Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Content Standard Lesson 3: Operations On Rational

Algebraic Expressions
The learner
demonstrates
understanding of key Module Map
concepts of factors of
polynomials, rational
algebraic expressions,
linear equations and
inequalities in two
variables, systems of linear
equations and inequalities
in two variables and linear
functions.

Performance Standard
EXPLORE
The learner is able to Activity 1: Picture Analysis
formulate real-life Take a close look at this picture. Describe what you see.
problems involving factors
of polynomials, rational
algebraic expressions,
linear equations and
inequalities in two
variables, systems of linear
equations and inequalities
in two variables and linear
functions, and solve these
problems accurately using
a variety of strategies.

Most Essential Learning

Competencies

The learner …
performs
operations on Process Questions:
rational algebraic
expressions. 1. What will happen if one of them will not do his job?
(M8AL-Ic-d-1)
solves problems
involving rational 2. What will happen when there are people working together? Will
algebraic they finish the job earlier or later?
expressions.
(M8AL-Id-2)

3. How can rate-related problems be solved?

Corporate Values

Page 1
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

The picture in the previous page shows how the operations on rational algebraic expressions can be
applied to a real-life scenario. You’ll get to learn more rate-related problems and how operations on rational
algebraic expression associate to rate-related problems. You will also find out the answer to the question “How
can rate-related problems be solved?”

FIRM-UP
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Multiplication and Division of Rational Algebraic Expressions

MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
Steps: Steps:
1. Factor all numerators and denominators 1. Invert the divisor (the second
completely. fraction)
2. Cancel out common factors 2. Apply the steps in
3. Multiply numerators together and multiplying rational algebraic
multiply denominators together. expressions.

The process of multiplying and dividing rational algebraic expressions is similar to multiplying and
dividing fractions. To multiply rational algebraic expressions, simply multiply the numerators together, and
then multiply the denominators together. The answers will be the corresponding terms in the product of the
fractions.

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

The product of two rational expressions is a rational expression whose numerator is the
product of the numerators of the given rational expressions, and whose denominator is the
product of the rational expressions. In symbols,
a c ac
∙ = , b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 .
b d bd

Factoring is very useful in simplifying the product of rational expressions as illustrated in the next examples.

5t 4
Example 1: Find the product of ∙
8 3t2
.
Express the numerators and
2
5t 4 5 t 2 denominators as prime factors as
∙ = ∙
8 3 t 2 23 3 t 2 possible.

( 5 t ) ( 22 )
¿
( 23 )( 3t 2 )
Simplify rational expression using
5
¿ laws of exponents.
( 2 )( 3 t )

5
¿
6t

Page 2
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4
2
x −xy x + y
Example 2: Multiply: 2 2
∙ 2
x − y x −2 xy

Solution:

x2 −xy x + y x ( x− y ) x+y
∙ 2 = ∙
x − y x −2 xy ( x + y ) ( x− y ) x ( x−2 y )
2 2

x ( x− y )( x + y ) 1
¿ =
x ( x− y ) ( x+ y ) ( x−2 y ) x−2 y

6
Example 3: Find the product of ( x−3 ) ∙ 2 .
x −3 x

Solution:

( x−3 ) ∙
6
2
x −3 x
=
x−3
1 ( )
∙
6
x ( x−3 )

6
¿
x

Note that in multiplying rational expressions, if a factor in the

numerator and another factor in the denominator differ only in signs, they can
still be simplified by factoring out −1 from either the numerator or the
denominator, and dividing out the common factor. Observe how this is done in
the next example.

k−6 −25 y
Example 4: Multiply: ∙
15 y 6−k
Solution:
k−6 −25 y ( k−6 ) (−5 )( 5 y )
Here, ∙ =
15 y 6−k ( 5 y )( 3 )(−1 ) ( k−6 )
−5
¿
−3

5
¿
3

This rule can be extended to rational expressions with three or more factors.

Example 5: Find the indicated product.

2 2 2 2
( 4 x 2−9 y 2 ) ∙ y 2 + xy−6 x 2 ∙ 3 x 2−2 xy− y2
3 y −8 xy+ 4 x 2 x + xy−3 y
Solution:
2 2 2 2
( 4 x 2−9 y 2 ) ∙ y 2 + xy−6 x 2 ∙ 3 x 2−2 xy− y2
3 y −8 xy+ 4 x 2 x + xy−3 y
( 2 x +3 y )( 2 x−3 y ) ( y +3 x )( y −2 x ) (3 x + y ) ( x − y )
¿ ∙ ∙
1 ( y −2 x ) ( 3 y−2 x ) ( 2 x +3 y )( x− y )
( 2 x−3 y ) ( 3 x + y )2
¿
3 y −2 x
(−1 )( 3 y−2 x )( 3 x + y )2
¿ =−( 3 x+ y )2
( 3 y−2 x )
Page 3
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Activity 2: What’s My Area?

Find the area of the plane figures below. Write your answer in the box provided.

1. 2.

Solution: Solution:

Activity 3: How did I do it?

Based on what you’ve done in the previous activity, make a step by step guide when multiplying rational
algebraic expressions. Write the procedure or important concepts in every step.

1. How did you find the area of the figures?

2. What are your steps in answering the area of the figures?

Division of Rational Expressions

The quotient of two rational expressions is obtained by multiplying the dividend by
the reciprocal of the divisor. In symbols,
a c a d ad
÷ = ∙ =
b d b c bc
where b , c and d are not equal to 0 .
Page 4
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4
2 2
6 a b2 9a b
Example 6: Divide: by 2 .
4 cd 8c d

Solution:

6 ab2 9 a2 b2 ( 3 ab ) ( 2 ) ( 4 cd )( 2 c )
2
÷ = ∙
4 cd 8 c 2 d 4 cd ( 3 ab 2 ) ( 3 a )

4c
¿
3a

2
n −25 n+5
Example 7: Divide by .
2
n +5 n n

Solution:

n2−25 n+5 ( n+5 )( n−5 ) n

÷ = ∙
2
n +5 n n n ( n+5 ) n+5

n−5
¿
n+5

2 2
y + y−6 y −4 y + 4
Example 8: Divide 2 by 2 .
6 y +18 y 4 y z−8 yz

Solution:
2 2 2 2
y + y−6 y −4 y+ 4 y + y−6 4 y z−8 yz
2
÷ 2
= 2 ∙ 2
6 y +18 y 4 y z−8 yz 6 y + 18 y y −4 y+ 4

( y+3 )( y −3 ) ( 2 y )( 2 z )( y −2 )
¿ ∙
( 2 y ) ( 3 ) ( y+ 3 ) ( y−2 ) ( y−2 )

2z
¿
3

Force
Example 9: To approximate the stress on an object, the relation Stress= can be used.
Area

Determine the stress acting on an iron plate if a force of ( 2x−1

x+4
) lb is applied to the plate with an area of
3 x+ 6 2
ft .
4 x−1

Solution:
Stress=Force÷ Area
¿ (
2 x+ 4
x−1
lb ÷ ) (
3 x+ 6 2
4 x−1
ft )
2 x +4 4 x−1
¿ ∙
x−1 3 x+6

2 ( x +2 ) 4 x−1
¿ ∙
x−1 3 ( x +2 )
Page 5
 Math FYI
Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4
If the degree of the polynomial denominator of a
rational algebraic expression is greater than the degree of
2 ( 4 x−1 ) 8 x −2
¿ = the polynomial numerator, then the rational algebraic
3 ( x−1 ) 3 x−3 expression is described as proper. For instance, the
2
2 x −3 x +9 x
expressions and are proper
3
x +2 ( 1−x )( 1+ x )
Therefore, the approximate rational expressions.
8 x−2
stress is lb/ft 3 .
3 x −3

Activity 4: The Missing Dimensions

Find the missing length of the figure. Input your answer in the box.

The height of the rectangle

1. How did you find the area of the figure?

2. What are your steps in answering the area of the figure?

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Addition and Subtraction of Similar Rational Expressions

In adding and subtracting similar rational expressions, add or subtract the
a c a±c
numerators, then place the result over the common denominator. In symbols, + = .
d d d

x−5 7
Example 1: Find the sum of and .
x+ 3 x+3

Page 6
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Solution:

x−5 7 ( x−5 ) +7
+ =
x+ 3 x +3 x +3

x −5+7
¿
x +3

x+2
¿
x +3

8 3
Example 2: Find the sum of and and .
x x

Solution:

8 3 11
+ =
x x x

2 x−8 4 x +10
Example 3: Add the rational expressions
x+5
and
x+ 5
.

Solution:
2 x−8 4 x+10 ( 2 x−8 ) + ( 4 x+10 )
+ =
x+5 x +5 x+ 5

( 2 x +4 x ) + (−8+ 10 ) 6 x +2
¿ =
x +5 x +5

When subtracting similar rational expressions, be sure to subtract the entire numerator of the subtrahend.
This is illustrated in the next example below.

x 3x
Example 4: Simplify: 2
− 2
y y

Solution:
x 3 x x−3 x −2 x −2 x
2
− 2= 2
= 2 or 2
y y y y y

−10−6 x−5 x 2 x2 +5 x−20

Example 5: Subtract from .
3 x 2+ x−2 3 x 2 + x−2

Solution:
2 2
x +5 x−20 −10−6 x−5 x
−
3 x 2 + x−2 3 x 2+ x−2
( x2 +5 x−20 ) −(−10−6 x−5 x 2)
¿
( 3 x−2 ) ( x +1 )
x 2 +5 x−20+10 x +6 x+5 x 2
¿
( 3 x−2 ) ( x+1 )
( x2 +5 x 2 ) + ( 5 x +6 x ) + (−20+10 )
¿
( 3 x−2 ) ( x +1 )

Page 7
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4
2
6 x +11 x−10
¿
( 3 x−2 ) ( x+1 )
( 3 x−2 )( 2 x+5 )
¿
(3 x−2)( x+1)
2 x +5
¿
x +1

2 2
x −2 x +3 x −4 x−5
Example 6: Simplify: 2
− 2
x +7 x +12 x +7 x+ 12

Solution:
x 2−2 x +3 x 2−4 x−5 ( x −2 x+ 3 )−( x −4 x−5 )
2 2
− =
x2 +7 x +12 x 2 +7 x+ 12 x 2 +7 x+12

x 2−2 x +3−x 2 + 4 x+15

¿ 2
x + 7 x +12

2 x +8
¿ 2
x +7 x +12

2 ( x +4 )
¿
( x +3 )( x +4 )

2 ( x +4 ) 2
¿ =
( x +3 )( x +4 ) x +3

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DISSIMILAR RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Algebraic Expression with Unlike

Denominator
Steps:
1. Determine the LCD.
2. Rewrite each fraction as an equivalent fraction with the LCD. This is done by
multiplying both the numerator and denominator of each fraction by any factors
needed to obtain the LCD.
3. Add or subtract the numerators while maintaining the LCD.
4. Simplify the fraction through factoring if possible.

7 3
Example 7: Add: + The LCD is xy .
x y

7 3 7 y 3 x
+ = ∙ + ∙
x y x y y x () ()
7 y 3x
¿ +
xy xy

7 y+3 x
¿
xy

Page 8
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

2 x−4
Example 8: Add: x−4 + 2 The LCD is ( x−4 ) ( x+ 4 )
x −16

2 x−4
+ 2 =
2
∙
x +4 x−4 1
∙ ∙
x−4 x −16 x−4 x +4 x 2−16 1 ( ) ()
2 ( x+ 4 ) x−4
¿ +
( x + 4 ) ( x−4 ) ( x +4 ) ( x −4 )

2 x +8+ x−4
¿
( x+ 4 )( x−4 )

3 x+ 4
¿ 2
x −16

3 2
Example 9: Subtract: − The LCD is x 2.
x x2

3 2 3 x
− 2= ∙
x x x x
2 1
− 2∙
x 1 () ()
3x 2
¿ 2
− 2
x x

3 x−2 x 2−3 x−2 x−10

¿ 2 ¿
x ( x +5 ) ( x −3 )

2
x −5 x+ 10 x2 −5 x +10
¿ or
( x +5 )( x−3 ) 2
x +2 x−15

x 2
Example 10: Subtract: − The LCD is ( x +5 ) ( x −3 )
x+5 x−3

x
−
2
=
x
∙
x−3
− ∙ ( )
2 ( x +5 )
x+5 x−3 x +5 x−3 x −3 ( x +5 )

x ( x −3 ) 2 ( x+5 )
¿ −
( x +5 )( x−3 ) ( x+ 5 )( x−3 )

x2 −3 x 2 x+10
¿ −
( x +5 )( x−3 ) ( x+ 5 )( x−3 )

Example 11: Combine as a single rational expression, then simplify.

3 x−2 2 x−1
x−3+ −
4 x−1

Solution: The LCD is 4 ( x−1 ).

Page 9
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

3 x−2 2 x−1
x−3+ −
4 x−1

( x −3 ) ( 4 )( x−1 ) ( 3 x−2 ) ( x−1 ) ( 2 x−1 ) ( 4 )

¿ + −
4 ( x−1 ) 4 ( x−1 ) 4 ( x−1 )

( 4 x 2−16 x +12 ) +( 3 x 2−5 x+ 2 )−( 8 x−4 )

¿
4 ( x−1 )
2 2
4 x −16 x +12+3 x −5 x +2−8 x + 4
¿
4 ( x−1 )
2
7 x −29 x +18
¿
4 ( x−1 )

Example 12: The perimeter of a quadrilateral ABCD is ( 4x

2
x −9)cm .

?
A B

D C

Solution:
AB= 2
4x
−
1 3 x−2
+ 2 +
(
2
x −9 x +3 x −9 x −3 )
4x 1 3 x−2 2
¿ − − 2 −
x −9 x +3 x −9 x−3
2

4 x−( x−3 )−( 3 x−2 )−2 ( x +3 )

¿
( x−3 )( x +3 )

4 x−x +3−3 x +2−2 x−6

¿
( x−3 )( x +3 )

−2 x−1
¿
( x −3 ) ( x +3 )

−2 x−1
Thus, AB is cm.
( x−3 ) ( x +3 )

APPLICATION OF RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

You learned special products and factoring polynomials in
the first module then performing operations with rational
expressions in the second module. This time, you will focus on
Page 10
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

the applications of rational algebraic expressions. In the end, you should be able to answer the question, “How
can rate-related problems be solved?”

Activity 1: Working Machine

Analyze the situation below then answer the questions that follow. Write your answer in the space provided.

If it takes a machine to complete a job in 5 hours, how much of the work is done in 3 hours?

The applications will involve situations with work rate, variations, water current and speed of
wind.

Work rate
Work rate problems usually involve two people that are trying to help each other finish a single job.

Example 1: Fran can clean the garage in 3 hours, but it takes Angie 4 hours to do the same job. How long
would it take them to clean the garage if they worked together?

Solution:
1
It takes Fran 3 hours to do the work. So, she does of the work each hour.
3
1
It takes Angie 4 hours to do the work. So, she does of the work each hour.
4

How long will it take if the help of each other is not known?

Let x=¿ the number of hours it takes them to do the work together
1
Together, they do of the work each hour.
x
Since they are working together, the sum of the two people individually equals the total.
1 1 1
+ = Solve by clearing the fractions with the LCD=12 x
3 4 x

12 x ∙ ( 13 )+ 14 = 1x ∙ 12 x 4 x+3 x=12
7 x=12
7
x=
12 Page 11
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Together, it takes about 1.7 hours to finish the job together.

With or Against (Wind or Current)

Use a table to help organize all the information in the problem. Usually only two columns of the table need to
be filled in. the goal is to create the equation using the table.

Example 2: Jedi can row 5 miles per hour in still water. It takes him as long to row 4 miles upstream as 16
miles downstream. How fast is the current?

Solution:
r d d
The equations for rate (r), distance (d), and time (t) are d= , r= , t=
t t r
Let t=¿ speed in still water
Let c=¿speed of the current

Distance Rate Time

Upstream 4 5−c 4
5−c

Downstream 16 5+c 16
5+c

4 16
=
5−c 5+c
4 ( 5+c )=16 ( 5−c )
20+ 4 c=80−16 c
4 c +16 c=80−2 0
20 c=6 0
c=3

The speed of the current is 3 miles per hour.

Note: The speed of the current cannot be a negative number, or larger than five.

CENTRAL ISABELA CHRISTIAN ACADEMY

Marana 1st, City of Ilagan, Isabela

ACTIVITY SHEETS IN MATHEMATICS 8

1st Quarter, Week 4
School Year 2022-2023

Page 12
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________

What’s My Area?
Directions: Find the area of the plane figures below. Write your answer in the box provided.

Solution: Solution:

Process Questions:

1. How did you find the area of the figures?

2. What are your steps in answering the area of the figures?

This is how I did it!

Directions: Write every step in adding or subtracting rational algebraic expression in the boxes below. Add
or erase a box if necessary.

Page 13
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Adding or Subtracting
Rational Algebraic
Expressions

If dissimilar rational
If similar rational
algebraic expressions
algebraic expressions

Time for check-up!

Directions: Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

Page 14
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4
2 2
h −k h−k
1. 4 4
÷ 2 2
h −k h + k

x2 − y 2 x 2+ xy
2. ∙
x x+ y

3 3 7
3. 2
+ 2 − 2
y −1 y −3 y +2 y − y−2

Skill Booster!

Directions: Solve each problem.

Force(F)
4. The stress on a solid material can be evaluated by the formula Stress(S)= . If the force applied to
Area( A)
2 2
2 x −7 x +3 2 2 x +3 x−2
a steel matting with an area of m is 2 kg , find the stress on the steel matting.
x2−3 x +2 x −x−2

s−24 −3 s
5. Find the perimeter of a triangle whose sides are 2 , s +3 and s−6 .
s −3 s−18

a+b a−b
6. What must be added to 2 2 to yield 2 2?
a −2 ab+ b a −2 ab+ b

Page 15
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

DEEPEN

Activity _: This is how I did it!

Write every step in adding or subtracting rational algebraic expression in the boxes below. Add or erase a box if
necessary.

Page 16
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Adding or Subtracting
Rational Algebraic
Expressions

If dissimilar rational
If similar rational
algebraic expressions
algebraic expressions

What’s My Area?
Find the area of the plane figures below. Write your answer in the box provided.

Page 17
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

Process Questions:

3. How did you find the area of the figures?

4. What are your steps in answering the area of the figures?

Time for check-up

Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

h 2−k 2 h−k
7. 4 4 ÷ 2 2
h −k h + k

x2 − y 2 x 2+ xy
8. ∙
x x+ y

Page 18
 Mathematics 8 – Q1, Week 4

3 3 7
9. 2
+ 2 − 2
y −1 y −3 y +2 y − y−2

Skill Booster!
Solve each problem.
Force(F)
10. The stress on a solid material can be evaluated by the formula Stress(S)= . If the force applied to
Area( A)
2 x 2−7 x +3 2 2 x 2 +3 x−2
a steel matting with an area of 2 m is 2 kg , find the stress on the steel matting.
x −3 x +2 x −x−2

s−24 −3 s
11. Find the perimeter of a triangle whose sides are 2 , s +3 and s−6 .
s −3 s−18

a+b a−b
12. What must be added to 2 2 to yield 2 2?
a −2 ab+ b a −2 ab+ b

Page 19