Program- B.

TECH
Semester- III
Session- 2020-21
Course- BEE/ECA
Course code- BTEE-211
Topic- Network Theorems. (Unit-1)

Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem​ states that in any linear, active, bilateral network having more than one
source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses obtained from each source
considered separately and all other sources are replaced by their internal resistance. The
superposition theorem is used to solve the network where two or more sources are present and
connected.

In other words, it can be stated as if a number of voltage or current sources are acting in a linear
network, the resulting current in any branch is the algebraic sum of all the currents that would be
produced in it when each source acts alone while all the other independent sources are replaced
by their internal resistances.

It is only applicable to the circuit which is valid for the ​ohm’s law​ (i.e., for the linear circuit).

Explanation of Superposition Theorem

Let us understand the superposition theorem with the help of an example. The circuit diagram is
shown below consists of two voltage sources V​1 and
​ V​2​.
First, take the source V​1 alone
​ and short circuit the V​2 source
​ as shown in the circuit diagram
below:

Here, the value of current flowing in each branch, i.e. i​1​’, i​2​’ and i​3​’ is calculated by the following
equations.

The difference between the above two equations gives the value of the current i3’

Now, activating the voltage source V​2 ​and deactivating the voltage source V​1​ by short-circuiting
it, find the various currents, i.e. i​1​’’, i​2​’’, i​3​’’ flowing in the circuit diagram shown below:
And the value of the current i​3​’’ will be calculated by the equation shown below:

As per the superposition theorem, the value of current i​1​, i​2​, i​3​ is now calculated as:

The direction of the current should be taken care of while finding the current in the various
branches.

Steps for Solving network by Superposition Theorem

Considering the circuit diagram A, let us see the various steps to solve the superposition
theorem:
Step 1 –​ Take only one independent source of voltage or current and deactivate the other
sources.

Step 2 –​ In the circuit diagram B shown above, consider the source E​1​ and replace the other
source E​2​ by its internal resistance. If its internal resistance is not given, then it is taken as zero
and the source is short-circuited.

Step 3 –​ If there is a voltage source than short circuit it and if there is a current source then just
open circuit it.

Step 4 –​ Thus, by activating one source and deactivating the other source find the current in each
branch of the network. Taking the above example find the current I​1​’, I​2​’and I​3​’.

Step 5 –​ Now consider the other source E​2​ and replace the source E​1​ by its internal resistance
r​1 as
​ shown in the circuit diagram C.

Step 6 –​ Determine the current in various sections, I​1​’’, I​2​’’ and I​3​’’.
Step 7 –​ Now to determine the net branch current utilizing the superposition theorem, add the
currents obtained from each individual source for each branch.

Step 8 –​ If the current obtained by each branch is in the same direction then add them and if it is
in the opposite direction, subtract them to obtain the net current in each branch.

The actual flow of current in the circuit C will be given by the equations shown below:

Thus, in this way, we can solve superposition theorem.

 Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem​ states that any complicated network across its load terminals can be
substituted by a voltage source with one resistance in series. This theorem helps in the study of
the variation of current in a particular branch when the resistance of the branch is varied while
the remaining network remains the same.

For example in designing electrical and electronics circuits.

A more general statement of Thevenin’s Theorem is that any linear active network consisting of
independent or dependent voltage and current source and the network elements can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit having a voltage source in series with a resistance.

Where the voltage source being the open-circuited voltage across the open-circuited load
terminals and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source.

In other words, the current flowing through a resistor connected across any two terminals of a
network by an equivalent circuit having a voltage source E​th​ in series with a resistor R​th​. Where
E​th​ is the open-circuit voltage between the required two terminals called the Thevenin voltage
and the R​th​ is the equivalent resistance of the network as seen from the two-terminal with all
other sources replaced by their internal resistances called Thevenin resistance.

Explanation of Thevenin’s Theorem

The Thevenin’s statement is explained with the help of a circuit shown below:
Let us consider a simple DC circuit as shown in the figure above, where we have to find the load
current ​I​L​ by the Thevenin’s theorem.

In order to find the equivalent voltage source,​ r​L​ is removed from the circuit as shown in the
figure below and ​V​oc​ or ​V​TH​ is calculated.

Now, to find the internal resistance of the network (Thevenin’s resistance or equivalent
resistance) in series with the open-circuit voltage ​V​OC ,​ also known as Thevenin’s voltage ​V​TH​,
the voltage source is removed or we can say it is deactivated by a short circuit (as the source
does not have any internal resistance) as shown in the figure below:

As per Thevenin’s Statement, the load current is determined by the circuit shown above and the
equivalent Thevenin’s circuit is obtained.
The load current ​I​L​ is given as:
Where,

V​TH​ is the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage. It is an open circuit voltage across the terminal AB
known as ​load terminal
R​TH​ is the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance, as seen from the load terminals where all the sources
are replaced by their internal impedance
r​L​ is the ​load resistance
 

Steps for Solving Thevenin’s Theorem

Step 1 –​ First of all remove the load resistance ​r​L​ of the given circuit.

Step 2 – ​Replace all the sources by their internal resistance.

Step 3 –​ If sources are ideal then short circuit the voltage source and open circuit the current
source.

Step 4 –​ Now find the equivalent resistance at the load terminals, known as Thevenin’s
Resistance (R​TH​).

Step 5 –​ Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting the load resistance and after that
determine the desired response.

This theorem is possibly the most extensively used networks theorem. It is applicable where it is
desired to determine the current through or voltage across any one element in a network.
Thevenin’s Theorem is an easy way to solve a complicated network.

REFRENCES-

1)-www.circuitglobe.com
Prepared by- Chetanya Gupta
Department- EEE