Chapter Two

Asaad ALamiry
Gases
PREFACE

We live in the layer of the atmosphere in which gases are found most densely is
called as troposphere. it consists of 78% N2 , 21% O2 and 1% other gases . Most
of this 1% is CO2 . In nature some substance are found in gas from at 25 °C
temperature and 1 atm pressure conditions .
O2 ‫ من‬21% ‫ و‬N2 ‫ من‬78% ‫نحن نعيش في طبقة من الغالف الجوي والتي تدعى طبقة تروبوسفير وتتكون من‬
‫ توجد بعض المواد في الحالة الغازية تحت ظروف‬، ‫ في الطبيعة‬. CO2 ‫ هو‬1% ‫ معظم هذا‬.‫ من غازات أخرى‬1% ‫و‬
. ) ‫ جو‬1 ‫ درجة حرارة مئوية و ضغط‬25 (
Note : Molecules of matter can be studied most easily when they are in gas from.
.‫ يمكن دراسة جزيئات المادة بسهولة أكبر عندما تكون في الغاز منها‬: ‫مالحظة‬
Explain : Why gas molecules move independently . And gases
have compressibility their volumes
can be reduced and they can be liquefied by
pressure or cooling ?
Ans : Gas molecules occupy 0.1% the medium in which
they are found ; the remaining is space . Did you know
‫ لماذا يمكن للغاز ان يتحرك باستقالليةو يُضغط ويصغر حجمه بشكل‬: ‫بين السبب‬ High mountain
‫؟‬. ‫كبير وبالضغط والتبريد يسال الغاز‬ climbers carry bottles
‫ من الحيز‬0.1 % ‫ تشغل الجزيئات الغازية في الظروف القياسية فقط‬: ‫الجواب‬ of air on their backs
. ‫الذي تحتله أما الباقي فيكون فراغ‬ to compensate for
oxygen, which is low
Volume in those places.
Volume is amount of space matter takes up .
The volume of gases is as much as the volume of the container they are inside .
Volume is shown with “ V “ and measured with “ L “ or “ ml “ or “ cm3 “ .
‫ وان حجم الغاز هو نفسه حجم اإلناء الذي يوجد فيه الغاز‬،‫ هو مقدار الحيز الذي تشغله تلك المادة‬:‫الحجم‬
) cm3 ) ‫ ( أوالسنتيمتر المكعب‬mL) ‫ ( أو مليلتر‬L) ‫ ويقاس بوحدات اللتر‬V ‫يرمز له بالحرف‬.
To convert unit of volume ;
1L = 1000 cm3 , 1L= 1000 ml , 1 cm3 = 1ml conversion are used
Example 2-1 : What the volume of an 800 cm3 sample of NO2 gas in liters ?
‫ ما هو حجمها باللتر؟‬800 cm3 ‫ حجمها‬NO2 ‫ عينة من غاز‬: 2 - 1‫مثال‬
𝟏𝑳 𝟏𝑳
Solution : V(L) = 𝒗 𝒄𝒎𝟑 × = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 × = 0.8 L NO2
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
*************************************************************************************
Exercise 2-1: What is the volume of a 0.125 L sample of O2 gas in millilitres (ml) ?
.ml ‫ ما هو حجمها بالـ‬0.125 L‫ حجمها‬O2 ‫ عينة من غاز‬: 2- 1 ‫تمرين‬
Solution : V(ml) = 0.125 L × 1000 = 125 ml

pg. 1 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Temperature
There are different temperature scales . We use the following formula to convert
Celsius (°C) scales to Kelvin (K )
T(k) = T(°C) + 273
K ‫ ودرجة كلفن ويرمز لها‬C° ‫هناك وحدتان للتعبير عن درجة الحرارة هي الدرجة السيليزية ويرمز لها‬
Example 2-2
The temperature of water in a container is 80 °C whereas the temperature of water
in another container is –13 °C . What are their temperature in kelvin scales ?
-13°C ‫ واناء اخر يحتوي على ماء ايضا درجة حرارته‬80°C ‫ اناء يحتوي على ماء درجة حرارته‬: 2 - 2 ‫مثال‬
.‫فما هي درجة حرارته في الحالتين بدرجات كلفن‬
Solution :
T(K)=t(°C) +273 first container
The highest
T(K) = 80 +273 = 353 K temperature recorded
T(K) = (-13) + 273 = 260 K second container for air was 85 + in
************************************************************************* Mexico and the lowest
temperature recorded
Exercise (2-2): ( -100 ° C , 1 ° C , 127 ° C)
for air was - 88 in
What down the temperature above in kelvin scale Antarctica
. ( 127°C ،1°C ، -100°C ) ‫ مامقدار الدرجات االتية بالكلفن‬: 2- 2 ‫تمرين‬
Solution : T(K)=t(°C) +273
T(K) = - 100 +273 = 173 K
T(K) = ( 1 ) + 273 = 274 K
T(K) = ( 127 ) + 273 = 400 K
*************************************************************************
Pressure
Pressure: is the force (F ) applied to per unit area (A) . It is shown with “ P “ .
. ( P ) ‫ ويرمز له‬. ‫ ( المسلطة عىل وحدة المساحة‬F) ‫يعرف الضغط كميا بأنه القوة‬
Pressure in open air measured with a barometer .
Pressure of a closed container is measured with a manometer .
𝑭 (𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄)
P(pressure ) =
𝑨 (𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂)
𝟏𝑵 (𝑵𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏)
P= = Pa (pascal)
𝒎𝟐
Units of pressure are Pascal (pa) . atmosphere (atm) and ( torr ) .
( Torr )‫ ( و التور‬atm ) ‫ ( و الجو‬Pa ) ‫اما الوحدات االساسية للضغط فهي الباسكال‬

pg. 2 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
The relationship between them is shown below
1 atm = 101325 pa
1 atm = 760 mmHg
1 atm = 760 torr
1 torr = 1 mmHg
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr

***************************************************************************

Example 2-3 : What is the equivalent of 688 torr pressure in atm ?

. atm‫ الى وحدات‬688 Torr ‫ حول ضغط غاز مقداره‬: 2 - 3 :‫مثال‬
Solution :
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
P(atm) = P torr × = 688 torr × = 0.905 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
*******************************************************************************

Exercise 2-3: What is the equivalent of 1.5 atm pressure in torr .

.Torr ‫ الى وحدات‬1.5 atm ‫ حول ضغط غاز مقداره‬: 2- 3 ‫تمرين‬ According to
football rules, mass of a
Solution : football must be between 410
P(atm) = P atm × 760 = 1.5 atm × 760 = 1140 torr and 450 grams and pressure
inside must be between 0.6
*****************************************************************************
and 1.1 atm. If pressure is
higher than those, there is a
THE GAS LAWS risk of blast.

Volume – Pressure Relationship (Boyle’s Law )

English scientist Robert Boyle made the first experiment
on pressure and volume relationship . He used a U-shaped
glass tube with one arm shorter , the short arm is closed
and filled with some gasses and when mercury is added
from the open and long arm it start to apply pressure on
the gas , until the gas is compressed to some volume .
The amount of mercury increases and the volume of gas has decreased . Boyle
observed that as pressure increased volume of air decreased at constant
temperature .
(‫عالقة الحجم والضغط) قانون بويل‬
‫لقد قام العالم البريطاني) روبرت بويل (بأول تجربة ألختبار عالقة الحجم والضغط للغازات وقد استخدم انبوب على شكل حرف‬
‫"ل" مسدود من جهة الساق القصيرة فيه بعض من الغاز المحصور وقام باضافة الزئبق من الطرف االطول فبدأ الزئبق بالضغط‬
‫على الغاز ليصبح حجم الغاز ذا حجم معين وعندما ضاعف كمية الزئبق ) اي ضاعف الضغط (قل حجم الهواء المحصور الى‬
(‫) عند تثبيت درجة الحرارة وكمية الغاز‬،‫النصف لقد الحظ بويل ان حجم الهواء يقل كلما زاد الضغط المسلط عليه‬

pg. 3 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Boyle’s law is start “ As long as temperature and amount of gas are kept constant
volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure applied to it “.
. ‫ يتناسب حجم الغاز عكسيا مع الضغط المسلط عليه عند ثبوت درجة الحرارة وكمية الغاز‬: ‫قانون بويل‬
This relationship is shown mathematically as follows
1 1
𝑉∞ and V=K
𝑃 𝑃
P1 . V1 = P2 . V2 (constant temperature and constant amount of gas )
***************************************************************************************

Example 2-4 : The pressure of perfume in a 0.5 L bottle

Air bags are actually
is 3 atm . if applied pressure were 4 atm . what would inflated by the equivalent of a
solid rocket booster. Sodium
be its volume . azide (NaN3) and potassium
‫ ما حجمه‬0.5 L ‫ وحجمه‬3 atm ‫ضغط غاز في صفيحة معطر جو يساوي‬: 2 - 4‫مثال‬ nitrate (KNO3) react very quickly
to produce a large pulse of hot
4 atm ‫عندما يصبح الضغط المسلط عليها‬ nitrogen gas. This gas inflates the
Solution : P1 . V1 = P2 . V2 bag, which literally bursts out of
the steering wheel or dashboard
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 (𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎) (𝟎.𝟓 𝑳) as it expands.
V2 = = (𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒎)
= 0.375 L
𝑷𝟐
*******************************************************************
Example 2-5
a) 1 L of a gas was filled in a cylinder under 1 atm
pressure . When a weight was put on it . The volume
decreased to 0.5 L . Assuming the temperature was
constant . Calculate the final pressure .
b) Divers are subject to 1 atm pressure over the surface
of water . At constant temperature , in 20 m depth .
How much pressure is applied to divers ? (due to the
weight of water . Assume that pressure increases by 1 atm at every 10m )
: 2 - 5‫مثال‬
‫ احسب ضغطه‬0.5 L ‫ وضع عليه ثقل مما ادى الى تقلص حجمه الى‬1 atm ‫ بضغط‬1 L ‫ غاز موضوع في اسطوانة حجمها‬- ‫أ‬
.‫الجديد على افتراض ثبوت درجة الحرارة‬
20 m ‫ ما الضغط الذي سيسلط عليه عند عمق‬0 m . ‫ على الغواص عند سطح البحر اي بعمق‬1 atm ‫ يسلط الضغط الجوي‬- ‫ب‬
‫ على افتراض ثبوت درجة الحرارة‬، ‫ بسبب وزن الهواء المحيط به‬1 atm ‫ تسلط ضغطا اضافيا مقداره‬10 m ‫على افتراض ان كل‬
Solution :
a) P1 . V1 = P2 . V2
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 (𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎)(𝟏 𝒍𝑳 )
P= = (𝟎.𝟓 𝑳)
= 2 atm
𝑽𝟐

pg. 4 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
b) As the pressure on a diver increases by 1 atm at every 10 m , the pressure in 20
matter depth id 2 atm . Therefor , total pressure applied to the diver is 3 atm
to take the pressure over the surface into account .
2 atm ‫ هو‬20 m ‫ على الغواص لذا سيكون الضغط المسلط عليه على عمق‬1 atm ‫ تسلط ضغطا مقداره‬10 m ‫ طالما ان كل‬- ‫ب‬
1 atm .‫ بسبب وجوب اضافة الضغط الجوي عليه البالغ‬3 atm ‫وعليه سيصبح الضغط المسلط عليه عند هذا العمق‬
*********************************************************************************************
Exercise 2-4: If the pressure of 50 L of gas in a balloon very reduced from 1 atm to
0.9 atm what will be final volume of the gas ?
‫ ما حجمه عندما يرتفع في الجو‬1atm ‫ تحت ضغط‬50L ‫ منطاد جوي يحتوي على غاز يشغل حجما قدره‬: 2- 4‫تمرين‬
‫ ؟‬0.9 atm ‫ويتعرض لضغطا قدره‬
solution : P1 . V1 = P2 . V2
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 (𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎)(𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝑳 )
V2 = = (𝟎.𝟗 𝒂𝒕𝒎)
= 55.55 L
𝑷𝟐
*********************************************************************************
Temperature And Volume Relationship ( Charle’s Law )
When temperature of all gases increases also their volumes increases .
.‫عندما تزيد درجة حرارة جميع الغازات تزداد أحجامها‬
Charles Law: “ Temperature (in kelvin ) and volume of gases change in direct
proportion when mass pressure are constant ” .
: ‫قانون شارل‬
(‫)يتناسب حجم كمية محدودة من الغاز تناسبا طرديا مع درجة الحرارة المقاسة بالكلفن عند ثبوت الضغط وكمية الغاز‬
𝑉 ∞𝑇
𝑉
𝑉 =𝐾×𝑇 =𝐾 ,, K is constant
𝑇
𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑉2
= 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2
(At constant pressure and amount of gas )
********************************************************

Example 2-6 : A balloon was filled with air until its volume reached 4 L at 27 °C .
What will be its volume when we put it in a fridge at 0°C ?
(pressure is the same for both temperature )
Bicycle pumps are
‫ ما‬27°C ‫ بدرجة حرارة‬4 L ‫ ملئ بالون) نفاخة (بالهواء حتى اصبح حجمه‬: 2 - 6 :‫مثال‬ examples for Charles’ Law. When
‫ الضغط‬0°C )‫حجم البالون بعد وضعه في المجمدة علما بان درجة حرارتها‬ we use them, we notice that they
‫ثابت في الحالتين( ؟‬ get warm because air molecules
in a pump are forced to fit into a
Solution : We convert temperature from °C to k smaller area. Therefore, they
T(K) =T °C + 273 T(K) =27 °C + 273 = 300 K collide with the walls of the
pump more frequently and they
T(K) = 0 °C + 273 = 273 K warm the surroundings.
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐 (𝟒 𝑳 )( 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲 )
= V2 = = (𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲)
= 3.64 L
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏

pg. 5 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2-5: 1 L of CO2 is found in a balloon at 27°C. What happens when we put the
balloon in a pool at -3°C?
: 2- 5 ‫تمرين‬
‫؟‬- 3 °C ‫ ما حجم البالون عندما يوضع في حوض مبرد بدرجة حرارة‬27°C ‫ في درجة حرارة‬1L ‫ في بالون حجمه‬CO2 ‫غاز‬
Solution :
We convert temperature from °C to k
T(K) =T °C + 273
T(K) =27 °C + 273 = 300 K
T(K) = – 3 °C + 273 = 270 K
After conversion we find the volume by Charles law
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐
V2 =
𝑻𝟏
(𝟏 𝑳 )( 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑲 )
= (𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲)
= 0.9 L
*********************************************************************
Pressure – temperature relationship (Gay – Lussac s law )
Gay – Lussac’s law “ For an ideal gas with constant volume and mass , its
pressure is directly proportional to this temperature in kelvin scale .
)‫يتناسب ضغط الغاز المثالي مع الحجم الثابت والكتلة بشكل مباشر مع درجة حرارته (في مقياس كيلفن‬
This expression is shown as follows
P∝T
𝑷=𝑲×𝑻
𝑷
=K “ K “ constant
𝑻
The difference in
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟏 pressure between the
= 𝒐𝒓 = inner and outer airbags
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑻𝟐
is the basis for such cans.
Volume and amount of gas constant

pg. 6 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Example 2-7
Why shouldn't deodorant and spray cans be disposed of in fire ? We can understand
the reason better with the following question
The pressure of a spry can in is 3 atm at 17 °C what will be its pressure at 187 °C ?
‫ لماذا ينصح دائما بعدم رمي علب معطرات الجو او الجسم في النار وعلى فرض بان لديك علبة من معطر جو‬: 2 - 7 ‫مثال‬
‫ ؟‬187°C ‫ ما ضغطها عندما تتعرض الى حرارة قدرها‬17°C ‫ وبدرجة حرارة‬3 atm ‫تحتوي على غاز تحت ضغط‬
Solution :
When temperature increases , kinetic energy of molecules in the can increases
Therefor , number of collision of gas molecules with the walls of the can and also
pressure increases this causes can to burst . ‫عندما ترتفع درجة الحرارة تزداد الطاقة الحركية للجزيئات‬
‫وبالتالي يزداد عدد اصطداماتها بجدران العلبة مما يؤدي الى‬
‫زيادة الضغط المسلط من قبل الغاز على جدرانها وبالتالي قد‬
The following steps are applied for solution . ‫تؤدي الى انفجارها وتشظيها‬
We convert temperature from °C to k
T(K) =T °C + 273
T(K) =17 °C + 273 = 290 K
T(K) = 187 °C + 273 = 460 K
We find out through Gay - Lussac law
𝒑𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑻 𝟐 (𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎 )(𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒌 )
P2 = = = 4.75 atm
𝑻𝟏 (𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒌)
*************************************************************************************
Exercise 2-6: The air pressure of tires of a car is 1.8 atm at 20°C. The car’s owner
wants to go to Basra. When he arrives at Basra, what will be the air
pressure of tires at 36°C?
.‫يريد صاحب السيارة الذهاب إلى البصرة‬. ‫ درجة مئوية‬20 ‫ عند‬1.8 atm ‫ ضغط الهواء إلطارات السيارة هو‬: 2- 6 ‫تمرين‬
‫ درجة مئوية؟‬36 ‫ ماذا سيكون ضغط الهواء لإلطارات عند‬، ‫عندما يصل إلى البصرة‬
Solution : We convert temperature from °C to K
T(K) =T °C + 273
T(K) = 20 °C + 273 = 293 K
T(K) = 36 °C + 273 = 309 K
We find out through Gay - Lussac law
𝒑𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑻 𝟐 (𝟏.𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 )(𝟑𝟎𝟗 𝒌 )
P2 = = = 1.898 atm
𝑻𝟏 (𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝒌)

pg. 7 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases

The Compound Gas Law ‫القانون الموحد للغازات‬

If were write mathematical expression of gas law ;
Boyle’s law …………...…..P.V = k
𝑷
Charles law ………..…….. =K
𝑻
𝑷
Gay-Lussac law …………. =K
𝑻
A combined law can be written from those 3 laws:
𝑷𝑽
=K “ k “ Constance
𝑻
We can write the change in a gas with constant amount from P1 , V1 and T1
conditions to P2 , V2 and T2 conditions.
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
The equation above is also called as equation of state for a constant amount of gas.
.‫يطلق على المعادلة اعاله بمعادلة الحالة وهذا القانون لكمية محددة من الغاز‬

Example 2-8 : A bubble of 2.1 mL in volume is going up from the bottom of a lake
at 8 °C temperature and 6.4 atm pressure . at the surface . the
temperature id 25 °C and the pressure is 1 atm . Calculate the volume
of the bubble at the surface
8 °C ‫ ودرجة حرارة‬6.4 atm ‫ أرتفعت من قاع بحيرة حيث الضغط‬2.1 ml ‫ فقاعة هواء صغيرة حجمها‬: 8 – 2 ‫تمرين‬
.‫أحسب حجم الفقاعة على سطح الماء‬. ‫ والضغط‬25 °C ‫الى سطح الماء حيث درجة الحرارة‬
Solution :
We convert °C to K
T (K) = T (°) + 273
T1 (K) = 8 + 273 = 281 K
T2 (K) = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟐
V2 =
𝑷𝟐 𝑻 𝟏

𝟐.𝟏 𝒎𝒍 ×𝟔.𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲

V2 = = 14.25 ml
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝑲
pg. 8 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases

Exercise (2-7) : The volume of a sample of CO2 is 4 L at 66°C temperature and

1.2 atm pressure. At 42°C, the volume becomes 1.7 L. Calculate the
pressure at this temperature. (The no. of moles hasn’t changed.)
: 2- 7 ‫تمرين‬
‫ تعرض الى تغير فاصبح حجمه‬66°C ‫ وبدرجة حرارة‬1.2 atm ‫ وتحت ضغط‬4 L ‫ حجمه‬CO2 ‫عينة من غاز‬
.‫ احسب ضغطه علما بان عدد موالته لم تتغير‬42°C ‫ عند درجة حرارة‬1.7 L
Solution :
We convert °C to K
T (K) = T (°) + 273
T1 (K) = 66 + 273 = 339 K
T2 (K) = 42 + 273 = 315 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟐
P2 =
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏
𝟒𝑳 ×𝟏.𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝑲
P2 = = 2.62 atm
𝟏.𝟕 𝑳 ×𝟑𝟑𝟗 𝑲
***************************************************************************************
The relationship between amount of gas and volume ( Avogadro’s Law )
Italian scientist Avogadro's discovered that volume of gas and its amount is in direct
proportion under constant temperature and pressure .
𝒗∝𝒏
𝑣 = 𝐾𝑛 K constant
.‫وجد العالم االيطالي افوكادرو انه عند ثبوت الضغط ودرجة الحرارة فان حجم الغاز يتناسب طرديا مع كميته‬
For two different amount of gases (n1, n2 ) and two different volumes (V1 , V2 ) of
them we can use the following equation :
:‫ فانه يمكن استخدام العالقة االتية‬V2 ‫ و‬V1 ‫ تشغالن حجمين مختلفين‬n2 ‫ و‬n1 ‫وعند استخدام غاز بكميتين مختلفتين‬
𝑉1 𝑽𝟐
= At constant temperature and pressure
𝑛1 𝒏𝟐
Avogadro's law is expressed as“Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature
and pressure have the same number of moles “.
‫ تحتوي الحجوم المتساوية من الغازات المختلفة على عدد متساوي من الموالت عند ثبوت‬: ‫يمكن صياغة قانون افوكادرو كاالتي‬
. (‫درجة الحرارة والضغط‬

pg. 9 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Molar Volume
The value obtained by dividing volume to no. of moles is called as molar volume .
As no. of moles in shown with (n) and volume with (v) . Vm expresses molar volume .
: ‫الحجم المولي‬
. (V) ‫( والحجم بـ‬n) ‫ ويرمز لعدد الموالت بـ‬.‫تسمى القيمة التي تم الحصول عليها بتقسيم الحجم على عدد الموالت بالحجم المولي‬
. Vm ‫تعبر عن الحجم المولي‬
𝒗 (𝒍)
𝒗𝒎 = = L / mol
𝒏 (𝒎𝒐𝒍)

Molar volume of a gas is equal to 22.4 L (22414 cm3) at standard temperature and
pressure (STP) . (1 atm = 760 torr, 0°C = 273 K )

Molar mass (M) is found by dividing mass (m) to number of moles (n) .

𝑀 (𝑔)
𝑀= = g / mol
𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
***********************************************************************************************
Example 2-9 : If the volume of 1 mole of hydrogen gas is 22.4 L at standard
temperature and pressure . What is the volume of 3 moles of
hydrogen gas at the same condition ?
solution :
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝒏𝟐 (𝟐𝟐.𝟒 𝑳 )(𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
V2 = = = 67.2 L
𝒏𝟏 𝟏(𝒎𝒐𝒍)
*************************************************************************************
Exercise 2-8 : Calculate the molar volume of 3 moles of the gas with a volume
of 36 L .
36 L .‫ منه‬3 moles ‫ احسب الحجم المولي لغاز تشغل‬: 2- 8 ‫تمرين‬
𝒗 (𝒍) 𝟑𝟔 𝑳
Solution : 𝒗𝒎 = = = 12 L / mol
𝒏 (𝒎𝒐𝒍) 𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍
*************************************************************************************************************

Exercise 2-9: If 0.5 mole of a gas has 11.2 L of volume at standard temperature and
pressure (STP), what is the no. of mole when it has a volume of 16.8 L?
‫ ما عدد موالته في نفس الظروف عندما‬. 0.5 mol ‫ عدد موالته‬STP ‫ في الظروف القياسية‬11.2 L ‫غاز حجمه‬: 2- 9 ‫تمرين‬
.16.8 L‫يكون حجمه‬
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
solution : =
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
𝑽𝟐 . 𝒏𝟏 (𝟏𝟔.𝟖 𝑳 )(𝟎.𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
n2 = = = 0.75 mol
𝑽𝟏 𝟏𝟏.𝟐 𝑳

pg. 10 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Ideal Gas Law ‫قانون الغاز المثالي‬
We can obtain a single equation by combining 4 gas laws :
:‫يمكن بشكل عام ان نحصل على عالقة رياضية من ربط قوانين الغازات االربعة مع بعضها البعض‬
PV = K ……………………….. Boyle’s law
𝑽
=K’ ……………………..... Charles law
𝑻
𝑷
= K ’’ …………………….. Gay-Lussac law
𝑻
𝑽
= K”’ ……………………. Avogadro law
𝒏
we can get a single equation from the equation above :
𝑻
V ∝ 𝒏
𝑷
When we convert the ratio to an equation :
𝑻
V = ( constant ) 𝒏
𝑷
By inserting gas constant (R), we get the final equation will be:
P V= n R T ideal gas law
We can apply the equation above to gases which we apply 4 laws . This kind of
gases are called as ideal gases . ( R ) is the general constant for ideal gases ( R )
(0.082 ) .
This equation must be used along with P (atm) , V(L) , n (number of moles ) and
T(k) unit in mathematical calculation .
‫يطبق هذا القانون فقط على الغازات التي تنطبق عليها قوانين الغازات االربعة وتسمى مثل هذه الغازات بالغازات المثالية‬
. ‫ ثابت يسمى الثابت العام للغازات‬R ‫ويمثل‬
.‫ بالكلفن‬T ‫بالمول و‬n ‫ باللتر وعدد الموالت‬V ‫ بالجو و‬P ‫وعند استخدام هذه المعادلة حسابيا يجب ان تكون وحدات‬
In order to calculate ( R ) value , we take 1mole of an ideal gas with 22.414 L
volume at standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 1 atm )
Q : Calculate the value of “ R “ in STP ?
Pv = nRT
𝑷𝑽 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟏𝟒
R= =
𝒏𝑻 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲
𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳
R = 0.082
𝒎𝒐𝒍 .𝑲
. ‫ ( في الظروف القياسية‬n = 1 ) ‫ نأخذ مول واحد من اي غاز مثالي‬R ‫وعندما نريد ايجاد قيمة‬
. ‫ وبالتعويض في معادلة الغاز المثالي‬22.414 L ‫( والذي يشغل حجما قدره‬1 atm ‫ وضغط‬0°C ‫ ( درجة حرارة‬STP )

pg. 11 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
In order to fined (R) value in international system of unit , we take pressure as
101325 pa (pascal ), volume as 22.4 × 10 – 3 𝒎𝟑 , no . of moles as 1 mole and
temperature as 273 k
PV=nRT General unit of
gases: R = 8.314 J / mol. K is
𝑷𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑷𝒂 ×𝟐𝟐.𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 used only in the case of
R= =
𝑵𝑻 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲 calculations that include the
2 power units so we will not use
R = 8.314 Pa.m / mol . K them here in this chapter but
𝑲𝒈 rather to identify them
Pa uint =
𝒎.𝒔𝟐
When we use it in the equation above
𝑘𝑔 . 𝑚2
.m
m 𝑠2
mol . k 𝑘𝑔 . 𝑚2
Unit of energy (J) 𝑠2

R= 8.314 J/mol . K
Q : Calculate the value of “ R “ in J/mol . K .
*****************************************************************************************
Example 2-10 The volume of NO gas is 5.6 L . Fined out the number of moles under
standard temperature and pressure
Solution : Standard pressure and temperature conditions are 1 atm and 273 k
PV=nRT
𝑷𝑽
n=
𝑹𝑻
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟓.𝟔 𝑳
n= 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳 = 0.25 mol
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 . 𝑲 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲
*****************************************************************************************
Exercise 2-10: What is the number of moles of 10 L of oxygen gas under standard
conditions STP.
. STP ‫ بالظروف القياسية‬10 L ‫ حجمه‬O2 ‫ ما عدد موالت غاز‬: 2- 10‫تمرين‬
Solution : Standard conditions STP.
T = 273 K , P = 1 atm
𝑷𝑽
n=
𝑹𝑻
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟏𝟎 𝑳
n= 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳 = 0.45 mol
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 . 𝑲 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲

pg. 12 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Calculation of gas density
We can use ideal gas law to calculate gas density. According to the following equation
P V = n R T ……………………… ( 1 )
As , we can insert ( n ) in 1
𝒎 (𝒈)
n=
𝑴(𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍)
𝒎
PV = ( ) RT ………………..… ( 2 )
𝑴
or :
𝒎
PM= ( ) RT ……………….. ( 3 )
𝑽
𝒎(𝒈)
𝝆 = From density formula
𝑽 (𝑳)

𝝆 shows density and by using in ( 3 )

we get P M = 𝝆 RT ……………..…….. (4)
By arranging equation (4) , we can calculate density of a gas with know molar mass
and presser at a certain temperature
𝑷𝑴
𝝆=
𝑹𝑻
We can fined out the mass of gas or molar mass from equation (3)
) 3 ( ‫نستطيع ايجاد كتلة الغاز او كتلته المولية من المعادلة رقم‬
𝑚
PM= ( ) RT
𝑉
by re-arranging ‫وباعادة الترتيب‬
𝑷𝑴𝑽
m= mass of gas
𝑹𝑻
𝑷𝑴𝑽
Q : Derive the relationship m = ?
𝑹𝑻
*****************************************************************************************
Example 2-11: Hydrazine ( N2H4 ) is used as rocket propellant . Calculate the density
of this substance at standard temperature and pressure and pressure (STP)
N = 14 , H = 1
. STP ‫ احسب كثافته عند الظروف القياسية‬. ‫ وقودا للصواريخ‬N2H4 ‫ يستخدم الهيدرازين‬: 2 - 11 ‫مثال‬
𝑷𝑴
Solution ; 𝝆=
𝑹𝑻
M(N2H4) = 2 × 14 + 4 × 1 = 32 g / mol
At standard conditions , the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K .
𝟏 (𝒂𝒕𝒎) ×𝟑𝟐 (𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍)
𝝆= = 1.43 g / L
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 (𝑳 .𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲) ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 (𝑲)

pg. 13 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Example 2-12 : Find out the number of moles of a 700 ml gas at 27 °C temperature
and 0.8 atm pressure .
. 27°C ‫ ودرجة حرارة‬0.8 atm ‫ عند ضغط قدره‬700 ml ‫ ما عدد موالت عينة غاز تشغل‬: 2 - 12‫مثال‬
Solution : The following steps are followed for solution :
We convert the volume of the gas from ml to L
𝟏𝑳
V(L) = V ml ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑳
𝟏𝑳 What prevents
= 700 ml × = 0.7L molecules in the atmosphere from
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑳
escaping to space? Gravity is applied
We convert the temperature from °C to K on molecules as it is applied on us.
T(K) = T°C + 273 Molecules need to have a velocity of
1.1x103 m/s to escape from this
= 27 + 273 = 300 K gravitational force. As molecules of
helium gas are much faster than this
From ideal gas law
limit, they can escape to space.
PV = n R T Therefore, there isn’t much helium
𝑷𝑽 gasin the atmosphere.
n=
𝑹𝑻
𝟎.𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟎.𝟕𝑳
n= = 0.023 mol
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌
********************************************************************************************

Example 2-13 The pressure of a gas in a 3 liter container was found as 5.46 atm
at 27 °C temperature . As the molar mass of the gas of the gas is
44 g/mol . Find out the mass and mole number of the gas .
‫ احسب كتلة الغاز وعدد موالته‬5.46 atm . ‫ يساوي‬27°C ‫ ودرجة حرارة‬3 L ‫ وجد ان ضغط غاز في وعاء حجمه‬: 2 - 13‫مثال‬
. 44 g /mol ‫في الوعاء علما بان الكتلة المولية للغاز‬
Solution : The following steps are applied for solution
❶- we convert the temperature from °C to K
T (K) = T(°C) + 273 T= 27 +273 = 300 K
❷- using the following equation ;
𝑴𝑷𝑽
m=
𝑹𝑻
𝟒𝟒 (𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍) ×𝟓.𝟒𝟔 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟑 𝑳
m= = 29.3 g
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌
❸- Calculate the mole number
𝒎 (𝒈)
n=
𝑴 𝒈.𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟐𝟗.𝟑 𝒈
n= = 0.67mol
𝟒𝟒 𝒈.𝒎𝒐𝒍

pg. 14 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Example 2-14 :At 227 °C temperature and 748 torr pressure , the mass of gas is 0.6 g
in a 500 ml container . Calculate the molar mass of the gas .
‫ علما بان ضغط الغاز‬227°C ‫ ودرجة حرارة‬500 ml ‫ في وعاء حجمه‬0.6 g ‫ احسب الكتلة المولية لغاز كتلته‬: 2 - 14 ‫مثال‬
. 748 Torr ‫ياوي‬
Solution :
The following steps are applied for solution :
❶ . We convert the volume from ml to L
𝟏𝑳
V(L ) = V(ml) × Optimism in the failure time is
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝑳 trust, trust in the despair time is
= 500 ml × = 0.5 L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑳 a power. The strong and
We convert the temperature from °C to K insistence in spite of challenges,
T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 considered success itself.
Never give up and surrender you
T = 227 + 273 = 500 K have made the first step and it is
❷ . We convert the pressure from torr to atm the most important for success.
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .
Patm = Ptorr ×
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 748torr × = 0.984 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝒎𝑹𝑻
❸ . From equation : M=
𝑷𝑽
𝟎.𝟔 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌
M= = 50 g/mol
𝟎.𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟎.𝟓𝑳
*******************************************************************************************

Example 2-15 : The molar mass of 0.31 g of gas is 32 g/mol and it has a pressure of
1.17 atm . what is the temperature when this gas has a volume of 0.23 L ?
‫ عند اي درجة حرارة تشغل هذه العينة حجما‬1.17 atm . ‫ تحت ضغط‬32 g/mol ‫ من غاز كتلته المولية‬0.31 g : 2 - 15 :‫مثال‬
. 0.23 L ‫مقداره‬
Solution :
𝒎
PV = RT
𝑴
𝑷𝑽𝑴
T=
𝒎𝑹
𝟏.𝟏𝟕 (𝒂𝒕𝒎)×𝟎.𝟐𝟑 (𝑳)×𝟑𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
T=
𝟎.𝟑𝟏 (𝒈)×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲
= 339 K

pg. 15 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2-11 : Calculate the density of oxygen gas (O2) at 373K temperature and
5 atm pressure in g/L unit. “ O = 16 “
. 5 atm‫ وضغط‬373 K ‫ ف درجة حرارة‬g/L ‫( بوحدات‬O2) ‫ احسب كثافة غاز االوكسجي‬: 11 – 2 ‫تمرين‬
Solution :
M(O2 ) = 2 × 16 = 32 g / mol
𝑷𝑴 𝟓 ×𝟑𝟐
𝝆= = = 5.2 g/L
𝑹𝑻 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 × 𝟑𝟕𝟑
***********************************************************************************************

Exercise 2 – 12 : Methane is gas obtained by oil refining . Find out the volume of
0.5 mole of a sample from methane gas at 27 °C temperature and 3 atm pressure .
0.5 mol ‫ غاز الميثان هو احد الغازات الناتجة من عملية تكرير النفط اخذت عينة منه قدرها‬: 2- 12 ‫تمرين‬
.‫ الذي تشغله العينة‬ml ‫ احسب الحجم بالمليلتر‬. 27°C‫ بدرجة حرارة‬3 atm ‫وتحت ضغط‬
Solution :
we convert the temperature from °C to K
T (K) = T(°C) + 273
T= 27 +273 = 300 K
𝒏𝑹𝑻
V=
𝑷
𝟎.𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑲
V= = 4.1 L
𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎
V = 4.1 × 1000 = 4100 ml
**************************************************************************************

Exercise 2–13 : At 127°C temperature and 3.65 atm pressure , find out the molar
mass with 900 ml volume and 4.41 g mass .
‫ ماكتلتها‬127°C ‫ بدرجة حرارة‬3.65 atm ‫ تحت ضغط‬900 mL ‫ تشغل حجما قدره‬4.41 g ‫عينة من غاز كتلتها‬: 2- 13 ‫تمرين‬
.‫المولية‬
Solution : ❶ . We convert the volume from ml to L
𝟏𝑳 𝟏𝑳
V(L ) = V(ml) × = 900 ml × = 0.9 L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑳
We convert the temperature from °C to K
T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 = 127 + 273 = 400 K
𝒎𝑹𝑻
❷ . From equation M=
𝑷𝑽
𝟒.𝟒𝟏 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌
M=
𝟑.𝟔𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟎.𝟗 𝑳
= 44 g/mol

pg. 16 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2-14 : Calculate the molar mass of a gas with 0.4 g mass and 280 mL of
volume at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
. ( STP ) ‫ ف الظروف القياسية‬280 mL ‫ ويشغل حجما مقداره‬0.4 g ‫ احسب كتلة مول واحد لغاز كتلته‬: ( 2- 14 ) ‫تمرين‬

Solution : standard temperature and pressure (STP) : T =273 K, P = 1 atm

The following steps are applied for solution :
❶ . We convert the volume from ml to L
𝟏𝑳
V(L ) = V(ml) ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝑳
= 280 ml × = 0.28 L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑳
𝒎𝑹𝑻
❷ . From equation M =
𝑷𝑽
𝟎.𝟒 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒌
M=
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝑳
= 31.98 g/mol
***********************************************************************************************

Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressures

Dalton studied a sample of air . He found out that the total gas
pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures of gases .
Partial pressure is the pressure of a gas in a gas mixture .

.‫ وجد أن مجموع الضغط الكلي للغاز يساوي مجموع الضغوط الجزئية للغازات‬.‫عندما درس دالتون عينة من الهواء‬
.‫الضغط الجزئي هو ضغط الغاز في خليط الغاز‬
Dalton’s law of partial pressures is expressed as
“ Total pressure of gas mixture in which gases don’t react is equal to sum of
partial pressure”.
‫ ) ان الضغط الكلي لخليط من الغازات يساوي مجموع الضغوط الجزئية لكل غاز في الخليط‬: ‫قانون دالتون للضغطوط الجزئية‬
( ‫على شرط ان ال يحدث تفاعل بينها‬
PT=P1+P2+P3+…….
of all gases mathematically
PT show total gas pressure whereas P1 , P2 and P3 …. show partial pressures of
gases in the mixture

pg. 17 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
The relationship between total pressure total number of moles and mole fraction
Assume that there is a gas mixture of two gases with know volume and pressure .
We find the partial pressures using the ideal gas law as follows
𝒏𝟏 𝑹 𝑻
P1 = ……………….( 1)
𝑽
𝒏𝟐 𝑹 𝑻
P2= ………………(2)
𝑽
From Dalton’s law
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 ……….(3)
We insert equation 1 and 2 in equation 3
𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝑻 𝒏𝟐 𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝑻
PT = + = (n1 + n2 ) ……………….(4)
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
By dividing eq. (1) to eq. (4)
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇
𝑷𝟏 𝑉
= (𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 ) 𝑅𝑇
………….(5)
𝑷𝑻
𝑉
By eliminating similar terms , We get the equation
𝑷𝟏 𝒏𝟏
= ……………(6)
𝑷𝑻 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐
nT shows total no. of moles in the mixture . It’s is found by adding no. of moles of
gases in the mixture .
nT = n 1 + n2
Thus , equation 6 becomes as follows :
𝑷𝟏 𝒏𝟏
= ……………….(7)
𝑷𝑻 𝒏𝑻
Similarly , for the second gas in the mixture ;
𝑷𝟐 𝒏
= 𝒏𝟐 ……..…….(8) equation is obtained
𝑷𝑻 𝑻
Mole fraction :” The ratio of number of moles (for 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝟐𝒏𝒅 ) of each component in
a mixture to total number of moles of components gives mole fraction”.
Mole fraction of 𝟏𝐬𝐭 component is shown as (𝐱 𝟏 )
‫ بانه ” النسبة بين عدد موالت ذلك المكون على‬2 ‫ او‬1 ‫ يعرف الكسر المولي الي مكون من مكونات المزيج‬: ‫الكسر المولي‬
( X1 ) 1 ‫يرمز للكسر المولي للمكون‬ ". (‫مجموع عدد موالت المكونات ) عدد الموالت الكلية‬
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟏
X1 = =
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝑻
pg. 18 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Mole fraction of 𝟐𝒏𝒅 component is shown as (𝒙𝟐 )
𝒏𝟐
X2 =
𝒏𝑻
When we insert mole fraction in equation 7 and 8
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
= X1 , = X2 ………………………. ( 9 )
𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑻
We get these equation
P1 = X1 . PT , P2 = X2 . PT ………………………………. (10)
We can re-write eq . 10 as follows
P 1 = X1 . P T
“X1 “ Shows mole fraction of component and P1 shows its partial pressure .
Beside , sum of mole fraction of all gases in mixture is equal to “ 1 “ .
We can apply this to previous two-gas mixture :
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐
X1 + X2 = + = =1
𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐

Generally , we can write the following equation :

X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 ……… = 1
***************************************************************************************************

Example 2-16 : In a mixture of noble gases , there are 4.46 moles of Ne , 0.74 moles
of Ar and 2.15 moles of Xe . Calculate the partial pressure of each gas .
( Temperature is constant and total pressure is 2 atm )
Ar ‫ من االركون‬0.74 mol ‫ و‬Ne ‫ من غاز النيون‬4.46 mol ‫ خليط من الغازات النبيلة تحتوي‬: 2 - 16 :‫مثال‬
.‫ودرجة الحرارة ثابتة‬2 atm‫ احسب الضغط الجزئي لكل غاز علما بان الضغط الكلي يساوي‬Xe ‫ من الزينون‬2.15 mol ‫و‬

Solution :
❶Total number of moles is found
nT = nNe + nAr + nXe
nT =4.46 mol + 0.74 mol + 2.15 mol = 7.35 mol
❷Mole fraction of noble gasses are found

𝒏𝑵𝒆 𝟒.𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍

XNe = = = 0.607
𝒏𝑻 𝟕.𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒏𝑨𝒓 𝟎.𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍

XAr = = = 0.1
𝒏𝑻 𝟕.𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒏𝑿𝒆 𝟐.𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍

XXe = = = 0.293
𝒏𝑻 𝟕.𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍

pg. 19 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
❸ Using the following formula . Partial pressure of each gas is found
‫ نجد االن الضغط الجزئي لكل غاز‬: ‫ثالثا‬
Pi = Xi × PT
We write symbol of each gas in place of i in the formula
‫ برمز الغاز في القانون السابق نحصل على‬i ‫وبالتعويض عن‬
PNe = PT . XNe =2 atm × 0.607 = 1.214 atm
PAr = PT . XAr =2 atm × 0.100 = 0.200 atm
PXe = PT . XXe =2 atm × 0.293 = 0.586 atm
To make sure . we add up partial pressure . (the sum must be 2 )
2 = ‫وللتاكد نجمع الضغوط الجزئية المفروض انها‬
1.214 atm + 0.200 atm + 0.586 atm = 2 atm
***************************************************************************************************************
Example 2-17
Potassium chloride releases oxygen gas under extreme heat through MnO2
catalyst . In order to collect oxygen gas , water is used . Calculate the mass of gas in
grams with 128 mL of volume at 24°C and 762.4 mmHg pressure . ( At 24 °C )
vapor pressure of water is 22.4 mmHg and molar mass of oxygen is 32 g/mol)
‫ كعامل مساعد وجمع الغاز بازاحة‬MnO2 ‫ حضر غاز االوكسجين من التسخين الشديد لكلورات البوتاسيوم بوجود‬: 2 - 17 :‫مثال‬
‫ احسب كتلة الغاز‬128 mL . ‫ وكان حجمه‬762.4 mmHg ‫ وتحت ضغط‬24°C ‫الماء نحو االسفل بدرجة حرارة‬
24°C .‫بدرجة حرارة‬22.4 mmHg ‫ وضغط بخار الماء يساوي‬32 g/mol ‫علما بان الكتلة المولية لالوكسجين تساوي‬
Solution :
❶Collected gasses were mixed with water

vapor . Therefor , in the tube , there is

a mixture of gas and water vapor .
The total pressure of oxygen and water
vapor mixture is 764.2 mmHg . We need
to find out the partial pressure of oxygen gas .
PT = PO2 + PH2O
762.4 = PO2 + 22.4
PO2 = 740 mmHg
❷We convert pressure from mmHg to atm
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
P atm = PmmHg × = 740 mmHg × = 0.974 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

pg. 20 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
❸We convert volume from mL to L
𝟏𝑳 𝟏𝑳
V (L) = V mL × = 128ml × = 0.128L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
❹ We convert °C to K
T(K) = T°C + 273 = 24 + 273 = 297K
❺ By using ideal gas law ;
𝒎 𝑷𝑽𝑴
Pv = RT m=
𝑴 𝑹𝑻
𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟒 (𝒂𝒕𝒎)×𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝟖 (𝑳)×𝟑𝟐 (𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
m= = 0.164 g
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 (𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ) ×𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝒌
***************************************************************************************************************
Example2-18: At 7 °𝑪 there are 3.2 g of oxygen , 0.4 g of helium and 14 g of nitrogen
gasses mixture in a 2 L test tube . Calculate the total pressure of this mixture .
(Molar masses of gasses :oxygen = 32 g/mol , nitrogen = 28 g/mol , helium = 4 g/mol )
‫ من الهيليوم‬0.4 g ‫ من االوكسجين و‬3.2 g ‫ على خليط من الغازات‬7°C ‫ في درجة حرارة‬2L ‫ يحتوي دورق حجمه‬: 2 - 18 :‫مثال‬
‫ والنتروجين‬32 ‫ احسب الضغط الكلي للخليط علما بان الكتلة المولية لالوكسجين تساوي‬. ‫ من النتروجين‬14 g ‫و‬
‫ بوحدات‬4 ‫ والهيليوم‬28
Solution :
❶
𝒎 (𝒈) 𝟎.𝟒 𝒈
nHe = = = 0.1 mol
𝑴𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟒 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟑.𝟐 𝒈
nO2 = = 0.1 mol
𝟑𝟐 (𝒈|𝒎𝒐𝒍)
𝟏𝟒 𝒈
nN 2 = 𝟐𝟖 (𝒈|𝒎𝒐𝒍)
= 0.5 mol

❷We convert °C to K
T(K) = T°C = 7 + 273 = 280 K
❸We find out the total number of moles of the mixture

nT = n (H2 ) + n (O2 ) + n (N2 )

nT = 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.5 = 0.7 mol
𝒏𝑻 𝑹𝑻
PT =
𝑽
❹ By using ideal gas law
𝟎.𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑲
PT = = 8.036 atm
𝟐𝑳

pg. 21 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
EXAMPLE 2-19 : Two containers in different volumes were connected via a valve. The
volume of the first container was 1 L and it had CO2 gas under 720 torr pressure .
the volume of the second container was 2 L and it had nitrogen as under 540 torr
pressure . After the valve was switched on and equilibrium established . What was
the total pressure in torr ? ( temperature was constant )
2 L ‫ والثاني حجمه‬720 Torr ‫ تحت ضغط‬CO2 ‫ يحتوي على غاز‬1 L ‫ االول حجمه‬. ‫ وعاءان متصالن بصمام‬: 2 - 19 :‫مثال‬
.‫ احسب الضغط الكلي عند فتح الصمام على فرض ثبوت درجة الحرارة‬540 Torr ‫ تحت ضغط‬N2 ‫يحتوي على غاز‬

Solution
❶After the valve was switched on . The gases were mixed

and total volume was equal to the sum of two volumes .

2L 1L
V2 = V(N2 ) + V(CO2 ) = 2 + 1 = 3 L 540 torr 720 torr
❷ Through Boyles law . We find out partial pressure of each gas
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏
P1 V1 = P2 V2 ⇒ P2=
𝑽𝟐

partial pressure of CO2 gas

𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 × 𝟏 𝑳
P1 = = 240 torr = PCO2
𝟑𝑳
Partial pressure of N2 gas
𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 ×𝟐 𝑳
P2 = = 360 torr = PN2
𝟑𝑳
❸ total pressure of the mixture ;

PT = PCO2 + PN2
PT = 240 torr + 360 torr = 600 torr
******************************************************************************
Exercise 2 – 15 : Gases obtained by oil refining were placed into a container . There
are 6 moles of methane , 4 moles of ethane and 2 moles of propane in it .
As the total pressure is 6 atm , calculate partial pressure of each gas .
‫ من غاز الميثان‬6 mol ‫ يحتوي آناء على خليط من الغازات الطبيعية الناتجة من تكرير النفط مقاديرها هي‬: 2- 15‫تمرين‬
.‫ احسب الضغط الجزئي لكل غاز‬. 6 atm ‫ من البروبان فاذا علمت ان الضغط الكلي لها‬2 mol ‫ من االيثان و‬4 mol ‫و‬
Solution : ❶Total number of moles is found
nT = n (CH4 )+n (C2H6 )+n (C3H8 ) = 6 + 4 + 2 = 12 mol

pg. 22 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
❷Mole fraction of gasses are found
𝒏𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍
XCH4 = = = 0.5
𝒏𝑻 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝑪𝟐𝑯𝟔 𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍
XC2H6 = = = 0.33
𝒏𝑻 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝑪𝟑𝑯𝟖 𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
XC3H8 = = = 0.167
𝒏𝑻 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
PCH4 = PT . XCH4 = 6 atm × 0.5= 3 atm
PC2H6 = PT . XC2H6 = 6 atm × 0.33=1.98 atm
PC3H8 = PT . XC3H8 = 6 atm × 0.167 =1.02 atm
To make sure . we add up partial pressure . (the sum must be 6 )
******************************************************************************
Exercise 2 – 16 : When Ca and water react at 30 °C and 988 mmHg pressure , H2 gas
is released . Water is used to collect the gas . Calculate the mass of H2 gas
which is 200 ml in grams .( Molar mass of H2 gas is 2 g/mol . Water vapor
pressure at 30 °C is 32.82 mmHg ) .
30°C ‫ حضر غاز الهيدروجين من تفاعل الكالسيوم مع الماء وجمع بازاحة الماء الى االسفل بدرجة حرارة‬: 2- 16 ‫تمرين‬
‫ احسب كتلة غاز الهيدروجين بالغرام علما بان الكتلة المولية‬200 mL ‫ وكان حجمه‬988 mmHg ‫وتحت ضغط‬
32.82 mmHg .‫ يساوي‬30°C ‫وضغط بخار الماء بدرجة‬2 g/mol ‫ تساوي‬H2 ‫من‬
Solution : ❶We need to find out the partial pressure of hydrogen gas .
PT = PH2 + PH2O
988 = PH2 + 32.82 PH2 = 955.18 mmHg
❷We convert pressure from mmHg to atm
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
P atm = PmmHg × = 955.18 mmHg × = 1.26 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

❸We convert volume from mL to L

𝟏𝑳
V (L) = V mL ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝑳
= 200 mL × = 0.2 L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
❹ We convert °C to K
T(K) = T°C + 273 = 30 + 273 = 303K
❺By using ideal gas law ;
𝒎 𝑷𝑽𝑴
Pv = 𝑹𝑻 𝒎=
𝑴 𝑹𝑻
𝟏.𝟐𝟔 (𝒂𝒕𝒎)×𝟎.𝟐 (𝑳)×𝟐 (𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
m= = 0.02 g
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 (𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ) ×𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝒌

pg. 23 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2 – 17 : The partial pressure of gases in a sample of air are as follows :
Nitrogen = 569 torr , Oxygen = 116 Torr ,carbon dioxide = 28 torr and
water vapor = 0.47 torr .Calculate the percentages of these gases in
air through mol fraction .
‫ ولالوكسجين‬569 Torr ‫للنتروجين‬: ‫ عينة من الهواء كان الضغط الجزئي لكل غاز من مكونات العينة كاالتي‬: 2- 17 ‫تمرين‬
‫ فما هي نسبة هذه الغازات في الهواء محسوبة‬0.47 Torr ‫ ولبخار الماء‬28 Torr ‫ ولثنائي اوكسيدالكاربون‬116 Torr
.‫بالكسر المولي‬
Solution : 1) Total pressure is found
PT = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O
PT = 569 torr + 116 torr + 28 torr + 0.47 torr = 713.47 torr
2) Mole fraction of noble gasses are found

𝑷𝑵𝟐 𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

XN2 = = = 0. 7975
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

𝑷𝑶𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

XO2 = = = 0.1626
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟐𝟖 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
XCO2 = = = 0.0392
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

𝑷𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝟎.𝟒𝟕 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓

XH2O = = = 0.0007
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
******************************************************************************
Exercise 1–18 : 20 ml of N2 under 740 torr pressure was mixed with 30 ml of O2 under
640 torr pressure in 50 mL container . Assuming the temperature was
constant , find out the total pressure of the mixed .
‫ وعند‬O2 ‫ من‬30 mL ‫ مع‬740 Torr ‫ وتحت ضغط‬N2 ‫ من‬20 mL ‫ كم هو الضغط الكلي الناتج عن خلط‬: 2- 18 ‫تمرين‬
.‫ علما بان درجة الحرارة ثابتة‬50 mL ‫ اذا تم خلطها في وعاء حجمه‬640 Torr ‫ضغط‬
Solution
❶ After the valve was switched on . The gasses were mixed

and total volume was equal to the sum of two volumes .

V2 = V(N2 ) + V(O2 ) = 20 + 30 =50 ml
❷ Through Boyles law . We find out partial pressure of each gas
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏
P1 V1 = P2 V2 ⇒ P2=
𝑽𝟐

partial pressure of N2 gas

pg. 24 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑳
PN2 = = 296 torr = PN2
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝑳
Partial pressure of O2 gas
𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 ×𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝑳
PO2 = = 384 torr = PO2
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝑳
3) total pressure of the mixture ;
PT = PN2 + PO2
PT = 296 torr + 384 torr = 680 torr

*************************************************************************************************************************

Grahams law of diffusion

“ Diffusion rates of gasses which pass through tiny holes are inversely proportional
to square root of molar masses (M) “ .
. " ‫ ( ايضا‬M) ‫" سرعة االنتشار للغازات النافذة خالل الثقوب الصغيرة تتناسب عكسيا مع الجذر التربيعي للكتلة المولية‬
Let the different rates of two different gasses
through the same hole be r1 and r2 their densities
be 𝝆𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝆𝟐 .according to Graham law .
M1 and M2 are molar mass of both gases respectively
𝑟1 𝜌 𝑀
= √ 2 = √ 2
𝑟2 𝜌 𝑀 1 1

. ‫ على التوالي‬ρ2 ‫ و‬ρ1 ‫ وكانت كثافتيهما‬r2 ‫ و‬r1 ‫فاذا اعتبرنا سرعة نفاذ غازين من خالل نفس الثقوب هي‬
.‫ هي الكتل المولية للغازين على التوالي‬M2 ‫ و‬M1 ‫حيث‬
Note : The molar mass of hydrogen chloride gas is
36.5 g / mol. The ammonia gas is
17 g / mol . Therefore, ammonia has
a higher diffusion rate than hydrogen
chloride .
‫ ولغاز‬36.5 g/mol . ‫ الكتلة المولية لغاز كلوريد الهيدروجين‬: ‫مالحظة‬
‫ لذلك سرعة انتشار غاز االمونيا‬17 g/mol ‫االمونيا‬
.‫تكون اسرع من كلوريد الهيدروجين‬

pg. 25 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases

Example 2-20 :If the different rate of oxygen gas through a porous obstacle is 8 mL/s
find out the diffusion rate of hydrogen gas through the same obstacle (densities of
gasses at the same temperature and pressure 𝝆(𝑶𝟐 ) = 1.44 g/L 𝝆 (𝑯𝟐 ) = 0.09g/L
‫ فما سرعة انتشار غاز‬8 mL/s ‫ اذا علمت ان سرعة انتشار غاز االوكسجين خالل حاجز مسامي يساوي‬: 20 – 2 ‫مثال‬
‫ وكثافة غاز الهيدروجين‬1.44 g/L ‫الهيدروجين خالل نفس الحاجز علما بان كثافة غاز االوكسجين تساوي‬
.‫ خالل نفس الظروف من ضغط ودرجة حرارة‬0.09 g/L ‫تساوي‬
𝒓𝑯𝟐 𝝆 𝑶𝟐
Solution : = √
𝒓 𝑶𝟐 𝝆 𝑯𝟐

𝒓𝑯𝟐 𝟏.𝟒𝟒 ( 𝒈/𝑳 )

= √
𝟖 ( 𝒎𝒍/𝒔 ) 𝟎.𝟎𝟗 ( 𝒈/𝑳 )
𝒓𝑯𝟐
= √𝟏𝟔
𝟖 ( 𝒎𝒍/𝒔 )
𝒓𝑯𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐 ml/s diffusion rate of hydrogen gas
******************************************************************************
Example 2-21 : If diffusion rate of nitrogen gas through a tiny hole is 2.65 ml/s . Find
out the diffusion rate of NH3 gas through the same hole . (molar mass of N2 is
28 g/mol , molar mass of NH3 is 17 g/mol ) √𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 = 3.4
‫ احسب معدل سرعة‬2.65 mL/s .‫ عينة من غاز النتروجين انتشرت خالل ثقب صغير بمعدل انتشار مقداره‬: 21 – 2 ‫مثال‬
17 g/mol .‫ يساوي‬NH3 ‫ و‬28 g/mol ‫ تساوي‬N2 ‫علما بان الكتلة المولية من‬. ‫ عند خروجه من نفس الثقب‬NH3 ‫انتشار غاز‬

𝒓𝑵𝟐 𝑴𝑵𝑯𝟑
Solution : = √
𝒓𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝑴𝑵𝟐

𝟐.𝟔𝟓 (𝒎𝒍/𝑺 ) 𝟏𝟕 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

= √
𝒓𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝟐𝟖 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

Taking the square root of both side ;

𝟕.𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟕
=
𝒓𝟐 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝟐𝟖

𝒓𝟐 𝑵𝑯𝟑 = 11.56 ( ml / S )2
𝒓𝑵𝑯𝟑 = 3.4 ml/S diffusion rate of ammonia

pg. 26 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2 – 19 : The diffusion rate of O2 ,gas is 8 ml/s and the diffusion rate of H2 gas
is 32 ml / s . As molar mass of O2 is 32 g/mol , find out the molar mass of H2 gas .
‫ فما الكتلة المولية‬. 32 mL/s ‫ وسرعة انتشار غاز الهيدروجين‬8 mL/s ‫ تساوي‬O2 ‫ سرعة انتشار غاز‬: 2- 19 ‫تمرين‬
. 32 g/mol ‫ تساوي‬O2 ‫للهيدروجين اذاعلمت ان الكتلة المولية من‬
Solution :
𝒓𝑯𝟐 𝑴 𝑶𝟐
= √
𝒓 𝑶𝟐 𝑴𝑯𝟐

𝟑𝟐 (𝒎𝒍/𝑺 ) 𝟑𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
= √
𝟖𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝑴 𝑯𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

𝟑𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
4= √ Taking the square root of both side ;
𝑴𝑯𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
𝟑𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
16 =
𝑴𝑯𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
𝟑𝟐
MH2 = = 2 g/mol
𝟏𝟔
*************************************************************************************************

The relationship between diffusion rate and diffusion time

Diffusion rate of gas is inversely proportional to diffusion time for a given
temperature and pressure . That mean as diffusion rate of a of a gas increases
diffusion time decreases .
𝑟1 𝑡2
=
𝑟2 𝑡1
‫سرعة انتشار اي غاز في درجة حرارة وضغط معينين يتناسب عكسيا مع الزمن الذي تستغرقه عملية االنتشار‬
.‫لذلك الغاز اي كلما زادت السرعة قل الزمن الالزم لالنتشار‬
t1 and t2 are diffusion times of the 1st and 2nd gases respectively .
If we combine Graham’s laws in on single law ;
We get this equation :
𝑟1 𝑡 𝜌 𝑀
= 𝑡2 = √𝜌2 = √𝑀2
𝑟2 1 1 1
It is so nice to have a hope which tells
you that Allah will delight you soon
...and when life gets narrower from side
Allah expands it from the other side .

pg. 27 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Example 2-22 : A sample of hydrogen gas diffusion in 5 seconds through a hole . At
the same condition , another sample of a gas diffusion in 20 second
through the same hole . As the molar mass of hydrogen is 2 g/mol .
Find out the molar mass of the other gas .
‫ وينتشر غاز معين آخر خالل نفس الثقب تحت نفس الظروف‬5 s ‫ تنتشر عينة من غاز الهيدروجين خالل ثقب في‬: 2 - 22 :‫مثال‬
. 2 g/mole ‫ احسب الكتلة المولية للغاز الثاني اذا علمت ان الكتلة المولية لغاز الهيدروجين تساوي‬20 s ‫في‬
Solution :
𝒕𝟐 𝑴 𝟐𝟎 𝒔 𝑴
= √ 𝟐 = √ 𝟐
𝒕𝟏 𝑴 𝟏 𝟓𝒔 𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

𝑴
4= √𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) squaring both side
𝑴
16 = M2 = 32 g/mol
𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
******************************************************************************************************************
Exercise2–20 : Xenon gas needs 1min. 8.3 sec. to pass through a hole . Find the molar
mass of a gas which passes through this hole in 57 sec. ( Molar mass
of Xe is 131.3 g/mol ) .
‫احسب الكتلة المولية‬. ‫ ثانية لكي ينتشر من خالل فوهة صغيرة‬8.3 ‫ عينة من غاز الزينون يحتاج الى دقيقة و‬: 2- 20 ‫تمرين‬
‫ علما بان‬57 s ‫لغاز اذا علمت ان الزمن الذي استغرقه في االنتشار من نفس الفوهة وتحتنفس الظروف كان‬
. 131.3 g/mol ‫ تساوي‬Xe ‫الكتلة المولية من غاز الزينون‬
Solution :
We convert time from 1 min 8.3 sec to sec.
t = ( 1 × 60 ) + 8.3 = 68.3 sec
𝒕𝟐 𝑴
= √ 𝟐
𝒕𝟏 𝑴 𝟏

𝟔𝟖.𝟑 𝒔 𝟏𝟑𝟏.𝟑 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) 𝟏𝟑𝟏.𝟑 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

= √ 1.2 = √ 𝑴𝟏
squaring both side
𝟓𝟕 𝒔 𝑴𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟏.𝟑 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
1.44 = M1 = 91.18 g/mol
𝑴𝟏
******************************************************************************************************************
Exercise 2 – 21 : Explain the reason why ammonia molecules diffuse faster than
perfume molecules .
.‫ علل انتشار جزيئات االمونيا بسرعة اكبر من جزيئات الروائح والعطور‬: ( 2- 20 )‫تمرين‬
Ans : Because the molar mass of ammonia is less than the molar mass of perfumes,
it has a faster diffusion rate.
pg. 28 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
kinetic theory of gases
Q: What are hypotheses describe gases? At sea level .
❶ Gases are made up of molecules in great number
average of number of
collisions between air
with respect to volume that a gas occupies . Volume molecules is 7 billion in a
of a single molecule can be neglected . In other words square meter per second .
intermolecular distance is too big . but at an altitude of 600
‫ وان حجم الجزيئة صغير يمكن‬،‫ أن الغازات تتكون من عدد كبير من الجزيئات‬. 1 km from sea level it is 1
. ‫اهماله مقارنة بالحجم الذي يشغله الغاز‬ collisions per minute
.‫اي ان المسافة التي تفصل بين الجزيئات كبيرة نسبيا‬
❷ The movements of gases are fast , random and linear . Therefor gas molecules
collide either with themselves or with the walls of the container they are inside .
‫ وهي في حركتها هذه تصطدم مع بقية جزيئات الغاز‬،‫ جزيئات الغاز في حالة حركة سريعة وعشوائية وبخطوط مستقيمة‬. 2
.‫وبجدران الوعاء الحاوي لها‬
❸ There are no attraction or repulsion forces between gas molecules
❹ Pressure applied by gas molecules arise from collision with the walls of container
they are inside .
.‫ ال يوجد تجاذب أو تنافر بين جزيئات الغاز‬. 3
.‫ ان الضغط الذي ينتجه الغاز ناتج من التصادمات التي تحدثها جزيئاته مع جدران الوعاء الذي يحتويها‬. 4
❺ Gas molecules move at different speed average speed of molecules is directly
proportional to absolute temperature of gas .
.‫ وان معدل سرعة حركة الجزيئات يتناسب طرديا مع درجة الحرارة المطلقة للغاز‬،‫ ان لجزيئات الغاز سرع مختلفة‬. 5
Real and Ideal Gases
Ideal gasses : Gasses which obey gas laws or general gas equation under any
temperature and pressure conditions .
‫ الغاز الذي يطيع قوانين الغازات او المعادلة العامة للغازات تحت كل الظروف من درجة الحرارة والضغط‬: ‫الغاز المثالي‬
Note : In fact gases show distinct diversions from ideal behavior state is only
observed under certain temperature and pressure values .
‫ وان‬،‫ حيث ان الغازات تعاني في سلوكها من حيود محسوس عن الحالة المثالية‬،‫ وفي الحقيقة ال وجود للغاز المثالي‬: ‫مالحظة‬
. ‫الحالة المثالية تظهر فقط في ظروف معينة من درجات الحرارة والضغوط‬
Real or non-ideal gases : It is the gases which deviate from ideal behavior .
. ‫ ان الغازات التي تحيد عن السلوك المثالي‬: ‫الغازات الحقيقية‬
Diversion by real gasses arise from two wrong hypotheses of kinetic theory of gasses
(this can be possibly true at law pressure )
‫ان حيود الغازات الحقيقية ياتي من افتراضين خاطئين من فرضيات النظرية الحركية للغازات) وهذا لربما يكون صحيحا عند‬
:‫الضغوط الواطئة (وهما‬
❶ With respect to total volume of a gas the volume occupied one of its molecules is
almost zero . But at high pressure gas molecules must occupy a certain volume .
otherwise gas cannot be turned into liquid or solid .
‫ لكن جزيئات الغاز يجب ان تشغل حجم معين في الضغوط‬،‫ ان الحجم الذي يشغله الجزيء معدوم مقارنة بالحجم الكلي للغاز‬. 1
.‫العالية واال فانه ال يمكن تحويل الغاز الى سائل او صلب‬

pg. 29 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
❷ There is an attraction force between gas molecules . But in fact
there is a general
attraction force . Otherwise molecules would not approach each other and gas
wouldn’t turn liquid or solid .
‫ لكن لجزيئات الغاز فيما بينها قوى تجاذب واال لما اقتربت جزيئات الغاز من بعضها‬،‫ ال وجود لقوى التجاذب بين جزيئات الغاز‬. 2
. ‫ولم يتحول الغاز الى سائل أو صلب‬
Critical pressure – critical temperature and liquefaction of gases
According to kinetic theory of gases , gases move randomly . At high temperature
and law pressure values , a gas molecule moves freely and isn’t affected from other
molecules .
Q : How can liquefaction of gases ?
‫ كيف يمكن تسييل الغازات ؟‬: ‫سؤال‬
❶ When temperature decreases kinetic energy of gas molecules also decreases .
Therefor molecular movement slow down . When a certain low temperature is
reached gas turns into liquid .
‫ وعند الوصول الى درجة‬،‫ فان الطاقة الحركية لجزيئات الغاز تقل وتصبح حركة الجزيء بطيئة‬،‫ عند خفض درجة الحرارة‬. 1
.‫منخفضة كافية فان الغاز يتحول الى سائل‬

❷ On the other hand , with increasing pressure , gas molecules approach each
other more . Therefor as a result of a continuous increases in pressure and
decrease in volume, gas turns into liquid .
‫ نتيجة للزيادة المستمرة في الضغط‬، ‫ لذلك‬.‫ تقترب جزيئات الغاز من بعضها البعض‬، ‫ مع زيادة الضغط‬، ‫ من ناحية أخرى‬.2
.‫ يتحول الغاز إلى سائل‬، ‫وانخفاض في الحجم‬
Critical temperature : Is the temperature at which gas cannot turn into liquid no
matter how much pressure is applied .
Critical pressure : Is the pressure necessary to be applied on a gas at critical
temperature for it to turn into liquid .
Critical volume : The volume of 1 mole of a gas under critical temperature and
pressure .
‫ انها تلك الدرجة الحرارية التي ال يمكن تحويل غاز درجة حرارته اعلى منها الى سائل مهما زاد الضغط‬: ‫درجة الحرارة الحرجة‬
‫المسلط عليه‬
‫ وهو الضغط الالزم تسليطه على غاز في‬: ‫الضغط الحرج‬
.‫درجة الحرارة الحرجة لكي يتحول الى سائل‬
‫ وهو حجم مول واحد من الغاز في الدرجة‬: ‫الحجم الحرج‬
.‫الحرارية الحرجة والضغط الحرج‬

pg. 30 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Exercise 2-22
Explain what the following statement means.
A gas doesn’t show an ideal gas behavior at all temperature and pressure values.
Under what conditions do real gases show ideal gas behavior and what is the
reason for that?
‫ فسر معنى الجملة االتية ) ال يسلك اي غاز السلوك المثالي عند جميع درجات الحرارة والضغوط ( عند اي ظروف‬: 2- 21 ‫تمرين‬
‫تسلك الغازات الحقيقة سلوك الغازات المثالية ولماذا ؟‬
Ans : This means that all gases deviate from the ideal gas behavior as a result of
being affected by the change of temperature or volume. Real gas behaves like
ideal gases when:
❶. Increase the temperature and reduce the heat.
❷ . Lower the temperature and increase the pressure.
Because varying percentages of accuracy can be obtained at these conditions.
Liquid vapor pressure
Vapor pressure : Is the pressure of vapor molecules which are equilibrium with liquid
molecules at a certain temperature .
.‫ الضغط الذي تنتجه جزيئات البخار التي هي في حالة توازن مع جزيئات السائل بدرجة حرارة معينة‬: ‫الضغط البخاري‬
Evaporation : It is defined as leaving some molecules of a liquid's surface to outer
medium. at constant temperature .
. ‫ وهو مغادرة بعض جزيئات سطح السائل الى الوسط الخارجي‬: ‫التبخر‬
Condensation : It turns gas molecules into liquid .
. ‫ وهو تحول البخار الى سائل‬: ‫التكثيف‬
Boiling points of liquids
Q : Why , when increases in temperature a vapor pressure goes up ?
Ans : Increases in temperature causes a rise in kinetic energy of liquid molecules this
rise decreases attraction force between molecules as a result number of gas
molecules over the liquid surface increases and also vapor pressure goes up .
‫ وهذه الزيادة تقلل قوة التجاذب بين هذه الجزيئات فيزداد‬،‫تؤدي زيادة درجة الحرارة الى زيادة في الطاقة الحركية لجزيئات السائل‬
.‫عدد الجزيئات التي تغادر سطح السائل الى الحيز الذي فوقه مما يؤدي الى زيادة الضغط البخاري للسائل‬
When vapor pressure of the liquid and atmospheric pressure are equal the liquid
start to boil .
. ‫وعندما يتساوى الضغط البخاري للسائل مع الضغط الجوي فان السائل يبدأ بالغليان‬
Boiling point of a liquid : Is the temperature at which vapor pressure of the liquid is
equal to atmospheric pressure .
‫ هي الدرجة الحرارية التي يتساوى‬: ‫درجة غليان السائل‬
.‫عندها ضغط بخار السائل مع الضغط الجوي‬

pg. 31 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
Basic concept
Volume : Volume is the area which matter occupies volume of a gas is a much as the
volume of the container it is inside .
Pressure : Pressure is the force (f) applied to per unit area (A) .
Boyle s law : At constant temperature . the product of volume and pressure of same
amount of ideal gas is constant .
Charles s law : At constant pressure , change in volume of any amount of ideal gas is
directly proportional to change in its temperature in Kelvin.
Gay lussac’s law : Pressure of a constant amount of an ideal gas with a constant
volume is directly to it a temperature in kelvin .
Avogadro’s law : Equal volumes of different gasses contain equal number of
particles at constant pressure and temperature .
Dalton law of partial pressure: Total pressure of a gas mixture with gasses which
don’t react with other is equal to sum of partial pressure of all gasses in the mixture.
Mole fraction : It is the ratio of number of moles of components in a gas mixture
over total number of moles .
Grahams law of diffusion : Diffusion rate of gasses through small holes is inversely
proportional to square root of its density .
Ideal gas : It is a gas model in which volumes of molecules are negligibly small when
compared to total volume ; inter molecular attraction and repulsion force
don’t exist and intermolecular collision are elastic .
Real gas: A gas which deviates from ideal behavior is called as a real gas or non-ideal
gas .
Critical temperature : It is the temperature at which a gas cannot turn into liquid no
matter how much pressure is applied
Critical pressure : It is pressure necessary for a gas at critical temperature to turn
into liquid .
Critical volume : Volume of 1 mole of a gas at critical pressure and temperature.
Vapor pressure : It is the pressure of vapor molecules which are at equilibrium with
liquid molecules at a certain temperature .
Boiling temperature : It is the temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid and
atmospheric pressure are equal .
pg. 32 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
QUESTION OF CHAPTER -2
1. 0.5 L Cylinder of a car engine (combustion chamber ) was filled with gasoline and
air mixture at 1 atm . What is the necessary pressure to be applied to have a volume
of 57 L before ignition by the spark plug ?
(Assume gasoline vapor and air as a single gas ) .
.1 atm ‫ ملئت بمزيج بخار البنزين والهواء تحت ضغط‬0.5 L ‫ اسطوانة محرك سيارة) حجرة االحتراق (ذات حجم مقداره‬. 1
‫ قبل اشعاله بواسطة شمعة القدح ؟‬57 L ‫ما هو الضغط الواجب تسليطه على هذا المزيج ليصبح حجمه‬
. ( ‫) اعتبر مزيج بخار البنزين والهواء عبارة عن غاز واحد‬
Solution : P1 . V1 = P2 . V2
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 (𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎) (𝟎.𝟓 𝑳)
P2 = = (𝟓𝟕𝑳)
= 0.00877 atm
𝑽𝟐
*********************************************************************************************

2. The volume of the balloon filled with helium gas is 50 L at 25°C under 1.08 atm
pressure . What is the volume of it at 10°C and 0.0885 atm pressure condition ?
‫ ما حجم البالون بعد ارتفاعه الى مستوى‬.1.08 atm ‫ وتحت ضغط‬25°C ‫ عند درجة حرارة‬50 L ‫ بالون مليء بالهيليوم حجمه‬. 2
. 10°C ‫ ودرجة الحرارة‬0.0885 atm ‫يصبح فيه الضغط‬
Solution : We convert °C to K
T (K) = T (°) + 273 = 10 + 273 = 283 K , T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐
V2 =
𝑷𝟐 𝑻 𝟏
𝟏.𝟎𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟓𝟎 𝑳 ×𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝑲
V2 = = 579.456 L
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲

3 . Calculate the volume of the a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) sample under standard
condition which has a volume of 200 mL at 27°C and 570 atm pressure .
‫ احسب‬570 atm . ‫ وضغط‬27°C ‫ بدرجة حرارة‬200 mL ‫ تشغل حجما قدره‬SF6 ‫ عينة من غاز سداسي فلوريد الكبريت‬. 3
. ( STP ) ‫حجمها في الظروف القياسية‬
Solution : We convert °C to K
T (K) = T (°) + 273
T1 (K) = 273 K
T2 (K) = 27 + 273 = 300 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐
= V2 =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑷 𝟐 𝑻𝟏
𝟓𝟕𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑳 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲
V2 = = 103740 mL
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲
pg. 33 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
4 . What is the volume of 5 g of acetylene gas (C2H2) (one of the components of
oxyacetylene flame) at 50°C and 740 torr pressure .
‫ وتحت‬50°C ‫ احد مكونات الشعلة االوكسي استيلينية ( بدرجة‬C2H2 ) ‫ من غاز االستيلين‬5 g ‫ ما هو الحجم التي تشغله‬. 4
‫ ؟‬740 Torr ‫ضغط‬
Solution : M(C2H2) = 2 × 12 + 2 × 1 = 26 g / mol
1 . We convert the temperature from °C to K
T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
2 . We convert the pressure from torr to atm
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
Patm = Ptorr ×
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 740torr × = 0.97 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝒎𝑹𝑻
3 . From equation V =
𝑷𝑴
𝟓 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝒌
V= = 5.25 L
𝟎.𝟗𝟕 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
**************************************************************************************************************************
5 .The volume of 3.7 g of a gas sample at 25°C and 0.184 g of hydrogen gas at 17°C
are the same . As the gasses are under the same pressure . What is the molar mass
of the gas sample ?
‫ وتحت نفس‬17°C ‫ من غاز الهيدروجين بدرجة‬0.184 g ‫نفس الحجم الذي يشغله‬25°C ‫ من غاز معين بدرجة‬3.7 g ‫ تشغل‬. 5
‫احسب الكتلة المولية للغاز ؟‬. ‫الضغط‬
Solution : M(H2) = 2 × 1 = 2 g / mol
T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 = 17 + 273 = 290 K
𝒎𝑹𝑻
From equation V =
𝑷𝑴
𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒌 𝟐.𝟏𝟗
V= =
𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑷
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝒎𝑹𝑻
From equation M =
𝑷𝑽
𝟑.𝟕 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝒌
M= 𝟐.𝟏𝟗 = 41.3 g / mol
𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒎 × 𝑷

pg. 34 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
6 . 45 ml of hydrogen gas was collected at 25°C and 754 torr pressure as a result of
an experiment to obtain hydrogen gas through the reaction of magnesium
element and hydrochloric acid . As vapor pressure of water is 23.8 torr at 25°C .
calculate the number of moles of H2 gas obtained from the experiment ?
‫ من‬45 mL ‫ في احدى التجارب لتحضير غاز الهيدروجين من تفاعل عنصر المغنيسيوم مع حامض الهيدروكلوريك تم جمع‬. 6
‫ اذا كان الضغط البخاري للماء)الضغط الجزئي لبخار‬754 Torr ‫ وتحت ضغط‬25°C ‫ فوق سطح الماء بدرجة حرارة‬H2 ‫غاز‬
.‫ التي تم جمعها في هذه التجربة‬H2 ‫ احسب عدد موالت غاز‬23.8 Torr ‫ هو‬25°C ‫الماء في الهواء مشبع ببخار الماء ( بدرجة‬
Solution :
PTotal = PH2 + PH2O
754 = PH2 + 23.8
PH2 = 754 – 23.8 = 730.2 torr
We convert pressure from mmHg to atm
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
P atm = Ptorr × = 730.2 torr × = 0.96 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
We convert volume from ml to L
𝟏𝑳 𝟏𝑳
V (L) = V mL × = 45 ml × = 0.045 L
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
We convert °C to K
T(K) = T°C + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
By using ideal gas law ;
𝑷𝑽
Pv = n R T 𝒏=
𝑹𝑻
𝟎.𝟗𝟔 (𝒂𝒕𝒎)×𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟓 (𝑳)
n= = 0.0018 mol
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 (𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ) ×𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝒌
************************************************************************************************************************************************

7 . Calculate mole fraction of each component as total pressure of the gas mixture
which has 78% mole of nitrogen and 22% mole of oxygen is 1.12 atm . What are the
partial pressure of components ?
1.12 atm . ‫ فاذا علمت ان الضغط الكلي للخليط‬.‫ مول اوكسجين‬22 % ‫ مول نايتروجين و‬78 %‫ خليط من الغازات يحتوي على‬. 7
.‫ وماهو الضغط الجزئي لكل مكون من مكونات الخليط‬. ‫احسب الكسر المولي لكل مكون‬
Solution :
𝟎.𝟕𝟖 𝟎.𝟕𝟖
XN2 = = = 0.78
𝟎.𝟕𝟖+𝟎.𝟐𝟐 𝟏
𝟎.𝟐𝟐 𝟎.𝟐𝟐
XO2 = = = 0.22
𝟎.𝟕𝟖+𝟎.𝟐𝟐 𝟏

PN2 = PT . XN2 = 1.12 atm × 0.78= 0.874 atm

PO2 = PT . XO2 = 1.12 atm × 0.22 =0.246 atm

pg. 35 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
8 . Average rate of fluorine molecules under certain temperature and pressure is
0.038 m/s . What is the average rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) gas molecules under
the dame condition ? “ F = 19 , S = 32 , O = 16 “
‫ جزيئات‬SO2 ‫ما معدل سرعة‬. ‫ تحت شروط معينة من درجة حرارة وضغط‬0.038 m/s ‫ لجزيئات الفلور معدل سرعة مقدارها‬. 8
.‫غاز ثنائي اوكسيد الكبريت تحت الشروط نفسها‬
Solution : M(F2) = 2 × 19 = 38 g/mol
M(SO2) = 32 + 2 × 16 = 64 g/mol
𝒓𝑭𝟐 𝑴𝑺𝑶𝟐
= √
𝒓𝑺𝑶𝟐 𝑴𝑭𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟖 (𝒎𝒍/𝑺 ) 𝟔𝟒 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

= √
𝒓𝑺𝑶𝟐 𝟑𝟖 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )

Taking the square root of both side ;

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟒
=
𝒓𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟐 𝟑𝟖
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒
= 1.68
𝒓𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟐
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝒓𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟐 =
𝟏.𝟔𝟖
𝒓𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟐 = 0.00086 ( ml / S )2
𝒓𝑺𝑶𝟐 = 0.029 ml/S diffusion rate of SO2
************************************************************************************
9 . Circle the correct answer for the following question .
:‫ اختر الجواب المناسب‬. 9
 Which of the following can be the sample with a density of 1.6 g/l at 26 °C
temperature and 680.2 mmHg pressure ?
a) CH4 b) C2H2 c) CO2 d) SF6
‫ اي من الغازات االتية هو النموذج؟‬680.2 mmHg . ‫ وضغط‬26°C ‫ بدرجة‬1.6 g/L‫ نموذج من غاز نقي ذو كثافة‬.
solution ;
T(K) = T°C + 273 = 26 + 273 = 299 K
𝟏𝑳
P(atm) = P mmHg ×
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈
𝟏𝑳
= 680.2 mmHg × = 0.895 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈
𝑹𝑻 𝝆
𝑴=
𝑷
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 (𝑳 .𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲) ×𝟐𝟗𝟗 (𝑲) ×𝟏.𝟔 (𝒈/𝑳)
𝑴= = 44 g / mol
𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟓 (𝒂𝒕𝒎)
MCO = 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g/mol
(C) ‫ أي ان االختيار الصحيح هو‬CO2 ‫من الكتلة المولية يتضح انه غاز‬

pg. 36 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
 At which of the following temperature and pressure condition dose helium gas
have a molar volume of 51.4 L/mol ?
a ) 25 °C temperature , 0.25 atm pressure b ) 0 °C temperature , 0.5 atm pressure
c )300 °C temperature .1.00 atm pressure d ) 40 °C temperature , 0.50 atm pressure
:‫عند‬51.4 L/mol ‫ هو‬He ‫ الحجم المولي لغاز‬. 
Solution :
𝑉
‫ نعوض معلومات كل فرع في القانون‬..... ‫الحجم المولي هو‬
𝑛
T (K) = T(°C) + 273 = 40 +273 = 313 K
𝑽 𝑹𝑻 𝑽 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟏𝟑𝑲
= = = 51.4 L / mol
𝒏 𝑷 𝒏 𝟎.𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎
‫ ( هو المناسب‬d ) ‫أذن االختيار‬
*********************************************
 Which of the following is the diffusion rate of O2 gas at the same temperature ?
A ) 4 times greater than the diffusion rate of 𝑯𝟐 gas
B ) 2.08 times greater than the diffusion rate of 𝑯𝟐 gas
C ) 0.35 times greater than the diffusion rate of 𝑯𝟐 gas
D ) 0.125 times greater than the diffusion rate of 𝑯𝟐 gas
‫ في نفس درجة الحرارة؟‬O2 ‫ أي مما يلي هو معدل انتشار غاز‬. 
Solution :
𝒓𝑶𝟐 𝑴𝑯𝟐
= √
𝒓 𝑯𝟐 𝑴𝑶𝟐

𝒓𝑶𝟐 𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) ‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬c) ‫االختيار‬

= √ = 0.35
𝒓 𝑯𝟐 𝟑𝟐 ( 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 )
*********************************************
 Which of the following is the number of moles of hydrogen gas with 22.4 litter
volume at 1 atm pressure and 30°C temperature?
a ) 0.11 mol b ) 1.00 mol c ) 0.90 mol d ) 1.11 mol
‫ درجة مئوية؟‬30 ‫ و‬atm 1 ‫ القمامة عند ضغط‬22.4 ‫ أي مما يلي هو عدد موالت غاز الهيدروجين مع حجم‬. 
Solution : T(K) = T°C + 273
= 30 + 273 = 303 K
From ideal gas law
PV = n R T
𝑷𝑽
n=
𝑹𝑻
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟐.𝟒 𝑳
n= = 0.9 mol ‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬c) ‫االختيار‬
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 .𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝒌

pg. 37 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases

 A gas occupies a volume of 430 ml at 754.2 torr pressure and 28.2°C . If this gas
is cooled to 20°C , what will be the pressure in torr ?
a) 534.9 torr b) 733.7 torr
c) 775.3 torr d) 842.3 torr
‫ فان ضغط‬، 20°C ‫ فاذا برد الغاز الى‬754.2 Torr ‫ وتحت ضغط‬28.2°C ‫ بدرجة حرارة‬430 mL ‫ يشغل غاز حجما مقداره‬. 
:‫ هو‬Torr ‫الغاز مقاسا بال‬
Solution :
We convert °C to K
T (K) = T (°) + 273
T1 (K) = 28.2 + 273 = 301.2 K
T2 (K) = 20 + 273 = 293 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟐 ‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬b ) ‫االختيار‬
P2 =
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏
𝟕𝟓𝟒.𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝑲
P2 = = 733.7 atm
𝟑𝟎𝟏.𝟐 𝑲
*********************************************
 In which of the following cases can Chasle’s law be applied
a) Pressure change b) Constant temperature ( d ) ‫ ( و‬c ) ‫االختيار الصحيح‬
c) A temperature rang d) Very low pressure
:‫ يمكن تطبيق قانون شارل عند‬. 
*********************************************
 In a “ 1 “ litter container . There are 3 non-reacting gasses according to this .
What is the pressure of the first gas ?
a) 1/3 of total pressure
b ) Total pressure – partial pressures of other gasses
‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬b ) ‫االختيار‬
c) Number of molecules
d) Always atmospheric pressure
:‫ لذا فان ضغط الغاز االول يساوي‬، 1 L ‫ اناء يحتوي على ثالث غازات ال يحصل بينهما تفاعل حجمه‬. 
*********************************************
 If we assume that some amount of a gas has a volume of 117 cm3 at 39 °C . At
which temperature will the volume of the gas be 213 cm3 ?
a) 39 °C b) 78 °C c) 395 °C d) 295 °C
‫ عند درجة‬213 cm3 ‫ فان حجم الغاز يساوي‬39°C ‫ عند درجة‬117 cm3 ‫ اذا علمت ان حجم كتلة معينة من غاز يساوي‬. 
:‫حرارة‬
Solution :
T(K) =T °C + 273
pg. 38 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
T(K) =39 °C + 273 = 312 K
After conversion we find the volume by Charles law
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏 ( 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) ( 𝟑𝟏𝟐 ) ‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬d ) ‫االختيار‬

T2 = = = 568 K
𝑽𝟏 (𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟑 )

568(K) = t °C + 273 t °C = 568 – 273 = 295 °C

*********************************************
 A gas has a volume of 20 litters at 760 mmHg pressure . Which of the following
is the volume at 38 mmHg pressure ?
a ) 10 L b ) 20 L c ) 40 L d ) 400 L
:‫ فانه يشغل حجما قدره‬38 mmHg ‫ وعند ضغط‬760 mmHg ‫ عند‬20 L ‫ غاز معين يشغل حجما قدره‬. 
Solution :
P1 V1 = P2 V2
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟕𝟔𝟎 ×𝟐𝟎 ‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬d ) ‫االختيار‬
V2 = = = 400 L
𝑷𝟐 𝟑𝟖
*********************************************
 In which of the following dose 2 g of hydrogen gas have largest volume ?
a) 0 °C , 1 atm

b) 273 °C , 380 mmHg

‫ ( هو االختيار الصحيح‬c ) ‫االختيار‬
c) 273 °C ,120 mmHg
d) 17 °C , 700 mmHg
:‫ من غاز الهيدروجين حجما اكبر‬2 g ‫ في واحدة من الظروف االتية يكون لكتلة‬. 
*******************************************************************************************************************
10 . What is the mass of Cl2 gas found in a 10 liter container at 27 °C under 3.05 atm
pressure ? (atomic mass of cl is 35.5 g/mol )
‫ علما بان‬3.05 atm ‫ وتحت ضغط‬27 C ‫ عند درجة حرارة‬10 L ‫ بالغرامات موجود في خزان حجمه‬Cl2 ‫ ما كتلة غاز‬. 10
. 35.5 g/mol .‫الكتلة الذرية له تساوي‬
Solution :
M(H2) = 2 × 35.5 = 71 g / mol
T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
𝑷𝑽𝑴
From equation m =
𝑹𝑻
𝟑.𝟎𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟏𝟎 𝑳 ×𝟕𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
m= = 88 g
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲

pg. 39 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
11 . What is the molar mass of the gas sample which has a mass of 1.25 g and 1 liter
volume at 27 °C and 0.961 atm pressure .
. 27°C ‫ وعند درجة حرارة‬0.961 atm ‫ تحت ضغط‬1 L ‫وحجمها‬1.25 g ‫ ما الكتلة المولية لعينة غاز كتلتها‬. 11
Solution : T(K) = T(°C ) + 273 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
From equation
𝒎𝑹𝑻
M=
𝑷𝑽
𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝒈 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎.𝑳/𝒎𝒐𝒍.𝑲 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲
M= = 32 g / mol
𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟏 𝑳
*******************************************************************************************************************
12 . Helium gas in a meteorology balloon has a volume of 250 liters at 740 mmHg
pressure and 22°C temperature when the balloon reaches 400 liters volume and
pressure of 0.475 atm , it bursts . At which temperature will the balloon burst ?
‫ يتغير حجم هذا البالون تبعا‬740 mmHg ‫ وتحت ضغط‬22°C ‫ الهيليوم عند‬250 L ‫ بالون ارصاد جوي يحتوي على‬. 12
.‫ فعند اي درجة سيليزية سينفجر‬، 0.475 atm ‫ وضغط‬400 L ‫للظروف الجوية وينفجر عندما يصل حجمه‬
Solution : T (K) = T (°) + 273
T (K) = 22 + 273 = 295 K
We convert the pressure from mmHg to atm
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
Patm = PmmHg ×
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 740mmHg × = 0.97 atm
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏
= T2 =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝟎.𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑳 ×𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝑲
V2 = = 231 K
𝟎.𝟗𝟕 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑳
T(°C ) = 231(K) - 273 = - 42 °C
*******************************************************************************************************************
13 . Explain the following :
1- When you go cycling in summer . Do you expect that the pressure in tires to be
higher at the beginning or end of cycling .
Answer: Pressure rises at the end of the journey due to high temperature and
increased collision of particles due to increased kinetic energy.
‫ هل تتوقع ان يرتفع الضغط داخل اطار دراجتك في بداية الرحلة‬. ‫اذا قمت برحلة بدراجتك في احد ايام الصيف شديد الحرارة‬- .1
. ‫ام نهايتها‬
.‫ يرتفع الضغط في نهاية الرحلة بسبب ارتفاع الحرارة وزيادة االصطدام للجزيئات بسبب زيادة طاقتها الحركية‬: ‫الجواب‬
2- If you check the fully inflate tiers of your bicycle after you use the bike for some
time , will the air in tiers be cold or warm ?
Answer: Warm. Because the particles leaking out of the narrow opening, resulting in
frequent collisions between them, increasing their kinetic energy and high energy.
pg. 40 Your teacher wherever you are
 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
.‫ اذا سمحت بتسريب بعض الهواء من االطار المنفوخ تماما في دراجتك بعد استعمالها فهل هذا الهواء سيكون باردا ام دافئا‬. 2
‫ الن الجزيئات المتسربة تسارع بالخروج من الفتحة الضيقة مما يؤدي الى كثرة االصطدامات بينها مما يزيد من‬. ‫ دافئا‬: ‫الجواب‬
.‫طاقتها الحركية وارتفاع الطاقة‬
3- If gasses behaved ideally at different temperature and pressure conditions .
matter wouldn’t have solid or liquid forms why ?
Answer : Because it will contain fixed distances from the inter-spaces between them.
‫ لو سلكت الغازات جميعا في مختلف الشروط من درجة الحرارة والضغط سلوكا وكأنها مثالية عندها لن تكون هناك‬. 3
.‫حاالت سائلة ام صلبة للمادة‬
.‫ النها سوف تحتوي على مسافات ثابتة من المسافات البينية بينها‬: ‫الجواب‬
4- At the same temperature . Average diffusion rates of carbon monoxide and
nitrogen are practically the same . Why ?
Answer : Because they have same molar mass .
M ( CO ) = 12 + 16 = 28 g / mol
M(N2) = 2 × 14 = 28 g / mol
. ‫ في درجة حرارة واحدة فان معدل انتشار احادي اوكسيد الكاربون وغازالنتروجين متماثل عمليا‬. 4
. ‫ الن كتلتيهما واحدة‬: ‫الجواب‬
***************************************************************************************************************************************

14. In a can . there is a mixture of some gasses at 20°C and 4.5 atm pressure . When
this can was left on send on a hot day . Pressure of gasses inside the can rose to
4.8 atm . What is the temperature of the send ?
‫ فاذا تركت هذه العلبة في جو حار وعلى‬20°C ‫ وعند درجة حرارة‬4.5 atm ‫ تحتوي علبة ملطف جو على غازات تحت ضغط‬. 14
. ) ‫ ما درجة حرارة الرمل)بالدرجة السيليزية‬4.8 atm ‫الرمل يرتفع ضغط الغازات داخل العلبة الى‬
Solution :
We convert temperature from °C to K
T(K) =T °C + 273
T(K) = 20 °C + 273 = 293 K
We find out through Gay – Lussac law
𝒑𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 (𝟒.𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 )(𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝒌 )
T2 = = = 312.5 K
𝑷𝟏 (𝟒.𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎)
T(°C ) = 312.5 (K) - 273 = 39.5 °C
***************************************************************************************************************************************
15 . What would be the final pressure if the temperature of the sample of oxygen
gas was increased from 21 °C to 68 °C under 0.97 atm constant pressure ?
‫ تحت حجم ثابت احسب الضغط النهائي‬68°C ‫ الى‬21°C ‫ سخنت من‬0.97 atm ‫عينة من غاز االوكسجين تحت ضغط‬. 15
. atm ‫بوحدات‬
Solution : We convert temperature from °C to K

pg. 41 Your teacher wherever you are

 Chapter Two
Asaad ALamiry
Gases
T(K) =T °C + 273 = 21 °C + 273 = 294 K
T(K) = 68 °C + 273 = 341 K
𝒑𝟏 𝑷𝟐
We find out through Gay – Lussac law =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑻 𝟏 (𝟎.𝟗𝟕 𝒂𝒕𝒎 )(𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝒌 )
P2 = = = 1.12.5 atm
𝑻𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝑲
***************************************************************************************************************************************
16 . What is the volume of a gas which has a volume of 94 ml at 25°C and 0.6 atm
pressure when it is at 66 °C temperature and 0.85 atm pressure ?
‫ عندما يكون‬94 mL ‫ حيث يتمدد بالنهاية الى‬66°C ‫ ودرجة حرارة‬0.85 atm ‫ احسب الحجم االبتدائي لغاز تحت ضغط‬. 16
. 25°C .‫ ودرجة الحرارة‬0.6 atm ‫الضغط المسلط عليه‬
Solution : T (K) = T (°) + 273 = 66 + 273 = 339 K
T (K) = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏
V1 =
𝑷𝟏 𝑻 𝟐
𝟎.𝟔 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝑳 ×𝟑𝟑𝟗 𝑲
V2 = = 75.5 mL
𝟎.𝟖𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 ×𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲
*******************************************************************************************************************
17 .A gas mixture in a container consist of CO2 with a partial pressure of 289 mmHg .
O2 with a partial pressure of 342 mmHg and N2 with a partial pressure of
122 mmHg . What is the total pressure of gasses in this container and mole
fraction of each gas ?
‫ بضغط جزئي‬N2 ‫ و‬342 mmHg ‫ بضغط جزئي‬O2 ‫ و‬289 mmHg ‫ بضغط جزئي‬CO2 ،‫ خليط من ثالث غازات‬. 17
.‫ماهو الضغط الكلي للخليط والكسر المولي لكل غاز في الخليط‬ 122 mmHg
Solution : 1) Total number of moles is found
PT = PCO2 + PO2 + PN2
PT = 289 mmHg + 342 mmHg + 122 mmHg = 753 mmHg
2) Mole fraction of noble gasses are found

𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

XCO2 = = = 0. 384
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

𝑷𝑶𝟐 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

XO2 = = = 0.454
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

𝑷𝑵𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

XN2 = = = 0.162
𝑷𝑻 𝟕𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈

pg. 42 Your teacher wherever you are