Presented by:

DHIRAJ CHHETRI KUNWAR

BOTANY LECTURER
KALIKA MANAV-GYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL
KALIKANAGAR-10, BUTWAL
Kingdom Monera (The Prokaryotes)
General characteristics:
1. The species of this kingdom are present in water, soil,
air, hot spring and inside the body of organism.
2. Most of them are microscopic and few are macroscopic.
3. The cell wall of most of organisms is formed by
muramic acid and in case of few organisms, it is formed
by cellulose.
4. The nucleus is primitive type in the cell.
5. Membrane bound cell organelles are absent in the cell.
6. Most of them are heterotrophic and few are autotrophic.
7. They reproduce by vegetative and asexual method.
8. They function as the role of parasite, decomposer,
mineralizer and symbionts.
For e.g. Cyanobacteria or Blue Green Algae, Bacteria.
Classification of Monera
Bacteria
- Occurrence : Bacteria are present in soil, water, air , hot
spring and inside the body of organisms.
- Size: Bacteria are microscopic organisms. The average
size ranges from 1-10µm.
- Morphology: Bacteria are present in following
morphological shapes:
Coccus- Round shaped Bacteria
Bacillus- Rod shaped Bacteria
Helical – Spiral shape and Comma shape
- Flagellation : Flagella are the locomotory organ of
bacteria which are present in the most of the bacteria. The
arrangement of flagella is called Flagellation. The bacteria
are denoted by the different terms on the basis of number
and position of flagella.
- Atrichous : The bacteria which lacks flagella is called
atrichous. For e.g. Lactobacillus.
- Monotrichous : The bacteria which bears single flagella at
their one end is called Monotrichous. For e.g. Vibrio Cholera.
- Amphitrichous : The bacteria which bears one flagella at each
end is called amphitrichous. For e.g. Spirilla.
- Cephalotrichous : The bacteria which bears two or more
flagella in a bunch at one end of the bacteria. For e.g.
Pseudomonas fluorescens.
- Lophotrichous : The bacteria which bears many flagella at
both the ends is called lophotrichous. For e.g. Sprillum
volutans.
- Peritrichous : The bacteria bears a large number of flagella
throughout the surface is called peritrichous. For e.g. Bacillus
typhosus.
Cell structure:
The bacteria consist of the following parts in their cell.
1. Cell wall
It is the outermost layer of bacterial cell. It is rigid,
thick layer which is formed by combined form of amino
acid and carbohydrates named as a Peptidoglycon or
Muramic acid.
On the basis of cell wall, Dr. Christian Gram divided
the bacteria in two groups:
a. Gram +ve bacteria
b. Gram –ve bacteria
 The bacteria which shows voilet colour after gram
staining process is called gram positive bacteria. The
cellwall of this bacteria are only formed by muramic acid
which shows the colour of voilet.
The bacteria which shows the red colour after gram
staining process is called gram negative bacteria. The cell
wall of this bacteria consist of three layer i.e. lipoprotein
layer, lipo-polysaccharide layer and muramic acid which
shows the colour of red.
Functions:
1. The cell wall protects the bacteria from external
environmental factors.
2. The cell wall gives the proper shape to the bacteria.
2. Capsule or slime layer
During the growth of bacteria, the protoplasm
produces gelatinous substances which comes out from cell
wall and lies around the capsule. The loose layer of
gelatinous substance is called slime layer. In extreme
environmental condition, the amino acids are mixed with
gelatinous substances and result into thick, rigid layer
which is called capsule. It is formed in certain bacteria.
Functions:
1. The capsule or slime layer protects the bacteria from
extreme environmental condition like very hot, very
cold, presence of chemicals etc.
2. The capsulated bacteria are mostly pathogenic.
3. Cell membrane
The very thin, delicate, transparent and semi-
permeable membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm is
called cell membrane. The inner folding structure is called
Mesosome which consist of different types of respiratory
enzymes.
Functions:
1. Cell membrane allows to enter the water and minerals
inside through it.
2. Mesosome helps in respiration process due to presence
of enzymes.
4. Cytoplasm
The liquid substances present inside the cell is
called cytoplasm. It consist of DNA, ribosome,
photosynthetic filaments, organic and inorganic
substances. Different biochemical processes takes place in
cytoplasm.
5. Genetic material
Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. So naked circular DNA
is present in cell which functions as genetic material. It is
also controls all cellular activities.
6. Extra DNA
In certain bacteria, extra complete DNA or small
fragment of DNA are produced for particular purposes.
Plasmid and Cosmids are extra DNA present in Bacteria.
This extra DNA helps to survive the bacteria in extreme
unsuitable condition and provide other characters like
disease resistance, pest resistance, fertility factor etc.
Nowadays, the extra DNA is used in genetic engineering.
7. Ribosome
Primitive or prokaryotic (70’s) type of ribosome are
present in bacterial cell which helps in protein synthesis.
8. Photosynthetic lamellaae
These are elongated chlorophyll pigment bearing structure
which are found only in autotrophic bacteria. This lamellae
helps in photosynthesis.
9. Flagella
These are the small hair like cellular outgrowths. Flagella
helps in locomotion of bacteria.
10. Pilli or fimbrae
These are small hair like outgrowth which are very smaller
or shorter than flagella. This are formed by Pillin Protein
and are present in outer entire surface of gram negative
bacteria. The pilli help the bacteria in attachment on host or
substratum. It also helps to attach with opposite stained
bacteria.
Nutrition
1. Autotrophic bacteria
2. Heterotrophic bacteria
- Autotrophic bacteria
These bacteria can prepare their food by themselves. On
the basis of source of energy, the autotrophic bacteria are
divided into two types:
a. Photoautotrophic or photosynthetic bacteria
b. Chemoautotrophic or chemosynthetic bacteria
a. Photoautotrophic or photosynthetic
bacteria
These bacteria absorb sunlight with the help of
bacterial chlorophyll and utilize this energy in
photosynthesis process. Some autotrophic bacteria can
also absorb the UV rays. In case of bacterial
photosynthesis, oxygen gas is not produced as bi-product
because water is not applied as hydrogen source. For e.g.
Green sulphur bacteria, Chlorobium.
b. Chemoautotrophic /chemosynthetic bacteria
This bacteria can change one chemical
compound to other types and energy produced by this
process is utilized to make food. They convert the
different compounds like NH4, N2,H2S etc to produce the
energy. For e.g. Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter.
2. Heterotrophic bacteria
This bacteria cannot prepare their food by themselves.
So they have to depend on others for food. They are
divided in three types:
a. Parasitic bacteria
b. Saprophytic bacteria
c. Symbiotic bacteria
a. Parasitic bacteria
The relationship between small weak parasite
and large host parasite is called Parasitism. Parasite
enter inside the body of host, kill or destroy the cells and
their physiological system to get food. Due to this
process of parasite, they produce disease to the host.
For e.g. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus
Clostridium botulinum – Food poisoning
b. Saprophytic bacteria
These are free living bacteria which are grown in
decaying organic materials and live by digesting and
absorbing them. For e.g. Pseudomonas
c. Symbiotic bacteria
The permanent relationship between the two organisms in
which both are benefitted to each other. For e.g.
Rhizobium –Root nodules of legume plants
Frankia- Root nodules of Myrica esculenta (kaafal)
Bacteria has both positive and negative importance. So it is
called friend and foes.
1. Positive importance
It can be explained in the following fields.
- In the field of Agriculture
- In the filed of Medicine
- In the field of industry
2. Negative importance
- Diseases
- Food poisoning
- Denitrification ( Loss of Fertility)
- In field of Agriculture
a. Decomposition of dead body and environmental sanitation
The different Bacillus bacteria destroy the dead bodies of
plants and animals and provide raw material to the soil.
b. Nitrification
The ammonium compound is converted into nitrite and
finally into nitrate by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria.
This process is called Nitrification.
c. Nitrogen fixation
The change of atmospheric nitrogen into available form is
called is called Nitrogen fixation. It takes place by physical
and biological method. Some nitrogen fixing bacteria are
Rhizobium, Frankia, Azobacter, Clostridium.
- In field of Medicine
a. Antibiotic
The medicine which directly kills the pathogens or
inhibit the growth of pathogens is called antibiotic.
Antibiotic are produced from bacteria, fungi and other
micro-organisms. The example of some antibiotic which
are produced from bacteria are as follow:
Antibiotic Source
Terramycin Streptomyces rimosus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Gentamycin Micromonospora
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum
Cephalosprin Cephalosporium species
b. Vaccine
The medicine which increases the immunity of the cell
or the body producing the antibodies are called vaccine.
They are produced from living but chemically weak
pathogens, dead organisms or their toxoids.
Name of vaccine Category of Used in treatment of
vaccine
BCG (Bacille calmette guerin) Living vaccine Tuberculosis

TAB ( Typhoid Vaccine) Killed vaccine Typhoid

OPV (Oral polio vaccine) Live vaccine Polio

Cholera vaccine Killed vaccine Cholera

Tetanus toxoid (TT) Toxoid Tetanus
Mumps vaccine (MMR) Live vaccine Mumps, Measles, Rubella
 c. Antiserum(Serum)
During the production of antiserum, the bacterial gene is
injected in the body of physically active animals like horse and
doze of bacteria is increased gradually. The horse cell produce
the antibodies against the bacteria. This antibodies is extracted
from blood of horse and used to make antiserum. The medicine
of Diphtheria, meningitis, pneumonia are produced by this
method.
d. Enzyme
Enzyme are the bio-catalyst which increases or decreases
the rate of reactions. The digestive enzyme Amylase and
Protease are produced artificially by culturing the bacteria
Bacillus subtilis.
e. Vitamin
The vitamin B12 (Riboflavin) is produced by culturing the
bacteria Clostridium butylicum.
- In the field of Industry
a. Dairy industry
The milk is changed into curd due to presence of Lactic acid
produced by Lactobacillus bacteria. It is applied in Dairy
industries.
b. Vinegar making industry
Acetic acid (Vinegar) is commercially produced by culturing
the bacteria Acetobacter acettii by the process of fermentation.
c. Tea and Tobacco industry
In tea and tobacco leaves, the flavours are produced by the
infection of bacteria named as Micrococcus.
d. Fibre retting
The process of separating fibres from the plant tissues is
known as retting. The anaerobic Bacillus bacteria helps to separate
the fibre from the bark of stem of fibre yielding plants like Jute,
Agave, Sunhemp,Coconut.
2. Negative importance of Bacteria
a. Diseases
Bacteria is the causing agent of different diseases of
man, animals and plants. Some of the example are as
follows:
Agent Human disease

Diplococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia

Streptococcus aurens Boils

Vibrio comma Cholera

Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB

Mycobacterium lepray Leprosy

Corynebacterium diptheria Diphtheria

Agent Animal disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB of cattle

Bacillus anthracis Anthracis

Agent Plant disease

Xanthomonas citiri Citrus canker

Corynebacterium sepedonicum Ring rot of potato

b. Food poisoning
The bacteria infected food may cause the vomiting,
irritation and sometimes lead to the death to the man and
other animals. The toxin containing food produced by
bacteria named as Clostridium botulinum leads to the
death of the man. This affect is called Botulism.
c. Denitrification
Some bacteria which are present in the soil like
Diplococcus denitrificans, Pseudomonas denitrificans
break the nitrate present in the soil. This process is known
as denitrification. It reduces the soil fertility.
Thank you