Sub Sub 18CV72/17CV

Design of RC and steel structural elements Branch:

: Code: 72
Max Sem /
Date: 10.02.22 Duration: 90 min’s 50 ALL
Marks: Sec:
Answer any one Questions- Use of IS 456 -2000 is permitted MARKS
1 (a) Design a combined rectangular slab type footing for two columns A [50]
and B to carry loads of 500 kN and 700 kN. The cross section of
column A is 300 x 300 mm and 400x 400 mm. The width of the footing
is restricted to 1.8 m. The centre to centre spacing between the columns
is 3.4 m. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 150 kN/m2. Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel. The design must include all necessary
checks and draw the reinforcement details.

Solutions

2m

• Footing base dimensions

Assuming Δ P, the self-weight of the combined footing plus backfill to
constitute 10 or 15 percent of the total column loads,
Δ P = (700 + 1200) x 15/100 = 285 kN
P1 + P2 = 700 +1200 = 1900 kN
Allowable soil pressure or safe bearing capacity, qa = 130 kN/m2
𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + ∆𝑃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 16.8 m2
𝑞𝑎

Width of footing, B = 2m ( Given in question)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 16.8
Total Length of footing, L = = = 8.4 m
𝐵 2

• Locate the point of application of the column loads

In order to obtain a uniform soil pressure distribution, the line of action
or point of application of the resultant column load must pass through
the centroid of the footing.
Assuming a load factor of 1.5, the factored column loads are:
• Pu1 = 700 × 1.5 = 1050 kN; Pu2 = 1200 × 1.5 = 1800 kN ⇒ Pu1 + Pu2
= 2850 kN
Let 𝑥̅ be the centroid of the column loads, where s = 4.6 m

1800 ×4.6
= = 2.9 m
1050+1800
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A is ‘a’ then,
a + 2.9 = L /2 = a = 8.4/2 – 2.9 = 1.3 m
Similarly, if the cantilever projection of footing beyond Column B
is 'b' then,
b = 8.4 - 1.3 - 4.6 = 2.5 m

• Uniformly distributed load acting in upward direction (soil

pressure)

Treating the footing as a wide beam (B = 2000 mm) in the longitudinal

direction, the uniformly distributed load (acting upward) is given by q uB
𝑃𝑢1 +𝑃𝑢2 1050+1800
quB = = = 339.28 kN/m
𝐿 8.4
• Shear force calculations
• Shear force at A, just before 1050 kN, left of section XX, VAC=
+339.28 x 1.3 = +441.06 kN
• Shear force at A, just after 1050 kN, left of section XX, VAB = -
1050+ 339.28 x 1.3 = -608.94 kN
• Shear force at B just after 1800kN, right of section XX , VBA =
+1800 – 339.28 x 2.5= + 951.92 kN
• Shear force at B just before 1800kN, right of section XX,
VBD=339.28 x 2.5= -848.2 kN

• Location of zero shear , Left of section XX

339.28 × X – 1050 = 0 , location of zero shear,

339.28 × X = 1050 , 1050/339.28 = X, X =3.09m
X = 3.09 m from C
 Shear force diagram
• Bending moment calculations

• BM at A, just before 1050kN, left of section XX, MAC= 339.28 x

1.3 x1.3 /2 =+ 286.69 kNm
• BM at just at the inner face of Column A(1050kN), left of section
XX,
MAB = -1050 x 0.35/2 + 339.28 x (1.3 + 0.35/2) x (1.3 + 0.35/2)/2
= -1050 x 0.35/2 + 339.28 x (1.3 + 0.172) x (1.3 +0.172)/2 =
+ 185.32kNm
• Negative Bending moment at X = 3.09 m (Location of zero shear)
Mu – = 339.28 × (3.09)2/2 – 1050 × (3.09 -1.3) = - 259.76 kNm
• BM at B, just before 1800 kN , right of section XX = + 339.28 ×
2.52/2 = +1060.25 kNm
• BM at B, just after the inner face of Column B (1800 kN) , right of
section XX =
• 339.28 × (2.5 +0.4/2)2/2 – 1800 × 0.4/2 = + 876.67 kNm

Bending moment diagram

• Thickness of footing or effective depth of footing based on shear
One-way shear (longitudinal): Vu1 calculate it at a distance “d” from the
edge of the heavier column, where “d” is the effective depth of the
footing.
The critical section (always for column with heavier load) for one-way
shear is located at a distance d from the (inner)face of column B, and
has a value
X

X
Critical One-way shear force, Vu1 at section XX (just right of XX
section) =
Column load (B) - Uniformly distributed upward load intensity × (2500
+ 200 + d)
= (1800 – 339.28 x (2.5 + 0. 200 + d)) = (882.54 – 339.28 x d) kN …
(1)
Take τ c = 0.48 N/mm2 (for M 20 concrete, Assuming Percentage of steel
as, pt = 0.50%) IS 456 2000, page 73, table 19
Design shear strength of concrete, Vuc = τ c × B × d = 0.48 × B × d
Equate Vuc and Vu1
B is width of footing = 2000 mm
Vuc = 0.48 × 2000 × d = (960d) N…. (2)
Equating one-way shear force and design shear strength of concrete, (1)
= (2)
Vu1 = Vuc ⇒ (882.54 x 103 – 339.28 x d) = 960d, 882.54 x 103 = 1299.8 d
⇒ Effective depth of footing, d = 679.25 mm Rounded to 680 mm
Use 20 mm φ bars with a clear cover of 75 mm, Taking an overall depth
or thickness of the footing
D = d + 75+ 20/2 = 680 + 75 + 20/2 = 765 mm
• Two-way shear force for columns A and B (Punching shear)

Two-way shear or punching shear (we need to consider the upward soil
pressure not upward soil intensity) * Since it is acting on an area.
Factored soil pressure or Upward soil pressure, qu = (339.28) / (B ×1) =
(339.8/2) = 169.64kN/m2
The critical section is located d/2 from the periphery of columns A and
B.

Shear stresses in footing slab due to punching shear

Punching shear or Two- way shear calculations for heavier Column B
Vu2 = 1800 – 169.64 (0.4 + 0.680/2 + 0.680/2) X (0.4+0.680/2 +
0.680/2)
= 1602.13 kN @ B (Heavier column)
Punching shear or Two-way shear for Column A (350 mm x 350 mm)

Punching shear or Two-way shear @ A,

Two-way shear Vu2 = (Column load at A) 1050 – 169.64 x (0.35 +0.680/2
+ 0.680/2) x (0.35 +0.680/2 + 0.680/2)
= 870 kN @ A (Lighter column)
• If no shear reinforcement is provided, Page 58, IS 456, Clause
31.6.3.1, calculated shear stress at critical section shall not exceed
For square columns, ks = (0.5 +βc) , βc = 350/ 350 = 400/400 = 1.0 , ks
=(0.5 +1) but it should not be greater than 1, hence ks = 1

Permissible shear stress, τ c2 = = 1.0 × 0.25 ×√ 20 =

1.118 N/mm2
Permissible two-way shear force for column B ( heavier column)
Permissible two-way shear force, Vuc = Permissible shear stress ×
(Area of the footing slab enclosed by the perimeter of the critical
section)

Perimeter of critical section (Green coloured area) = 4 X (400 + 680/2

+ 680/2)
Vuc = 1.118 x [ 4 X ( 400 + 680/2 + 680/2)] × 680 = 3284.24 kN @
B
In the similar way lets calculate for Column A
Permissible two-way shear force for Column A
Vuc = 1.118 × [ ( 350 + 680/2 + 680/2 ) × 4] × 680 = 3132.18kN @ A
Compare whether permissible two way shear force is greater than two
shear way ( Actual) force
Vuc = 3284.23 kN > Vu2 = 1602.82 kN @ B It is safe.
Vuc = 3132.18kN > Vu2 = 870.00kN @ A . It is Safe.
Hence safe against two way or punching shear, ( if not provide shear
reinforcement- stirrups or bent up bars)

• Design of longitudinal flexural reinforcement

Maximum ‘negative’ moment: Mu = Maximum ‘positive’ moment: Mu = + 1060.25 kNm

- 259.76 kNm

Mu = 259.76 × 106 N mm Mu = 1060.25 × 106 N mm

B = b = 2000 mm, fck = 20 N/mm2, B = b = 2000 mm
fy = 415N/mm2 d = 680 mm
d = 680 mm
D = 765 mm Ast provided = 4648.12 mm2
Ast provided = 1075.67 mm2 Check for (Ast)min = 0.0012 BD =
Check for (Ast)min = 0.0012 BD = 0.0012 × 2000 × 765 = 1836 mm2
0.0012 × 2000 × 765 = 1836 mm2 No of 20 mm dia bars = 4648.12/(π/4 x 202)
Ast provided < (Ast)min, Hence provide (Ast)min = 15
 But we have assumed pt = 0.5 Provide 15 # 20mm diameter bars at bottom
pt = 100 Ast, req/ ( B × d) • Development length Ld = 47 x dia of bar
Choose 20 mm diameter bars, calculate no of bars = 47 x 20 = 940 mm
= 1836 /( π/4 x 202) = 6
Provide 6 # 20 mm diameter bars at top

• Development length Ld = 47 x dia of bar

= 47 x 20 = 940 mm

Design of column strips as transverse beams

 Transverse bending of footing

Transverse beam under column A Transverse beam under column B

 • Factored Column load A per width of • Factored Column load B per
footing = 1050/2.0 = 525 kN/m width of footing = 1800/2.0 =
900 kN/m
• Cantilever Projection of beam beyond
column face = (2000 – 350)/2 = 825 • Cantilever Projection beyond
mm =0.825 m column face = (2000 – 400)/2 =
800 mm = 0.800m

• Maximum transverse moment at

column face A : • Moment at column face B =
Mu = 525 × 0.8252/2 = 178.66 kNm 900 × 0.802/2 = 288 kNm

---------
• Width of transverse beam, b =
• Assume width of transverse beam, b width of column + 2 x 0.75d
=
width of column + 2 x 0.75d • 400 + 2 ×0.75 ×577 =
1265.5mm

b = 350 + 2 x 0.75 × 577 = 1215.5

mm

Mu = 384 x 106 N mm
b = 1265.5mm
b = 1215.5 mm, d =577 mm
d = 577 mm
Mu = 178.6 x 106 N mm
2
Ast = 1956.2 mm2
Ast = 880.23 mm
 Page 48, CL No 5.2.1 • Provide (Ast)min = 0.0012 ×
•
Minimum Ast = 0.0012 bD = 1265.5×765 = 1161.73 mm2
Ast min = .0012 ×1215.5 ×765 = Use 12 mm dia bars
1115.83 mm2 Number of 12 mm φ bars required
• Use 12mm dia bars (Your wish!!) =1956.2 /(π/4 x 122) = 17.29 = 18
• Number of 12 mm φ bars required = Provide 18 nos 12 mmφ bars
Ast/ area of one bar = 1115.83/ (π/4 x • Required development length =
122) =10 47.0 × 12 = 564 mm is available
beyond the column face.
Provide 10 nos 12 mmφ bars
Check for development length = 47 × 12 =
564 mm

Transfer of force at column base -Column Transfer of force at column base

A Column B
• Limiting bearing stress at • Limiting bearing stress at

IS 456 Page 65 , CL34.4 𝐴1

Permissible bearing stress = 0.45fck √𝐴2

[A1 = 20002 , A2 = 4002 mm2 ]

𝐴1 𝐴1
√ = 5 > 2, √ =2
𝐴2 𝐴2

= 0.45 × 20 × 2 = 18 MPa

Permissible bearing resistance = 18 ×

4002 = 2880 kN

2880kN > 1800kN , Hence safe

𝐴1
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45fck √𝐴2
A1 = 20002 ( 2000mm is footing width)
A2 = 350 x 350 =
𝐴1
=√ <2
𝐴2

𝐴1
= 5.71> 2 , Take √ =2
𝐴2

Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 X 20 X 2

=18 N/mm2
Permissible bearing resistance or force
Fbr = Permissible bearing stress × column
area
= 18 × 3502 = 2205 × 103 N = 2205 kN
2205> 1050 kN, Hence safe.
Reinforcement detailing

20
 OR
2 (a) Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain the earth embankment of [50]
height 4m above the ground level. The density of soil is 18 kN/m3 and
angle of repose is 300. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200
kN/m2. Coefficient of friction between the soil and concrete is 0.5. Use
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The design must include all necessary
checks and draw the reinforcement details.

Height of earth fill, h’= 4m, Safe bearing Capacity = 200 kN/m2,
Density of soil, γ = 18 kN/m3, co-efficient of friction between concrete
and soil, μ = 0.6, angle of repose φ = 30°
We need to fix the height of retaining wall, H = h' + Df
• Depth of foundation, Df

Using Rankine’s formula: find depth of foundation

 2
1−sin 300 1
ka = [ 0] =
1+sin 30 3
200 1
= ×
18 3

=1.23m say 1.2m, therefore H = 4 +1.2 = 5.2 m

• Proportioning of stem wall and base slab

a. Thickness of base slab = (1/10 to 1/14) H = 1 /10 × 5.2 to 1 /14

× 5.2 = 0.52m to 0.43m, say 0.45 m or 450 mm
b. Width of base slab = b = (0.5 to 0.6) H = 0.5 × 5.2 to 0.6 ×5.2 =
2.6m to 3.12 m say 3m
c. Toe projection or width of toe slab = pt = (1/3 to ¼) b = 1 /3 ×
3 to 1/4 × 3 = 1.0 m to 0.75 m say 0.75 m
d. Provide 450 mm thickness for the stem at the base (overall depth
D) and 200 mm at the top

• Design of stem
To find Maximum bending moment at the junction
Height of stem, h = 5.2 - 0.45 = 4.75 m
 h/3

1
Active earth pressure ,Pa = (𝑘𝑎 × 𝛾 × ℎ) ℎ
2
1 1
Pa = × ×18 × 4.75 × 4.75 = 67.68 kN
2 3
ℎ
Total Bending moment at any height, M = Pa ×
3
4.75
M = 67.68 × =107.17 kN-m
3
Mu = 1.5 × M = 160.6 kN-m
We have overall depth at base or thickness of stem slab as, D = 450 mm
Check for effective depth

Put Mu,lim = 160.6 x 106, b = 1000mm , fck = 20N/mm2

xu,max /d = 0.48 , Fe 415 , IS 456 2000

160.6 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 x (1 - 0.42 x 0.48) x 1000 x d2 x 20

Find ‘d’ , d = 242 mm
Required, d = 242 mm
Assumed overall depth at base of the stem, D = 450 mm, effective, d =
450 - 50 = 400 mm >> 242 mm
Taking 1m length of stem wall,

450mm

b = 1000 mm, d = 450 - effective cover

effective cover = clear cover + bar diameter/2 (assuming 12 mm φ bars)
= 40 + 12/2 = 46 ≈ 50 mm
d = 450 – 50 = 400 mm >> 242 mm , hence safe
d = 400 mm, b =1000 mm, Mu =160.6 x 106 Nmm, fy = 415 N/mm2 ,
fck = 20 N/mm2
Ast = 1184.6 mm2
Ast, min = 0.0012 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 0.0012 × 1000 × 450 = 540 𝑚𝑚2
Ast > Ast,min, hence Ok.
Provide 12 mm φ bars as main steel
𝜋
1000 × ×122
Spacing required, s = 4
= 96 mm ≈ 100 mm or 95 mm (
1184.6
Your wish!!)
Main steel #12 mm φ @ 100 mm c/c < 300 mm or 3 times effective
depth “d” ( Check!!!) IS 456 2000
Distribution steel
= 0.12% Gross Area = 0.12 × 450 × 1000/100 = 540 mm2
Use 10 mm φ bars , spacing required
𝜋
1000 × 4 ×102
Spacing required, s = = 145.4 mm ≈ 140 mm or 150 mm
540
(Your wish !!)
Distribution bars #10 mm φ @ 150 mm c/c < 450 mm and 5 times
effective depth “d” ok (check!!) IS 456 2000

Development length
Ld = 47 Φ bar = 47 × 12 = 564 mm =0.564 m

2.74 m
Main bars 12 mm φ
@ 100 mm c/c

Distribution bars 10 mm φ @
150 mm c/c

Curtailment of bars
50
Curtail 50% steel from top, Ast = × 1184.6 = 592.3 𝑚𝑚2
100
ℎ 2 1 ℎ 2 1 ℎ 2 1
( 1 ) = , ( 1 ) = , 1 2 = , ℎ1 = 3.36 𝑚, is the curtailment
ℎ 2 4.75 2 4.75 2
length
Actual point of cut off or cutting position = 3.36 - Ld =3.36 - 0.564 =
2.74m from top.
𝜋
1000 × ×122
4
Spacing required, s = = 190.9 mm ≈ 190 mm
592.3
Spacing of bars 12 mm φ @ 190 mm c/c < 300 mm and 3 x effective
depth . Hence it is ok

2.74 m

Secondary steel for stem at front (Temperature steel)

0.12% Gross Area = 0.12 × 450 × 1000/100 = 540 mm2
This can be copied from distribution steel calculations
#10 @ 150 mm c/c< 450 mm and 5d ok

Check for shear

Max. Shear Force at Junction XX= Pa = 67.68 kN (Lateral earth

pressure)
Ultimate Shear Force = Vu =1.5 x 67.68 = 101.52 kN
Nominal shear stress = τv = Vu/bd = 101.52 x 103 / 1000 x 400 = 0.25
N/mm2
 100 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 1184.6
To find τc, calculate pt = = = 0.29 %
𝑏×𝑑 1000 ×400
Use IS:456-2000, Page 73, Table 19, pt = 0.29 %, M 20
τc = 0.38 N/mm2
Compare τv and τc , 0.25 < 0.38
τv< τc Hence safe in shear. No need of shear reinforcement.

Stability analysis – 1. To find factor of safety against overturning

Calculations of Resisting Moment ΣMR – Self weight of wall and

weight of earth fill retained by heel slab
 A
x

Load Magnitude, kN Distance from A, Bending moment

m about A
kN-m
Stem W1 0.2 x 4.75x1x25 = 23.75 (0.75+0.25+0.2/2) =1.1 26.13
Stem W2 ½ x 0.25x4.75x1x25 = 0.75 + 13.59
14.84 2/3 x 0.25 = 0.916
Base slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25 = 33.75 3/2 50.63
Back fill, W4 1.8x4.75x1x18 = 153.9 0.75+0.45+1.8/2 =2.1 323.20
Total ΣW= 226.24 kN ΣMR = 413.55 kN-
m
 A

Calculations of Overturning Moment MO – Lateral earth pressure

about the base slab

Load Magnitude, kN Distance from Bending moment

A, about A
m kN-m
Hori. earth PH = ½ x 1/3x18x5.22 H/3 =5.2/3 MO = -140.60
pressure =PH =81.12 kN

Stability checks:
1. Check for overturning:
As per IS: 456:2000, (Factor of Safety) overturning should satisfy
condition that ΣMR/ MO > 1.55
ΣMR = 413.55 kNm, MO = 140.05 kNm
(F.S) overturning = ΣMR/ MO = 2.94 >1.55 Hence it is safe

2. Check for Sliding:

ΣW= 226.24kN
PH =81.12 kN
As per IS: 456:2000, (F.S) sliding should satisfy condition that
μ∑W/PH ≥ 1.55

𝜇 ∑𝑊 0.6 ×226.24
= = 1.67
𝑃𝐻 81.12

(F.S) sliding = 1.67 ≥1.55 Hence it is safe

3. Check for subsidence: (Max. pressure at the toe should not

exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil under working
condition)

Let the resultant cut the base at distance ‘x’ from toe T,
x = ∑M / ΣW, where ∑M = Net moments about toe = ΣMR - MO =
413.55 -140.05 =273.5 kNm
 273.5
x= = 1.2 m , b =3m
226.24
• Eccentricity e = b/2 – x = 3/2 – 1.2 = 1.5 – 1.2 = 0.3m < b/6 (
0.3 < 0.5 )(Eccentricity of force should not exceed one sixth of
base)
Here e < b/6. Hence it is safe.
Pressure below the base slab , SBC =200 kN/m2

120.66 kN/m2 < SBC, safe

30.16 kN/m2 > zero, So there is no tension or separation developed at

base slab, Hence it is safe

Both values of pressure are lesser than SBC ( 200 kN/m2) . Hence it is
safe.
 4.75m

Using similar triangles,

120.6−30.16 30.16+𝑦
= , y =24.1 kN/m2 (Sample calculations)
3 1.8

Design of Heel Slab

Calculations of Moment about heel slab C
Load Magnitude, kN Distance from C, m BM, MC, kN-m
Wt of Backfill or 1.8 x 4.75 x 1x18 1.8/2 = 0.9 =+138.51
Earth fill =153.9
Heel slab 0.45x1.8x25 = 1.8/2 =0.9 =20.25 x 0.9 =+
20.25
Pressure - 30.16 x 1.8 = - 1.8/2 = 0.9 -
distribution,(below
heel slab)
rectangle
 Pressure 1 1 -13.01
x -24.1 x1.8= - x1.8 = 0.6
distribution, 2 3
Triangle 21.69
Total Load at 98.17 Total BM at ΣMC = 94.87 kNm
junction C Junction C

ΣMC = 94.87
Mu = 1.5 x 94.87 =142.3 kNm = 142.3 x 106 N mm

b = 1000 mm, d = 400 mm, fck =20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2

Ast = 1041.5 mm2

Use 16 mm φ bars ( it is base slab) ( You can choose 12 mm also)
𝜋
1000 × ×162
4
Spacing required, s = = 193 mm ≈ 190 mm
1041.5

Main steel #16 mm Φ @ 190mm c/c < 300 mm and 3d ok. Hence it is
safe.

Development length
Ld = 47 φbar = 47 x 16 = 752 mm

Distribution steel
Same, #10 dia @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok

Check for shear at junction (Tension)

The critical section for shear in the heel slab should be taken at the face of the support
and not d away from it, because there is no compression introduced by the support
reaction, and the probable inclined crack may extend ahead of the rear face of the stem

Critical section for shear is at the face as it is subjected to tension.

Maximum shear =V=98.17 kN, VU, max= 98.17 x 1.5 =147.255 kN
 𝑉𝑈 147.255× 103
τv = = = 0.368 N/mm2
𝑏 ×𝑑 1000 ×400
τv = 0.368N/mm2
100× 1041.5
pt = = 0.260 % , Find τc
1000 ×400
Use IS:456-2000, Page 73, Table 19, pt =0.26 %
τc = 0.365 N/mm2
Here τv and τc are almost close. There is no providing shear
reinforcement. May be Ok.

Design of toe slab

To find the maximum bending moment

Load Magnitude, kN Distance from C, m BM, MC, kN-m

Self wt of Toe slab 0.75 x 0.45 x 25 = 8.44 0.75/2 +3.164
Pressure -97.99 x 0.75 = -73.49 0.75/2 -27.56
distribution,
rectangle
Pressure ½ x -22.6 x 0.75 = -8.474 2/3 x 0.75= -4.23
distribution,
Triangle
Total BM at ΣMC = -28.63
Junction C
Mu = 1.5 x 28.63 =43 kN-m,
Ast= 302.48 mm2
Provide #10mm @ 140mm < 300 mm and 3d ok ( If you have time you
can do calculation for spacing otherwise you proceed like this!)
Development length:
Ld = 47 φbar = 47 x 10 = 470 mm

Check for shear: at “d” from junction of the toe slab (at XX as wall is in
compression), d = 400 mm

Net shear force at the section XX

Net shear force for toe slab V= -(120.6 + 110.04) /2 x 0.35 + 0.45 x
0.35 x 25 = -36.42kN
VU,max = 36.42 x 1.5 =54.63 kN
ζv = (54.63x1000) / (1000 x 400) = 0.13 N/mm2
pt = (100 x 302.48) / ( 1000 x 400) = 0.075
From IS:456-2000, Page 73, pt≤0.15%, ζc = 0.28 N/mm2
ζv < ζc, Hence safe in shear.
750

400
Construction joint
A key 200 mm wide x 50 mm deep with nominal steel #10 @ 250, 600
mm length in two rows.

Drainage
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom. Also provide 200
mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for back drain.