Lingaya’s Lalita Devi Institute Of Management And Science
NAAC Accredited “A” Grade institute and Approved under
Section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956
Mandi Road, near Chhatarpur Metro Station Campus,
Mandi, New Delhi, Delhi 110047
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Bachelor Of Arts In Journalism And Mass Communication
video production
Subject Code-(253)
Submitted To:Mr.Hardeep Singh Bhakal
Submitted By: Jai
Enrollment no.: 01619202421
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Jai, a student of
bachelor of Journalism and mass
communication has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Mr. Hardeep Singh Bhakal {
subject teacher } during the year
2021-2024.
Signature of External signature of teacher.
Examiner.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Hardeep Singh Bhakal, who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project of video production.
Who also helped me in completing my project. I
came to know about so many new things. I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.
Jai
BJMC 2ND year
INDEX
S.No. Topic Signature
1. Front Page
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgement
4. Video Camera and it’s parts
5. Different types of Camera Shots
6. Different types of Camera Angles
7. Different types of Camera Movements
8. Rule of Composition
9. Light and it’s Properties
10. White Balance, Exposure, and Filter
11. Record Indoor or Outdoor Lightning
12. Record a PSA with Video (1 min)
VIDEO PRODUCTION LAB
VIDEO CAMERA-
A video camera is an optical instrument that captures videos.
which is used in recording current images. A camera that is
used to create videos by recording moving images and
sounds into a videotape, computer disk, etc.
The Different parts of the video camera are as follows-
1.Microphone.
2.Lens Hood.
3.Aperture Ring.
4.Focus Ring.
5.Zoom Ring.
6.Manual Zoom Ring.
7.White balance, black balance.
8.Gain control.
9.Colour Compensation Filter.
10.Viewfinder, brightness/contrast controls.
11Tally light {indicates if the camera is recording}.
12.Camera black VTR Connector, video output, camera-cable,
monitor video output, genlock connection.
13.Battery pack.
14.Audio input controls.
15.LCD monitor/ viewfinder.
16.Auto/Manual/On/Off.
MICROPHONE-
It is a device that can improves the clarity of dialog. When
subjects speak in front of the camera, or help you pick up
more natural environmental sounds.
It helps to enable many types of audio recording devices for
purposes including communication of many kinds, as well as
music vocals, speech and sound recording.
LENS HOOD-
In photography, a lens hood or lens shade is a device that
used on the front end of a lens to block the sun or other light
source to prevent glare and lens flare. Lens hood may also be
used to protect the lens from scratches and the elements
without having to put on a lens cover.
APERTURE RING {IRIS}-
The aperture ring on a lens allows the photographer to
control the aperture within the lens. It provides to control
exposure and to adjust the depth of field and the image
sharpness.
FOCUS RING-
This ring is moved by a small motor within the lens whenever
you press the shutter release button halfway down.
ZOOM RING-
A zoom rings enable motorized zoom that allows you to
change the focal length in real-time as you shoot. A zoom
adjustment ring found on many digital video recorders and
digital cameras.
MANUAL ZOOM CONTROL-
Manual zoom control which moves your point of view closer
to, or further away from, the subject. The effect is similar to
moving the camera closer or further away.
WHITE BALANCE & BLACK BALANCE-
The purpose of white balance photography is to assist
creator when shooting video footage or photography in
different types of lighting situations. The feature will capture
an image or video with an accurate colour instead of
appearing to have different colour casts.
The main purpose of black balance is to eliminate any
residual current being output from the pixel sites under
conditions of complete darkness, often referred to as thermal
noise. This is why the camera automatically closes the iris
completely when it does the black balance.
GAIN CONTROL-
Gain is a digital camera, that controls the amplification of the
signal from the camera sensor. It should be noted that this
amplifies the whole signal, including any associated
background noise.
COLOUR COMPENSATION FILTER-
This filter changes how the camera sees the light, and the
effect depends on the colour of the filter.
This means that if the viewfinder image changes brightness,
then the recorded signal changes brightness as well’.
TALLY LIGHT-
Tally lights serve two purposes. The first is to make it obvious
which camera is live for the camera talent and the second is
to keep the camera operator aware of his camera status.
BATTERY PACK-
A battery pack is a device that stores electrical energy to
provide power to an electrical energy to provide power to an
electrical system, such as an electric vehicle or an energy
storage system. The energy is stored in cells that are all
connected to one another in the battery pack.
AUDIO INPUT CONTROLS –
An audio input control plays a sound clip from a file, a
recording from a microphone control, or the audio track from
a video file.
LCD MONITOR-
The LCD Monitor is used to view the menus and the camera
settings, playback captured images and videos, and also
frame your shot {when using live view}. Some LCD Monitors
are also touch screens, making it easier to interface with your
camera.
AUTO/MANUAL/ON/OFF-
Auto lens operation is a mode in which the lens iris
automatically adjusts to maintain a predetermined level of
light on the image pickup device. Cameras with auto-lens
mode may also provide automatic lens focusing.
Manual mode gives you full control over both shutter speed
and aperture on your camera. The cameras light meter still
works, its just that the camera doesn’t actually make any
changes to shutter speed or aperture.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS AND
ACCESSORIES FOR VIDEO PRODUCTION-
1.Video Camera.
2.Tripod Stand.
3.Camera Lighting.
4.Microphone.
5.Audio Cables.
6.Headphones.
7.Lenses.
8.Batteries.
9.Memory Cards.
10.Hard Drive.
11.Camera Bag.
12.Mount Ring.
13.Live Streaming Monitors.
14.Video Editing Software.
VIDEO CAMERA
A video camera is the basis of your videography equipment.
It will likely set the tone for the type of equipment you pair
with it. You might choose a DSLR or mirrorless camera, or
even use your smartphone. When choosing the right video
camera, consider things like-
1.BUDGET- video cameras came in all different budgets
consider how much you want to spend on your camera
before shopping.
2.TYPE OF VIDEO SHOOTING- consider the type of video
shooting you plan to do, with options like static or stealth.
You also want to consider options like high definition or 4k.
3.WHERE YOU PUBLISH YOUR VIDEOS – How, and
where, you plan to publish your videos can help you choose
the right camera. you might choose a webcam, action camera
or camcorder.
4.IF YOUR VIDEO INCLUDE AUDIO-some video cameras
have better built-in audio settings. However, you can also
always add an external audio source if the camera you want
does not.
TRIPOD STAND
A tripod is a piece of equipment that keeps your camera
sturdy when filming. It is useful when shooting static videos.
It also allows you to pan across multiple angles with a
smoother transition. When choosing the right tripod,
consider things like-
1.DURABILITY- if your videography projects take you away
from home, you want to choose a tripod that is durable.
2.FLEXIBILITY- you also want to consider how flexible a
tripod. A fluid head tripod allows you to move your camera
as needed. You might even choose a slider if you prefer to
run and shoot.
3.FIT-you want a tripod that is mode to fit your video
camera. even if you are shooting with your iphone, there are
tripods designed for specific models.
4.HEIGHT-Most tripods can be extended for additional
height but do have a limit. Make sure you choose a tripod
that is right height for your subjects.
CAMERA LIGHTING
A camera light can help you highlight your focus subject or fill
in dark spots. Lights are also a useful accessory when filming
interviews or documentaries. A light reflector can be useful in
improving the quality of your videos. If you plan on shooting
most of your videos in a single location, then you might
choose a videography studio lighting kit.
MICROPHONE
Even if your cameras come with a built- in microphone, a
stand -alone one can give you a higher quality of video audio.
Having a microphone ensures you capture all necessary
sounds when filming. Here are a few microphone types to
consider-
A Microphone is a device that translates sound vibrations in
the air into electronic signals and scribes them to a recording
medium or over a loudspeaker. Microphones enable many
types of audio recordings devices for purposes including
communications of many kinds, as well as music vocals,
speech and sound recordings.
There are many different types of microphones can be
classified on the basis of construction are as follows-
1.Wireless Microphone.
2.Shotgun Microphone.
3.Handled Microphone.
4.Lapel Microphone.
5.Dynamic Microphone.
6. Large Diaphragm condenser Microphones.
7.Small Diaphragm condenser Microphones.
AUDIO CABLES
Audio cables connect your microphone to the camera. They
can give you a higher quality of sound. A few audio cables
you might need include-
1.HDMI- HDMI cables fit most DSLR or high-definition
camcorders.
2.USB- USB cables are important for connecting your
camera to your computer for editing purposes.
3.XLR- you might need an XLR cable if you want a balanced
audio signal.
4.MIDI-you might need MIDI cables if you are transferring
musical instruments to your videos.
HEADPHONES
A good pair of headphones can help you when editing sounds
and compiling clips of your video. Here are a few things to
consider when choosing the right pair of headphones.
1.COMFORT- you spend a lot of time editing and
headphones with sufficient cushioning can be important to
the process.
2.TYPE OF OPERATION- Determine the type of
operations you use when creating videos, considering if you
use your headphones primarily for editing, or you also need
them for mixing can help you choose the right ones.
3.FIT- Fit can be matter of preference but headphones are
available in different styles including open- back, closed- back
and semi-open.
4.ISOLATION- The level of foam on a pair of headphones is
not only about comfort. It can also influence the isolation of
sounds which can make a difference when it comes to editing
videos.
LENSES
Camera lenses allow you to adjust your camera based on
what you are filming. They come as either a prime lens,
which is a fixed lens with a fixed focal length, or a zoom lens,
which has a variable focal distance. Here are a few types of
lenses to consider.
1.WIDE- ANGLE LENS- Wide-angle lenses have a small
focal length that allows you to take in more of your subjects.
2.ND FILTER LENS- A natural density filter controls the
level of light in your videos.
3.MACRO LENS- Macro lenses are good for capturing
closeups of inanimate objects.
4.VERSATILE LENS- If you are new to videography or
building your equipment for the first time, you might choose
a versatile kit.
BATTERIES
Adding a few batteries to your videography equipment can
help you prepare for long film days. Always bring at least four
extra batteries with you. If you are shooting all day or over
the course of the weekend, you may need even more than
that. Rechargeable batteries are always a good idea because
you can charge the batteries when they are not in use.
MEMORY CARDS
It is also good to prepare with extra memory cards. Make
sure they are the right fit and type for your camera and that
they are empty. Compact flash memory cards are the best
option because they are small and can hold a lot of video
footage.
You also want to consider how much storage they offer.
Memory cards come in all different sizes including 16GB,
32GB and 64GB.
HARD DRIVE
An external hard drive is useful if you plan to capture a lot of
footage. You can use it transfer your videos from your
camera and continue shooting. When you are done shooting
for the day, you can easily transfer the footage from the
portable hard drive to your desktop computer for editing.
CAMERA BAG
You need a good camera bag to transport your videography
equipment between jobs. It can be helpful to stock up on
your videography equipment first so you know how much
storage you need. You want a camera bag that is sturdy,
weather-resistant and protective.
LIVE STREAMING MONITORS
Live streaming monitors allow you to watch your videos
while filming and editing them. There are a lot of live
streaming monitors available in the market. You want to
consider things like size, brand and price. Larger streaming
monitors are not always better, especially if you film and edit
on the go.
VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE
Once you finish capturing your videos, you need a video
editing software program. You also need a good computer to
store your data and videos.
1.PRICE- Video editing software programs come at all
different price points. Consider your budget ahead of time.
2.AVAILABLE FEATURES- Consider what features are
most important to you. Video editing software allows you to
cut and combine videos, add text include music or add
special effects.
3.EDITING KNOWLEDGE- It can also be helpful to
consider your editing knowledge. Some programs are better
suited for beginners. Whereas others are designed for
videographers with previous knowledge.
4.CUSTOMER SUPPORT- It is also a good idea to
consider a video software program that has a built in support
system.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAMERA
SHOTS IN VIDEOGRAPHY-
CAMERA SHOTS -
In production, a shot is the moment that the camera starts
rolling until the moment it stops. In film editing, a shot is the
continuous footage or sequence between two edits or cuts.
This article is going to talk about some core cameras shot
types and what they are used for.
1.Extreme Long Shot –
First up we have the extreme long shot. It also referred to as an
extreme wide shot, it conveys contextualising information to the
viewers about where the action in a scene is taking place or sets a
character in their context.
For this reason, an extreme long shot is often used to establish
context and setting at the start of a film or a new scene. When used
in this context, an extreme long shot can be described as an
establishing shot.
2.LONG SHOT –
We have the long shot, which can also be called a wide shot. This
generally shows the full length of any featured characters from the
feet to the top of the head and is used to show a character in
relation to their immediate surroundings.
In this instance, we learn more about the environment the
characters inhabit- here it is a school. The shot enables us to see the
characters interact through their body language, enabling the
audience to draw conclusions about the characters, such as
understanding that they are friends.
3. Mid-Shot or Medium Shot-
The mid-shot or medium shot generally shows the character from
the waist to the top of the head. It enables the viewers to see facial
expressions in combination with body language, to show emotion.
For this reason, it is great for dialogue shots. In this example, it
makes perfect framing for a news -style report so we can see the
reporters face, whilst the framing of the body allows for us to see the
reporters formal body language.
4. Close-Up Shot –
The close-up shot is often used to show a character from the top of
the shoulders to the top of the head. It used for capturing a
characters facial expression, heightening emotions and building
tension. Its another great shot type for dialogue.
5.Extreme Close-up shot-
And lastly, we have an extreme close-up, when an object, items or
body part fills the frames, which is used for emphasis, showing detail
and, once again, heightening emotions.
In this instance, the focus on the second hand of the clock suggests
that time will be an important factor in the sequence to follow.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAMERA
ANGLES IN VIDEOGRAPHY-
CAMERA ANGLES-
The camera angle marks the specific location at the which the movie
camera or video camera is placed to take a shot. A scene may be
shot from several camera angles simultaneously. This will give a
different experience and sometimes emotions.
The different camera angles will have different effects on the viewers
and how they perceive the scene that is shot. There are a few
different routes that a camera operator could take to achieve this
effect.
1.High Angle-
The shot below is at a high angle. Angles can use any of the framing
types we have discussed above, but the camera must be positioned
at an angle looking down at the subject. Generally, a high angle is
used to make the subject within the frame seem small, isolated,
vulnerable or less powerful.
The extremity of the angle can be altered, often causing the desired
effect to be more or less impactful. In this case, the high angle is used
to make the characters seem even more vulnerable.
2.Low Angle-
The low angle can also be used in combination with any camera shot
types, but the camera must be positioned down low at an angle
looking up at the subject. Generally, a low angle is used to make the
subject within the frame seem large, imposing, daunting or more
powerful.
The extremity of the angle can be altered, often causing the desired
effect to be more or less impactful. In this case, the low angle wide
shot of these trees makes.
Most of the time, filmmakers use low angle views to enhance the top
end of a power dynamic- to make the hero or villain or monster
seem taller, bigger, stronger, more powerful or intimidating.
3. Extreme Low- Angle-
These shots are typically taken at about 45 degrees, but they can
vary from just a few inches below a subject eye line all the ways to
the ground. A low angle shot taken from below knee is called an
extreme low angle shot.
This angle is a term that is generally used to denote any angle of view
that is outside the way we normally look at an object. For example,
to take a photograph looking up at a person from below their feet
would be considered and extreme angle.
A low-angle is a shot in which the cameras angle is positioned below
the eye line of the subjects, pointing upward. An extreme low-angle
shot is below the subject feet offering a sharper contrast in the shot.
4.Extreme Wide-Angle shot –
An ultra-wide angle is a lens whose focal length is shorter than that
of an average wide-angle lens, providing an even wider view. The
term denotes a different range of lenses, relative to the size of the
sensor in the camera in question.
Some of the ultra- wide-angle lenses are of fisheye type, while others
are rectilinear. In this article, we will go through both types and
explain their differences.
An ultra-wide angles lens is a lens that covers focal lengths shorter
than 24mm in full frame equivalent field of view. This includes both
prime lenses, as well as zoom lenses.
CAMERA MOVEMENTS
CAMERA MOVEMENTS -
A Camera Movement is a film making techniques that causes a
change in the frame or perspective through the movement of the
camera. camera movements allow cinematographers and directs to
shift the audience views without cutting.
The camera is an optical device that records images that can be
directly stores, transmitted to other location or both. These images
may be still photographs and moving images such as videos and
movies.
A camera used in making a film for the cinema. It is a type of
photography that rapidly takes a sequence of photographers. The
film camera is required to take & capture emotions, feeling & love.
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAMERA
MOVEMENTS
1.TILT CAMERA MOVEMENTS –
The Tilt Camera Movement are just like pan, only vertical. The tilt
camera movements direct a camera upward or downward. The tilt
camera can be used to give a character dominance or in a shot to
reveal new information to the audience.
2. PAN CAMERA MOVEMENTS-
The camera pan directs a camera horizontally left to right. The pan
camera movement is typically achieved with in tripod head, but can
also be done handheld or with a stabilizer pan are often motivated
by a character actions. They can also be used to reveal information
to the audience.
3.ARC CAMERA MOVEMENTS-
The Arc shot orbits the camera around a subject in an arc pattern.
Arc shots are typically used to add energy to a shot in which
characters have minimal actions.
4. DOLLY CAMERA MOVEMENTS {PUSH IN} –
A push-in moves the camera closer to a subject typically with a dolly
camera movement or Steadicam. Push-ins can draw the audience
attention towards a specific detail. One of the more heavy-handed
camera movements is the daily zoom
5. TRACKING CAMERA MOVEMENTS –
A Tracking Shot is any shot that physically moves the cameras
through the scene for an extended amount of time. Tracking camera
movement often follows a travelling subject through they can used
to simply show off the scene.
RULE OF COMPOSITION
1.The Rule of Composition are a set of guidelines that govern what
should be included in the frame and how it is presented. They were
first introduced in 1839 when French artist Charles Mozin created
“composition Rules”.
2.The Rule of Composition are essential to the success of any film or
photograph. They dedicate how you can use your frame and what
you should avoid so that your visual message is communicated with
clarity, beauty, and precision.
3.There more than one way to make a great movie to take an
amazing shot but there are some basic guidelines that will help you
get started on the right foot.
4.Its best if these “Rules of Composition” are honoured from the very
beginning because they are easy to break after the fact and difficult
to fix in post-production editing software.
5.If you want to work to be great then it needs to be composed well
in advanced.
LIGHTS AND ITS PROPERTIES
LIGHT-
1.Light is an Electromagnetic radiation that has properties of waves.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into several bands
based on the wavelength.
2.Light is a form of energy that causes the sensation of vision. The
different theories on the nature of light were proposed on the basis
of the fact that energy can be transferred from one point to another,
either by particle motion or by wave motion.
3.Lighting of a scene is an important aspect of video production. The
different lighting instruments and gives an idea of how to light up
different situations.
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
1.INTENSITY-
a. Intensity of light refers to the amount or strength of light on a
given area. The intensity of light is dependent on the kind of lighting
instruments available and the aesthetic consideration required.
b. The camera sensitivity, power availability, the light fittings in the
room, and the intensity of the sun outdoors, ventilations, the nature
of the set, etc. are all technical factors to be kept in mind. When
determining the lighting requirements.
c. The Intensity of lighting apart, picture clarity is dependent on
surface brightness, its texture, colour, and reflected light besides
other factors such as aperture, shutter speed, and focus.
2. COLOUR QUALITY-
a. Colour quality refers to the kind of light being used to illuminate
an object. The various kind of light sources in our day-to-day life-
sunlight, fluorescent and tungsten lamps, torch lights, etc. in vary
degrees.
b. Each kind of light source produces light rich in a certain colour of
the spectrum-red, green, blue, yellow, etc.
c. The colour quality is rated in terms of colour temperature.
3. DISPERSION-
a. Dispersion or Coherence refers to the hardness or softness of light.
Light from a tungsten bulb result in hard light, whereas light from a
fluorescent tube result in soft light.
1. Hard light casts sharp shadows- Hard lights is used when we need
to show finer details, soft light to hide them. Hard light tends to bring
out pimples or rashes on the skin, whereas soft light tends to hide
them.
2.soft light hardly produces any shadow- illustrate the difference
between shooting objects with hard and soft lights. The watch shot
with hard light throws a sharp shadow, whereas the same watch shot
with soft light produces hardly any shadow.
4. DIRECTION –
Direction basically means the height and the angle at which the light
is placed. The effect of lighting is maximized with the appropriate
direction of this.
WHITE BALANCE, EXPOSURE & FILTER
WHITE BALANCE
white balance is a vital camera setting to properly calibrate
in order to achieve your desired image. If you have ever
taken a photograph or video and found the result of look
unnatural blue or yellow, then improper white balance is to
blame. We break down what white balance is, how to
calibrate it, and what to do if you have already shot your
footage without white balancing beforehand.
EXPOSURE
In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area
reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic
image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens f-number, and
scene luminance.
FILTERS
In photography, device used to selectively modify the component
wavelength of mixed light before it strikes the film. Filters may be
made of coloured glass, plastic or sometimes a coloured liquid in a
glass cell.
RECORD AN INDOOR OR OUTDOOR LIGHTING
INDOOR LIGHTING –
OUTDOOR LIGHTING-
RECORD AN PSA WITH VIDEO
Public Service Announcement {PSA} or Commercial
CLEAN THE AIR
We have Natural ways to clean Indoor Air –
1.vaccum Away Air Pollution.
2. Brush fido.
3.Use Natural Air Fresheners.
4.Bees wax.
5.Avoid Mycotoxins.
6.Choose Low furnishings.
7.Cut down on cooking pollution.
8.Get more Plants.
