Sahil Vahora

Q-1) Interpreter Vs Compiler.

Interpreter Compiler
Translates program one statement at Scans the entire program and
a time. translates it as a whole into machine
code.
Interpreters usually take less amount Compilers usually take a large amount
of time to analyse the source code. of time to analyse the source code.
However, the overall execution time However, the overall execution time is
is comparatively slower than comparatively faster than
compilers. interpreters.
No Object Code is generated, hence Generates Object Code which further
are memory efficient. requires linking, hence requires more
memory.
Programming languages like Programming languages like C, C++,
JavaScript, Python, and Ruby use and Java use compilers.
interpreters.

Q-2) Procedural Programming Vs Object-oriented

programming.

No. On the Procedural Programming Object-oriented

basis of programming
1. Definition It is a programming language that Object-oriented
is derived from structure programming is a
programming and based upon the computer programming
concept of calling procedures. It design philosophy or
follows a step-by-step approach in methodology that
order to break down a task into a organizes/ models
set of variables and routines via a software design around
sequence of instructions. data or objects rather
than functions and
logic.
2. Security It is less secure than OOPs. Data hiding is possible
in object-oriented
programming due to
abstraction. So, it is
more secure than
procedural
programming.
3. Approach It follows a top-down approach. It follows a bottom-up
approach.

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4. Data In procedural programming, data In OOP, objects can

movement moves freely within the system move and communicate
from one function to another. with each other via
member functions.
5. Orientation It is structure/procedure-oriented. It is object-oriented.
6. Access There are no access modifiers in The access modifiers in
modifiers procedural programming. OOP are named as
private, public, and
protected.
7. Inheritance Procedural programming does not There is a feature of
have the concept of inheritance. inheritance in object-
oriented programming.
8. Code There is no code reusability It offers code reusability
reusability present in procedural by using the feature of
programming. inheritance.
9. Overloading Overloading is not possible in In OOP, there is a
procedural programming. concept of function
overloading and
operator overloading.
10. Importance It gives importance to functions It gives importance to
over data. data over functions.
11. Virtual class In procedural programming, there In OOP, there is an
are no virtual classes. appearance of virtual
classes in inheritance.
12. Complex It is not appropriate for complex It is appropriate for
problems problems. complex problems.
13. Data hiding There is not any proper way for There is a possibility of
data hiding. data hiding.
14. Program In Procedural programming, a In OOP, a program is
division program is divided into small divided into small parts
programs that are referred to as that are referred to as
functions. objects.
15. Examples Examples of Procedural The examples of object-
programming include C, Fortran, oriented programming
Pascal, and VB. are -
.NET, C#, Python, Java,
VB.NET, and C++.

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Q-3) Explain JDK, JVM, API, IDE, JIT.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is an implementation of the JVM.

Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE along with various

development tools like Java libraries, Java source compilers, Java
debuggers, bundling and deployment tools.

Just in Time (JIT) is runs after the program has started executing, on the
fly. It has access to runtime information and makes optimizations of the
code for better performance.

API are important software components bundled with the JDK. APIs in
Java include classes, interfaces, and user Interfaces. They enable
developers to integrate various applications and websites and offer real-
time information.

Q-4) Java main() Method – public static void

main(String[] args) .

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Example:
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("I am a Geek");
}
}

Output:
I am a Geek

Q-5) Explain Different Method to read Input in Java.

First Import Package: import java.util.Scanner;
Syntax of Java Scanner Class

Scanner a = new Scanner(System.in);

a.nextInt();

Example:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Main{
public static void main(String[]args) {
Scanner a = new Scanner(System.in);
a.nextInt();
System.out.println(a);
}
}

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Methods of Java Scanner Class

Methods Description

nextInt() It takes int type input value from the user.

nextFloat() It takes a float type input value from the user.

nextBoolean() It takes a boolean type input value from the user.

nextLine() t takes a line as an input value from the user.

next() It takes a word as an input value from the user.

nextByte() It takes a byte type of input value from the user.

nextDouble() It takes a double type input value from the user.

nextShort() It takes a short type input value from the user.

nextLong() It takes a long type of input value from the user.

Q-6) Explain Data Types in detail with example.

Data Types in Java

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the
variable. There are two types of data types in Java:

1. Primitive data types: The primitive data types include Boolean, char, byte,
short, int, long, float and double.
2. Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types
include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.

There are 8 types of primitive data types:

o Boolean data type

o Byte data type
o Char data type
o Short data type
o Int data type

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o Long data type

o Float data type
o Double data type

Example :
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

boolean flag = true;

System.out.println(flag);

byte range;
range = 124;
System.out.println(range);

short temperature;
temperature = -200;
System.out.println(temperature);

int a = -4250000;
System.out.println(a);

long b = -42332200000L;
System.out.println(b);

double number = -42.3;

System.out.println(number);

float num = -42.3f;

System.out.println(num);

char letter = 'Sahil';

System.out.println(letter);

}
}

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Q-7) Explain Operators In Java With Example.

Operator in Java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -
, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in Java which are given below:

o Arithmetic Operator,
o Shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Assignment Operator.

Operator Type Category Precedence

Arithmetic multiplicative */%

additive +-

Shift shift << >> >>>

Relational comparison < > <= >= instanceof

equality == !=

Bitwise bitwise AND &

bitwise exclusive OR ^

bitwise inclusive OR |

Logical logical AND &&

logical OR ||

Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

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Example:
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
System.out.println(x++);
System.out.println(++x);
System.out.println(x--);
System.out.println(--x);
}
}

Q-8) what is type casting? Explain widening and

narrowing type casting.
Type casting is a method or process that converts a data type into another data
type in both ways manually and automatically. The automatic conversion is
done by the compiler and manual conversion performed by the programmer.

Widening Type Casting

Converting a lower data type into a higher one is called widening type casting. It
is also known as implicit conversion or casting down. It is done automatically. It is
safe because there is no chance to lose data.

Narrowing Type Casting

Converting a higher data type into a lower one is called narrowing type casting. It
is also known as explicit conversion or casting up. It is done manually by the
programmer.

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Q-9) Explain nested If with Example.

The nested if statement represents the if block within another if block. Here, the
inner if block condition executes only when outer if block condition is true.
Syntax:
if(condition){
if(condition){
}
}

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Example:
public class JavaNestedIfExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int age=20;
int weight=80;
if(age>=18){
if(weight>50){
System.out.println("You are eligible to donate blood");
}
}
}
}

Q-10) Explain Switch Statement In Java.

The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is
like if-else-if ladder statement. The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long,
enum types, String and some wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long.

Syntax:

switch(expression){
case value1:
break;
case value2:
break;
default:
}

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Example:

public class SwitchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int number=20;
switch(number){
case 10: System.out.println("10");
break;
case 20: System.out.println("20");
break;
case 30: System.out.println("30");
break;
default:System.out.println("Not in 10, 20 or 30");
}
}
}

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Q-11) what is Array? Explain Array Types With Example.

Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous

memory location.

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.

Additionally, the elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location.
It is a data structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed
set of elements in a Java array.

Advantages
o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the
data efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages
o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It
doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection
framework is used in Java which grows automatically.

Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

o Single Dimensional Array

o Multidimensional Array

Example:

class Main{
public static void main(String[]args) {

int a[] = new int[5];

int b[][] = new int[2][2];

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a[0] = 1;
a[1] = 2;
a[2] = 3;

b[0][0] = 5;
b[0][1] = 3;
b[1][0] = 8;
b[1][1] = 6;

System.out.println(b[1][1]);

System.out.println(a[2]);

}
}

Q-12) How To pass Array in function and How return

Array from Method?
In this section, we are going to learn how to return an array in Java.
Remember:
o A method can return a reference to an array.
o The return type of a method must be declared as an array of the correct
data type.
Example:
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
int[] a=numbers();
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
System.out.print( a[i]+ " ");
}
public static int[] numbers()
{
int[] arr={5,6,7,8,9};
return arr;
}
}

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Q-13) Explain Concept of Class & Object.

Object:

An object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics, state and behavior.

Understanding the concept of objects is much easier when we consider real-life
examples around us because an object is simply a real-world entity.

You will find yourself surrounded by the number of objects which have certain
characteristics and behaviours.

For example, we can say ‘Orange’ is an object. Its characteristics are: spherical
in shape and colour is orange. Its behaviour is: juicy and tastes sweet-sour.

Class:

A class is a group of objects that share common properties and behaviour.

For example, we can consider a car as a class that has characteristics like
steering wheels, seats, brakes, etc. And its behaviour is mobility. But we can
say Honda City having a reg.number 4654 is an ‘object’ that belongs to the
class ‘car’.
It was a brief description of objects and classes. Now we will understand the
Java class in detail.

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Q-14) Explain Access Modifiers or Visibility Modifiers.

There are four types of Java access modifiers:

1. Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It
cannot be accessed from outside the class.
2. Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package.
It cannot be accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any
access level, it will be the default.
3. Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package
and outside the package through child class. If you do not make the child
class, it cannot be accessed from outside the package.
4. Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be
accessed from within the class, outside the class, within the package and
outside the package.

Understanding Java Access Modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers in Java by a simple table.

Access within within outside package by outside

Modifier class package subclass only package
Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

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Q-15) Explain Use Of this keyword in Java.

There can be a lot of usage of Java this keyword. In Java, this is a reference variable that
refers to the current object.

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Q-16) Abstraction Vs Encapsulation

Abstraction Encapsulation
Abstraction is the process or While encapsulation is the process or
method of gaining the method to contain the information.
information.

In abstraction, problems are While in encapsulation, problems are

solved at the design or interface solved at the implementation level.
level.

Abstraction is the method of Whereas encapsulation is a method to hide

hiding the unwanted the data in a single entity or unit along with
information. a method to protect information from
outside.

We can implement abstraction Whereas encapsulation can be

using abstract class and implemented using by access modifier i.e.
interfaces. private, protected and public.

In abstraction, implementation While in encapsulation, the data is hidden

complexities are hidden using using methods of getters and setters.
abstract classes and interfaces.

The objects that help to perform Whereas the objects that result in
abstraction are encapsulated. encapsulation need not be abstracted.

Abstraction provides access to Encapsulation hides data and the user

specific part of data. cannot access same directly (data hiding.

Abstraction focus is on “what” Encapsulation focus is on “How” it should

should be done. be done.

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Q-17) Primitive Data Types (Autoboxing) & Wrapper Data

Types (Unboxing).

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean

char Character

byte Byte

short Short

int Integer

long Long

float Float

double Double

Wrapper Class vs Primitive Type in Java

Wrapper class provides a mechanism to A primitive type is a predefined

convert primitive type into object and data type provided by Java.
object into primitive type.

Associated Class
A Wrapper class is used to create an A Primitive type is not an object
object; therefore, it has a corresponding so it does not belong to a class.
class.

Null Values
The wrapper class objects allow null A primitive data type does not
values. allow null values.

Memory Required
Required memory is higher than the Required memory is lower
primitive types. The Clustered Index comparing to wrapper classes.
does not require an additional space.
Collections
A Wrapper class can be used with a A primitive type is not used with
collection such as ArrayList, etc. collections.

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Q-18) Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

1) StringBuffer is synchronized i.e. StringBuilder is non-
thread safe. It means two threads synchronized i.e. not thread safe. It
can't call the methods of means two threads can call the
StringBuffer simultaneously. methods of StringBuilder
simultaneously.
2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than
StringBuilder. StringBuffer.
3) StringBuffer was introduced in StringBuilder was introduced in
Java 1.0 Java 1.5

Q-19) what is Inheritance list out its type and explain

with example or explain the concept of superclass and
subclass.

Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the

properties and behaviours of a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs
(Object Oriented programming system).

o Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It
is also called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
o Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass
inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.

The syntax of Java Inheritance

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from
an existing class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

In the terminology of Java, a class which is inherited is called a parent or

superclass, and the new class is called child or subclass.

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Types of inheritance in java

Example:
class Employee{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[]){
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}
}

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Q-20) what is Constructor? Types of Constructor with

Example.
In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when
an instance of the Class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for
the object is allocated in the memory.

It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.

Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least one constructor
is called.

It calls a default constructor if there is no constructor available in the class. In

such case, Java compiler provides a default constructor by default.

Rules for creating Java constructor

There are two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be the same as its class name

2. A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3. A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

Types of Java constructors

There are two types of constructors in Java:

1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

2. Parameterized constructor

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Example:

class Bike1{
Bike1(){
System.out.println("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike1 b=new Bike1();
}
}

Q-21) what is Constructor Overloading?

In Java, a constructor is just like a method but without return type. It can also be
overloaded like Java methods.

Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one

constructor with different parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each
constructor performs a different task. They are differentiated by the compiler by
the number of parameters in the list and their types.

Example:

class Student5{
int id;
String name;
int age;
r
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}

Student5(int i,String n,int a){

id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}

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Q-22) what is Method Overloading Explain with example.

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it
is known as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods
increases the readability of the program

Advantage of method overloading

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

1) Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs
addition of two numbers and second add method performs addition of three
numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods

so that we don't need to create instance for calling methods.

Example :
class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b){
return a+b;
}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){
return a+b+c;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}
}
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Output :
22
33

2) Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type

The first add method receives two integer arguments and second add method
receives two double arguments.

Example :

class Adder{
static int add(int a, int b){
return a+b;
}
static double add(double a, double b){
return a+b;
}
}
class TestOverloading2{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
}
}

Output :
22
24.9

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Q-23) Method Overloading (Compile time polymorphism)

Vs Method Overriding (Run Time polymorphism).
No. Method Overloading Method Overriding
1) Method overloading is used to increase Method overriding is used to
the readability of the program. provide the specific
implementation of the method
that is already provided by its
super class.
2) Method overloading is performed within Method overriding occurs in two
class. classes that have IS-A
(inheritance) relationship.
3) In case of method In case of method
overloading, parameter must be overriding, parameter must be
different. same.
4) Method overloading is the example Method overriding is the
of compile time polymorphism. example of run time
polymorphism.
5) In java, method overloading can't be Return type must be same or
performed by changing return type of the covariant in method overriding.
method only. Return type can be same or
different in method overloading. But you
must have to change the parameter.

Q-24) Use of Super Keyword in Java with Example.

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer
immediate parent class object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is

created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable.

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Example:
class Animal{
String color="white";
}
class Dog extends Animal{
String color="black";
void printColor(){
System.out.println(color);
System.out.println(super.color);
}
}
class TestSuper1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
d.printColor();
}
}

Q-25) Explain ArrayList Class in Java and Its Method.

ArrayList is an ordered sequence of elements

It provides random access to its elements. Random access means that we can
grab any element at constant time.

It is dynamic and resizable.

The difference between a built-in array and an ArrayList in Java, is that the size
of an array cannot be modified (if you want to add or remove elements to/from an
array, you have to create a new one). While elements can be added and removed
from an ArrayList whenever you want.

Syntax:
import java.util.ArrayList;

ArrayList<String> cars = new ArrayList<String>();

Example :
import java.util.*;
public class ArrayListExample1{
public static void main(String args[]){
ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("Mango");
list.add("Apple");
list.add("Banana");
list.add("Grapes");
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System.out.println(list);
}
}

Methods Descriptions

size() Returns the length of the arraylist.

sort() Sort the arraylist elements.

Creates a new arraylist with the same

clone()
element, size, andcapacity.

contains() Searches the arraylist for the specified element

and returns aboolean result.

ensureCapacity() Specifies the total element the arraylist can contain.

indexOf() Searches a specified element in an arraylist and

returns the indexof the element.

isEmpty() Checks if the arraylist is empty.

Q-26) Explain Static keyword.

The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply
static keyword with variables methods, blocks and nested classes.

The static keyword belongs to the class than an instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. Variable (also known as a class variable)

2. Method (also known as a class method)
3. Block
4. Nested class

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Q-27) what is exception? List out types of inbuilt

exception. Explain with example.
The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the
runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained.

In this tutorial, we will learn about Java exceptions, its types, and the difference
between checked and unchecked exceptions.

What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as

ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the
application. An exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application;
that is why we need to handle exceptions. Let's consider a scenario:

Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is
considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are
three types of exceptions namely:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error

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Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions

1) Checked Exception

The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException
and Error are known as checked exceptions. For example, IOException,
SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that inherit the RuntimeException are known as unchecked

exceptions. For example, ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked
at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.

3) Error

Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError,

VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.

Keyword Description

try The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place
an exception code. It means we can't use try block alone. The try
block must be followed by either catch or finally.
catch The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be
preceded by try block which means we can't use catch block alone.
It can be followed by finally block later.

finally The "finally" block is used to execute the necessary code of the
program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not.

Example:
public class Main {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int i = 1 / 100;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println("Error");
}

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Q-28) Explain Finally Clause. Final keyword & Final

Method with Example.

 A finally block contains all the crucial statements that must be executed
whether exception occurs or not.
 The statements present in this block will always execute regardless of
whether exception occurs in try block or not such as closing a
connection, stream etc.

 A finally block must be associated with a try block, you cannot use finally
without a try block. You should place those statements in this block that
must be executed always.
 Finally block is optional, as we have seen in previous tutorials that a try-
catch block is sufficient for exception handling, however if you place a
finally block then it will always run after the execution of try block.
 In normal case when there is no exception in try block then the finally
block is executed after try block. However if an exception occurs then
the catch block is executed before finally block.
 An exception in the finally block, behaves exactly like any other exception.
 The statements present in the finally block execute even if the try block
contains control transfer statements like return, break or continue.

Example:
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){

System.out.println(JavaFinally.myMethod());
}
public static int myMethod()
{
try {
return 112;
}
finally {
System.out.println("This is Finally block");
System.out.println("Finally block ran even after return statement");
}
}
}

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Q-29) what is Interface? What is need of interface?

Explain with example.
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract
methods.

The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction

There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is
used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java

In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and
variables. It cannot have a method body.

Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.

Why use Java interface?

Example:

interface printable{
void print();
}
class A6 implements printable{
public void print(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
A6 obj = new A6();
obj.print();
}
}
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The relationship between classes and interfaces:

As shown in the figure given below, a class extends another class, an interface
extends another interface, but a class implements an interface.

Q-30) Abstract Class Vs Abstract Method.

Abstract classes Abstract methods
Abstract classes can’t be Abstract method bodies must be empty.
instantiated.
Other classes extend abstract Sub-classes must implement the
classes. abstract class’s abstract methods.

Can have both abstract and Has no definition in the class.

concrete methods.
Similar to interfaces, but can Has to be implemented in a derived
class.
1.Implement methods
2.Fields can have various
3.access modifiers
4.Subclasses can only extend
one abstract class

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Q-31) Class vs Interface.

Class Interface
A class can be instantiated An interface can never be instantiated

The class keyword is used to declare it The interface keyword is used

The members of a class can be The members of an interface are
declared as private, public or always declared as public
protected
Contains the concrete methods Contains abstract method
i.e methods with body i.e methods without the body
The extends keyword is used to inherit The implements keyword is used to
a class use an interface
Can contain final and static methods Cannot contain final or static methods

A Java class can have constructors An interface cannot have constructors

A class can extend only one class but An interface can extend any number
can implement any number of of interfaces but cannot implement
interfaces any interface

Q-32) Abstract Class Vs Final Class

No. ABSTRACT CLASS FINAL CLASS

1. Uses the “abstract” key word. Uses the “final” key word.
2. This helps to achieve This helps to restrict other classes
abstraction. from accessing its properties and
methods.
3. For later use, all the abstract Overriding concept does not arise as
methods should be overridden final class cannot be inherited
4. A few methods can be All methods should have
implemented and a few cannot implementation

5. Cannot create immutable Immutable objects can be created

objects (infact, no objects can (eg. String class)
be created)
6. Abstract class methods Final class methods should be used
functionality can be altered in as it is by other classes
subclass
7. Can be inherited Cannot be inherited
8. Cannot be instantiated Can be instantiated

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Q-33) Comparable Vs Comparator (Clonable) Interface.

Comparable Comparator
Comparable provides Comparator provides compare() method
compareTo() method to sort to sort elements in Java.
elements in Java.
Comparable interface is present Comparator interface is present in java.util
in java.lang package. package.

The logic of sorting must be in The logic of sorting should be in separate

the same class whose object class to write different sorting based on
you are going to sort. different attributes of objects.
The class whose objects you Class, whose objects you want to sort, do
want to sort must implement not need to implement a comparator
comparable interface. interface.
It provides single sorting It provides multiple sorting sequences.
sequences.
This method can sort the data This method sorts the data according to
according to the natural sorting the customized sorting order.
order.
It affects the original class. i.e., It doesn’t affect the original class, i.e.,
actual class is altered. actual class is not altered.

Implemented frequently in the It is implemented to sort instances of

API by: Calendar, Wrapper third-party classes.
classes, Date, and
String.

All wrapper classes and String The only implemented classes of

class implement comparable Comparator are Collator and
interface. RuleBasedColator.

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Q-34) throw Vs throws with Example.

No. Basis of throw throws
Differences
1. Definition Java throw keyword is Java throws keyword is
used throw an used in the method
exception explicitly in signature to declare an
the code, inside the exception which might be
function or the block of thrown by the function
code. while the execution of the
code.
2. Used Type of exception Using Using throws keyword, we
throw keyword, we can can declare both checked
only propagate and unchecked exceptions.
unchecked exception However, the throws
i.e., the checked keyword can be used to
exception cannot be propagate checked
propagated using throw exceptions only.
only.
3. Syntax The throw keyword is The throws keyword is
followed by an instance followed by class names of
of Exception to be Exceptions to be thrown.
thrown.
4. Declaration throw is used within the throws is used with the
method. method signature.

5. Internal We are allowed to throw We can declare multiple

implementation only one exception at a exceptions using throws
time i.e. we cannot keyword that can be
throw multiple thrown by the method. For
exceptions. example, main() throws
IOException,
SQLException.

Example:
public class Main{
static void method() throws ArithmeticException
{
System.out.println("Inside the method()");
throw new ArithmeticException("throwing ArithmeticException");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
method();
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("caught in main() method");
}
}
}

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Q-35) Explain textarea , chechbox , radiobutton ,

textfield , label , passwordfield in JavaFX.

Creating a Button

A JavaFX Button control enables a JavaFX application to have some action

executed when the application user clicks the button. The JavaFX Button control
is represented by the class javafx.scene.control.Button . A JavaFX Button can
have a text and an icon on it which indicate to the user what clicking the button
will do.

You create a button control by creating an instance of the Button class. Here is a
JavaFX Button instantiation example:

Button button = new Button("My Label");

The text to be displayed on the button is passed as parameters to

the Button constructor.

Creating a RadioButton

The JavaFX RadioButton is represented by the

class javafx.scene.control.RadioButton. The RadioButton class is a subclass of
the ToggleButton class.

You create a JavaFX RadioButton using its constructor. Here is a

JavaFX RadioButton instantiation example:

RadioButton radioButton1 = new RadioButton("Left");

The String passed as parameter to the RadioButton constructor is displayed next

to the RadioButton.

Creating a CheckBox

You create a JavaFX CheckBox control via the CheckBox constructor. Here is a
JavaFX CheckBox instantiation example:

CheckBox checkBox1 = new CheckBox("Green");

The String passed to the CheckBox constructor is displayed next to

the CheckBox control.

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Creating a ListView

The JavaFX ListView control enables users to choose one or more options from a
predefined list of choices. The JavaFX ListView control is represented by the
class javafx.scene.control.ListView . This JavaFX ListView tutorial will explain
how to use the ListView class.

You create a ListView simply by creating a new instance of the ListView class.
Here is a JavaFX ListView instantiation example:

ListView listView = new ListView();

Adding Items to a ListView

You can add items (options) to a ListView by obtaining its item collection and add
items to it. Here is an example that adds items to a JavaFX ListView :

listView.getItems().add("Item 1");
listView.getItems().add("Item 2");
listView.getItems().add("Item 3");

Creating a ToggleButton

A JavaFX ToggleButton is a button that can be selected or not selected. Like a

button that stays in when you press it, and when you press it the next time it
comes out again. Toggled - not toggled. The JavaFX ToggleButton is represented
by the class javafx.scene.control.ToggleButton .

You create a JavaFX ToggleButton by creating an instance of

the ToggleButton class. Here is an example of creating a
JavaFX ToggleButton instance:

ToggleButton toggleButton1 = new ToggleButton("Left");

ToggleButton Text

You can set or change the text of a JavaFX ToggleButton via its setText() method.
Here is an example of changing the text of a JavaFX ToggleButton via setText():

ToggleButton toggleButton = new ToggleButton("Toggle This!");

toggleButton.setText("New Text");

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Creating a TextField

A JavaFX TextField control enables users of a JavaFX application to enter text

which can then be read by the application. The JavaFX TextField control is
represented by the class javafx.scene.control.TextField .

You create a TextField control by creating an instance of the TextField class. Here
is a JavaFX TextField instantiation example:

TextField textField = new TextField();

Setting the Text of a TextField

You can set the text of a TextField using its setText() method. This is often useful
when you need to set the initial value for at text field that is part of a form. For
instance, editing an existing object or record. Here is a simple example of setting
the text of a JavaFX TextField:

textField.setText("Initial value");

Q-36) Different Layout Panes in JavaFX.

No Shape & Description

1 HBox
The HBox layout arranges all the nodes in our application in a single
horizontal row.
The class named HBox of the package javafx.scene.layout represents the
text horizontal box layout.
2 VBox
The VBox layout arranges all the nodes in our application in a single
vertical column.
The class named VBox of the package javafx.scene.layout represents the
text Vertical box layout.
3 BorderPane
The Border Pane layout arranges the nodes in our application in top, left,
right, bottom and center positions.
The class named BorderPane of the
package javafx.scene.layout represents the border pane layout.

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4 StackPane
The stack pane layout arranges the nodes in our application on top of
another just like in a stack. The node added first is placed at the bottom of
the stack and the next node is placed on top of it.
The class named StackPane of the
package javafx.scene.layout represents the stack pane layout.

5 TextFlow
The Text Flow layout arranges multiple text nodes in a single flow.
The class named TextFlow of the package javafx.scene.layout represents
the text flow layout.

6 AnchorPane
The Anchor pane layout anchors the nodes in our application at a
particular distance from the pane.
The class named AnchorPane of the
package javafx.scene.layout represents the Anchor Pane layout.

7 TilePane
The Tile Pane layout adds all the nodes of our application in the form of
uniformly sized tiles.
The class named TilePane of the package javafx.scene.layout represents
the TilePane layout.

8 GridPane
The Grid Pane layout arranges the nodes in our application as a grid of
rows and columns. This layout comes handy while creating forms using
JavaFX.
The class named GridPane of the package javafx.scene.layout represents
the GridPane layout.
9 FlowPane
The flow pane layout wraps all the nodes in a flow. A horizontal flow pane
wraps the elements of the pane at its height, while a vertical flow pane
wraps the elements at its width.
The class named FlowPane of the package javafx.scene.layout represents
the Flow Pane layout.

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Q-37) Explain colour class and its Method in JavaFX.

In JavaFX, we can fill the shapes with the colors. We have the flexibility to create
our own color using the several methods and pass that as a Paint object into
the setFill() method. Lets discuss the several methods of creating color in JavaFX.

RGB Color

RGB color system is the most popular method to create a color in graphics. It
consists of three components named as RED → R, GREEN → G and BLUE → B.
Each component uses 8 Bits that means every component can have the integer
value from 0 to 22^8 - 1=255.

The computer screen can be seen as the collection of pixels. The set (R,G,B)
actually represents the emission of their respective LEDs on the screen.

If the value of RED is set to 0 then it means that the Red LED is turned off while
the value 255 indicates that the full emission of LED is being there. The
combination of (0,0,0) represents the black color while (255,255,255) represents
the white color. The middle values in that range can represent different colors.

Using the superimposition of RGB, we can represent 255*255*255 different

colors. In JavaFX, the class javafx.scene.paint.Color class represents colors.

There is a static method named as rgb() of Color class. It accepts three integer
arguments as Red, Green, Blue and one optional double argument called alpha.
The value of alpha is proportional to the opacity of the color. The alpha value 0
means that the color is completely transparent while the value 1 means that the
color is completely opaque.

Q-38) Image & ImageView Class in JavaFX.

JavaFX allows you to work with all popular image formats. Let's use
class javafx.scene.image.Image to load images from hard drive or a network
image sources. In order to display images on JavaFX, you use ImageView class.

javafx.scene.image.Image
Image image = new Image(input);

The Constructors of class Image help you to load image data:

Image(InputStream inputStream)

Image(InputStream is, double requestedWidth, double requestedHeight,

boolean preserveRatio, boolean smooth)

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Image(String url)

Image(String url, boolean backgroundLoading)

Image(String url, double requestedWidth, double requestedHeight,

boolean preserveRatio, boolean smooth)

Image(String url, double requestedWidth, double requestedHeight,

boolean preserveRatio, boolean smooth, boolean backgroundLoading)

ImageView is a component which helps you to display images on JavaFX.

You can also apply effects to display images such as rotate, zoom in and out.

import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;

ImageView imageView = new ImageView(image);

Q-39) Explain Inner Class with Example.

Java inner class or nested class is a class that is declared inside the class or
interface.

We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place to be
more readable and maintainable.

Additionally, it can access all the members of the outer class, including private
data members and methods.

Syntax of Inner class:

class Java_Outer_class{
class Java_Inner_class{
}
}

Advantage of Java inner classes

1. Nested classes represent a particular type of relationship that is it can
access all the members (data members and methods) of the outer
class, including private.
2. Nested classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable
code because it logically group classes and interfaces in one place only.
3. Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

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Example:
class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

class InnerClass {
int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y + myOuter.x);
}
}

Q-40) Write down Short note for I/O streamclass with

Example.
Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process the input and produce the output.

Java uses the concept of a stream to make I/O operation fast. The java.io package
contains all the classes required for input and output operations.

We can perform file handling in Java by Java I/O API.

Stream

A stream is a sequence of data. In Java, a stream is composed of bytes. It's called

a stream because it is like a stream of water that continues to flow.

In Java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are attached
with the console.

1) System.out: standard output stream

2) System.in: standard input stream

3) System.err: standard error stream

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OutputStream vs InputStream

The explanation of OutputStream and InputStream classes are given below:

OutputStream

Java application uses an output stream to write data to a destination; it may be a

file, an array, peripheral device or socket.

InputStream

Java application uses an input stream to read data from a source; it may be a file,
an array, peripheral device or socket.

Let's understand the working of Java OutputStream and InputStream by the

figure given below.

Example:
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
public class BufferedInputStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

BufferedInputStream inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(System.in);

byte bytes[] = new byte[1024];
System.out.println("Enter your data ");

inputStream.read(bytes);

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FileOutputStream out= new FileOutputStream("D:/myFile.txt");

BufferedOutputStream outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(out);

outputStream.write(bytes);
outputStream.flush();
System.out.println("Data successfully written in the specified file");
}
}

Q-41) what is generic class and interface explain with

example.

Generics make a class, interface and, method, consider all (reference) types that
are given dynamically as parameters. This ensures type safety. Generic class
parameters are specified in angle brackets “<>” after the class name as of the
instance variable.

Generic constructors are the same as generic methods. For generic

constructors after the public keyword and before the class name the type
parameter must be placed. Constructors can be invoked with any type of a
parameter after defining a generic constructor. A constructor is a block of code
that initializes the newly created object. It is an instance method with no return
type. The name of the constructor is same as the class name. Constructors can
be Generic, despite its class is not Generic.

Example:
import java.io.*;
class GenericConstructor {

private double v;

<T extends Number> GenericConstructor(T t)

{
v = t.doubleValue();
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("v: " + v);
}
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Number to Double Conversion:");

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GenericConstructor obj1 = new GenericConstructor(10);

GenericConstructor obj2 = new GenericConstructor(136.8F);
obj1.show();
obj2.show();
}
}

Q-42) AWT Vs Swing

Context AWT Swing

API Package The AWT Component The Swing component
classes are provided by classes are provided by the
the java.awt package. javax.swing package.
Operating The Components used in The Components used in
System AWT are mainly Swing are not dependent on
dependent on the the operating system. It is
operating system. completely scripted in Java.
Weightiness The AWT is heavyweight The Swing is mostly
since it uses the lightweight since it doesn't
resources of the operating need any Operating system
system. object for processing. The
Swing Components are built
on the top of AWT.
Appearance The Appearance of AWT The Swing Components are
Components is mainly not configurable and mainly
configurable. It generally support pluggable look and
depends on the operating feel.
system's look and feels.
Number of The Java AWT provides a Java Swing provides a
Components smaller number of greater number of
components in components than AWT, such
comparison to Swing. as list, scroll panes, tables,
color choosers, etc.
Full-Form Java AWT stands for Java Swing is mainly referred
Abstract Window Toolkit. to as Java Foundation
Classes (JFC).
Peers Java AWT has 21 peers. Java Swing has only one
There is one peer for each peer in the form of OS's
control and one peer for window object, which
the dialogue. Peers are provides the drawing surface
provided by the operating used to draw the Swing's
system in the form of widgets (label, button, entry
widgets themselves. fields, etc.) developed
directly by Java Swing
Package.

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Functionality Java AWT many features Swing components provide

and that are completely the higher-level inbuilt
Implementation developed by the functions for the developer
developer. It serves as a that facilitates the coder to
thin layer of development write less code.
on the top of the OS.
Memory Java AWT needs a higher Java Swing needs less
amount of memory for the memory space as compared
execution. to Java AWT.
Speed Java AWT is slower than Java Swing is faster than the
swing in terms of AWT
performance.

Q-43) what is thread. Describe the lifecycle of thread.

A thread in Java is the direction or path that is taken while a program is being
executed. Generally, all the programs have at least one thread, known as the
main thread that is provided by the JVM or Java Virtual Machine at the starting
of the program’s execution.

In Java, a thread always exists in any one of the following states. These states
are:

1. New
2. Active
3. Blocked / Waiting
4. Timed Waiting
5. Terminated

Explanation of Different Thread States

New: Whenever a new thread is created, it is always in the new state. For a thread
in the new state, the code has not been run yet and thus has not begun its
execution.

Active: When a thread invokes the start() method, it moves from the new state to
the active state. The active state contains two states within it: one is runnable,
and the other is running.

o Runnable: A thread that is ready to run is then moved to the runnable state.
In the runnable state, the thread may be running or may be ready to run at
any given instant of time. It is the duty of the thread scheduler to provide
the thread time to run, i.e., moving the thread the running state.

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A program implementing multithreading acquires a fixed slice of time to

each individual thread. Each and every thread runs for a short span of time
and when that allocated time slice is over, the thread voluntarily gives up
the CPU to the other thread, so that the other threads can also run for their
slice of time. Whenever such a scenario occurs, all those threads that are
willing to run, waiting for their turn to run, lie in the runnable state. In the
runnable state, there is a queue where the threads lie.
o Running: When the thread gets the CPU, it moves from the runnable to the
running state. Generally, the most common change in the state of a thread
is from runnable to running and again back to runnable.

Blocked or Waiting: Whenever a thread is inactive for a span of time (not

permanently) then, either the thread is in the blocked state or is in the waiting
state. Of India | List of Prime Minister of India (1947-2020)

For example, a thread (let's say its name is A) may want to print some data from
the printer. However, at the same time, the other thread (let's say its name is B) is
using the printer to print some data. Therefore, thread A has to wait for thread B
to use the printer. Thus, thread A is in the blocked state. A thread in the blocked
state is unable to perform any execution and thus never consume any cycle of
the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Hence, we can say that thread A remains idle
until the thread scheduler reactivates thread A, which is in the waiting or blocked
state.

When the main thread invokes the join() method then, it is said that the main
thread is in the waiting state. The main thread then waits for the child threads to
complete their tasks. When the child threads complete their job, a notification is
sent to the main thread, which again moves the thread from waiting to the active
state.

If there are a lot of threads in the waiting or blocked state, then it is the duty of
the thread scheduler to determine which thread to choose and which one to
reject, and the chosen thread is then given the opportunity to run.

Timed Waiting: Sometimes, waiting for leads to starvation. For example, a thread
(its name is A) has entered the critical section of a code and is not willing to leave
that critical section. In such a scenario, another thread (its name is B) has to wait
forever, which leads to starvation. To avoid such scenario, a timed waiting state
is given to thread B. Thus, thread lies in the waiting state for a specific span of
time, and not forever. A real example of timed waiting is when we invoke the
sleep() method on a specific thread. The sleep() method puts the thread in the
timed wait state. After the time runs out, the thread wakes up and start its
execution from when it has left earlier.

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Terminated: A thread reaches the termination state because of the following

reasons:

o When a thread has finished its job, then it exists or terminates normally.
o Abnormal termination: It occurs when some unusual events such as an
unhandled exception or segmentation fault.

A terminated thread means the thread is no more in the system. In other words,
the thread is dead, and there is no way one can respawn (active after kill) the dead
thread.

The following diagram shows the different states involved in the life cycle of a
thread.

Q-44) List Vs Set.

List Set
1. The List is an indexed sequence. 1. The Set is a non-indexed
sequence.

2. List allows duplicate elements 2. Set doesn’t allow duplicate

elements.

3. Elements by their position can be 3. Position access to elements is

accessed. not allowed.

4. Multiple null elements can be stored. 4. Null element can store only
once.

5. List implementations are ArrayList, 5. Set implementations are

LinkedList, Vector, Stack HashSet, LinkedHashSet.

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Q-45) Explain static Variable and static method with

example.

The static variable is a class level variable and it is common to all the class objects
i.e. a single copy of the static variable is shared among all the class objects.
A static method manipulates the static variables in a class. It belongs to the class
instead of the class objects and can be invoked without using a class object.
The static initialization blocks can only initialize the static instance variables.
These blocks are only executed once when the class is loaded.

Example:
public class Demo {
static int x = 10;
static int y;
static void func(int z) {
System.out.println("x = " + x);
System.out.println("y = " + y);
System.out.println("z = " + z);
}
static {
System.out.println("Running static initialization block.");
y = x + 5;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
func(8);
}
}

Q-46) List out the limitation & Restriction of Generic

Programing.

Disadvantages:
Generics don't work with primitive types.
We can't create Generic Arrays
We cannot create an instance of a type parameter.
We cannot create, catch, or throw generic types.
Due to type erasure, you cannot use instance of with generic types.
We cannot declare static fields of a type parameter.

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Advantages:
There are basically three main advantages of generics in Java.

Generics provide type-safety. So, we can hold a single type of object in

generics.
It provides a compile-time checker so it doesn’t show an error at runtime.
There is no necessity to typecast an object.

Q-47) Thread Synchronization.

Synchronization means coordination between multiple processes/threads.

Types of synchronization:

There are two types of synchronization that are as follows:

1. Process synchronization
2. Thread synchronization

Here we will be mainly focusing on thread synchronization.

Thread synchronization basically refers to the concept of one thread execute at

a time and the rest of the threads are in waiting state. This process is known as
thread synchronization. It prevents the thread interference and inconsistency
problem.

Synchronization is build using locks or monitor. In Java, a monitor is an object

that is used as a mutually exclusive lock. Only a single thread at a time has the
right to own a monitor. When a thread gets a lock then all other threads will get
suspended which are trying to acquire the locked monitor. So, other threads are
said to be waiting for the monitor, until the first thread exits the monitor. In a
simple way, when a thread request a resource then that resource gets locked so
that no other thread can work or do any modification until the resource gets
released.

Thread Synchronization are of two types:

1. Mutual Exclusive
2. Inter-Thread Communication

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A. Mutual Exclusive

While sharing any resource, this will keep the thread interfering with one another
i.e. mutual exclusive. We can achieve this via
Synchronized Method
Synchronized Block
Static Synchronization

Synchronized Method

We can declare a method as synchronized using the “synchronized” keyword.

This will make the code written inside the method thread-safe so that no other
thread will execute while the resource is shared.

Implementation:

We will be proposing prints the two threads simultaneously showing the

asynchronous behaviour without thread synchronization.

Example:

public class PrintTest extends Thread {

public void printThread(int n)

{

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

System.out.println("Thread " + n + " is working...");

try {
Thread.sleep(600);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println(ex.toString());
}
}
System.out.println("--------------------------");

try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
}

catch (Exception ex) {

System.out.println(ex.toString());

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}
}
}
public class Thread1 extends Thread {
PrintTest test;

Thread1(PrintTest p) { test = p; }

public void run()

{

test.printThread(1);
}
}

public class Thread2 extends Thread {

PrintTest test;

Thread2(PrintTest p) { test = p; }

public void run() { test.printThread(2); }

}

public class SynchroTest {

public static void main(String[] args)
{

PrintTest p = new PrintTest();

Thread1 t1 = new Thread1(p);
Thread2 t2 = new Thread2(p);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

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