DIRECT VS INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech maksudnya sebuah ungkapan yang disampaikan secara langsung tanpa ada
perubahan.
Indirect speech maksudnya sebuah ungkapan yang disampaikanoleh orang ketiga untuk
disampaikan kepada orang lain. Dalam kalimatnya terjadi bbrp perubahan yang terdiri dari:
1. Subject dan pronoun
2. Tenses
3. Adverb of time
4. Adverb of place
Dalam jenis kalimat juga terjadi beberapa perubahan. Hal itu terjadi pada imperative sentence
dan questioning.
Ciri-ciri:
Direct: ditandai dengan tanda kutip
He said, “I play a game”
“I play a game”, he said
Indirect: tanpa tanda kutip, antara reporting dan reported dihubungkan dengan konektor that
He said that he played a game
He said (that) he played a game
He said: reporting (said: reporting verbs)
He played a game (played: reporting words)
How to change?
1. Subject
Perhatikan keterlibatan subject pada reporting verbs dan reporting words
I:I/ he/she
WE: THEY
YOU: YOU
THEY: THEY
WE:WE
Intinya dalam penggunaan subjek perhatikan kesesuaian makna
Examples:
1. Direct: she said, “I was studying hard”
Indirect: she said that she had been studying hard
2. Direct: “I can do this all day”, he said.
Indirect: he said that he could do this all day
3. Direct: they say,” we are smart”.
Indirect: they say that they are smart
TENSES
Menggunakan teknik back shifting. Waktunya mundur kebelakang untuk reported speech krn kejadian
tersebut diceritakan kembali.
Direct Indirect
PRESENT PAST
Simple present Simple past
Present perfect Past perfect
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
PAST PAST PERFECT
Simple past Past perfect/ simple past (pengecualian)
Past perfect Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
FUTURE PAST FUTURE
Present future Past future
Present future continuous Past future continuous
Present future perfect Past future perfect
Present future perfect continuous Past future perfect continuous
Example:
They said, “we are student”
They said that we were student
PENGECUALIAN
Tidak terjadi perubahan tenses apabila tenses pada reporting verbs-nya
- Simple present
- Present future
- Present perfect tense
Examples:
1. They say, ”we are happy”
They say that they are happy
2. He will say, “I am happy”
He will say that he is happy
3. She said, “ you can do it”.
She said that you could do it.
Juga, tidak terjadi perubahan tenses apabila tenses pada reporting words-nya
- Simple past
I said, “ I was happy”
I said that I was happy.
Time Description Change
1. Adverb of Time
o now becomes then
o today becomes that day
o yesterday became the day before, the previous day
o last night becomes the night before
o last week becomes the week before
o a week ago becomes a week before
o a month ago became a month before
o tomorrow be the following day, the next day
o next week becomes the following week
o next month becomes the following month
o next year becomes the following year
Example:
She said,” I will study tomorrow".
She said that she would study the next day
My father said, “ I am smoking now”.
My father said that he was smoking then”.
2. Adverb of Place
o here becomes there
o this becomes that
o these become those
Example:
They said,” we are here”.
They said that they were there
They said, “We have a lot of work to do this week.
They said that they had a lot of work to do that week.
She said, “The weather is pleasant this month
She said that the weather was pleasant that month.
Jenis kalimat lainnya:
Questions
a. The question begins with a question word: who, what, when, where, with the
following conditions:
Question words are still used in indirect questions.
Indirect question structure uses statement sentence structure, not in
interrogative sentence.
Changes in tenses follow the usual conditions as in the form of time in indirect
sentences that come from statements.
Example:
Direct Speech (DS):
Ronald said to Aning, “What are you doing?”
Indirect Speech (IS):
Ronald asked Aning what she was doing. (tidak bertanya, hanya menjelaskan)
b. Questions without using question words (yes/ no question), with the following
conditions:
Using if or whether in indirect questions.
The structure of the questions uses a statement sentence structure.
Example:
Direct Speech (DS)
Rani asked me, “Can you help me?”
Indirect Speech (IS):
Rani asked me if/whether I could help her.
Imperative/Request
Terms to note:
1. If the Reported Words (words that are reported) are commands/requests, the
Reporting Verb (verbs that report) in the form of say or tell must be changed to
certain verbs that indicate, among other things:
o Command,for example: ordered, commanded which means ordering or
ordering.
o Precept (guidance, education), for example: advised which means to advise.
o Request , for example: asked which means asking or requesting.
o Entreaty (a very urgent request), for example: begged which means asking or
begging (very much).
o Prohibition (ban), for example: forbade which means prohibiting.
2. Using verbs (verb) in the form of I or To Infinitive in indirect sentences.
3. Add the word please which is used to say a more polite command.
4. Using not + to infinitive for commands or prohibitions.
5. The pronoun changes in the first person (first person) and the second person into
the third person.
Example:
Command (command)
Direct Speech (DS):
She said to her servant, “Go away at once.”
Indirect Speech (IS):
She ordered her servant to go away at once.
Precept (guidance, education)
Direct Speech (DS):
He said to his young brother, “Study hard.”
Indirect Speech (IS):
He advised his sister to study hard.
Request
Direct Speech (DS):
He said to his friend, “Please come to my house.”
Indirect Speech (IS):
He asked his friend to come to his house.
Entreaty (very urgent application)
Direct Speech (DS):
He said to his master, "Pardon me, sir."
Indirect Speech (IS):
He begged his master to pardon him.
Prohibition (ban)
Direct Speech (DS):
He said to his sister, "Don't go there."
Indirect Speech (IS):
He forbade his sister to go there.
