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CHAPTER 05

Magnetism and
Matter
[TOPIC 11 Magnetic Dipole and Magnetic
Field Lines
A magnet is a material or an object that produces
a magnetic field. The magnetic field is invisible
but is responsible for most notable property of
magnet.

1.1 Force Between Two

Magnetic Poles
Magnitude of force acting between two magnetic
poles is given by
-m +m2

N Their properties are given as below:

(i) These lines form continuous closed loops.
F =km,m 2 (ii) The tangent to the field line at a particular
point gives the direction of the field at that
F =Ho mm2 point.
4T 4T (ii) Larger the density of the lines, stronger will
be the magnetic field.
where, m and m, are magnetic strength of poles (iv) These lines do not intersect one another.
and k is magnetic force constant. Its SI unit is A-m.
1.3 Magnetic Dipole
1.2 Magnetic Field Lines An arrangement of two equal and opposite
These are imaginary lines which give pictorial magnetic poles separated by a small distance
representation for the magnetic licld inside and c.g. A bar magnet.
around the magnet.
162 Chapterwise CBSE SOlved Papers: PHYSICS

Magnetic Dipole Moment (M) 1.4 Torque on a Bar Magnet in g

It
represcnts the strength of magnets. The Uniform Magnetic Field
magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic
dipole is A uniform magnetic field B is represented by cquidistant
bar magnct of length 2/ and
parallel lines, NS is a
is M.
given by M mx 2| strength of cach pole
where, is pole strength and 2/ is Torque, T MBsin 0 =M xB
m
dipole M
length directed from S to N.
+m
S N
21
The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is A- Im M xB
(a) (b)
m J/T. It is a vector quantity and its
or
direction is from South pole to North pole. where, 0 is the angle between M and B. Its SI unit is
joule per tesla (JT-').
Magnetic field strength at a point
MB, when is perpendicular to the field and
dipole
due to a bar magnet at Tmax
T=0, when dipole is parallel or anti-parallel to the ficld.
(i) On axial line (end-on-position)
Potential Energy of a Magnet Dipole
B.Ho. M
( r>>) (Bar Magnet) in a Magnetic field
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
The direction ofmagnetic fieldis
is given by
along the direction of magnetic dipole
moment (M). U= -
MB cos 0 = -M B
(ii) On equatorial line where, 0 is the angle between M and B.
(broadside-on-position) Work done in rotating the dipole in a uniform magnetic
field from 6, to 0, is given by
BHo.M._H,M W MB (cos 6, cos 0)
4T 4Ttr
The direction of dipole moment can be obtained by right
hand thumb rule. Its SI unit is A-m.
NOTE Current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole whose dipole moment
Equatorial B P is given by M= A.
ine

+ R32 Osdllation of a Freely

Suspended Magnet
The oscillations ofa
freely suspended magnet (magnetuc
dipole) in a uniform magnetic field are in SHM. The
time period of oscillation,

The direction of magnetic field is T 27I/ MB

wherc, l =moment of inertia of the magnet,
parallel to the magnetic dipole and M =magnetic moment
opposite to the direction of dipole
and B magnetic ficld intensity.
moment.
CHAPTER 5: Magnetism and Matter 163

1.5 Magnetic Dipole Moment 1.7 The Electrostatic

Magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron is
Analogue
given by
The magnetic dipole is analogous to an electric
M-or M 211
dipole consisting of two equal charges of opposite
sign (tg) seprated by a certain distance 2a). It has
where, v is the speed ol electron on a circular path an electric dipole moment
of radius r. L is angular momentum and given as

L Vr.
P q2a)
L The Dipole Analogy
Free Space Electrostatics Magnetism
Constant (L/eo) (Po)
Dipole moment P M

Equatorial field -p/4Te -HoM/4r

for a short dipole
M
Orbital magnetic moment
Axial field for a 2p/4Ter Ho2M/4 T
of o revolving electron short dipole
External field: PXE M xB
Torque
1.6 Force Between two External field -P E - M-B

Magnetic Dipoles Energy

Mutual force of interaction between two magnetic

dipoles is given by Magnetism and Gauss' Law

F - Ho 6 M,M2 The net magnetic flux (0») through any closed

surface is always zero.
4T
S
where, M, and M2 are magnetic dipole moments

of two different magnets.

Bar Magnet as an
Equivalent Solenoid AS
The expression of magnetic field at distance r from This law suggests that the number of magnetic
centre is given by field lines leaving any closed surface is always

B-Ho, 2M equal to the number of magnetic field lines

4T r entering it.

This expression is equivalent to that of bar EB-AS =0 = , B-AS =0

magnet.
 Explanations
PREVIOUS YEARS 1.
As the needle is
position, the torque
displaced
will try
from the
equilibrium
to bring it back
in
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS equilibrium position, hence acceleration will be
related with negative of angular displacement.
TOPIC1 When compass needle of
magnetic moment M and
moment of inertia I is slightly disturbed by an
2Marks Question angle from the mean position of cquilibrium.
Then,restoring torque begin to act on the necdle
1. A small compass needle of which try to bring the needle back to its mean
magnetic
moment M and moment of inertia I is free position which is given by
to oscillate in a
magnetic field B. It is T - MB s i n 6

slightly disturbed from its equilibrium Since, 0 is small

position and then released. Show that it sine =
So,
executes simple harmonic motion. Hence, T= - MB
write the expression for its time period. (i)
But T la
Delhi 2011C .(ii)
where, a = angular acceleration
and M=magnetic moment of dipole.
3 Marks Questions On comparing Eqs. (i) and (i ), we get
2. Prove that the Ta = - MBO
magnetic moment of the
electron revolving around a nucleus in a = - (MB/)0

an orbit
of radiusr with orbital speed v a 0 (1)
is equal to eur/2. Hence Angular acceleration - Angular displacement
using Bohr's
postulate of quantisation of angular Therefore, needle execute SHM.
momentum, deduce the expression for Hence, time period,
the magnetic moment of
in the ground state.
hydrogen atom T=2 27T or T 21MB
All India 2019 MB/
3. (1)
(a) State Gauss's law for magnetism. This is the required expression.
Explain its significance.
2. According to Bohr's model of atom, negatively
(b) Write the four important properties charged electron revolves around the positively
of the magnetic field lines due to a
charged nucleus. This is same as that of a current
bar magnet.
Delhi 2019 loop of dipole moment = IA. Let the electron is
4. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T moving in a circle with speed vin anti-clockwise
is aligned at 60° with a uniform external direction of radius r and time period is T.

magnetic field of 0.44 T. Caleulate (a)

the work done in turning the magnet to
align its magnetic moment (i) normal to
the magnetic field, (i) opposite to the
magnetic field and (b) the torque on
the magnet in the final orientation in
case (11). CBSE 2018
Mi
 5: Magnetism and Motter
165
CHAPTER

Current. == = (b) Refer lo text on page 161

27tr (1) (Propertics of Magnctic Flcld Lines). (1/2)
tr2 6J/T
of loop 4 (a) Glven, magnetic moment, M
= =

Area

Orbital magnetic moment of clectronis Aligned angle, 0, = 60°

lA = x T?= CVr
M,= External magnetic ficld,
27tr 2
momentum of electron due to orbital B 044 T
The angular
motion is (i) When the bar magnet is align normal to the
L = m,vr
magnetic licld, i.c. 0, = 90°
I is directed upward in perpendicular direction to
Amount of work done in turning the
the plane. magnet,
M CV2= W=- MB (cose, - cos6,)
L 2171
- 6x 044 (cos 90°- cos 60°)
This ratio is constant called gyromagnetic ratio. Its
cos 90° 0
=

value is &8 x 10'°C kg, so

+ 6 x 044 x
and cos 60° = 1/2)
M=L
271 = 1.32J (1)
The vector form to the
(ii) When the bar magnet align opposite
M =- - L 180°
magnetic field, i.c. 0, =

21 (1) W =- MB (cosl80° cos 60°)

The negative sign shows that the direction of L is
= - 6x 044-l (::cos180°=-1)
opposite to M. Acording to Bohr's quantisation
condition, the angular momentum of a n clectron is
an integral muliple of 6 x
044 X
27T
nh
L = 396J (0)
27T (b) We know that, torque,
M, = eh T = MxB= MBsine
4Ttm For case (ii), 0 = 180°
This is the equation of magnetic moment of an
T = MBsin180° (:sin180° = 0)
electron revolving in mh orbit. (1)
Refor to text on page 163 = 0
3. (a)
(Magnetism and Gauss' Law). (1/2) . Amount of torque is zero for case (ii). (1)
ITOPIC 2] Earth's Magnetism and Magnetic
Properties of Materials
2.1 Earth as a Magnet .Relationship between horizontal and vertical
components of the earth's magnetic field and
Earth behaves like a angle of dip is given by
magnet whose North Magnetic H, = B, cos
pole is somewhere close equator
to geographical South and V =
B, sin ð
pole and magnetic
Geographic
equator V/H, = tan 8
South pole is closed to
geographical North Various Terms Related to
pole.
In outer core of the carth iron, nickel and small Magnetism
quantities of other metals are present in molten
Magnetic Intensity (H)
form and flow in a defined path. This flow of liquid
The capability of magnetíc field to magnetise the
iron and other metals generate electric currents,
substance is measured in terms of magnetic
which in turn produce magnetic fields.
intensity of the field.

2.2 Magnetic Elements B = Bo

Po
There are three elemen!s of the earth's magnetic field
where, B = magnetic field inside vacuum and
namely
(i) The angle between geographical meridian Ho4Tx107/T-mA'.
and magnetic meridian at a place is known
as angle of declination ().
Its SI unit is Am
Intensity of Magnetisation ()
(ii) Magnetic Geographic
meridian The magnetic dipole moment induced per unit
Inclination or e aA
Dip In magnetic volume in the magnetic material due to
meridian, the ----M magnetising field is known as intensity of
angle made by magnetisation.
direction of the I = M/V = m/A
earth's total where, M = induced magnetic dipole moment,
magnetic field Magnetic m = pole strength,
meridlan
(B,) with the
V= volume of specimen
horizontal is
and A = cross-sectional area.
known as dip (). C

(ii) Horizontal Component of the Earth's Magnetic Permeability (u)

Magnetic Field It is the component of the It is equal to the ratio of magnetic induction to
earth's total magnetic field along the intensity of magnetising ficld.
horizontal direction.
H, = B, cos8
 167
5: Magnetism and Matter
CHAPTER

It is cqual to the and I = intensity of magnetisation.

Susceptibility (Xm)
Magnetic The SI unit of magnetic induction is Tesla(T)
intensity of magnetisation and magnetising
ratio of or Wbmwhich is cquivalent to NmA
ficld
or JA m2.
XmH
no unit. It is a scalar quantity.
2.3 Classification of
t has
Magnetic substance
Magnetic Induction (B)
On the basis of mutual interactions or their
the total number of magnetic lines of
tis defined
as
behaviours, the magnetic materials placed in a
unit area through the magnetic uniform magnetic field are classified into three parts
(orce crossing per
material.
(i) Paramagnetic substance
B=Ho (H + I)=HoHl+ Xm) (i) Diâmagnetic substance
(iii) Ferromagnetic substance
where, o permeability of free space,
H magnetising field

Paramagnetic substance Diamagnetic substance Ferromagnetic

Property substance

When placed in a uniform Feebly magnetise along Feebly magnetise opposite to Strongly magnetise along
applied field magnetic field or repelled by magnetic field
magnetic lield
magnets

Susceptibility (x.»d Small and positive 0< Xm<E, Small and negative Very large Xm>1000
-1 < Xm<0
small number
I <p,<l+E Positive and less than one Large value ,>l000
Relative permeability
E Small number
0<p,<l
Effect of temperature Independent with
temperature m TTc (T> Tc)
Variation of I with H Lincarly change Linear change and saturable Non-linear change and
low temperature ultimately attains
saturation
In a non-uniform magnetic Tends to move from weaker Tends to move from stronger Tends to move quickly
field to stronger magnetic ficld to weaker magnetic field from weaker to stronger
magnetic field

Examples Pb, H0, NaCl, Bi, Cu, Si, sb Na, Ca, O, CuCl2, Al Ni, Co, Fe, Fe,0,, Gd

Curie Law X « 1/T

For paramagnetic material,

X=CIT IC =Curieconstant)
Curie Temperature
With the rise of temperature, susceptibility of
ferromagnetic materials decreases. At a certain
lt states that the magnetic susceptibility of temperature, ferromagnetic pass over to
paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional paramagnetic. This transition temperature
to the absolute called Curie temperature.
temperature, i.e.
Curie-Weiss Law
This describes the magnetic susceptibility Xm of
a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above
the Curie point. It is expressed as
PREVIOUS YEARS
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Xm=C/-T :T>T¢l
where, C is called Curic's constant. Tis an
TOPIC 2
absolute temperature in kelvin and Tc is Curie
temperature.
1 Mark Questions
2.4 Permanent Magnets and 1. The magnetic susceptibility of magnesium
at 300K is 1.2x 10". At what temperature
Electromagnets will its magnetic susceptibility become
The substances which are at room temperature 1.44x 10°?
retain their ferromagnetic property for a long
AllIndia2019
period of time are called permanent magnet.
Permanent magnet can be made by placing a rod of 2. The magnetic susceptibility of z of a given
ferromagnetic material in a current carrying material is - 0.5. Identify the magnetic
solenoid. The magnetic field of the solenoid material. AllIndia2019
magnetises the rod. 3. At a place, the horizontal component of
The material used for making permanent magnet earth's magnetic field is B and angle of dip
should have high retentivity, so that the is 60°. What is the value of horizontal

magnetisation is strong and high coercivity so component of the earth's magnetic field at

that the magnetisation is not erased by stray equator? Delhi2017

magnetic field/temnperature fluctuations or minor 4. In what way is the behaviour of a
mechanical damage. Steel is favoured for making diamagnetic material different from that of
a paramagnetic, when kept in an external
permanent magnet.
Steel possesses high coercivity, hysteresis loss, magnetic field? AIl India 2016
moderate permeability, susceptibility and high 5. Relative permeability of a material
retentivity, therefore it is fit for making
H =0.5. Identify the nature of the
permanent magnet. magnetic material and write its relation
.On placing a soft iron rod in a current carring of magnetic susceptibility. Delhi2014
solenoid the magnetism of the solenoid
6. What are permanent magnets? Give one
increases by thousands folds. On switching off
the current flowing through solenoid the example. Delhi 2013
magnetism is effectively switched off. It is 7. Where on the surface of earth is the
because the soft iron core has a low retentivity. vertical component of earth's magnetic field
Some suitable materials for making zero? Delhi2013C; AllIndia 2011
permanent magnets are alnico, cobalt,
steel
8. The horizontal component of the earth's
and ticonal.
magnetic field at place is Band angle of
a
Soft iron possesses high permeability, dip is 60°. What is the value of vertical
susceptibility and low retentivity and low component of the earth's magnetic field?
coercivity and low hysteresis loss, therefore it
Delhi2012
is fit for making electromagnet.
CHAPTER
CHA
5: ognetism and Motter 169

9. What is the angle of dip at a place where unity. Identify the nature of the materials
the horizontal and vertical components A and B. Will their susceptibilities be
of the earth's magnetic field are equal? positive or negative? Delhi2014
Forelgn2012 19. Give two points to distinguish between a
magnetic needle free to rotate in paramagnetic and diamagnetic substanCe.
10. A a

vertical plane orients itself vertically at Delhl 2014C

a certain place on the earth. What are
20. ) How is an electromagnet different from
the values of
a permanent magnet?
6) horizontal component of the earth's (i) Write two properties of a material
magnetic field and
which makes it suitable for making
i) angle of dip at this place? Foreign 2012 electromagnet. All India2014c
11. Where on the surface of earth is the 21. The relative magnetic permeability of a
angle of dip 90°? AlI India 2011 magnetic material is 800. Identify the
nature of magnetic material and state its
12. The permeability of a magnetic material
is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic two properties. Delhi 2012
material, it represents. Delhi2011 22. (i) How does a diamagnetic material
13. The susceptibility of a magnetic behave when it is cooled at very low
material is 1.9 x 10. Name the type of temperature?
ii) Why does a paramagnetic sample
magnetic material, it represents. Delhi 2011
display greater magnetisation when
14. The susceptibility of a magnetic cooled? Explain. Delhi2012
material is -4.2x 10. Name the type of
23. Explain the following.
magnetic material, it represents. Delhi 2011
) Why do magnetic lines of force form
15. What is the characteristic property of a continuous closed loops?
diamagnetic material? Foreign 2010 (ii) Why are the field lines repelled
(expelled) when a diamagnetic
2 Marks Questions material is placed in an external
uniform magnetic field? Foreign 2011
16. () Define the term magnetic 24. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a
susceptibility and write its relation
vertical plane parallel to the magnetic
in terms of relative magnetic meridian has its North tip down at 60° with
permeability. the horizontal. The horizontal component of
(i) Two magnetic materials A and B the earth's magnetic field at the place is
have relative magnetic known to be 0.4 G. Determine the
permeabilities of 0.96 and 500. magnitude of the earth's magnetic field at
Identify the magnetic materials A the place. Delhi 2011
and B. CBSE 2018C 25. ) Name the three elements of the
17. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of Earth's magnetic field.

magnetic field lines in the presence of (ii) Where on the surface of the Earth is the
vertical component of the Earth's
(i) paramagnetic and
magnetic field zero? Foreign 2011
(i) diamagnetic substances.
How does one xplain this 26. Distinguish between diamagnetic and
distinguishing feature? All india 2014 ferromagnetic materials in terms of
18. Out of the two magnetic materials, A (i) susceptibility and
(ii) their behaviour in a non-uniform
has relative permeability slightly magnetic field. All India 2011
greater than unity while B has less than
170 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Popers PHYSics
PHYSICS
27. (i) Write two characteristics of a 34. Three identical specimens of a magnetic
material used for making permanent materials nickel, antimony and aluminium
magnet8? are kept in a non-uniform magnetic field
(i) Why is core of an electromagnet Draw the modification in the field lines in
made of ferromagnetic materials? each case. Justify your answer. Delhi 2011
Delhl 2010o
28. The horizontal component 5 Marks Question
of the earth's
magnetic field at a place is v3 times its
vertical component there. Find the value 35. (i) A small compass needle of magnetic
of the angle of dip at that place. What is
the ratio of the horizontal component to
moment Mis free to turn about an
axis perpendicular to the direction of
the total magnetic field of the earth at uniform magnetic field B. The
that place? All India
2010C moment of inertia of the needle about
29. The horizontal component of the earth's the axis is I. The needle is
slightly
magnetic field at a place equals to its disturbed from its stable position and
vertical component there. Find the value then released. Prove that it executes
of the angle of dip at that simple harmonic motion. Hence,
place. deduce the expression for its time
What is the ratio of the horizontal period.
component to the total magnetic field of
(ii) A compass needle free to turn in a
the earth at that place?
All india 2010Cc vertical plane orients itself with its
30. Draw magnetic field lines when a axis vertical at a certain place on the
(i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic earth. Find out the values of
substance is placed in an external (a) horizontal component of the
magnetic field. Which magnetic property earth's magnetic field and
distinguishes this behaviour of the field (b) angle of dip at the place.
lines due to the two substances? Delh
2010
Delhi 2013
3 Marks Questions Explanations
31. Write three points of differences between 1. The susceptibility of magnetic material is
para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic materials, inversely
proportional to temperature, i.e.
giving one example for each. Delhi 2019
m
32. The susceptibility of a magnetic material T
is 0.9853. Identify the 300
type of magnetic
material. Draw the modification of the m (300K) T
field pattern on kceping a piece of this 300 x1.2x10
T
material in a uniform magnetic field.cese 144x 10
2018 = 250 K (1)
33. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 2. Substance having (small) negative value (-0.9 of
50 cm long is rotated with a speed of magnetic susceptibility Xm are diamagnetic. (1
120 rev/min in a plane normal to the
3. >B
horizontal component of the earth's V60
magnetic field. The earth's magnetic field
at the place is 0.4 G and the angle of dip
is 60°. Calculate the emf induced between
the axle and the rim of wheel. How will
the value of emf be affected, if the number I is the total magnetic field.

of spokes were increased? allIndia2013 Now, I cos 60° = B

 171
5: Magnetism and Motter
CHAPTER

of 1.9 x 10
B = = 213 13. The small and positive susceptibility
I cos 60° 1/2 rcpresents paramagnctic substance (1)
14. Negative susceptibility represents diamagnetic
At cquator, dip angle is 0°.
B I cos 0° = I = 2B substance. (1)
(11
15. Dlanmagnetic matcrial acquires fccblc
When paramagnetic materlals are placed in the
these are fecbly magnetisation in the opposite directíon of
external magnetíc ficld, in
the direction of the applied magnetic ficld when they a r e placed a n
magnetiscd in cxternal magnetic ficld. (1)
field whereas in case of
Cxternal magnetic
diamagnetic materials, these are fecbly 16. (1) The magnetic susccptibility of a magnetic

magnetised opposite to that of applied external materlal is defincd as the ratio of the
magnetic field. (1 intensity of magnetisation (/) to the
of magnetic material is a diamagnctic. magnctic intensity (H).
5. The nature
relative permeability and
The relation between
magnetic susceptibility is
i.c.,
mH
, =1+ Xm (1 Relation between magnetic susceptíbility
those magnets which
(Xm) and relative magnetic permeability (4,)
are
6. Permanent magnets is given as (1)
have high retentivity and coercivity. The
magnetisation of permanent magnet is not casily , =1+ Xu
0.96<
destroyed even if it is handled roughly or exposcd (i) For material A,u, =

in stray reverse magnetic field, c.g. steel. (1) Hence, magnetic materia 1A is diamagnetic.
For material B, , = 500
7. At equator, vertical component of earth's
magnetic field will be zero. (1) Since, , is much greater thanl for material
8. Horizontal component of earth's magnetic ficld, B, therefore B is ferromagnetic material. (
H B, cos 60° = B (given) 17. Magnetic permeability of paramagnetic is more
than air, so it allows more lines to pass through it
B, X B or B, = 2B
2 while permeability of diamagnetic is less than air, so
it does not allow lines to pass through it.
Vertical component of carth's magnetic field,
V = B, sin 60° V = 2B x (V3/2) (i) Behaviour of magnetic field lines when
diamagnetic substance is placed in an
V= 3B (1) external field.
9. The angle of dip is given by
8 tan (B,/B )
By vertical component of the earth's magnetic
field.
B horizontal component of the carth's
magnetic field. (i) Behaviour of magnetic field lines when
So, as paramagnetic substance is placed in a
By BH
external field.
Then, 8 tan (1) = 45°
T h e angle of dip will be = 45. (1)
10. (i) The needle is free to move in vertical plane, it
means that there is no component of the
earth's magnetic field in horizontal direction,
so the horizontal component of the earth's Magnetic susceptibility distinguishes the
magnetic field is zero. (1/2) behaviour of the field lines due to
(ii) The angle of dip is 0°. (1/2) diamagnelic and paramagnetic substance. (t
11. AL poles, the angle of dip is This difference can be explained as
90 (1)
diamagnetic substances repel or expel the
12. The magnetic material is
diamagnetic substance magnetic ficld lines while paramagnetic
for which4, <1. (1)
substance altract the magnetic field lines. (n
172 Chapterwise CBSE SOlved Papers PHYSICS

18. The nature of the material A is paramagnetic and NOTE When South pole of the magnet is viewed from the framo
of reference, then inside the magnet, it appears as North
its susceptibility xm is positivc. pole and vice-versa. Due to this reason, magnetic field
The nature of the material B is diamagnetic and
ines are traversed from South pole to North pole inside
its susceptibility
xm is negative. (2) the magnet.
19.
24. Angle of dip, 8 = 60° = n/3
Paramagnetic
substance
Diamagnetic Horizontal component of the carth's magnetic
substance
A paramagnetic A diamagnetic
ficld, H 0.4 G
Earth magnetic field (B.) = ?
substance is feebly substance i_ fecbly
attracted by magnct. repelled by a magnet. Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic
field, H B, cos8
For a paramagnetic For a diamagnetic
substance, the intensity
of magnctisation has a
substance, the intensity
of magnetism has a
B, =
cos
-0.4 G
cos 60°
04G 0.8 G
small positive value.
(1/2
small negative value. (2)
B, = 0.8 G
(1)
20. (i) An electromagnet consist of a core made of a
25. (i) The earth's magnetic field at a place can be
ferromagnetic material placed inside a completely described by three parameters
solenoid. It behaves like a strong magnet which are called elements of carth's magnetic
when current flows through the solenoid and
field. They are as follows (1)
effectively loses its magnetism when the (a) Angle of declination (8)
current is switched off.
(b) Angle of dip or magnetic inclination
A permanent magnet is also made up ofa (c) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic
ferromagnetic material but it retains its field (H)
magnetism at room temperature for a long
(ii) At the magnetic equator, the dip needle rests
time after being magnetised one. [11
horizontally, so that the angle of dip is zero at
(ii) Properties ofmaterial are as below the magnctic equator. (1)
(a) High permeability (c) Low retentivity 26. (i) Susceptibility for diamagnetic material
(b) Low coercivity (1) It is independent of magnetic field and
21. Ferromagnetic substance are those substances temperature (except for bismuth at low
which have very high magnetic permeability. (1) temperature). (1

Properties (i) High retentivity Susceptibility for ferromagnetic materlal

The susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials
(i) High susceptibility (X.m> 10009 decreases steadily with increase in
(2 x 1/2)
lemperature. At the Curie temperature, the
22. (i) For diamagnetic substances, the variation of
ferromagnetic materials become
susceptibility
is very small(0<
Xm <e), i.e.
diamagnetic materials are unaffected by the
paramagnetic.
change in temperature (except bismuth).( (ü) Behaviour in non-uniform magnetic field
Diamagnets are feebly repelled, whereas
(ii) Paramagnetic materials when cooled due to ferromagnets are strongly attracted by
thermal agitation tendency alignment of non-uniform ficld, i.c. diamagnets move in the
magnetic dipoles decreases. Hence, they shows direction of decreasing ficld, whereas
grcater magnetisation. (1) ferromagnet feels force in the direction of
23. (i) Magnetic lines of force come out from North increasing field intensity. (1)
pole and enter into the South pole outside the 27. (i) Two characteristics of material used for
magnet and travels from South pole to North
making permanent magnets are
pole inside the magnet. So, magnetic lines of
force form closed loop, magnetic monopoles (a) high coercivity
do not exist. (1) (b) high retentivity and high hysteresis loss.
(2 x 1/2)
(ii) The diamagnetic material gets slightly
magnetised in a direction opposite to external (ii) Core of an electromagnet made of
ficld, therefore lines of force are repelled by ferromagnetic material because of its
diamagnctic material. (1) (a) low coercivity
(b) low hysteresis loss (2 x 1/2)
 5: Mognetism and Matter 173
CHAPTER

to the question, H =
V3v
28. According
where, H and
V are
the horizontal and vertical where, a) = 27tN/[ and
the carth's magnetic field.
components of = length of the spoke = 50 cm = 0.5m
ol dip at that place is 8, then
1f angle
tan8 (V/H) =(V/V3V) : H= 3V] x0 . 2 x101x (092x
2x 314 xI20
2 60
tan8 8- 6 (1)
E= 3.14 x 10 v (1)
The valuc of eml induced is indepcndent of the
Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic
number of spokes as the emf's across the spokes
ficld,
H B, cos8 are in parallel. So, the emf will be unaffected

where,
B, = Earth's magnetic field with the increase in spokes. (1)
34. The modifications are shown in the figure.

B,
cos =cos 2
H:B, = V3:2
(1)

29. Refer to Sol. 28 on page 173 (Ans. 1: 2). (2)

Sol. 17 pages 171 and 172.
E
Refer to on
30. (i)
(ii) Refer to Sol. 17 on pages 171 and 172. (1)
Magnetic susceptibility distinguishes the
behaviour of the field lines due to
diamagnetic and paramagnetic substance. ()
dia- and
31. Difference between para-,
ferro-magnetic materials
Refer to text on page 167.
(%x3 = )

32. Given, susceptibility, Xm = 0.9853 It happens because

As the susceptibility of material is positive but (i) nickel is a ferromagnetic substance.
small. (ii) antimony is a diamagnetic substance.
The material is paramagnetic in nature. For (ii) aluminium is a paramagnetic substance.
(%x3 =1 %)
paramagnetic material, magnetic lines of external1
magnetic ficld will passes through the material 35. The torque always tries to bring back the needle
without much deviation, when it is placed in in equilibrium position i.e. parallel to the existing
between magnetic poles. field.
The modification of the field pattern is shown in (i) The torque on the needle is t = M x B

the following figure. In magnitude, t = MB sin 0

Bo Here, t is restoring torque and 0 is the angle

between M and B.
S
Therefore, in equilibrium,
Restoring force = Deflecting torque
B>Bo
(3) -MBsin 6 (1)
33. Horizontal component,
H Bcos0=0.4 cos 60° = 04x(1/2) = 0.2G Negative sign with MB sin0 implies that
restoring torque is in opposition to deflecting
H 0.2 x10 T :cos 60° =1/2] torque.
This component is parallel to the plane of wheel. For small values of 0 in radians, we
The wheel is rotating in a plane normal to the approximate sin 6 = 0 and get
horizontal component, so it will cut the horizontal
component only, vertical component of earth will
, de- MB8 ?
contribute nothing in emf. (1)
Thus, the emf induced is given as de/dr= - o'e (1)
174 Chupterwlse CRSE Solved Papers : PHYSIC8

This equatlon nepresents a smple harmanle

rotated through an angle 1B0", then the
work in (M mngnetic dipole moment of
motion, The square ot the angular hequeney
bar magnot)
MB
(a) M (b) 2MB (o) (d) zero
2
5. A long magnot iH Cut into two equnl parta
Timeperionl, 7 = 2n/ 2nAMR (1) Auch that tho longth of ench half ia enme aa
(i) (a) As, houizontal compoment of earth's that of original magnet. If the period of
magnetie tield, B * cosd original magnot ia T, then the period of new
mugnot iN
Putng -
90" (as compass needle
ients itselt vertically) () 7 (d) 2T
6. At the mugnetie polo of oarth, the value of
(b) Fora compass needle oriented itself with
nnglo of dip is
its axis vertical at a cenain place, angle
(n) 0° (b) 30 (c) 46 (d) 90
(2)
of dip.S 90° 7. At a given place on the earth, the angle
between tho magnetie meridian and the
Keographic meridian is called

Objective Questions (a) magnetic longitude

(b) magnetie doclination
(For Complete Chapter) (c) magnetie latitude
(d) magnetic dip
1Mark Questions 8. The angle of dip at a place on the earth gives
1. A magnotie wire of dipole moment (a) the horizontal component of the earth's
r Am' is bent in the form of semicirclo. magnetic fiold
The new magnotie moment is8 (b) the location of geographic meridian
(a) 4r Am (b) 8r Am (c) the vertical component of the earth's field
(c) 4 Am (d) None of theso (d) the direction of the earth's magnetic field
2. A bar magnet of length 3 em has points A 9. The intensity of magnetisation of a bar
and Balong its axis at distances of 24 em magnot is 6.0x 10' Am"'. The magnetic
and 48 cnm on the opposite sides. Ratio of length and the area of cross-section of the
magnotic fiolds at those pointa will be magnet aro 12 cm and 1 em", respectively.
The magnitude of magnetic moment of this
bar magnet (in SI unit) is
(a) 0.6 (b) 1.3 (c) 1.24 (d) 2.4
2 4 cm->* 48 cm
10. Relative permeability of iron is 5500, then
(a) 8 (b) 1/2/2 3 (c) 4 its magnetic susceptibility will be
3. A short bar magnet placod with its axis (a) 5500 x 10' (b) 5600x10-7
at 30 with a uniform extornal magnetic (c) B601 (d) 5499
field of 0.16 T exporiences a torquo of 11. Nickel shows
magnitude 0,032 J. The magnotie ferromagnetic property at
room temperature. If the temperature is
moment of the bar nmagnet will be incroased beyond Curie temperature, then it
(a) 0.29 JT- b) 0.40 JT-1 will show
(c) 0.80 JT (d) zoro (u) paramagnotism
4. bar magnet is placed in the position (b) anti-forromagnetism
A
of stablo equilibrium in a uniform (c) no magnetie property
magnetie fivld of induction B. If it is (d) diamangnetism
CHAPTER 5: Magnetism and Matter 175

12. Ferromagnetic materials used in a

5. (a) Time period T =
transformer must have MB
(a) low permeability and high hysteresis As the magnet is cut into two equal parts along
loss M
axis, then for each part '= M'=
b) high permeability and low hysteresis 2
loss Time period of new magnet,
(c)high permeability and high hysteresis
loss T= x2 T=T
(d) low permeability and low hysteresis loss M'B 2x MxB
has properties 6. (d) At earth's magnetic poles, the anglc of dip is
13. Permanent magnet 90°.
retentivity and coercivity respectively
(a) high-high (b) low-low 7. (b) The angle between the magnctic meridian and
(c) low-high (d) high-low the geographic meridian is called magnetic
declination.
8. (d) The angle of dip at a place on the earth gives
Explanations the direction of the earth's magnetic ficld.
9. (a) We know that
1. (d) If length of wire is 2, then magnetic mor
M = mx 2 =47 A-m2
(given) Intensity of magnetisation I =

As wire is bent in the form of semicircle effective where, M = magnetic moment and V = volume.
distance between the ends is 2.
So, new dipole moment M = mx 2r
So, M = IV

= 5.0x 10x 2x1

As tr=2,r=4 100 (100)
Tt
= 60x 10x 10= 0.6 Am?
So,
M' = m x2x
2-2 om x2)
T 10. (d) As we know that, p, =1+ Xm
M 4n =
8 Am? 5500=1 + Xm
T
Xm 5500 -1 = 5499
2. (a) Magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a
11. (a) Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room
distance r from the centre of magnet on axial
temperature. If the temperature is increased
position, beyond Curie temperature, then it will show a
B-o. paramagnetism.
12. (b) Ferromagnetic materials used for

-12- transformers must have high permeability and

low hysteresis loss.
13. (a) The materials for a permanent magnet should
3. (b) Magnetic moment,
have high retentivity (so that the magnet is
M=- 0.032 = 0.40 JT
0.16x sin 300 strong) and high coercivity (so that the
Bsine
magnetism is not wiped out by stray magnetic
4. (b) We know that, W= MB (cose, -cos0,) fields). As the material in this case is never put to
As 6, =0° and 0, =180° cyclic changes of magnetisation, hence hysteresis
Then, W MB (cos0° cos180°) = 2 MB is immaterial.

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