INCLUSIONS

This manual is made for simplification. Any errors,

misspelled or mistyped portions maybe consulted to
the author as subject for edition. This conforms to the
Outcomes-Based Education of the Commission on
Higher Education and being implemented only
during the health crisis or pandemic. Reproduction of
this module without prior consent to the author is
severely penalized under the law. This is only given to
BSCE Students who are currently enrolled in South
East Asian Institute of Technology, Inc.

ENGR. RIMAR CUIZON LIGUAN

Civil Engineer/Author/Subject Code Instructor

MATH 21
CALCULUS 1 (Differential Calculus)
 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
____________________________________________________
LEARNING MODULE
FOR
MATH 21: CALCULUS 1 (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS)
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 11
November 16, 2021

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

MODULE 07:
ANALYSIS OF CURVES AND PARAMETRIC EQUATION

OBJECTIVES:
 Acknowledge the significance of first derivative in getting the slope of a curve in a certain point and apply to
determine the equation of tangent & normal and angle between curves
 Differentiate parametric equations
 Derive the formula and determine the radius & center of curvature in a specific point

EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMALS

DEFINITION:
 The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is the line through 𝑃1 with
slope 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 ).
 The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is the line through 𝑃1 and
perpendicular to the tangent at 𝑃1 .

Tangent line is a line which there is a specific point where it touches the curve only once.
Normal line is a line in which it bisects the curve in a perpendicular manner where both tangent and normal are
perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other.

From Analytic Geometry, the equation of tangent and normal corresponds to the equation of a line. Therefore, from a
one- point form given a point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and slope as, 𝑚.

 Equation of tangent:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 Equation of normal:
1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) when: 𝑚 = 𝑓′(𝑥1 )

EXAMPLE 1:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at the point (2,8).

SOLUTION:
𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2
At P(2,8)
𝑦′ = 3(2)2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 = 12
Equation of a Tangent line:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 8 = 12(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 8 = 12𝑥 − 24
𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
Equation of a Normal line:
1
𝑦−8=− (𝑥 − 2)
12
12(𝑦 − 8) = −𝑥 + 2
12𝑦 − 96 = −𝑥 + 2
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟗𝟖 = 𝟎

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 Figure 1- (a),(b), &(c) are graphs of Example 1

EXAMPLE 2:
Where will the tangent to 𝑦 = √4𝑥 at (1,2) cross the x-axis?

SOLUTION:
𝑦 = √4𝑥
1
𝑦′ = 2 ( )
2√𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
√𝑥
At P(1,2),
1
𝑦′ =
√1
𝑦′ = 1
Equation of Tangent line:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥−𝑦+1=0
To get the distance from the origin to the point where the tangent line cross the x-axis. Let 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥−𝑦+1=0
𝒙 = −𝟏

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 Figure 2- (a),(b), &(c) are graphs of Example 2

EXAMPLE 3:
Find the area of the triangle bounded by the coordinate axes and the tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at the point (2,4).

SOLUTION:
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦′ = 2𝑥
At P(2,4),
𝑦′ = 2(2)
𝑦′ = 4

Equation of Tangent line:

𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 4 = 4𝑥 − 8
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0

Area of the triangle bounded by the coordinate axes, and the tangent line.

Let 𝑦 = 0 for the point of intersection along x-axis and the tangent line.
4𝑥 − 0 − 4 = 0
𝑥=1

Let 𝑥 = 0 for the point of intersection along y-axis and the tangent line.
4(0) − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑦 = −4

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Plot the points on the graph (shown in Figure 3.a-e).

Area of the triangle

1
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
2
Considering that the bounded area is a right triangle shown in Figure 3.e.
1
𝐴 = (1)(−4)
2
𝐴 = −2 sq.units

In the practical reasoning. There is no negative value of an area or a measurement.

Therefore take the absolute value, 𝐀 = 𝟐 sq.units

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 Figure 3- (a),(b), (c), (d) &(e) are graphs of Example 3

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The angle between two curves at a point of intersection may be defined as the “angle between their tangents at this
point of intersection”. If the tangent are not perpendicular to each other, then such tangents form a pair of acute
angles and a pair of obtuse angles. The acute and obtuse angles are supplementary.

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥) intersect at a point 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).

Let 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 be the inclinations of the tangents 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 at 𝑃0 .

Let ∅ be the angle between the two tangents.

∅ = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1
Putting the tangent function on both side of the equation becomes,
tan ∅ = tan(𝜃2 − 𝜃1 )
tan 𝜃2 − tan 𝜃1
tan ∅ =
1 + tan 𝜃2 tan 𝜃1
As we all know, tan 𝜃1 is the slope of 𝜃1 and tan 𝜃2 is the slope of 𝜃2 . Replacing those terms as 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 then, the
equation becomes,
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = | |
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏

𝑑 𝑑
Where: 𝑚1 = [𝑓 (𝑥)] at 𝑃0 , 𝑚2 = [𝑓 (𝑥)] at 𝑃0
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 2

EXAMPLE 4:
Find the acute angle of intersection between the curves 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 and 𝑥𝑦 = 8.

SOLUTION:
First, take the point of intersection of both curves.
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦
E-1:
𝑥2
𝑦=
8
𝑥𝑦 = 8
E-2:
8
𝑦=
𝑥
Equate E-1 and E-2:
𝑦=𝑦
𝑥2 8
=
8 𝑥
3
𝑥 = 64

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 𝑥=4
𝑦=2
Point of intersection @ (4,2).
Second, obtain the slope of each curve.
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦
8𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
8𝑦 ′ = 2(4)
𝑦′ = 1
𝑚1 = 1
𝑥𝑦 = 8
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
(4)𝑦 ′ + 2 = 0
𝑦 ′ = −1/2
𝑚2 = −1/2
Then last the angle subtended by the tangent lines.
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
tan ∅ = | |
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
(−1/2) − (1)
tan ∅ = | |
1 + (−1/2)(1)
tan ∅ = |−3|
∅ = 71.565°
∅ = 𝟕𝟏°𝟑𝟑′ 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟖"

Figure 4- (a) &(b) are graphs of Example 4

EXAMPLE 5:
Find the acute angle of intersection between the curves 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 and 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 0.

SOLUTION:
First, take the point of intersection of both curves.
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
𝑦2
𝑥=
2
2
𝑦2
4 ( ) + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 0
2
𝑦 4 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑦(𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 + 5) = 0
Values of 𝑦:
𝑦1 = 0
𝑦2 = −1

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 1 + √19𝑖
𝑦3 =
2
1 − √19𝑖
𝑦4 =
2
Due to imaginary roots, 𝑦3 and 𝑦4 are absurd.

To get for the value of 𝑥:

Let: 𝑦1 = 0, then 𝑥1 = 0
Let: 𝑦2 = −1, then 𝑥2 = 1/2

1
Therefore, the point of intersection is @ 𝑃1 (0,0) and 𝑃2 (2 , −1)
Second, obtain the slope of each curve.
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 2
1
At 𝑃2 ( , −1):
2
2(−1)𝑦 ′ = 2
𝑦 ′ = −1
𝑚1 = −1
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 0
2

8𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦′ = 0
1
At 𝑃2 (2 , −1):
1
8 ( ) + 8(−1)𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦′ = 0
2
4 − 8𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 ′ = 0
4
𝑦′ =
3
4
𝑚2 =
3

Then last the angle subtended by the tangent lines.

𝑚2 − 𝑚1
tan ∅ = | |
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
4
(3) − (−1)
tan ∅ = | |
4
1 + (3) (−1)
tan ∅ = |−7|
∅ = 81.87°
∅ = 𝟖𝟏°𝟓𝟐′ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟑"

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 Figure 5- (a) &(b) are graphs of Example 5

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒉(𝒕)
Where: t is called a parameter.

EXAMPLE 6:
Transform the equation of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 to parametric equation.

𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕

Where: t is the angle between the x-axis and the radius to the point (x,y)

DERIVATIVES IN PARAMETRIC FORM

𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒉(𝒕)
𝑑𝑥
=rate of change of x with respect to t
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
=rate of change of y with respect to t

First Derivative:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE 7:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡. Find and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

SOLUTION:
First Derivative:

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 + 1
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒕𝟐

Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ( ) = ( )•
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 2𝑡 + 1 1
= ( ) •
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 3𝑡 2 3𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 3𝑡 2 (2) − (2𝑡 + 1)(6𝑡) 1
2
=( 2 2 )• 2
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑡 ) 3𝑡
2 2
6𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 6𝑡 1
=( 2 2 )• 2
(3𝑡 ) 3𝑡
2
−6𝑡 − 6𝑡 1
=( 4 )• 2
9𝑡 3𝑡
𝑡+1 1
= −6𝑡 ( 4 ) • 2
9𝑡 3𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 −𝟐(𝒕 + 𝟏)
=
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝟗𝒕𝟓

EXAMPLE 8:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 − 4 cos 𝜃. Find and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

SOLUTION:
First Derivative:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= 2 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= 4 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝒅𝒙

Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
= ( ) = ( )•
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= (2 tan 𝜃) •
𝑑𝜃 2 cos 𝜃
1
= 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 •
2 cos 𝜃
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽
𝒅𝒙𝟐

EXAMPLE 9:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑥 = 1 − ln 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 − ln 𝑡. Find 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2

SOLUTION:
First Derivative:

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 1
=1−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
1
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 1
−𝑡
𝑡−1
= 𝑡
1
−𝑡
𝒅𝒚
= −(𝒕 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙

Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (−(𝑡 − 1)) • −𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= −𝑡 • −𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟐

EXAMPLE 10:
𝜋
Find the slope of the cycloid 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) when 𝜃 = 2

SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜃
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑎 sin 90°
=
𝑎(1 − cos 90°)
𝒅𝒚
=𝒎=𝟏
𝒅𝒙

DERIVATIVE OF ARC LENGTH

By projecting into the curve, the more you zoom, the distance of the curve from one point to another becomes
approximately equal to a straight line.

From distance formula:

𝑑𝑠 = √(𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2
For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):
𝑑𝑦 2
√
𝑑𝑠 = 1 + ( ) • 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

For 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦):
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) • 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
For Parametric Equation:
𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒉(𝒕)

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √( ) + ( ) • 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

For Polar Form:

𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑟 2 + ( ) • 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Curvature of the curve

The rate of change of ∅ with respect to s.
𝑑∅
𝐾=
𝑑𝑠
Where:
If K>0, the curve is concave upward at P.
If K<0, the curve is concave downward at P.
𝑑∅
𝐾=| |
𝑑𝑠
Radius of Curvature
The reciprocal of the curvature.
1
𝑅=
𝐾
 For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):
3⁄
[1 + (𝑦′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑦"|
 For 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦):
3⁄
[1 + (𝑥′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑥"|
 For parametric equation, 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡):
3⁄
[(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑔′ ℎ"-g"ℎ′|
 For polar equations, 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃):
3
[𝑟 2 + (𝑟′)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅= 2
|𝑟 + 2(𝑟′)2 -r𝑟′′|

THEOREM: If 𝛼 is the angle between the radius vector r and the tangent to
the curve r=f(θ) at the point P(r,θ), then
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
tan 𝛼 = 𝑟′ where: 𝑟 ′ = 𝑑𝜃

Proofs:
 For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):
3⁄
[1 + (𝑦′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑦"|

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

For Radius of curvature,
1
𝑅=
𝐾
where in the curvature formula,
𝑑∅
𝐾=
𝑑𝑠
Radius of curvature becomes,
𝑑𝑠
𝑅=
𝑑∅
Since we need the formula for function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then by applying chain rule
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
= •
𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑∅
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 𝟏
= •
𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅∅
𝒅𝒙

Where in
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑥
= derivative of arc length
𝑑𝑥
𝑑∅
= inversed derivative of subtended angle with respect to x

From the derived formula for Arc length for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
= √1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

For slope of the tangent line intersecting the x-axis,

𝑑𝑦
tan ∅ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∅ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑥
As the angle subtended with respect to x.

For the derivative of the subtended angle,

𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
1+( )
𝑑𝑥
Substituting all elements to the formula derive through chain rule,
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 𝟏
= •
𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅∅
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑦 2 𝟏
= √1 + ( ) •
𝒅∅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2
1+( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
2 1+( )
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= √1 + ( ) •
𝒅∅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
2 3/2
𝑑𝑦
[1 + ( ) ]
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑥
=
𝒅∅ 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
Where,
𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦" = 2
𝑑𝑥

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Therefore,
𝟑⁄
[𝟏 + (𝒚′)𝟐 ] 𝟐
𝑹=
|𝒚"|

 For 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦):
3⁄
[1 + (𝑥′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑥"|
For Radius of curvature,
1
𝑅=
𝐾
where in the curvature formula,
𝑑∅
𝐾=
𝑑𝑠
Radius of curvature becomes,
𝑑𝑠
𝑅=
𝑑∅
Since we need the formula for function 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), then by applying chain rule
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦
= •
𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑∅
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 𝟏
= •
𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅∅
𝒅𝒚

Where in
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑦
= derivative of arc length
𝑑𝑦
𝑑∅
= inversed derivative of subtended angle with respect to y

From the derived formula for Arc length for 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 2
√
= 1+( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

For slope of the tangent line intersecting the y-axis,

𝑑𝑥
tan ∅ =
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
∅ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑦
As the angle subtended with respect to y.

For the derivative of the subtended angle,

𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2
1+( )
𝑑𝑦
Substituting all elements to the formula derive through chain rule,
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 𝟏
= •
𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅∅
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑥 2 𝟏
√
= 1+( ) •
𝒅∅ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 2
1+( )
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
2 1+( )
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= √1 + ( ) •
𝒅∅ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 3/2
𝑑𝑥 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝒅𝒔 𝑑𝑦
=
𝒅∅ 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
Where,
𝑑𝑥
𝑥′ =
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑥
𝑥" = 2
𝑑𝑦
Therefore,
𝟑⁄
[𝟏 + (𝒙′)𝟐 ] 𝟐
𝑹=
|𝒙"|

 For parametric equation, 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡):

3⁄
[(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 ] 2
𝑅=
|𝑔′ ℎ"-𝑔′′ℎ′|

The function can be derived from the previous formula for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝟑⁄
[𝟏 + (𝒚′)𝟐 ] 𝟐
𝑹=
|𝒚"|

From the derivative of parametric equation,

First Derivative:
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑔′ (𝑡) = 𝑔′
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= ℎ′ (𝑡) = ℎ′
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝒉′
= 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒈′
𝑑𝑡

Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since the first derivative of the parametric equation has been given already,
𝑑𝑦 ℎ′
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔′
Therefore,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 ℎ′ 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑔′ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔 ℎ − ℎ′𝑔′′ 1
′ ′′
= •
(𝑔′)2 𝑔′
𝑑2 𝑦 𝒈′ 𝒉′′ − 𝒉′𝒈′′
= = 𝑦"
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝒈′)𝟑

Substitute to the previous formula,

3⁄
ℎ′ 2
[1 + ( )2 ]
𝑔′
𝑅 = ′ ′′
𝑔 ℎ − ℎ′𝑔′′
| |
(𝑔′)3
Simplifying further the equation,

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 3⁄
(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 2
[ ]
(𝑔′)2
=
𝑔′ ℎ′′ − ℎ′𝑔′′
| |
(𝑔′)3
[(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 ]3/2
(𝑔′)3
=
𝑔′ ℎ′′ − ℎ′𝑔′′
| |
(𝑔′)3
[(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 ]3/2 (𝑔′)3
= •
(𝑔′)3 𝑔′ ℎ′′ − ℎ′𝑔′′
𝟑/𝟐
[(𝒈′)𝟐 + (𝒉′)𝟐 ]
𝑹=
|𝒈′ 𝒉′′ − 𝒉′𝒈′′ |

 For polar equations, 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃):

3
[𝑟 2 + (𝑟′)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅= 2
|𝑟 + 2(𝑟′)2 -r𝑟′′|

The function can be derived from the previous formula for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝟑⁄
[𝟏 + (𝒚′)𝟐 ] 𝟐
𝑹=
|𝒚"|

From the derivative of parametric equation,

First Derivative:
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑔′ (𝑡) = 𝑔′
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= ℎ′ (𝑡) = ℎ′
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝒉′
= 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒈′
𝑑𝑡
For Polar components of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃),
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Derivatives of the components,
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝒈′
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝒉′
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒚 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒚′ = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

Second Derivative:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since the first derivative of the parametric equation has been given already,
𝑑𝑦 ℎ′
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔′
Therefore,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 ℎ′ 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )•
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑔′ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔 ℎ − ℎ′𝑔′′ 1
′ ′′
= •
(𝑔′)2 𝑔′

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 𝑑2 𝑦 𝒈′ 𝒉′′ − 𝒉′𝒈′′
= = 𝑦"
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝒈′)𝟑

𝒉′′ = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 ′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 ′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝒈′′ = −𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟 ′′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟 ′′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑑2 𝑦 𝒈′ 𝒉′′ − 𝒉′𝒈′′
𝑦" = =
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝒈′)𝟑
(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) − (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟 ′′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
′ ′ ′′
=
(𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3
−𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑟 ′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
′ ′ )2 2 ′ ′′

−(−𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟𝑟 ′′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2(𝑟 ′ )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑟′𝑟′′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

=
(𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3
−𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑟 ′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
′ ′ )2 2 ′ ′′

+𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑟 ′′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2(𝑟 ′ )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑟′𝑟′′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

=
(𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3
𝑟 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 2(𝑟 ′ )2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) − 𝑟𝑟 ′′ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
=
(𝑟 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3
When
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
𝒚" = =
𝒅𝒙𝟐 (𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑

Substitute to the previous formula,

𝟑⁄
𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟐
[𝟏 + ( 𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 )𝟐 ]
𝑹=
𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
| ′ |
(𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑
𝟑⁄
(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 + (𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 𝟐
[ ]
(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐
=
𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
| ′ |
(𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑
𝟑/𝟐
⌈(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 + (𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 ⌉
(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑
=
𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
| ′ |
(𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑
𝟑/𝟐
⌈(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 + (𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 ⌉ (𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑
= •| 𝟐 |
(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟑 𝒓 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
𝟑/𝟐
⌈(𝒓′ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 + (𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓′𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐 ⌉
=
|𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′ |
𝟑/𝟐
⌈((𝒓′ )𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟐𝒓𝒓′ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽) + (𝒓𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒓𝒓′ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + (𝒓′ )𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽)⌉
=
|𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′ |
𝟑/𝟐
⌈𝒓𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽) + (𝒓′ )𝟐 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽)⌉
=
|𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′ |
When
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝟑/𝟐
⌈𝒓𝟐 + (𝒓′ )𝟐 ⌉
𝑹= 𝟐
|𝒓 + 𝟐(𝒓′ )𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′ |

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

EXAMPLE 11: Find the radius of curvature of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 @ x=1.

SOLUTION:
3
[1 + (𝑦′)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅=
|𝑦"|
𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 = 3(1)2 = 3
𝑦" = 6𝑥 = 6(1) = 6
3
[1 + (3)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅= = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
|6|

Figure 6- (a),(b), &(c) are graphs of Example 11

EXAMPLE 12:
Find the radius of curvature of 𝑥 = sin 𝑡 − 1, 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑡 + 3 @ t=π/2.

SOLUTION:
3
[(𝑔′)2 + (ℎ′)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅=
|𝑔′ ℎ"-g"ℎ′|
𝑥 = sin 𝑡 − 1
𝑔′ = cos 𝑡 = cos 90° = 0
𝑔′′ = − sin 𝑡 = − sin 90° = −1
𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑡 + 3
ℎ′ = −2 sin 𝑡 = −2 sin 90° = −2
ℎ′′ = −2 cos 𝑡 = −2 cos 90° = 0
3
[(0)2 + (−2)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅= = 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
|(0)(0)-(−1)(−2)|

EXAMPLE 13:
Find the radius of curvature of 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) at 𝜃 = 𝜋.

SOLUTION:
3
[𝑟 2 + (𝑟′)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅= 2
|𝑟 + 2(𝑟′)2 -rr"|
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) = 𝑎(1 − cos 180°) = 2𝑎
𝑟 ′ = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = asin 180° = 0
𝑟 ′ = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = acos 180° = −𝑎
3
[(2𝑎)2 + (0)2 ] ⁄2
𝑅=
|(2𝑎)2 + 2(0)2 -(2𝑎)(−𝑎)|
8𝑎3
𝑅=
|4𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 |

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 8𝑎3
𝑅=
|6𝑎2 |
𝟒𝒂
𝑹= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟑

CENTER OF CURVATURE
The equation of the circle of curvature:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑅 2
Where the center of the circle @ (h,k)
𝑦′[1 + (𝑦′)2 ]
ℎ=𝑥−
𝑦"
1 + (𝑦′)2
𝑘 =𝑦+
𝑦"

EXAMPLE 14:
Find the center of curvature 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 @ (0,1)

SOLUTION:
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 = −𝑒 −0 = −1
𝑦" = 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −0 = 1
−1[1 + (−1)2 ]
ℎ=0−
1
ℎ=2
1 + (−1)2
𝑘 =1+
1
𝑘=3
Center @(h,k),
𝑪(𝟐, 𝟑)

Figure 7- (a),(b), &(c) are graphs of Example 14

EXAMPLE 15:
Find the center of curvature 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 @ (1/2,-2)

SOLUTION:
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 8
2(−2)𝑦 ′ = 8
𝑦 ′ = −2
𝑦𝑦" + (𝑦′)2 = 0
−2𝑦" + (−2)2 = 0

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 𝑦" = 2
1 −2[1 + (−2)2 ]
ℎ= −
2 2
11
ℎ=
2
1 + (−2)2
𝑘 = −2 +
2
1
𝑘=
2
Center @(h,k),
𝟏𝟏 𝟏
𝑪( , )
𝟐 𝟐

Figure 8- (a),(b), &(c) are graphs of Example 15

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.