken into the body
4) Do not have any organs for absorption 4) They have organs meant for absorption
of food.

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26) What is the importance of nutrition ?

1) The food taken in during the process of nutrition used in cells, to provide energy for various life
processes.
2) It provides materials necessary for repairing and replacement of body parts.
3) Hormones and enzymes synthesized from food components controls various activities of the body.
4) Defensive system formed form food components provide protection against various disease causing
microorganisms.
27) What is the importance for photosynthesis ?
1) The food synthesized through photosynthesis nourishes all the organisms on the Earth.
2) Photosynthesis is the main process involved in the recycling of oxygen.
3) It helps it he controlling of CO2 level in the environment.
28) What is the role of salivary juice in the digestion of human beings?
 Salivary juice contains water, musin, lysozyme and salivary amylase enzyme.
 Water and musin soften the food material
 Lysozyme enzyme helps to kill the bacteria.
 Salivary amylase enzyme helps in the conversion of starch or glycogen into maltose.
Starch → maltose
29) List the role of hydrochloric acid in stomach.
i) It helps to soften the fibrous food material.
ii) It helps to kill the bacteria present in the food.
iii) It helps to provide acidic media for enzyme action.
iv) It helps to convert inactive pepsinogen and prorennin into active pepsin and renain.
30) What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms ?
a) In yeast cell glucose is breakdown in the absence of oxygen to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
along with 2ATP and 56 Kcal of heat energy.

Glucose → 2 pyruvate → Lactice acid + 2ATP +56Kcal

Cell absence of oxygen (2 carbon compound)

b) In skeletal muscles of humans, in the deficiency of oxygen.

Glucose is converted into lactic acid
Glucose → 2 pyruvate → Lactic acid + 2ATP +56Kcal
Cell lack of oxygen (3 carbon compound)

c) IN the cells of higher organisms, in mitochondria, presence of oxygen glucose is converting into CO2 and
H2O. In this process large amount of energy is liberated.
Glucose → 2 pyruvate → 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP + 686Kcal
Cell presence of energy
31) Write the important components and their functions of blood.
The components of blood are
i) Plasma : It helps in the transport of nutrients, salt waste materials,. Hormones and antibodies.
ii) Red blood corpuscles : helps in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
iii) White blood corpuscles : helps in protection by destroying disease causing micro organisms
iv) Blood platelets : helps in the synthesis of thromboplastic for the clotting of blood.
32) Write three types of blood vessels and their functions.

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i. Arteries – Helps in the transport of oxygenated blood from heart to different parts of the body
(except pulmonary artery – carries deoxygenated blood)
ii. Veins: Helps in the transport of deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to heart.
Except pulmonary vein – carries oxygenated blood)
iii. Capillary blood vessels : helps in the transport of substances between blood and body cells
through tissue fluid.
33) What is blood pressure ? explain briefly.
The force that blood exerts against the wall of elastic blood vessels is called blood pressure.
Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer.
The pressure of the bold inside the artery during ventricular systole (contraction) is called systolic
pressure. It is about 120mm Hg.
The pressure of the blood inside the artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation) is called diastolic
pressure. It is of about 80mm Hg. The blood pressure of normal healthy person is mentioned as 120/80
mm Hg.

34) Draw labeled diagram of digestive system of human.

35) Draw labeled diagram of vertical section of human heart.

36) Draw labeled diagram of excretory system of human.

37) Draw labeled diagram of Nephron.

38) Draw labeled diagram of opening and closing of stomata.

39) Draw labeled diagram of cross section of leaf.

40) Differentiate between Arteries and Veins.

Arteries Veins
1) Transport blood to different parts of the 1) Transport blood from different parts
body of the body to heart
2) Blood flows very fast in it 2) Blood flows very slowly
3) Blood flows in very high blood pressure 3) Blood flows very slowly with low
blood pressure
4) It carries oxygenated blood (except 4) It carries deoxygenated blood (except
pulmonary artery) pulmonary vein)

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Chapter :2
CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1) What is coordination?
Various organs of living organisms working together in a systematic, controlled and efficient way to produce
proper response to various stimuli is known as coordination.

2) What are the two systems responsible for control and coordination in humans?
Nerves system – through electrical impulse
Endocrine glans – through hormones

3) What is synapse?
A small gap between two adjacent neurons, where the nerve impulse passes form one neuron to another
neuron in one direction.

4) What is reflex action? Which is the center of reflex action?

An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus is called reflex action.
It is controlled by spinal car (center of reflex action)

5) What is reflex arc?

A) The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called reflex.

6) Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
Cerebellum

7) Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions like salivation in mouth and vomiting?
Medulla oblongata

8) Why is the use of iodized salt advisable ?

It is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin hormone from thyroid gland.

9) What are plant hormones?

These are the chemical substances naturally produced in higher plants, which controls the growth and
development, responses and other physiological functions of the plants.,

10) Why hormones are called chemical messengers?

The hormones secreted from endocrine glands reach the target organs through the blood and stimulate
particular function. Hence, hormones are called chemical messengers.

11) What are sensory neurons ?

The neurons which carry nerve impulses form receptors (sense organs) to brain or spinal card are called
sensory neurons.

12) What are Motor neurons ?

The neurons, which carry nerve impulse from brain or spinal card to the effectors (muscles or glands), are
called motor neurons.

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13) How the brain and spinal card is protected?

 A delicate organ the brain is present inside a bony box. Inside the box, the brains contained in a fluid
filled balloon like structure, which provides further shock absorption.
 The vertebral column or backbone protects the spinal card.

14) Differentiate between reflex action and waling.

Reflex action Walking
1) It is involuntary action 1) It is voluntary action
2) It is sudden and fast taking place in 2) It is not spontaneous. It is a conscious
response to action effort
3) It is controlled by spinal card 3) It is controlled by brain
4) The connection between the neurons and 4) There is no reflex arc for it
spinal cord muscles forms the reflex arc
form reflex action to take place

15) What happens at the synapse between two neurons ?

 A small gap between two adjacent neurons is called synapse. It helps in the transfer of nerve impulse
form one neuron to another.
 At the nerve endings of a neuron, the electrical signals releases chemicals.
 These chemicals cross the gap / synapse and again start a similar electrical impulse travels as
electrical signals along the nerve and passes to another nerve by chemicals.

16) What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?

 Reflex action is an involuntary action i.e., an action that does not need a thought / thinking or will to
control it. It is spontaneous and controlled by spinal cord.
 Therefore brain does not play any role in it.

17) What are growth promoting phytohormones ?

The plant hormones which increases the growth of the plant are called growth promoting phytoharmones.
Ex : Auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

18) Give example for growth inhibiting phytoharmone .

 Abscissic acid – It is responsible for the wilting of leaves.
 Ethylene – It helps in ripening of fruit.

19) List the functions of the following plant hormones.

i) Auxins ii) Gibberellin iii) Cytokinins iv) Abcisic acid
i) Auxins :
- It helps in the elongation of cells.
- It helps in the bending of stem towards light source.
ii) Gibberellins :
- It helps in the growth of the stem and flower
iii) Cytokinins :
- It promotes cell division
- It helps in rapid cell division in fruits & seeds.
- It helps in opening of stomata during day time
iv) Abscissic acid :

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- It inhibits the growth of plant.

- It is responsible for wilting of leaves
- It helps in the closing of stomata during night.

20) Define the following terms :

1) Phototropism 2) Geotropism 3) Hydrotropism 4) Chemotropism
1) Phototropism: The movement of plant parts in response to light is called phototrophic movement.
The phenomenon is called phototropism.
Ex : The shoot grows towards the light, while the growth of root is away from the light.
2) Geotropism: The movement of plant parts in response to gravity is called geotrophic movement. The
phenomenon is called geotrophism.
Ex : Root always move towards the entre of gravity, while shoots usually grow away from the gravity.
3) Hydrotropism: The growth of the plant in response to water is called hydrotropic movement. The
phenomenon is called hydrotropism;
4) Chemotropism :
The growth of plant in response to chemical stimulus is called chemotrophic movement. The
phenomenon is called chemotropism.
Ex : Growth of pollen tube towards ovules during fertilization.

21) What are the secretions of pituitary gland and mention their functions ?
 It secretes growth hormone.
 Function : It promotes growth in all the organs.

22) List the important hormones and functions of the following glands.
i) Thyroid gland ii) testis iii) ovaries iv) Adrenal gland v) Pancreas

i) Thyroid gland :
Hormone : Thyroxin hormone
Functions : It regulates carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism in the body.
ii) Testis :
Hormones : Testosterone
Functions : It helps in growth of secondary sexual characters in male.
2) helps in the formation of sperms.
iii) Ovaries :
Hormone : Estrogen and progesterone
Function :
Estrogen 1) Helps in the development of female sex organs.
2) It controls menstrual cycle.
Progesterone :
1) Helps to prepare the wall of uterus for the attachment of fertilized egg and maintains
pregnancy.
iv) Adrenal gland :
Hormone – Adrenalin hormone
Function: It controls heartbeat, respiration and blood pressure during emergency situation.
v) Pancreas :
Hormone : Insulin
Function : regulates the blood sugar level.

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23) “The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms”. Justify the
statement with one example.
The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanism.
For example, if the sugar level in blood rise, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas which respond by
producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

24) Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin ?
Patients of diabetes are given insulin injection to control the blood glucose level. Because their pancreas
cannot /does not produced the required amount of insulin in the body.

25) Why is the use of iodized salt is advisable ?

 Iodine is required for the production of thyroxin hormone. Iodine is available in iodised salt.
 When iodized salt used in diet /food, supplies the required amount to the body for maintenance and
thyroxin formation.
 The deficiency of iodine in diet leads to goiter.(a disorder of thyroid gland) and also development of brain
is affected in developing babies. So used of iodized salt is advisable.

26) What are the components of reflex arc?

 The components of reflex arc are:
i) Receptors : Sense organs which receive the stimulus
ii) Sensory neuron: it convey the stimulus form receptors to spinal cord.
iii) Associative neuron (spinal cord) : it interprets the stimulus and gives appropriate command to
motor neuron.
iv) Motor neuron : The neuron convey motor commands to effectors.
v) Effectors : it execute the effect by neuromuscular movement
Ex : Muscles and glands.

27) List the functions of the following parts of the brain :

i) Hypothalamus ii) Medulla oblongata iii) Thalamus
iv) Pons v) cerebrum vi) cerebellum

Organs Functions
i) Hypothalamus 1) Controls body temperature
2) Maintain water balance
3) Controls urge of eating, drinking
4) Controls pituitary gland
ii) Medulla oblongata 1) It controls involuntary actions such as
breathing, blood pressure (BP)
movement of alimentary canal etc.
2) It regulates reflex responses like
salivation and vomiting/
iii) Thalamus 1) Send sensory information to cerebrum
iv) Pons 1) It control breathing rate
2) It controls facial expression,

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mastication of food etc.

v) Cerebrum 1) It is the main thinking part of brain.
2) It is responsible for reasoning, speech
intelligence, sight, hearing and usage
of information
vi) Cerebellum 1) It controls and coordinates different
muscular actions
2) It maintains posture and equilibrium
of the body during various activities
such as walking, drinking, riding etc,

28) Draw labeled diagram of human brain.

29) Draw labeled diagram of spinal card, which shows the flow of nerve impulse.

30) Draw labeled diagram of neuron.

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Chapter: 3 OUR ENVIRONMENT

1) What are the components of an ecosystem ?

a) Biotic components : Plants, animals and microorganisms.
b) Abiotic components : water, soil, wind, temperature etc.
2) What are the reasons for the depletion of ozone layer ?
The chemicals like, chlorofluorocarbons (CPC‟s), carbon tetra chloride, halogens, methane, aerosols etc., are
responsible for ozone layer depletion.
3) What is food chain ?
The unidirectional flow of energy from one organisms to another in the form of food is called food chain.
Grass  insects  snake  hawk
4) Why green plants are called producers ?
All green plants and blue green algae produce food by the process of photosynthesis and this is the source of
nutrition for rest of animals present in the ecosystem. Hence plants are called producers.
5) The flow of energy is unidirectional in an ecosystem. Why?
Because, there is no recycling to previous level.
6) Identify biodegradable waste from the following DDT, agricultural waste, skin, glass.
Agricultural waste, skin.
7) In the food chain including snake, insect, grass and frog identify the trophic level of frog.
Grass  insect  frog  snake
Trophic level I II III IV
Frog included under third trophic level.
8) Name any two non-biodegradable waste substances.
A) Plastic material, polythene bags, insecticides like DDT.
9) Which among the following belong to 1st trophic level ?
Grasshopper, rose plant, neem plant, cockroach.
Rose plant, Neem plant.
10) Phytoplanktons  zooplanktons  fish  bird.
In the above food chain
a) Which organism get more energy.
b) In which organism deposition of insecticide is more
a) Phytoplankton‟s b) birds
11) What is bio magnification? Give example.
It is a phenomenon of progressive increase in the concentration of toxic substance at each progressive trophic
level.
Ex: Pesticides like DDT sprinkled on plants enters the body of humans through food chain.

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Bio magnification of DDT

Water  phytoplanktons  fish  birds
0.002ppm 0.05 ppm 2.4 ppm 16 ppm

12) In the food chain includes lion, plants and sheeps.

a) Which transfers more energy ?
b) Which receives less energy ?
a) plants b) lion
13) What is represented by the following diagram.
Phytoplanktons  zooplanktons  small fish  large fish
500 kJ 50 kJ 5kJ 0.5kJ
The above diagram represent s:the 10% law of energy flow proposed by Lindeman.
14) In the following food chain, the availability of energy to human being is 5 kJ. What is the amount of
energy present in the producers level.
Plants  sheep  human beings
500 J
15) What is ozone ? How does it affect any ecosystem ?
 Ozone is a triatomic molecule i.e., made up of three atoms of oxygen joined together. Its molecular
formula is O3.
 It can affect any ecosystem in the following ways
i) It forms thin sheet over Earth‟s atmosphere and it protects against ultraviolet rays.
ii) If ozone layer is depleted, UV radiation enters the Earth‟s atmosphere and causes eye irritation,
skin cancer in humans reduce productivity in plants etc.,
16) Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
1. Decomposition of biodegradable substances may releases certain gases in the atmosphere and they
polluting the environment.
2. They may become the breeding places of files and other pests, their causing diseases.
17) What is Grazing food chain ?
The food chain which extends form producers through herbivores to carnivores is called grazing food
chain.
Grass  rabbit  wolf
18) What will happen if we kill all the organisms in or trophic level ?
If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, the lower trophic level will grow more in number and the
higher trophic level will not survive because flow of energy from one trophic level to other will not take
place.
19) List two methods of safe disposal of the no-biodegradable waste.

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i) By underground dumping (landfills)

ii) By recycling
iii) Composting,
iv) Biogas production
v) Incineration – bringing of substance at high temperature to form ash.
20) What is terrestrial food chain and aquatic food chain ?> Give example.
i) Terrestrial food chain : The food chain present o the land is called terrestrial food chain.
Ex : Grass  insects  snake --? hawk
ii) Aquatic food chain : The food chain present in different water bodies are called aquatic food chai.
Ex. : Phytoplanktons  zooplanktons  fish  shark
21) What are the advantages of cloth bags over plastic bags during shopping?
Advantages of cloth bags over plastic bags during shopping are
i) Cloth bags are biodegradable thus can be easily decomposed by microorganisms
ii) Cloth bags can be used again, can be washed and do not causes any harm to the environment.
iii) Plastic bags are non-biodegradable and hence can pollute the environment.
22) What is food web ? Give one example.
Inter connecting food chains of an ecosystem is called food web. There each organisms is generally eaten
by two or more other kinds of organisms.
Diagram refer page 139 fig. 15.3
23) What are trophic levels ? Give an example of food chain and state the trophic levels in it.
Each step of food chain through which food is transferred is called trophic level. Each food chain contains
three to four trophic levels.
Tree  rabbit  snake  hawk
(producers) (1st consumers) (secondary consumers) (tertiary consumers)
st nd rd
1 trophic level 2 trophic level 3 trophic level 4th trophic level
T1 T2 T3 T4
24) What is biodegradable and non-biodegradable substance? Give example.
The substances which are easily degraded by the enzymes of saprophytes and get converted into simpler
substances are called biodegradable substances.
Ex : Paper, cloth, agriculture waste etc.,
The substances, which are not easily degraded by the enzymes of saprophytes, are called non –
biodegradable substances.
Ex : DDT, plastic etc.,
25) What are the consequences of ozone layer depletion ?
i) UV radiation enters into the atmosphere causes skin cancer, cataract in humans.
ii) Ti affect the growth and physiological function of both plants and animals

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iii) Causes variation in the number of phytoplanktons, through which it affects the ecosystem.
iv) Causes change in the composition of gases in the atmosphere.
26) Why should biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes be discarded in two separate dustbins?
Biodegradable materials are broken down by microorganisms in nature into simple harmless substances.
Non –biodegradable materials need a different treatment like heat an temperature for disposal and hence,
both should be discarded into two different dustbins.
27) We often observe domestic waste decomposing in the residential colonies causes problems. Suggest
ways to make people that the improper disposal of waste is harmful to the environment.
i) Banners and signboards can be hanged in residential colonies in order to educate people about the ill
effects of improper waste disposal
ii) Street plays can be organized for highlighting this issue.
28) What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
 Organisms that feel on dead plants and animals are called decomposers.
Eg : bacteria, fungi etc.
 They breakdown the complex organic compounds present in the dead remains into simpler substance and
obtain nutrition form them. These substances are released into the soil and the atmosphere.
29) How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal ? Give any tow methods.
i) Minimize the use of disposable items.
ii) Recycle the materials to be used.
iii) Reduce the usage of non-biodegradable substances like plastic , polythene bags etc.,
iv) Reduce the usage of non-biodegradable pesticides etc.,
30) What is the importance of food chain and food web ?
i) It helps in the transfer of energy form one trophic level to another.
ii) Provides information about biotic components of an ecosystem.
iii) It helps to analyses the interaction between the organisms of an ecosystem/
31) Usually more than four trophic levels are not exist in an ecosystem. Why ?
The number of trophic levels in an ecosystem is restricted up to 4 – 5 because only 10 percent of the
energy is transferred to each trophic level form the lower trophic level. Energy present in the last trophic
level is not enough to the existence of next trophic level.

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Chapter 4: How do Organisms Reproduce ?

1) What is Reproduction?
Living organisms produce new individuals of their own kind and maintain their existence generation after
generation this process is known as reproduction.
2) Why reproduction is essential?
It is essential for
i) Continuation of life on Earth
ii) Replacement of dead organisms
iii) To maintain the size of the population
iv) Transfer of variation from one generation to another
3) What is the importance of DNA replication / copying in reproduction process?
Correct copying of DNA during the process of replication ensures correct body design. Any change in it will
produce changed DNA i.e, the blue print, that will change the synthesis of proteins and in turn the body design
i.e, it will causes variation.
4) Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessary for the individual ?
 Variation is a change in the body design of an individual.
 Variation allows organisms to exist in diverse habitat or niches. In its absence, a species may remain
restricted to a particular area.
 If this area is drastically altered due to various natural or manmade causes, the special may be wiped
out.
 However, if some variations are present in few individuals, it would help them to colonies in other
habitats and survive.
 However, if variations were present in a single organism, there would be a very little chance of
survival.
5) Name the chemical substance present in blueprint necessary for body design of an organism.
Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid (DNA)
6) How DNA is responsible for changing of body structure of an organism?
 DNA present in the nucleus of an organism contains information for the synthesis of protein.
 If the information present on DNA is altered the protein synthesized by the DNA is also altered ultimately
it is responsible for change in body design of an organism.
7) Why DNA copying is an essential part of the process of reproduction?
 Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain information for the transformation of character from parents
to next generation in the formation of DNA, which is the information source of making proteins.
 Therefore, copying of DNA is essential to transfer information form parents to the offsprings by creating
new DNA of the same kind.

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8) What is asexual reproduction ? Give example.

Production of offspring‟s by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes is called asexual
reproduction.
Ex : Binary fission in Amoeba, Budding in Hydra etc.,
9) What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction ?
Sexual reproduction is considered to the superior over asexual reproduction because if brings about variation
in the progeny.
These variations allow organisms to live in diverse habitat with the help of adaptations.
On the other hand, asexual reproduction does not bring about variations among the progeny.
10) Differentiate between Binary fission and multiple fission.
Binary fission Multiple fission
1) The parent body decides into two 1) In which parent body divides into
identical daughter cells at a time more than two daughter cells at a time
2) Nucleus divides only once 2) Nucleus divides more than one time
(many times)
3) Takes place during favorable 3) Takes place during unfavorable
environmental conditions Ex : Plasmodium
Ex : Amoeba, paramecium

11) What is regeneration?

Planaria can be cut into any number of pieces and each piece grown into a complete organism. This is known
as regeneration.
12) Draw labeled diagram to show Binary fission in Amoeba.

13) Along with a diagram, explain the process of budding in Hydra.

Diagram :
 It is a type of asexual reproduction where a daughter organisms is formed form a small projection known
as bud.
 It develops as an out growth due to repeated cell division on the parent body.
 When fully grow in it detaches to grow into a new independent individual.

14) What is vegetative propagation ? List the advantages of vegetative propagation.

 It is type of asexual reproductions in which, new plant is developed form a portion of a plant body. It is
known as vegetative propagation.
 Plant parts like root, stem and leaves develop into new plant.
Ex : Layering, stem cuttings, grafting etc.

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Advantages :
a) Plants lost their ability to produce seeds can be propagated by this method.
b) All the plants are genetically similar to their parents. There is no variation in them. Therefore the superior
quality of the parental pant is maintained in progeny.
c) Vegetative propagated plants produce flower and fruits earlier than the sexually reproducing plants.

15) How will an organism be benefitted, if tit reproduces through spores ?

i) Spores are produced in large numbers. So the population of this species will increase soon on their
growth.
ii) Spores have a protective coat, that help them to resist unfavorable environmental conditions that are
harmful to the plants.
iii) Spores are carried a long distance by wind. This helps in their distribution and growth.

16) Give an example to the plant which is reproduce through spores.

Rhizopus, penicillium
17) Write the characteristic feature of sexual reproduction.
i) It involves male and female individuals to produce new organism.
ii) It involves the formation and fusion of male and female gametes.
iii) New individuals exhibit variation, it helps in the processes of adaptation.
iv) Cell division involves meiosis.

18) Name the plant reproduce through leaves. How it is reproduced?

 Bryophyllum
 During this type of reproduction, the leaves detached from plant fall on the soil surface. The leaf buds are
formed at the notches of leaves. These buds mature and detach from the parent and drown into new plant.

19) Why sexual mode of reproduction is essential in an organism?

 Variations ensure retaining of a species with in the community. The variation is due to sexual mode of
reproduction involves the combination of two different DNA of two organisms of same species.
 Sexual reproduction helps in crossing over, it is essential for variation, and it is essential for variation.
 The variation allows organisms to live in diverse habitat with the help of adaptation.
 During this type of reproduction fusion of gametes take place. It helps to maintain constant number of
chromosomes throughout the species.

20) Draw labeled diagram of vertical section of a flower.

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21) Name two reproductive parts of the flower.

i) Stamens – male reproductive part – produce pollen grains,
ii) Pistil – female reproductive part – produces ovules.

22) How unisexual flower is different from bisexual flower.

i) Unisexual flower have only male (stamens) or female (pistils) reproductive structures.
ii) Bisexual flower contains both stamens (male) and pistils (female) reproductive structures.

23) What is pollination? Explain the types of pollination?

 The process of transfer of pollen grain from another to the stigma is called pollination
 Pollination is of two types, they are
o Self-pollination
o Cross pollination
i) Self-pollination :
The process of transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of the same flower is called self-
pollination.
ii) Cross pollination :
The process of transfer of pollen grain from another to the stigma of anther flower born on same plant
or another plant.
24) Draw labelled diagram to show the germination of pollen grain on the stigma of a flower.

25) How pollination is different from fertilization ?

Pollination Fertilization
 It is the process of transfer of pollen  It is the process of fusion of male
grain from anther to stigma and female gametes
 Pollination ends with fertilization  Fertilization ends with the
formation of seeds and fruit

26) What are the agents, which helps in cross-pollination?

During cross-pollination, pollen grains transfer through the agents like air, water and different types of
animals.
27) What are the advantages of plants by the production of seeds?
Advantages are
i) Seeds con
ii) Seed can remain for longer period without germination. It helps to over come unfavorable conditions.
iii) Seeds are small and light in weight. It helps in seed dispersal.

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iv) It helps to variation in plants.

28) Write the difference between male gametes and female gametes.
Male gametes Female gametes
1) Generally smaller in size 1) Generally larger in size
2) It contains small amount of reserve food 2) It contains large amount of reserve
food
3) Male gametes are usually motile 3) Female gametes are usually

29) What are the functions of testis in human beings?

i) It helps in the formation of sperms
ii) It helps in the synthesis of testosterone hormone.
30) What is the role of seminal vesicles and prostate glands?
i) Seminal vesicle :
It produces a nutritive recreation needed for the sperm and it promotes the movement of sperm.
ii) Prostate glands :
It produces a fluid medium necessary for transport of the sperms.
31) What changes seen in girl’s at the time of puberty?
Following changes are seen in girls at the time of puberty.
i) Breasts enlarge and skin around the nipples darkens.
ii) Menstruation starts with monthly vaginal bleeding.
iii) Uterus, vegina, fallopian tube enlarges and pelvis widens.
iv) Growth of hairs in armpits and public region.
32) How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body ?
Placenta supplies the nourishment to the embryo inside the mother‟s body from the mothers blood.
33) What are the functions of placenta ?
i) Provide nutrition to the developing embryo.
ii) Helps in the exchange of CO2 and oxygen.
iii) It helps in the removal of waste substance formed in the developing foetus.
iv) It helps in the attachment of foetus to the wall of uterus.
34) What are the hormones secreted in girls at the time of puberty ?
Estrogen and progesterone.
35) What are the diseases spread through sexual contact? Name the casual organism and methods of
prevention.
1) Gonorrhoea
Casual organism : Nisseria gonorrhoea
2) Syphilis

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Casual organism : Ireponema pellidum

3) AIDS
Casual organism : Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Preventive measures :
i) By preventing sexual contact with infected person.
ii) By using condoms.
36) If a woman is using copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases?
No, copper –T does not prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
 The only safe method that can be used to transmission of sexually transmitted disease is condoms.

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Chapter-5: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

1. The presence of which bacteria indicates pollution of water?
Coliform bacteria
2. Give any four reasons to stop the usage of firewood as a source of fuel.
1) It leads to cause deforestation
2) It has low calorific value
3) It requires in large quantity
4) It leads to cause high pollution.
3. Name the two peoples who get advantages from the forests.
1. People live around the forest and tribal peoples
2. Industrialists.
4. Name any one micro biodiversity habitat.
Forests.
5. Which part of human body coliform bacteria’s are present.
Small intestine.
6. Give any two reasons for the failure of sustainable management of ground water.
i) Use of ground water throughout the year (it is recharged only during rainy reasons)
ii) Rain water technique is not properly implemented.
7. Name any two materials, which can be easily recycled and generally thrown out, as trash.
Used paper, polythene bags, metal waste, etc.
8. What is Rainwater harvesting?
Collection of rain water through different methods and use throughout the year is called rain waters
harvesting.
9. What is eutrophication?
A number of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus reach the lake through the stream. It causes natural
aging of a lake due to increasing of plants is called eutrophication.
10. What is sustainable management of natural resources?
The controlled use of resources in such a way that, its present availability and continuous flow to the future
generation is ensured without any disturbance to the environment.
11. Mention any two major benefits of dams.
i) Implementation of irrigation project.
ii) Production of electricity.
12. Why did Amrita Devi Bishnoi scarified her life?
In 1731, Amrita Devi Bishnoi along with 363 other people scarified their life for the protection of khejri trees
in khejrali village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

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13. Suggest some consequences due to the loss of biodiversity?

The food chain and food webs will get disturbed.
Resources will not be available for the next generation.
14. List two measures that you would suggest for the better management of water resources.
Two measures for the better management of water resources are.
i). Rain water harvesting
ii). Construction of dams.
15. List any four stakeholders, which may help in conservation of forests.
 The stakeholder which may help in conservation of forest are.
 Locals living in villages near the forest area
 Industrialists practicing recycling.
 Wildlife and nature enthusiasts
 Forest development of the government.
16. List any four harms of destruction of forests.
i) Decrease in the forest produce
ii) Adverse effect in quality of soil.
iii) Adverse effect on sources of water.
iv) Loss of wild life, thus adverse effects on ecosystem.
17. Mention any two reasons for which environmentalist protested against raising the height of “Sardar
Sarovar Dam” on river Narmada.
i) Submergence of additional land
ii) Displacement of more people from their homes and loss of employment.
18. What are the poisonous gasses released during the burning of fossil fuel?
Carbon monoxide, Sulpher oxides and Nitrogen oxides.
19. What changes can you make in your habits to become more environmental friendly?
The following changes can be made to be environmental friendly
1) Check the wastage of water, close the tap properly.
2) Use solar water heater and cookers, install solar panel for electricity.
3) Reduce the garbage by not throwing such items.
4) Switch over to CFL and LED lights to save electricity
5) Use cloth bags instead of polythene bags.
20. Why do we conserve forest and wild life?
i) Forests are biodiversity hot spots: number of species found in an area measures it.
ii) Forests help in protection of land and retaining soil water.
iii) Forest checks floods and maintain ecosystem.
iv) Wild life is important because

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v) They provide great aesthetic value for human beings.

vi) They help in maintaining ecological balance.

21. Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.

i) Afforestation – growth of forest in new open area.
ii) Deforestation should be banned.
iii) People should be made more aware about importance of forest
iv) There should be proper law‟s for exploitation of forest resources.
v) Growth of agricultural forest.

22. Reuse is better than recycling of materials give reasons to justify the statement.
 Reduce is better than recycling because,
i) Reuse of material does not use any energy.
ii) It reduces the stress on environment.
iii) Things are maximally utilized, as they are used again and again, instead of being thrown away.

23. Hydroelectric power is also an indirect form of solar energy. How?

Hydroelectric power is also an indirect form of solar energy because, the water which is stored in dams is
rainwater and the rainfall accurse due to the evaporation of water from water bodies due to the heat of sun.

24. Why do we need alternative source of energy?

Our resources are limited and with the increase in population the demand for all the resources in increasing in
exponential rate. So to save these resources we need alternative sources of energy.

25. What are 5R practices which protects environment. Explain briefly.

1) Refuse 2) Reduce 3) Reuse 4) Repurpose 5) Recycle
1) Refuse: Refuse to buy products that can harm you and the environment.
Say no to single use plastic carry bags.
2) Reduce: This means that you use less. You save electricity by switching off.
Unnecessary lights and fans. You can save water by repairing leaky taps. Do not waste food.
3) Reuse : This is actually even better than recycling because the process of recycling uses some energy you
simply use things again and again. Instead of throwing away used envelopes, you can reverse it and use it
again.
The plastic bottles in which you buy various food items like jam and pickle can be used for storing things in
the kitchen.

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4) Repurpose : This means when a product can no more be used for the original purpose, think carefully and
use it for some other useful purpose.
For eg: Caps with broken handles can be used to grow small plants and as feeding vessels for birds.
5) Recycle: This means that you collect plastic, paper, glass and metal items and recycle
these materials to make required things.

26. Why do we need to manage our resources carefully?

 Because,
i) These are not continuously available
ii) The demand for these resources keeps on increasing.
iii) These resources also need to be preserved for future generations
iv) These are equally distributed amongst the rich and the poor.

27. Write some of the simple choices that can make a differences in our energy consumption patterns.
Some of the simple choices that can make a difference in our energy consumption ways and proved to be
environmental friendly are.
i) Walking / cycling instead of a taking a bus or driving car.
ii) Using stairs instead of a lift to climb up.
iii) Wearing an extra sweater rather than using a heater which runs on electricity.

28. What was “Chipko Andolan” ? How did this Andolan ultimately benefit local people and the
environment?
The movement, which was started in Reni village in Garhwal to protect the trees by hugging them and not
allowing cutting of these trees, was called “Chipko Andolan”
i) The chipko movement quickly spread across communities and media and forced the government, to
whom the forest belongs, to rethink their priorities in the name of forest produce.
ii) Due to participation of local people, it led to the efficient management of forests.
iii) It explains that the loss of forest is not only influenced on forest product, but also influenced on water
reservoirs and quality of the soil.
29. What are greenhouse gasses? What is the effect of increasing of greenhouse gasses in the environment?
 Carbon dioxide, Methane, CFC‟s and Oxides of nitrogen.
 It increases average earths atmospheric temperature by trapping infrared radiations.
30. List the methods to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
a. Using public transport.
b. Using compressed natural gas (CNG).
c. Increase the growth of forest and prevent deforestation.

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d. Conversion of waste into compost instead of burning.

e. Using bicycles instead of motor cycle.
31. What are the advantages of storage of water under the soil (as ground water)?
The various advantages of underground water are.
 It does not evaporate.
 Spreads to recharge well.
 It provides moisture for vegetation over a wide area.
 It does not provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes like stagnant water.
 It is protected from contamination by human and animal waste.
32. How do we reduce the pressure on the environment.
 By adopting refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose and Recycle strictly in our day-to-day life.

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Chapter-6: Heredity and Evolution

1. Parents transmit some of their characteristics into their offspring’s. How?

The transmission of characters from parents to offspring‟s occurs via inheritance or heredity.
2. Inheritance/heredity is possible because of a certain factor present in organisms. What is this factor?
Or What is gene?
Gene is the unit of heredity, which is linear segment of DNA in the chromosome. It takes part in expressing a
particular character.
3. Reproduction leads to variation. How?
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, which leads to the mixing of characters
of parents and thus, causes variations in characters.
4. In any population, .no two individuals are similar. Why?
Variations occur in the genes of the organisms produced due to the mutations, exchange of genes and
inheritance of acquired traits during the evolutionary process, which make all individuals different from one
another.
5. What is the cause of variation in asexually reproducing organisms?
Environmental factors and mutations.
6. Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant?
The trait, which represents the tallness in a pea plant, is dominant over another trait, shortness (dwarf), so
progeny becomes tall.
7. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human beings?
23 pairs of chromosomes are present in human beings.
8. Give an example where sex is determined by environmental factors.
In snail, sex is determined by environmental factors (temperature).
9. In human females, the gametes formed have X-chromosomes in all. Give reason.
Human females have two X-chromosomes. At the time of gamete formation in meiosis, only one of these X-
chromosome enters the gamete thus, ensuring possession of X-chromosome in all gametes.
10. Why is it that the unit of evolution is population, not the individual?
 Population is a group of one species present in a particular area and individuals of which can
interbreed.
 Evolution is considered only if such a group of species or individuals shows a common advance trait
not a single individual showing an evolved trait.
11. In a beetle population, the number of green beetles is more than blue and red beetles. Give a reason
behind this situation.
It is because of natural selection.

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12. Give the respective scientific terms used for studying

i. the mechanism by which variations are created and inherited.
ii. the development of new types of organisms from the existing ones.
 Genetics is the study of mechanism by which variations are created and inherited.
 Evolution is used for studying the development of new species of organisms from the existing
ones.
13. Write one word for the formation of new species due to gradual change over long period.
Speciation.

14. Explain Mendel's observation when he crossed a homozygous tall (TT) plant with homozygous dwarf
(tt) plant followed by self-cross.
 When Mendel crossed pure tall pea plant (TT) with pure dwarf pea plant (tt), he obtained all hybrid
tall pea plants (Tt) in F1-generation.
 In. F2-generation, he got 3: 1 phenotypic ratio of plant with 3 out of 4 being tall and 1 is dwarf.

15. In Mendel's experiment of inheritance in which he took two contrasting characters, i.e. round green
and wrinkled yellow seeds,
(i) What was the phenotype of offspring is in F1-generation?
(ii) What was the ratio of offspring is in F2-generation?
Ans. (i) All were round yellow (1)
(ii) Round yellow-9, Round green -3, Wrinkled yellow -3, Wrinkled green -1
Hence, the ratio of offspring‟s in F2-generation was 9:3:3:1. (1)

16. Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X-chromosome?
Human females have two X-chromosomes called sex chromosome.
 During meiosis at the time of gamete formation, one X-chromosome enters each female gamete.
 Hence, all the gametes formed in human females possess an X-chromosome.

17. In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or female child is 50 : 50. Give a
suitable explanation.
 The sperm determines the sex of the child in human.
 This is because half of the sperms have X-chromosomes, i.e. (22 + X) and the other half have Y-
chromosome, i.e. (22 + X) and (22 + Y), both in equal numbers.
 Thus, there is 50% chance of a (22 + Y) boy and 50% chance of a (22 + X) girl being born to the
parents.
 Thus, making the statistical probability 50-50%.

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18. In a pea plant, find the contrasting trait if

(i) the position of flower is terminal
(ii) the flower is white in colour
(iii) shape of pod is constricted
Ans: Contrasting traits were used by Mendel and were classified as dominant or recessive
Character Given Trait Contrasting Trait
(i) Position of flower Terminal Axial
(ii) Colour of flower White Violet
(iii) Shape of pod Constricted Full
19. What is speciation? List four factors that could lead to speciation. Speciation is the process by which
new species develop from the existing species.
The four factors that could lead to speciation are:
(i) Genetic drift (ii) Mutation (iii) Natural selection (iv) Migration
20. How is the sex of a child determined in human beings?
 A male germinal cell which forms gametes carries one X and one Y-chromosome while a female
germinal cell carries only XX-chromosomes.
 Therefore, sex of the child depends upon what happens during fenilisation.
 If a sperm carrying X-chromosome fertilises the egg, the child born will be female (XX).
 If a sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises the egg, the child born will be male (XY).
 Thus, the sperm (the male gamete) determines the sex of the child.
XX XY
(Female) (Male)

X X X Y Gametes

XX XY Offspring‟s
(Female child) (Male child)

21. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population?
 There are different ways in which an individual with a particular trait may increase in a population.
 These include genetic drift (i.e. the change in a type of genes in a population because of the random
nature of reproduction) and natural selection.
22. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species? Why
or why not?

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 No, geographical isolation will not be a major factor in the formation of new species of self-pollinated
plants.
 This is because self-pollinated plants receive pollen grains from the same flower or another flower on
the same plant and its distance from other plants hardly affects its reproduction. Moreover, self-
pollinated plants rarely show variations in characters.
23. Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary
terms?
 Homologous characteristic is can help to identify an evolutionary relationship between apparently
different species.
 For example, mammals have four limbs, as do birds, reptiles and amphibians. The basic structure of
the limbs is similar though it has been modified to perform different functions in various vertebrates.
These are homologous organs.
24. Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Why or why not?
 Butterfly belongs to the phylum-Arthropod, which have a chitinous exoskeleton.
 The bat belongs to class-Mammalia, which have wings made up of skin folds.
 Since, both butterfly and bat use their wings for flying, but do not share any resemblance in their
wings structure, they are not homologous, but analogous organs, i.e. having similar functions, but
dissimilar structure.
25. What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?
 Fossils are the remains or impressions of organisms that lived in the ancient times.
 Fossils provide the evidence that the present animals have originated from previously existing ones
through the process of continuous evolution.
 Fossils can be used to reconstruct evolutionary history of an organism.
 Ex: Fossils are helpful in the study of evolution as:
(i) They give us an idea of the time in history when different species were formed
or became extinct.
(ii) Fossils also help us to trace the evolutionary history of some animals.
(iii) Fossils also indicate connecting links between two groups of organisms,
e.g. Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds.
26. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to
belong to the same species?
 All human beings, even though they have different size, colour and looks, belong to the same species
(Homo sapiens) because they have similar DNA sequences and have descended from same ancestors.
Also, they are capable of reproducing among themselves.
 These variations may have arisen due to the environmental factors, mutation and mixing of characters
during reproduction.

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27. In evolutionary terms, can we say which among bacteria, spiders, fishes and chimpanzees have a
'better' body design? Why or why not?
 Evolution is the generation of diversity due to environmental selection. More and more complex body
designs have emerged over time.
 Among bacteria, spiders, fishes and chimpanzees, we can say that the chimpanzees have a better body
design because of their more complex body.
 Various organisms evolve in their own separate ways to give rise to the current forms and have a
basic difference in their body design because of specialisation of all types of tissues.
 The chimpanzees are best adapted to survive the present day conditions and have proper division of
labour in their body, i.e. they have different organs for performing different vital functions inside the
body.
28. How are the areas of study of evolution and classification interlinked?
 The study of classification of various organisms gives us an idea about the evolutionary history of the
organisms. Organisms, which have certain similar characteristics are placed in one group.
 It can be thus concluded that the organisms placed in one group may have evolved from common
ancestors and may have a common evolutionary history.
29. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples.
 Homologous organs have the same basic structure and origin, but perform different functions.
e.g. the forelimbs of a frog, a bird and a man have same basic design of bones, but they perform different
functions (frog uses them to jump, birds use them to fly and man uses them to grasp things).
 Analogous organs have different basic structure and origin but have similar appearance and perform
similar functions,
e.g. wings of insects and wings of birds have different basic structure as the wings of insect is a fold of
membrane and wings of a bird are modified forelimbs, but have similar functions, i.e. flying.

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