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Chapter 5 Integrals

The document defines summation and integral notation, including Riemann sums, and lists properties and formulas for summation, definite integrals, indefinite integrals, and substitution rules for integrals. It also defines concepts like integrability, antiderivatives, the Fundamental Theorems of Calculus, and standard integral formulas.

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祈翠
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61 views

Chapter 5 Integrals

The document defines summation and integral notation, including Riemann sums, and lists properties and formulas for summation, definite integrals, indefinite integrals, and substitution rules for integrals. It also defines concepts like integrability, antiderivatives, the Fundamental Theorems of Calculus, and standard integral formulas.

Uploaded by

祈翠
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Σ Notation

∑ ai=am +am +1 +. ..+ an −1 +a n


i=m

Properties of Σ
n n

∑ c a i=c ∑ ai
i=1 i=1

n n n

∑ (ai ± bi )=∑ a i ± ∑ bi
i=1 i=1 i=1

Some special sum formulas


n

∑ 1=n
i=1

n
n (n+1)
∑ i= 2
i=1

n
n( n+1)(2n+1)
∑ i 2= 6
i=1

[ ]
n 2
n ( n+ 1 )
∑i = 23

i=1

n
n(n+1)(2 n+1)(3 n2 +3 n− 1)
∑i = 4
30
i=1

The definite integral


Riemann Sums
Consider a function defined on a closed interval [a , b]. Divide [a , b] into n equal subintervals by
means of points a=x 0 < x1 < x 2 <. . .< xn − 1< x n =b, where
x i=a+ i Δ x
and
b−a
Δ x= .
n
On each subinterval , pick an arbitrary point ∗, which we call a sample point of the
[ xi − 1 , x i] xi
interval.

Let f be a function that is defined on the closed interval [a , b]. If


n
lim ∑ f (x i ¿¿) Δ x ¿¿
∗

x→ ∞ i=1

b
Exists, we say that is integrable on , and denote this limit by
f [a , b] ∫ f ( x ) dx , called the definite
a

integral of f from a to b . Namely,


b n

∫ f ( x ) dx=lim ∑ f ( x i ¿¿) Δ x ¿ ¿
n → ∞ i=1
∗

a and b are called the lower limit and upper limit of the integral, f (x) is called the integrand.

If f is bounded on [a , b] and if it is continuous there except at the finite number of points, then f
is integrable on [a , b].

If f is continuous on [a , b], then it is integrable on [ a , b ].

Geometric interpretation
b

∫ f ( x ) dx= A up − A down
a

Properties of the definite integral


a

∫ f ( x ) dx=0
a

c b b

∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
a c a

b a

∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

Linearity of the definite integral


If f and g are integrable on [a , b] and k is a constant, then kf and f +g are integrable and
b b

∫ kf ( x ) dx=k ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a

b b b

∫ [f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ]dx=∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( x ) dx
a a a

Comparison property
If f and g are integrable on [a , b] and if f ( x ) ≤ g( x ) for all x ∈[a . b] , then
b b

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤∫ g ( x ) dx
a a

Boundedness property
If f is integrable on [a , b] and m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M for all x in [a , b], then
b
m ( b −a ) ≤∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M (b −a)
a

First fundamental theorem of calculus


Let f be continuous on the closed interval [a , b] and let x be a variable point in (a , b). Then
x
d
∫ f ( t ) dt=f (x )
dx a

Second fundamental theorem of calculus


Let f be continuous on [a , b], and let F be any antiderivative of f on [a , b]. Then
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) − F( a)
a

Indefinite integrals and the net change theorem


The notation is traditionally used for an antiderivative of and is called an indefinite
∫ f ( x ) dx f
integral.

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x ) means F' ( x ) =f ( x )

Standard integral formulas

∫ kdu=ku+C
ur +1
∫ u du=
r
r +1
+C
1
∫ u du=ln ¿ u∨¿+C ¿
∫ eu du=eu +C
u
∫ au du= lna a +C ( a>0 , a ≠− 1 )
∫ sin u du=− cos u+C
∫ cos u du=sin u+C
∫ sec 2 u du=tanu+ C
∫ csc 2 u du=−cot u+C
∫ sec u tan u du=sec u+C
∫ cscu cot u du=−csc u+C
1
∫ −1
du=sin u+C
√ 1− u2

1
∫ 1+u2 du=tan−1 u +C
∫ sinh u du=cosh u+C
∫ cosh u du=sinh u+C

Substitution rule for indefinite integers


Let g be a differentiable function and suppose that F is an antiderivative of f , then

∫ f ( g ( x ) ) g' ( x ) dx=F ( g ( x ) ) +C

Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals


Let g have continuous derivative on [a , b], and let f be continuous on the range of g, then
b g(b)

∫ f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx= ∫ f ( u ) du
'

a g(a)

Symmetry Theorem
If f is an even function, then
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=2∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0

If f is an odd function, then


a

∫ f ( x ) dx=0
−a

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