ACKNOLEDGMENT
I Would like to express my thanks and gratitude to
ourPrincipal MR.Murali sir for giving me the
golden opportunityTo do this wonderful project on
the Topic “Developmental stages of cockroach and
Housefly” Which has helped me in doing a lot of
research . I would extend my heartiest to my Biology
teacher Mrs.Sumaiya mam for providing with all the
support I required at all times.
I would like to to gratefully thank my parents for
providing me with all the facilities and a favourable
environment at home.
I would also thank my friends who have given me
support and helped me in finalizing the project in
the given time frame.
Thank You
STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
COCKROACHES
STAGES OF COCKROACHDEVELOPMENT
Cockroaches have been in existence since the time of the dinosaurs, and
STAGES
are a hardy species OF COCKROACH
that has adapted to be able to go without food and
water for weeks at a time. Cockroaches consume plants, starchy foods
and other insects and tend to live in habitats that are warm, wet and
dark. Cockroaches can contaminate the food supply of humans, because
they shed their skins and their waste can cause allergic reactions and
other illnesses. The stages of development of a cockroach consist of
three cycles known as the egg, the nymph and adult.
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HERE’S A
PICTURE OF
STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT COCKROACH
OF COCKROACHES AND ITS LIFE
STAGES OF COCKROACH CYCLE
Egg Stage
Adult cockroaches lay about 40 eggs at a time and
keep the eggs in a safe place to avoid being discovered.
The cockroach will choose to carry the cockroach eggs
in a case on the end of the abdomen or hide the eggs.
An egg case is about the size of a kidney bean
(depending on the number of the eggs) and usually
holds 10 to 50 eggs. The length of the egg stage
depends on the species. For instance, the egg stage for
American cockroaches lasts about six to eight weeks,
while Oriental cockroaches hatch in approximately 60
days.
Nymph
Once a cockroach hatches, the young, small cockroach is called a
nymph. The nymphs go through the process known as molting,
where they shed their skin and their bodies becomes white and
soft. Whenever the cockroach molts, the cockroach also grows in
size and colour. The process of going from the nymph stage to
that of an adult cockroach varies depending on the type of
cockroach, the habitat and exposure to diseases and parasites.
The average length of time for a nymph to mature is about 15
months.
Adult
When a cockroach is at the adult stage, it stops molting and
usually gains a pair of wings. The wings are the primary
characteristic that allows people to tell a nymph from an adult. As
an adult, cockroaches live about 20 weeks, but this depends
largely on the species of cockroach. A female can produce about
300 to 400 offspring in its lifetime. The total lifespan of a
cockroach varies, but usually range from 3 to 4 months to 2 years.
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Apple Maggots
Apple maggots are among the most serious fruit pests in the
United States. Apple maggot adults emerge from the ground in the
summer. The female flies have 4 white bands on their abdomen
while the males are smaller in size and have black bands. Both
TYPES OF
have clear wings with black bands. After feeding on the honeydew
on leaves, the females start to puncture apple skins and lay eggs HOUSEFLIES
beneath the fruit skin at an average of 300 in 30 days. The eggs
hatch in 2 to 10 days producing 7 mm, cream-colored, legless
maggots or larvae. The larvae feed on the fruit, tunneling their -APPLE
way through and rotting the fruit, for about 30 days. The larvae
then drop and burrow into the ground and develop into the pupal MAGGOTS
stage. The apple maggot pupae are mostly within 2 inches of the
soil surface and overwinter in the soil, emerging as flies in the
summer. Apple maggot damage results in stunted fruit growth -ROOT
with misshapen and dimpled fruit. Control includes the use of
insecticides to control maggots before the flies start to lay their
eggs.
MAGGOTS
Root Maggots -RATTAILED
MAGGOTS
Root maggots are common pests of the root crops such
as onions and carrots. Adult root maggots resemble
small houseflies and they lay their eggs in both the
cracks of soil or in the stems of plants that are at soil
level. The white to yellow-white maggots are legless
and feed for about 4 weeks on the roots that they infest causing plant yellowing. The roots
display tunnels created by the maggots. Best preventative measure is to rotate crops and to
use natural control strategies such as maggot predators like ground beetles and tiny wasps.
Soil insecticides can be used in cases of heavier infestations.
Rattailed Maggots
Rattailed maggots are also referred to as drone flies.
Though the flies are very similar to the honey been in
appearance, the brownish to black, hairy flies are
singled winged. The maggots are grub-like and
cylindrical with a breathing tube that looks like a tail.
The drone flies occur throughout the world and are
attracted to bright colored flowers and decay. The
maggots frequently feed on the decaying matter in
stagnant water and dung pits. Drone fly maggots
usually do not require chemical methods for control and
proper sanitation and disposal of sewage and manure
keeps the insects from occurring.
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Cockroach Life Cycle
When you discover a cockroach in the home,
immediate steps should be taken to get rid of the pest.
The best way to figure out what to do is by
understanding the cockroach and what its life cycle is
like. A cockroach undergoes three developmental
stages throughout its life: egg, nymph, and adult
stages.
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REPRODUCTION – EGG STAGE
Female cockroaches can lay from 10 to 55 eggs at a time. The majority of
cockroaches are oviparous, meaning the eggs develop outside of the
mother instead of inside. To protect their young, cockroaches create nests
and lay eggs in warm, moist and tight spaces conducive to a safe and
viable environment. Here’s what a cockroach egg looks like:
Typically it will take the eggs one to two months to hatch, but depending
on the species it can happen faster or slower. Their ability to frequently
reproduce makes cockroaches difficult to control. Depending on the
species, a female can lay eggs multiple times a year and produce
hundreds, even thousands of offspring a year. Discovering cockroach
infestations early and removing them quickly is vital to containing their
spread.
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BABY COCKROACH – NYMPH STAGE
Once a cockroach egg hatches, the babies enter the nymph stage. In this
stage a cockroach will go through moltings or instars, shedding their
exoskeletons to grow and get bigger. At the beginning, baby cockroaches
will be white before darkening to their normal brown coloration as they
molt and mature.
Depending on the species, female cockroaches may not care for their
nymphs. Some will abandon their young by hiding away from the nest
while others care for their offspring throughout their nymph stage. The
nymph stage can last from a few months to almost a ye
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DEVELOPED COCKROACH – ADULT STAGE
Once a cockroach experiences its final molting, it will be a
fully-functional and sexually-active adult. The average adult
cockroach will be 1-1/2 to 3 in. long with three pairs of legs, two
pairs of wings and a long pair of antennae on the front of their
head. Most cockroaches are brown.
While many have wings, the majority do not fly. However, they
will crawl quickly from place to place, traveling up to two to
three miles per hour to avoid predators. As adults, females will
begin courting and attract males to begin the reproduction
process.
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COMMON NAME: HOUSE FLY
SCIENTIFIC NAME: MUSCA DOMESTICA LINNAEUS (INSECTA: DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
DISTRIBUTION
This common fly originated on the steppes of central Asia, but now
occurs on all inhabited continents, in all climates from tropical to
temperate, and in a variety of environments ranging from rural to
urban. It is commonly associated with animal feces, but has adapted
well to feeding on garbage, so it is abundant almost anywhere people
live.
LIFE CYCLE AND DESCRIPTION (BACK TO TOP)
The house fly has a complete metamorphosis with distinct egg, larval
or maggot, pupal and adult stages. The house fly overwinters in either
the larval or pupal stage under manure piles or in other protected
locations. Warm summer conditions are generally optimum for the
development of the house fly, and it can complete its life cycle in as
little as seven to ten days. However, under suboptimal conditions the
life cycle may require up to two months. As many as 10 to 12
generations may occur annually in temperate regions, while more
than 20 generations may occur in subtropical and tropical regions.
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Egg: The white egg, about 1.2 mm in length, is laid singly but
eggs are piled in small groups. Each female fly can lay up to
500 eggs in several batches of 75 to 150 eggs over a three to
four day period. The number of eggs produced is a function of
female size which, itself, is principally a result of larval nutrition.
Maximum egg production occurs at intermediate temperatures,
25 to 30°C. Often, several flies will deposit their eggs in close
proximity, leading to large masses of larvae and pupae. Eggs
must remain moist or they will not hatch.
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Larva: Early instar larvae are 3 to 9 mm long, typical creamy whitish in
color, cylindrical but tapering toward the head. The head contains one pair of
dark hooks. The posterior spiracles are slightly raised and the spiracular
openings are sinuous slits which are completely surrounded by an oval black
border. The legless maggot emerges from the egg in warm weather within
eight to 20 hours. Maggots immediately begin feeding on and developing in
the material in which the egg was laid.
The larva goes through three instars and a full-grown maggot, 7 to 12 mm
long, has a greasy, cream-colored appearance. High-moisture manure favors
the survival of the house fly larva. The optimal temperature for larval
development is 35 to 38°C, though larval survival is greatest at 17 to 32°C.
Larvae complete their development in four to 13 days at optimal temperatures,
but require 14 to 30 days at temperatures of 12 to 17°C.
Nutrient-rich substrates such as animal manure provide an excellent
developmental substrate. Very little manure is needed for larval development,
and sand or soil containing small amounts of degraded manure allows for
successful belowground development. When the maggot is full-grown, it can
crawl up to 50 feet to a dry, cool place near breeding material and transform to
the pupal stage.
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Pupa: The pupal stage, about 8 mm long, is passed in a pupal case formed from the last larval skin
which varies in color from yellow, red, brown, to black as the pupa ages. The shape of the pupa is quite
different from the larva, being bluntly rounded at both ends. Pupae complete their development in two
to six days at 32 to 37°C, but require 17 to 27 days at about 14°C). The emerging fly escapes from the
pupal case through the use of an alternately swelling and shrinking sac, called the ptilinum, on the front
of its head which it uses like a pneumatic hammer to break through the case.
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Adult: The house fly is 6 to 7 mm long, with the female usually larger than the male. The female can be
distinguished from the male by the relatively wide space between the eyes (in males, the eyes almost
touch). The head of the adult fly has reddish-eyes and sponging mouthparts. The thorax bears four
narrow black stripes and there is a sharp upward bend in the fourth longitudinal wing vein. The
abdomen is gray or yellowish with dark midline and irregular dark markings on the sides. The underside
of the male is yellowish.
Adults usually live 15 to 25 days, but may live up to two months. Without food, they survive only about
two to three days. Longevity is enhanced by availability of suitable food, especially sugar. Access to
animal manure does not lengthen adult life and they live longer at cooler temperatures. They require
food before they will copulate, and copulation is completed in as few as two minutes or as long as 15
minutes. Oviposition commences four to 20 days after copulation. Female flies need access to suitable
food (protein) to allow them to produce eggs, and manure alone is not adequate. The potential
reproductive capacity of flies is tremendous, but fortunately can never be realized. Scientists have
calculated that a pair of flies beginning reproduction in April may be progenitors, under optimal
conditions and if all were to live, of 191,010,000,000,000,000,000 flies by August.
The flies are inactive at night, with ceilings, beams and overhead wires within buildings, trees, and
shrubs, various kinds of outdoor wires, and grasses reported as overnight resting sites. In poultry
ranches, the nighttime, outdoor aggregations of flies are found mainly in the branches, and shrubs,
whereas almost all of the indoor populations generally aggregated in the ceiling area of poultry houses.
According to a study conducted in Texas, USA, breeding site suitability (in descending order), was
horse manure, human excrement, cow manure, fermenting vegetable matter, and kitchen waste.
However, another study found that structures containing swine, horse, sheep, cattle, and poultry varied
in fly abundance, with swine facilities containing the most and poultry the least. Fruit and vegetable cull
piles, partially incinerated garbage, and incompletely composted manure also are highly favored sites for
breeding.
ADULT HOUSEFLY
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THANK YOU
- JERIN JACOB
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