MATHEMATICS

Standard V

Part - I

Government of Kerala
Department of Education

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), KERALA

2016
 The National Anthem
Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga
Tava subha name jage,
Tava subha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

PLEDGE
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and
sisters.
I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and var-
ied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all el-
ders and treat everyone with courtesy.
I pledge my devotion to my country and my people. In
their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happi-
ness.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
E-mail : [email protected]
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869
First Edition : 2014, Reprint : 2016
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
Dear children,
We have learnt much about Numbers and Shapes
We’ll now see larger numbers and fractions.
Work with them and see their peculiarities
Use them to solve problems
We’ll also see new ideas in Geometry
And draw new shapes
Let’s think logically, draw precisely
Find new connections
And move ahead with confidence.

Dr. P. A. Fathima
Director
SCERT
 TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Participants

Rameshan N.K., Susheelan K.

H.S.A., RGMHS Panoor, Kannur BRC, Trainer, Thirur, Malappuram
Kunhahmmad T.P. Vasudevan K.P.
UPSA, GMUP School, Tiruvallur Master Trainer, IT@School Project, Thrissur
T.P. Prakashan Veeran Kutty K.
HSA, GHSS Vazhakkad, UPSA, CHMKMAUPS Mundakkulam,
Malappuram Malappuram
Ravikumar T.S. Rawayath M.K.
UPSA, GUPS, Anjachavadi, Teacher, GHS, Bemmannur, Palakkad
Malappuram
Krishnadas Paleri
Anita V.S. UPSA, GUPS Kodiyamme, Kasaragod
Lecturer, DIET, Thiruvananthapuram

Experts
Dr. Ramesh Kumar P.
Asst. Prof. Kerala University
Dr. Mumtaz N.S.
Associate Prof. Farook Training College, Kozhikode

Artist
Dhaneshan M.V., AVS GHSS, Karivelloor, Kannur
Kunhiraman P.C., DIET Ernakulam
Harikumar K.B., Kazhakkuttam, Thiruvananthapuram
Hari charutha, Nemam Thiruvananthapuram

ENGLISH VERSION
Dr. E. Krishnan Venugopal C.
Prof.(Rtd) University College, Asst. Professor, Govt. College
Thiruvananthapuram of Teacher Education, Thiruvananthapuram

Academic Co-ordinator
Arun Jyothi. S. Research Officer, SCERT

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Vidya Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram
Contents
1. Number World ........................ 07

2. When Lines Join ...................... 19

3. Equal Sharing .......................... 33

4. Circles ..................................... 51

5. Part Number ........................... 61

Certain icons are used in this textbook
for convenience

Computer Work

Additional Problems

Project

Self Assessment
 1
Number World
Number game
"Do you like number games?", Zaina teacher asked.
"Oh! Yes!", said the children.
"I'll say a number; you give me the next number at once. Ready?"
"Ready!"
"Ten", teacher began.
"Eleven", said all the children.
"Forty three"
"Forty four"
The game went on.
"Four thousand ninety nine", teacher said.
"Five thousand", replied some one.
"Oh! No!... Four thousand and hundred",
some caught on.
Such mistakes are common.
Try this on your friends.
First Day Fiesta
What is the number
of children in
First Day Fiesta class 1?
What is the largest
number you can
read?
What is the largest
four-digit number?

What is the next

number?

435268 children in Class 1.

8
And the largest five-digit number?
What is the next number?
How do we find this number?
Giant number
How do we read it?
Look at the table of large numbers: If we are asked for a large number, we
often say crore or hundred crore. Put-
1 One ting ten zeros after one makes thou-
10 Ten sand crore. Think about the size of the
number with hundred zeros after one.
100 Hundred
This is called googol. This name was
1000 Thousand popularized by Edward Kasner in
10000 Ten thousand 1938.

100000 Lakh In most countries, one lakh is named

hundred thousand and ten lakh is
1000000 Ten lakh
named million.
10000000 Crore

100000000 Ten crore You're always

counting
This continues with hundred crore, thousand numbers! What's
crore, and so on. your goal?
Now can you say what we get when we add one Googol!
to ninety nine thousand nine hundred and ninety
nine?
99999 + 1 = 100000
How do we read this?
Look it up in the table.
Lakh has six digits.
That is, lakh is a six-digit number.
Can you write the largest six-digit number?

Can you write the number we get when we add one to nine lakh ninety nine
thousand nine hundred and ninety nine?
How do we read it?
That is, 999999 + 1 =
9
$ For each number below, find two numbers in the table between which it lies.

3245; 435268; 26736; 43526720

$ Write down a six-digit number. Between which two numbers of the table is it?
How do you read it?

$ Write down five numbers between a lakh and ten lakh. Read the numbers.

Distance of planets
The table gives the distances of the planets from the Sun.

Planets Distance (km)

Mercury 57909175
Venus 108200000
Earth 149600011
Mars 227940000
Jupiter 778333000
Saturn 1429400000
Uranus 2870990000
Neptune 4504300000

What is the distance of the Earth from the Sun?

The table gives it as 149600011 kilometres. How do we read this number?
Fourteen crore, ninety six lakh and eleven.
What is the distance of Jupiter from the Sun?
What is the distance from the Sun to its nearest planet?
What is the distance from the Sun to its farthest planet?
Read all these distances.

10
Many forms of ten thousand
See how 10000 is given in various forms:

100 hundreds

1000 tens 10000 ones So many numbers

How many five-digit numbers can
10000
you make using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 with-
out repeating? It is not an easy task
10 thousands 1 ten thousands to write down all these.
Suppose we start with just two dig-
Now try this for 100000:
its, say 3 and 4. The only two-digit
numbers we can make with these
(without repetition) are 34 and 43.
s
.....

one
.....

Now try with three digits. We can

....
....

.....

make 6 three digit numbers.

ten

.....
s

Now can't you do this with four

digits?
.............. hundreds 100000 .............. lakhs
How about five?
.....
ds
san

ten

.............. hundreds
hou

tho
. t

usa
.....

nd

...
.....

...
s

...
ns

...
te

...
...
..

...
...

...
...

...
...

.
...

1000000
............................ .............. ones
And 1000000
.....
....
....

.....
....

.....
....

.....
....
....

.....
....

.. .

11
One number, different forms
$ See how 85492 is written in different
forms.
854 hundreds .......
....... 9 tens .......
2 ones

A game with digits

12345
Write the above number five times, ........................ ones
side by side. Now, you ....................... ones
......................... tens
have a very large number. 85492 ......................... tens
Strike off any ten digits you like. ................ hundreds
................ hundreds
The remaining digits in the same
............... thousands
order make a fifteen-digit number. ............... thousands
What is the largest fifteen-digit ....... ten thousands
number you can make like this?

..................... tens .............. ones

$ Fill the blanks with suitable numbers: Where are the remaining
numbers, after you struck off
what you didn't like?
...... ones ...... hundreds ...... ten thousands ...... lakh The remaining were those
I didn't like at all!

6 ones
............... ones
3 tens ............................. tens
48 hundreds ............ .......... tens thousands

2 tens thousands ................ lakh

3 lakh

..................... tens .............. ones

$ Write 136749 in different forms.

12
Population
The population of some states of India, according to the 2011 census, is given below:

States Population Palindromic number

Jammu-Kashmir 12548926 Numbers which read the same both

Himachal Pradesh 6856509 forward and backward, such as
Uttarakhand 10116752 36563, are called palindromic num-
bers.
Haryana 25353081
Rajasthan 68621012 Can we make a palindromic number,
Uttar Pradesh 199581477 staring with any number? Take any
Bihar 103804637 number. Reverse its digits and add
to the original. Reverse the digits of
Sikkim 607688
this number and add.
Kerala 33387677 69 +
Tamil Nadu 72138958 Continue till we get 96
Karnataka 61130704 a palindromic number.
165
Goa 1457723 See what happens
561
when we start
Punjab 27704236 726
with 69.
627
$ From the table, which is the state with least 4884 is a palindromic 1353
population? What is its population? number, isn't it?
3531
$ Which is the state with largest population? Try with other numbers. 4884
What is its population?
$ What is the difference in population between
these two states? It is not known whether this process
$ What is the total population of our neighbour will eventually reach a palindromic
states, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka? number every time. For example,
$ How much more is the population of Uttar it is found that starting with 196, this
Pradesh than Bihar? process does not gave a palindrome,
even after seventy crore steps.
$ Order the states according to their population.
Make more questions based on the table and present
in the class.

13
 Digit sum and
Let's make numbers digital root
Ziad and Meera are making numbers with digit- The sum of the digits of a
cards. These are the cards they have: number is called its digit sum.

4 0 7 8 5 6
For example, the digit sum of
347 is 3 + 4 + 7 → 14.
$ What is the largest number they can The digit sum of 14 is 1 + 4 = 5.
make with these cards? 5 is called the digital root of 347.
What is the speciality of the
$ And the smallest?
digital roots of the
$ Find out the sum and differences of these. numbers 9, 18, 27, 36...?

Number chain
In the picture on the right, write in the
second row, the difference of two
nearby numbers in the first row. Then in 475368 998838 470993 503213
the third row, write the difference of
nearby numbers in the second row. And
523470
finally, the difference of these two
numbers in the bottom box.

Budget
In the budget of a Panchayath, money
allotted for various sectors are as shown
in this table:

Sectors Amount (Rs)

Health 1255000

Education 789000

Road Development 2060000

Drinking water 490000

14
$ Which sector is allotted the largest amount?
Kaprekar constant
$ And the least amount?
What is the largest number we can
$ How much more is allotted to Road make with the digits 2, 3, 5, 6
Development than Education? without repetition? And the
smallest?
$ What is the total allotment?
What is their difference?
$ For the next year, the allotment is to be 6532 − 2356 = 4176
increased by 4 lakhs. Draw up a revised budget, The digits in this number are 4, 1,
in two different ways. 7, 6. If we repeat the above pro-
cess with these, we get
Multiple multiplication
A school decided to give pens to all children par- 7641 − 1467 = 6174

ticipating in the Onam festival. The price of a pen is Now repeat this process with this
6 rupees; and there are 256 children. What would number. What do you see? Try
other numbers.
be the total cost?
This was discovered by D.R.
How do we calculate this?
Kaprekar, who was a school
256 × 6 = ................. teacher in Maharashtra. The num-
ber 6174 is called the Kaprekar
A panchayath decided to provide furniture for the
constant.
primary school. The price of a desk is 3456 rupees.
What would be the total cost for 85 desks?
We want to calculate 3456 × 85.
Start with any four digit
We can write it out like this:.
number. Reverse the digits
3456 × 85 = 3456 × (5 + 80 ) and find the difference of
these numbers. Continue
= (3456 × 5) + (3456 × 80)
with this number.
Now 3456 × 5 = ............... What do you see?

3456 × 80 = ...............

So, 3456 × 85 = ...............

15
We can shorten it like this:
3456 × No computation!
85 The last digit of the product
17280 of the numbers 1 to 5 is 0.
276480 Why?
293760 Look at this:

Uniforms 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 1 × 3 ×4 × 10.
There are 528 girls and 442 boys in a school.
What about the product
Uniform for a girl costs 210 rupees and for a
of number upto 10?
boy, 160 rupees. What is the total cost for uni-
How many of the last digits are 0's?
forms?
Can you find out without
It's all the same computing the actual
Rajeevan Master bought three packets of crayon, product?
each for 12 rupees, as prize for the quiz. After
the competition, two more children had to be given prizes and so he bought two more
packets. How much did he spend in all?
First, he spent = 12 × 3 = 36 rupees

Then he spent = 12 × 2 = 24 rupees Number relations

So altogether he spent = 36 + 24 = 60 rupees Find the product of any
four consecutive numbers
This can be done in a different way:
and add 1 to it.
He bought 3 + 2 = 5 packets. Now find the product of
the first and last of these numbers
And the price of each packet is 12 rupees.
and add 1 to it.
So he spent in all 12 × 5 = 60 rupees. Do you see any relation
between these two?
What do we see here?
Check it out for
(3 + 2) × 12 = (3 × 12) + (2 × 12) more numbers.

16
Doing in head
Do these without pen and paper:
$ (225 × 98) + (225 × 2)
$ (45 × 92) + (45 × 8)
$ (115 × 88) + (115 × 12)
$ (132 × 7) + (132 × 993)

Let's do it!

$ In an educational district, there are 215 schools; and the district panchayath allotted
4850 rupees to each of these, for setting up Math Lab. And also 76500 rupees each for
36 schools for a Computer Lab. How much is the total allotment for labs?
$ Under the Noon Meal Scheme, 150 grams of rice is allotted per day for each child. In
a High School, 1240 children are in this scheme. How many kilograms of rice is
needed per day?
$ In an Upper Primary School, the PTA collected 236465 rupees to build a computer lab.
It is in 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10 and 5 rupee notes. There are hundred 1000 rupee notes.
What are the possible numbers of others? Write at least three different possibilities.
$ It was decided to give 1221 books each to 587 selected libraries in the state during the
Reading Week. How many books are to be bought in all?
$ In an election, contested by two candidates, the winner got 374436 votes and his rival
got 293760 votes. What is the winner's majority? 1436 votes were invalid. How many
votes were polled?

Project
Write a four digit number and reverse the digits. Find the difference of these two. Do
you note any speciality of the digital root of this number?

17
 Looking back
Achievements On my own With teacher’s Must
help improve

$ Writing and reading large numbers

like lakh, ten lakh and crore.

$ Interpreting place value as the ten fold

increase in moving to the right.

$ Interpreting numbers in terms of

ones, tens, hundreds, thousands and
so on, depending on the context.

$ Finding appropriate methods to mul-

tiply by three digit numbers.

$ Describing various methods for mul-

tiplication.

$ Solving practical problems involving

large numbers using the four basic
operations.

18
 2
When Lines Join
 Straight and slanted
Malu came to the class with photos of her vacation
tour. Appu looked at some of the photos for some
time and said, "There's something common to all
these."
These are the photos:
Leaning Tower
The photo shows a tower in the city of
Pisa in Italy. It is famous as the Leaning
Tower of Pisa.

Later the tower was found to lean slowly.

Though the tower could have been
strengthened, it was decided to maintain
a slant, as a tourist attraction.

"What's it?", all his friends looking at the photos.

"In all these, there are things going upwards; some
straight up, others slanted"
Did you note this in these photos?

20
Four sides
Shown below are some figures with four sides (called Polygons
quadrilaterals).
Geometrical figures made up of lines are
named according to the number of sides
- those with four sides are quadrilaterals,
those with five sides are pentagons,
1 2 3
those with six sides are hexagons and
so on.

Quadrilateral
4 5
6

Pentagon

7 Hexagon
8
In these, some sides go straight up from the bottom
line; and some are at a slant.
For example, look at the first one _ left line goes Septagon
straight up, while the right one is slanted to the left.
Look at the other figures and complete this table:

Figure Upright Slanted Octagon

1 Left line Right line

2 .

3
4
5 Left line, right line
6
7
8

21
Set squares
Ramu is trying to cut out a
rectangle from a wooden plank.
See the tool he uses to make a side
straight up from the other.
It is called a set square.
Your geometry box also has a pair
of set squares.

l What are their uses?

Let's check
Look at this Quadrilateral:

Are the left and right lines straight up from the bottom?
Not very sure, are you?

22
Let's check with a set square.

GeoGebra
GeoGebra is a software
used to teach and learn geometry
at different levels,
The right line is a bit slanted to the right. starting from school geometry.
It is available for various
Let's draw! operating.
This figure shows a line with a small dot (point) We use GeoGebra 4,
on it. under GNU/Linux.
It was created in 2001
by Markus Hohenwater,
We want to draw a line straight up to this line; and a teacher at University
also through the point. of Salzberg, Austria.
For this also, we can use a set square. It is continuously improved
by developers from all parts
of the world, currently led
by Michal Borchirds,
a Mathematics teacher
in a School.

The line we draw now meets our needs.

The set square has three corners; and we used one of these to draw the line
straight up. This corner of the set square is special. An edge through this
corner is straight up from the other. It is called the square corner.

23
 Now draw such a figure in your notebook.
Draw a line and two lines straight up from it.
How many such lines can you draw?
From the end point of a line, how do we draw an upright
line?
Let's first see how we draw such a line through the left end
point.

Now from the right end point.

Do you see why we extend the line to the right?

Quadrilaterals We can also draw it like this:

Start GeoGebra selection by Application

→ Education → Geogebra. Then
select Tools → polygon tools →
polygon. Click at four positions and then
the first position within the GeoGebra window.
We get a quadrilateral. Make different
quadrilaterals like this.
Click the Move tool from the tool bar and
then drag the left and right sides to make them
upright.

24
Now try these problems:
 Draw a line 6 centimetres long. From the left end point, draw an upright
line, 3 centimetres high. From the right end point, draw an upright line, 4
centimetres high. Join the top ends of these lines.
 Draw a line 7 centimetres long and from each end point, draw upright lines,
both 4 centimetres high. Draw a line joining the top ends of these lines.
Measure its length.
Look at the figure you got. Isn't it a rectangle? What are its length and breadths?
Here are some things of rectangular shape:

Measure the sides of some such objects.

Opposite sides of a rectangle have the same of length,
right?
What can we say about the corners?
A rectangle has square corners.

25
Let's draw rectangles!
 Draw a rectangle with nearby sides 6 and 5 centimetres long.
 Draw a rectangle with all sides 5 centimetre long
 The figure on the right is drawn using a ruler and a set square. Draw this figure in the
same size.
3 cm
2 cm

2 cm
2 cm
3 cm 3 cm
Tilting rectangle
Ammu draw some rectangles using a set square. Then she had a mischievous idea. Why not
draw with another corner? This is how she drew:

And this is what she got:

Seeing this, Rahim used the third corner to draw a figure

like this.
In both of these, the left and right lines are slanted.
Are the slants the same?

26
New shapes
 The picture on the right is drawn using
various corners of a set square. Can
you draw it in your notebook?
3c

 Rahim put a dot on a paper and drew lines from

m.

m.

it, using only one corner of a set square, to

3c

3 cm. 3 cm. make this picture.

How many sides does this figure have?
3c
m.

Can you do this in your notebook?

m.
3c

 Using the other corners of a set square, draw similar figures around a point.
How many sides does each of these figures have? a dot as in the above case. Find out

Upright and slanted

All these are drawn using different corners of a set square.

Measure the sides of each and write the lengths near them.
Note anything about the lengths of opposite sides?

27
 Rectangles
with computer
Do all figures look the same?
Let's see how we can draw a rectangle of
specified lengths for sides using What are the differences?
GeoGebra. For example, a rectangle of In the rectangle, the left and right sides are
sides 3 and 2 centimetres. straight up.
In the other figures, they are slanted.
Do they have the same slant in all figures?
D C
Every figure has four corners.
A corner is made where two sides meet.
A B In the language of math, we say
Two lines meeting at a point, form an
angle.
Click view and select Grid. We get cross-
cross lines as above. Click New point and So we can say that each of these figures has
mark the points A, B, C, D. With the four angles; and the angles are different.
Polygon tool, click on A, B, C, D in that Look at the various angles in some of the
order. We get a rectangle. The lengths of letters:
the sides can be displayed using the
Distance tool. Clicking the Move tool and
dragging the sides, we can change the
lengths. VEFWXZY
These letters are made using only straight
Word and meaning lines.
The word "angle" comes from the Greek Can you find the others?
word "ankylos" meaning "bent" or "not
How many angles does each have?
straight." The
joint between the You can see angles in classroom, home and
foot and the leg outside.
is called "ankle" Draw them in your notebook.
and comes from
the same root.

28
Spread and angle
11 12 1 11 12 1
Look at these pictures of clocks. 10 2 10 2
They show different times. 9 3 9 3
The hands of a clock make an angle. 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5
Look at the gap between the
hands in both clocks; are they the same?
The hands of the second clock are spread more Spreading angles
apart. That is the angle has increased a bit.
We can show the change in the
The second clock shows 10 : 10 spread of an angle using GeoGebra.
What happens when the time is 10 : 15? Use the Circle with Centre
through Point tool to draw a circle.
Joining angles The centre of the circle will be named
Look at this angle, drawn using a corner of a set A and a point on it B. Mark two
square. other points C and D on the circle.
Use the Segment between Two
Points tool to join the points A and
B . Now we hide the circle, point A
and point B. For this, first right click
on the circle and in the drop-down
menu, unselect Show Object. In the
same way, hide the points A and B.
With the same corner again, draw another angle on Now by dragging C or D, we can
the top like this. change the spread of the angles.

How many angles do we have now?

Two? Or Three?

29
 P
C
To talk about these three angles, let's give them names.

A B
The first angle we draw can be called CAB or BAC; and the second one, PAC or CAP. We
use the symbol ∠ to denote an angle. Thus the first angle can be written ∠CAB (read
"angle C, A, B").
The second angle is ∠PAC.
What's the name of the third angle?
Which of these three is the largest?
And the smallest?
Two angles shown on the right are drawn using
different corners of a set square.

We can draw the first angle within the second.

So, the first one is smaller than the second.

Some angles are shown below:

A D

B C E F

O
G

I
M N
H
30
 Set square
fun
Which is the smallest among these?
The picture
And the largest? shows two set
Write the names of all these in order of their sizes. squares of the
same type put
together. What
is the speciality of this rectangle?

Let's do it! Two set squares

of the other
kind can be put
 How many angles are there in this picture? together like
this. What is the
speciality of
this triangle?
Try to make other shapes using set
squares.

4m 6m
 The floor plan of a house is as shown on the 2m
right. 3m
3m
2 metres in the actual floor is taken as 3m
1 centimetre in this plan.
Can you draw it in your notebook, taking
1 centimetre for 1 metre? 5m
4m
4m

2m

31
 Looking back
Achievements On my own With teacher’s Must
help improve

$ Recognizing peculiarities of sides and

angles of rectangle and square and
solving problem based on them.

$ Recognizing angles in objects seen

around.

$ Drawing angles using necessary tools.

$ Recognizing shapes, naming them and

describing peculiarities.

$ Describing angles and rectangles using

GeoGebra.

32
 3
Equal Sharing
Let's share
For the Independence Day celebration, the children in class V-A of Ramanujan Memorial
UP School were divided into six groups and each given some task. The teacher gave some
sweets to Meenu for distributing equally among the groups.
Division trick Meenu counted them: 48 in all.
Ammini teacher bought 65 How do we divide 48 sweets equally among 6 groups?
sweets for 5 groups of children.
First set apart one for each group.
She had bought 6 packets of 10
sweets each and 5 more sweets Can you continue this with the remaining?
loose. How would she distribute
these among the groups?
First she would give one packet
to each group. Then what?
Open the remaining packet and
put in the loose 5, to make 15
sweets in all.
These 15 sweets could be
divided among the 5 groups by
giving 3 to each.
So each group would get one
packet and 3 more, which is Finished?
10 + 3 = 13 How many does each group get?
Instead of doing one by one like this, can we directly find
out how many sweets we have to give each group?
What’s the total number of sweets?
So, the number of sweets for each group, added 6 times
must give 48.
What number multiplied by 6 gives 48?
Can’t we put this differently?
48 divided by 6 gives 8.
That is, 48 ÷ 6 = 8

34
Now, when 56 sweets were distributed among the groups of class V – B, each group got 8
sweets. How many groups were there?
To calculate the number of groups, what should we do?
Let’s split 56 sweets into sets of 8.

How many sets of sweets?

So class V – B is divided into how many groups?

Any idea to find out the number of groups, without actually splitting the sweets as above.
It is 56 sweets that has to be split into sets of 8. So 8 added as many as the number of groups
gives 56. That is, 8 multiplied by this number must be 56.

8 multiplied by what number gives 56?

So, what number do we get on doing 56 by 8?

56 ÷ 8 = 7
Thus we find out the number of groups in class V-B.
The table below shows the number of groups some classes were divided into, and the
number of sweets given to these classes. Fill in the missing details.

Class Number of Number of Number of sweets

sweets groups for each group
5C 70 5 -
6A 96 - 8
6B 84 6 -
6C - 7 12

35
 The total price of 7 pens is 98 rupees, all
Number magic!
of the same prices. What is the price of one
pen?
Think of a two-
digit number.
Amal bought 6 notebooks, all of the same
Subtract the sum
price. He gave one hundred rupee note and
of its digits from
the shopkeeper gave him 4 rupees back.
the number.
What is the price of a notebook?
Divide this by the 96 children came for volleyball practice
digit in the ten’s and they were divided into groups of 8. How
places of the original number. You got many groups would be there?
9, right? Some cars and autorickshaws are parked in
Check this out with other two-digit a ground. Nandu says, there are 100 wheels
numbers. in all. Riaz says there are 12 autorickshaws.
Now take a three-digit number.
How many cars are there?
Subtract the sum of digits from the 8 rolls of cloth, each of 76 meters, are
number. Divide this by 9. Subtract the bought for boys’ uniform in a school. Each
digit in the ten’s place of the original boy is to be given 4 metres. Using one roll,
number. Divide this number by the digit how many boys can be given cloth? How
in the hundred’s place. many boys, using all the 8 rolls?
Didn’t you get 11? No pen or paper!
Play around with some more three- 108 gooseberries are to be divided among 4
digit numbers. children.
Suppose we divide 100 berries first.
How much would each get?
Do it in your head! Which number multiplied by 4 gives 100?
But I've nothing
there! So, 100 divided among 4 gives 25 to each.
Now 8 more berries remain. If those are also
divided, each would get 2 more.
Altogether each gets, 25 + 2 = 27
What do we see here?

36
To divide 108 by 4, we can divide 100 and 8 Calendar Math

separately by 4 and add. Take any month's calendar

and mark off four numbers
Now try to do these problems also in your head: in a square.
If 168 rupees is divided among 8, how much
5 6
would each get?
If 175 pens are packed into 7 packets, how 12 13
many pens would each packet have?
Add these numbers and
189 notebooks are to be divided among some
divide the sum by 4.
children, so that each gets 9 books. How
Do this with other such
many children are there?
squares. Is there any relation
A 72 centimetre long string is used to make between the quotient and the
first number in the square?
a square. What is the length of a side of this
square?

Book distribution
735 notebooks are in a school and these are to be divided equally among five classes.
How many books would each class get?
There are 7 bundles of 100 notebooks each, 3 bundles of 10 each, and then 5 more.
Let’s first take up the bundles of 100.
How many such bundles can be given to each of the 5 classes?
How many left?
How do we divide this among 5 classes?
Let’s see. Each of these bundles contain 10 bundles of 10 notebooks.
So, how many bundles of 10 do we get from 2 bundles of 100?

37
 Another calendar trick
How many bundles of 10 were already there?
In the calendar of any month, mark off
9 numbers in a square.

So, altogether how many bundles of 10?

3 4 5
If these 23 bundles are divided among the
10 11 12 5 classes, how many would each get?

How many bundles are left?

17 18 19
If these 3 bundles of 10 are untied and the 5 loose
Add all these numbers and divide the
books already there are added, how many
sum by 9. Take other 9 numbers like
this and do this. Is there any relation notebooks would be there in all?
between the quotient and the middle
number? And with the first number? If these 35 books are divided among 5 classes,
how many would each get?

We can write the number of notebooks each class got; like this:

Bundles of 100 = .................

Bundles of 10 = .................

Loose = .................

Total number of books is,

= (1 × 100) + (4 × 10) + 7

= 100 + 40 + 7

= 147

38
Let’s write down these computations in shorthand like this:

1 4 7

Hundreds Tens Ones

5 7 3 5 Magic square

1×5=5 5
8 1 6
2 2 × 100 3 5
= 20
×1 0
20 3 5 7

23 5
4 9 2
4 ×5 = 20 20

3 3×1 5 This is a magic square of

0 3 rows and 3 columns.
30 What is the sum of
all numbers in this?
35
Divide the sum by 9.
7 × 5 = 35 35 What number did you get?
Check this out for other magic
squares of three rows and
We can shorten this further: three columns.
1 1 14
5 735 5 735 735
1×5 5 1×5=5 5 1×5=5 5
2 23 23
4 × 5 = 20 20
14 14 147
735 5 735 5 735
1×5=5 5 1×5=5 5 1×5=5 5
23 23 23
4 × 5 = 20 20 4 × 5 = 20 20 4 × 5 = 20 20
3 35 35
7 × 5 = 35 35
Thus, 735 ÷ 5 = 147

39
 Let's do it!
Raju, Rahim and Benny did a job together
Tricky division and got 860 rupees. How much would
To divide 300 by 15, we need each get if this is equally divided?
only to divide by some smaller The perimeter of a square garden is 884
numbers. What are they? meters. What is the length of a side?
15 = 3 × 5
856 rupees was spent by 4 friends for a
So, we first divide 300 by 3 and
trip. If this is to be equally shared, how
then the result by 5.
much should each give?
Can’t you now find the answer?
Do this also in your head James bought 5 each of two kinds of CFL
bulbs for 100 rupees. The price of the
450 ÷ 18 cheaper lamp is 85 rupees a piece. What
168 ÷ 24
is the price of one of the costlier kind?
In a government school, 6 clocks of the
same price are bought for 924 rupees.
I've had enough problem How much is needed to buy 7 more such
with appeals and to cap
How's the cap it all, now a math clocks?
problem? problem! Under the milk distribution scheme,
each child is to be given 150 millilitres.
How much milk is needed for 20
children?
In a school, 54 litres of milk is needed
each day. How many children are given
milk there?
Cap problem
693 rupees was spent to buy caps for all
11 players of a cricket team. What is the
price of a cap?
How do we compute the price of a cap?
693 rupees is to be divided into 11 equal parts.

40
That is, divide 693 by 11.
Let’s think of the 693 rupees as 6 hundred rupee notes, 9 ten rupee notes and 3 one rupee
coins.
How do we divide 6 hundred rupee notes into 11 equal parts?
It cannot be done; so let’s change them into 10 rupee notes.
6 hundred rupee notes = ……… ten rupee notes.
Cyclic division
Hundreds Tens Ones Look at this picture:
6×1
11 6 00 = 9 3
60 × 7 285
10 85 714
60 3 142
69
1 2
Total number of ten rupee notes =
714285

428571
If 69 ten rupee notes are divided into 11 equal parts, 142857
how many would be in each part?
How many are left?
857
Let’s change these remaining ten rupee notes into 428 142
571
one rupee coins.
How many one rupee coins? 142857 multiplied by 1 is itself.
If it is multiplied by 2?
6
285714. Compare this with the
Hundreds Tens Ones first number.

11 6 6 × 100 = 60 × 9 3 Now can you find out, by what

1 0 number 142857 should be
60
multiplied to get each number in
69 3 the outer circle?
11 × 6 = 66 66
3×1
3 0 =3 3
0
30

41
 The total number of one rupee coins is

6 3
Hundred Tens Ones
11 6 9 3
60
Tricks with zero
69 3
Kilograms, quintal and tonne 11 × 6 = 66 66
are units of weight. 3 3
100 kilograms = 1 quintal 30
1000 kilograms = 1 tonne 33
How many quintals make a tonne? 11 × 3 = 33 33
So 1000 ÷ 100 = 10
1 tonne = 10 quintal If 33 one rupee coins are divided into 11 equal
Milligram and gram parts, how many would be in each part?
are two other units of weight.
1 gram = 1000 milligram
So, the price of one cap is
So how many grams 6 ten rupee notes + 3 one rupee coins
in 5000 milligrams?
5000 ÷ 1000 = 5 = 63 rupees
5000 milligrams = 5 grams
Let’s shorten this computation a bit more.
Now can you do these?
63
3000 ÷ 1000
11 693
5200 ÷ 100
11 × 6 = 66 66
20300 ÷ 100
33
15000 ÷ 100
11 × 3 = 33 33

That is, 693 ÷ 11 = 63

Scholarships
The school office got 16425 rupees to
distribute equally among 15 students as
scholarship. How much should be given to
each?

42
Here, let’s think of the 16425 rupees as 16 thousand rupee notes, 4 hundred
rupee notes, 2 ten rupee notes and 5 one rupee coins. Let’s first divide 16
thousand rupee notes equally among the 15 students.

How many does each get?

How many are left?

Thousands Hundres Tens Ones Gram and sovereigns

15 16 4 2 5 Anu saw an advertisement
15 that the first prize is one
kilogram of gold. She was
1 4 2 5
puzzled. Weight of gold is not
Now let’s change the one remaining thousand rupee note usually said in terms of
into hundreds. kilograms. She had heard
One thousand rupee note = …...... hundred rupee notes. mother saying that sister’s
necklace weighs two
Together with the 4 hundred rupee notes already at hand,
sovereigns.
this makes how many in all?
What is the relation between
grams and sovereigns? A
1
gold sovereign weighs 8
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones grams.

15 16 4 2 5 One kilogram is 1000 gram.

15 So how many sovereigns in
1 one kilogram of gold?
1  1000 = 10 4 2 5
 100
10
14 2 5

We can’t divide 14 hundred rupee notes equally among 15. Thus none gets a hundred
rupee note.
Let’s change them into tens.
14 hundred rupee notes = …...... ten rupee notes.
Together with the 2 ten rupee notes at hand, this makes how many ten rupee notes in
all?

43
 If these 142 ten rupee notes are divided equally among 15, how many would
each get?

1 0 9

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

15 16 4 2 5
15

1 1 × 1000 = 10 4 2 5
× 100
10
14 14 × 100 = 1 2 5
40 × 10
15 × 0 = 0 0 140
142 5
15 × 9 = 135 135 4
7 5

Standing together
How many are left?
Let’s start with a three-digit number,
say 415. We write the number again If these ten rupee notes are changed into one rupee
alongside, to make 415415.
Divide this six-digit number by 7. coins, how many would we have?
What is the quotient?
Together with 5 one rupee coins already at hand,
Divide this quotient by 11.
What is the quotient? how many one rupee coins in all?
Finally, divide this last quotient by
13. If 75 one rupee coins are divided equally among
What do we get? 15, how many would each get?
Check this out with other numbers.
Why does his happen?
Calculate 7 ×11 × 13.
Now multiply any three-digit number
by 1001 and see what happens.

44
Let’s consider all these computations like this:

1 0 9

Thousands Hundred Tens Ones

15 16 4 2 5
15 × 1 = 15 15
1 1000 = 10 4 2 5
×1 00
10
14 14 × 100 2 5
= 140 ×
10
15 × 0 = 0 0 140
142 5
15 × 9 = 135 135
7 7 × 10 = 70 5
70
75
15 × 5 = 75 75

We can shorten this further: Calendar math

In the calendar of any month, mark
1095 off 16 numbers in a square.
15 16425
15 × 1 = 15 15 5 6 7 8
14
15 × 0 = 0 0 12 13 14 15
142
15 × 9 = 135 135
75 19 20 21 22
15 × 5 = 75 75

26 27 28 29
Thus, 16425 ÷ 15 = 1095

If 2460 rupees is divided among 12, Add all these numbers and divide the sum
how much would each get? by 16. Any relation with the first number?
Draw other squares and check.

45
 Left overs
If 175 rupees is divided among 7, how much would each get?
To find this, let’s divide 25
175 by 7. 7 175
Square Sum
7 × 2 = 14 14
Look at these numbers arranged in a
Each gets 25 rupees.
35
square: Suppose 180 rupees is
7 × 5 = 35 35
to be divided among 7?
1 2 3 4 5
180 rupees is 5 more
11 12 13 14 15 than 175 rupees.
And 175 rupees can be divided equally among 7, each
21 22 23 24 25 getting 25 rupees.
31 32 33 34 35 The remaining 5 rupees cannot
be equally divided among 7.
41 42 43 44 45 25 Thus if 180 rupees is divided
among 7, each gets 25 rupees
Do you see any relation between 7 180
and 5 rupees is left over.
numbers in rows and columns? Find the 7 × 2 = 14 14
sum of all these numbers and divde by 40
In the language of numbers, we
say that, on dividing 180 by 7,
25. Does the answer have any relation 7 × 5 = 35 35
with the middle number in the square? the quotient is 25 and the
5
remainder is 5. This we write
as on the left

We first saw that 175 = 7 × 25

Now we note that 180 = 175 + 5 = (7 × 25) + 5
Thus, the divisor multiplied by the quotient, with the
remainder added gives the dividend.
1 .... 6 2....9
Let’s do it! 12 1 7 5 2 14 2926
Some divisions are shown on .... ....
the right. Fill in the missing ....... ....
digits. 4 8 ....
....... ....
....... ....
0 0

46
Fill in the missing numbers:

Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder

56 8 7 0
369 3 ....... .......

486 4 ....... .......

Remainder
448 ....... 7 .......
Among how many people can 20
948 12 ....... ....... litres of milk be distributed, if each
....... 16 23 8 is to be given 3 litres?
6 persons, right?
4736 15 ....... .......

And 2 litres would be left.

....... 35 48 0
That is, 20 = (3 × 6) + 2
....... 62 74 13
If each is to be given 6 litres?
8365 23 ....... .......
Then 3 persons can be given and,
527 ....... 20 7 the left over would again be 2 litres.
If it is 7 liters for each?
Then the leftover becomes 6 litres.
1825 notebooks are to be bought for the school
That is, 20 = (7 × 2) + 6
store. How many bundles of 25 should be bought?
Thus the amount left is determined
It was decided to give a ladoo to each of the 768
by how much each is given.
children in school, to celebrate the victory in Math
Fair. There are 24 ladoos in one kilogram. How In terms of pure numbers, the
many kilograms should be bought? remainder in a division depends on
the divisor. The remainder is
Abu decided to deposit 35 rupees in the bank each always less than the divisor.
week. He has 1505 rupees in his account now. For
how many weeks has he been saving?
A panchayath allotted 325500 rupees for
renovating the libraries of 14 schools. If this is
equally divided, how much would each school get?

47
 In an auditorium, 864 chairs are arranged
Sir, I tried the problem by in 24 rows. All rows have the same number
a new method. Two more
auditorium must be build! of chairs. 1260 chairs more are to be put
in without adding chairs to any row. How
many more rows have to be added?
How many weeks are there in a leap year?
How many more days are there?

2 7
On the right, the
13 3 7
divisions of a four- 2 6
digit number by 13 is
8
shown. Fill in the
missing digits.

5
$ The bill Thomas got for his purchases is shown below:

Item Weight (kg.) Price (rupees)

Rice 15 480

No division Sugar 4 136

What are the Mung beam 5 360

remainders got on Chick pea 6 276
dividing the numbers
Total 1252
366, 425 and
499 by 15? From the same shop, Kannan bought these:
Is their sum divisible by Rice - 12 kg.
15? Can we divide Sugar - 3 kg.
without actually dividing
the sum? How? Mung bean - 2 kg.
Chick pea - 5 kg.
How much should Kannan pay?

48
 216 children are arranged in lines, 12 in each line. How many lines are there?
Some more children join. Each line now has 25 children and the number of lines
is the same. How many came in later?
Look at the way numbers are written below:
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
(a) What is the relation between the quotient on dividing the number in each column
by 6? And between the remainders?
(b) What is the relation between the quotients on dividing each row by 6? Between the
remainders?
(c) What would be the first and last number in the 10th row?
(d) What would be the 4th number in the 18th row?
(e) In which row and column would the number 345 occur?

Project

Write down any eight numbers and find the differences of every two of them. Is at least one
such difference divisible by 7?
Check for other eight numbers.
Why does this happen?
When a number is divided by 7, what are the possible remainders?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are the 7 possible remainders.
So, when 8 numbers are divided by 7, at least two of the remainders must be the same; and
when their difference is divided by 7, the remainder is zero.
For example both 67 and 109, on division by 7, leaves the same remainder 4.
What is the remainder on dividing their difference by 7?
Now write any 13 numbers and check whether the difference of some pair is divisible by
12.
Do this, starting with different number of numbers.

49
Looking back
Achievements On my own With teacher’s Must
help improve

Explaining division in terms of

grouping and equal distribution.

Describing the process of long

division.

Describing different methods of

division and finding own
method.

Doing simple division in head.

Relating the dividend, divisor,

quotient and remainder.

Solving practical problems using

four arithmetical operations.

Assembling the details for

solving a problem and using
relevant operations to solve the
problem.

50
 4
Circles
 Razia is getting ready to draw some geometric figures.

Wheel and Circle

$ Men used horizontal wheels

to make clay pots more than
five thousand years ago. What shape is she now drawing?

$ And about four thousand Using rims of glasses and bangles, can’t you also draw
years ago, used vertical circles?
wheels to move vehicles. Look at these:
$ The invention of wheel is an
important event in the
progress of mankind.

Three circles; different sizes.

How do we draw such circles?
We have to find circular things of these sizes.
Is it easy?

52
Out of box
Fathima is drawing a picture.

Spin a top

A cardboard circle
What is she trying to draw? with a stick through it
She is using a tool for this; you can also find such a tool makes a top.
in your geometry box – it is called a compass.
See if you can draw a circle using a compass, as Fathima
has done.
How did you draw?
Fix the pointed end of the compass at one spot and then
the compass around.
Now spread the compass a bit more and draw another
circle. A bigger circle, right?
This fixed point is called the centre of the circle.
Look at the picture:
Which of the above tops
will spin properly?
Why?
To make a good top, where
should the stick
pierce the circle?

What can we say about these circles?

The centre is the same for both; but the outer circle is larger.

53
 The larger circle is got by spreading the compass more.
We can put it this way also; when we increase the distance from
the centre, we get a larger circle.
Circle
in GeoGebra That is, the size of the circle increases with the distances from
the centre.
There are two tools in
GeoGebra for drawing
circles. The distance from the centre to the circle is called
• Circle with centre the radius of the circle.
through a point.
• Circle with centre To draw a circle, we spread the compass. The distance between
and radius. the pointed end of the compass and the tip of the pencil is the
radius.

Hope you have a bet-

ius
rad
ter turnover this time!
dius
ra

Measure and draw

How do we draw a circle of radius 3 centimetres?

m
3c

54
$ Measure the radius of this circle.

Triangle from circles

$ Draw a line 2 centimetres long. Draw

two circles each of radius 2 centi-
metres, centred at the end points.

$ Draw a circle of radius 5 centimetres.

$ Draw a circle of radius 3 centimetres. If a point
is 5 centimetres away from the centre, would
it be inside or outside this circle? 2 cm
$ All circles in the picture below are of same
radius

Now draw a triangle like this.

2 cm

What are the lengths of the other two

Can you draw this in your notebook with
circles of radius 3 centimetres? sides of this triangle?

$ Draw circles of radius 3 centimetres,

4 centimeters and 5 centimetres.

55
 Diameter
Look at this circle:

Hexagon from circles

Draw three circles of the same

radius as shown below. If we
join the centres of outer
circles and the
points where they cut across
the middle circle,
we get a hexagon.
Measure its radius.
See this picture:

The radius is extended.

What is the length of this line?
Can you draw other lines of the same length within the circle?
How many such lines can we draw?
Can we draw a longer line within the circle?
So, the lines through the centre are the longest.
Such a line is called a diameter.

56
So, a diameter is the longest line that we can draw within a
circle.
The length of such a line is also called diameter.
Find out!
Thus diameter is twice the radius; or radius is half the
diameter. Draw a triangle and extend the
sides like this:
diameter = 2 × radius

$ Measure the diameter a

of this circle.

c
b
Equal parts
Draw a circle and a diameter.
Draw parts of circles of the same
radius centred at the three
corners as in the picture, cut
these out and then together like
this:
a
c b

How do we draw another diameter which is straight up to

this? Don’t you get a circle?

Just use a set square like this: Do this for different triangles.
Do you get a circle every
time?
Now draw a quadrilateral
instead of a triangle and do
this.
Do you get a circle again?

57
 Where is the centre?

Achu draw a circle using a bangle.

He wants to draw a diameter. But
he can’t find the centre.
See how it is done using a set
square. To how many equal parts did the circle get divided into?
Let’s join the ends of these diameters:

What shape do we get?

Now draw any other two diameters and join their ends.
Do we always get the same?
$ Using different corners of set squares, draw other
shapes.
$

What shape do we get here by joining the points?

How many sides does it have?

58
$ Using a set square as in this picture, how
many equally spaced dots can be marked on
the circle?
Magic circle

Look at this picture:

These are joined to make a polygon. How

many sides does it have?

$ How many equally spaced points can be

marked in the circle, using a set square as
above? If we join these to draw a polygon,
Some points on the circle are joined.
how many sides would it have?
Complete the picture by joining all pairs
of points.

Hidden shapes

Let’s do it!

Use a set square to draw a 24 sided polygon within

a circle.
Draw this picture in your notebook and
colour it. What all shapes can you find in it?

59
 Looking back
Achievements On my own With teacher’s Must
help improve

$ Drawing circles of specified size using

compass.

$ Drawing geometric shapes and

patterns by combining other shapes.

$ Describing the relation between

diameter and radius of a circle.

60
 5
Part Number
 Half means...
After eating two dosas, Mini said, "Not a full dosa, Mom! I want only half".

Half a dosa means, cutting a dosa into two equal parts, right?

Look at this picture:

Half the circle is coloured.

What about this line?

Half the line is blue, half is red.

Think of such a line, 1 metre long.

We say, half a metre for half of one metre. So the blue part is half a metre and
the red part is also half a metre.

1 litre of milk is divided equally among two kids. How much did each get?
1
Half means one of two equal parts. In math, we write it as .
2

Thus we can write

1
• Mini wants only of a dosa.
2
1 1
1
• of the circle is coloured. 2 2
2

62
 1 Fraction in India
• Half of 1 metre is metre.
2 Sulvasutras are Indian mathematics texts
• Half of 1 litre is 1
litre. written during 500 BC. They contain
2 various problems involving fractions.
Now look at this picture: The ancient Egyptians usued fractions
from around 3000 BC, but mostly frac-
tions of numerator 1. But all types of frac-
tions are seen in ancient Indian texts,
such as Brahmasputhasiddanta of
Brahmagupta and Ganithasarasa-
mgraha of Mahavira.

1
Is the coloured part of the circle?
2

Why do you say, "No"?

Look at these pictures:

1
2
1 1
2 2
1
2

A square is divided into halves in two different ways:

Can you halve a square in any other way?

Three parts
Using a set square, we can
mark six equally
spaced points on a circle.

63
 Suppose we join only the alternate points to the centre.

Egyptian fractions

In Egypt, fractions were denoted by special sym-

bols around 3200 BC. Draw this in a cardboard and cut out
For example, they write
1
as the pieces.
3
Some other Egyptian fractions: Aren't they all the same?
1
= So, we can say each piece is one-third
2
2 of the circle.
=
3
And we write,
3
=
4 1
of the circle.
3
1
=
10
1
3
1
3
1
3

64
If a string of length 1 metre is cut into three equal pieces, each is of
length 1 metre.
3

If one litre of milk is divided equally among three, how much would
each get?

Father brought a cake and mother cut it like this:

Father gave his share to Abu; so he got two pieces.

That means, 2 of 3 equal pieces.

2
We say two-thirds of a cake and write this as of a cake.
3

How do we write mother’s share?

2
3

1
3

On a string 1 metre long, three equal parts are marked; and one piece
cut off:

1 metre

What is the length of the smaller piece?

And the longer one?

65
 Draw a square of side 3 centimetres. 1 cm

Mark points on the top and bottom sides,

1 centimetre from the left.

3 cm
3 cm
Join these points.

The square is now split into two rectangles, right?

1 cm
How much of the square is the smaller rectangle?

And the larger?

1 2
Colour the part red, and the part green.
3 3
Can you split the square into 1 and 2
in any other way?
3 3

• In the picture below, what part of the rectangle is coloured?

1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901
1234567890123456789012345678901

2
• Colour of the square below.
3

66
 2
• Colour of the rectangle below blue, and the remaining green.
3

PhET
3 cm

PhET is a free software that make

the learning of sciences interesting. It
6 cm
was developed by Colorado Univer-
What part is coloured green? sity in USA. It can be used offline
also.
• One metre long string is made into a
Open it by clicking
square. What is the length of one side?
Application → School Resources →
PhET

1234567890123456712345678901234567
Then click , Simulation → Math →
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
Build a fraction to the different
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567 simulation on fractions.
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
Such activities are also available in
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
Fraction Intro.
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
1234567890123456712345678901234567
12345678901234567

What part of the square above is coloured?

• In the line below, equally spaced dots are marked?

A B C D E F G

What part of the whole line is the length AD?

What about the length AC?
And AE?

67
 • In 20 minutes, the minute hand of a clock turns through how
much of a circle?
12
11 1
10 2

9 3

8 4

7 5
6

In 4 hours, how much of a circle does the hour hand turn?

When the minute hand moves from 1 to 9, how much of the circle
does it turn?

Parts of different forms

We know how to divide a circle into four
equal parts, using a set square.

Draw a circle in cardboard and cut out a piece

like this.

68
The piece cut off can be called one-fourth of the circle.
1
And we can write as .
4
What about the larger piece?
It is made up of three of the four equal parts.
3
We call it three-fourth, and write it as .
4
1
We often say "quarter" for and "three-quarter"
4
3
for . Common ter ms
4
Let's cut out one more small piece from the larger Some fractions which we commonly use
piece and paste it to the smaller. have names in English

1
quarter
4

1
half
2

3
three quarters
4

Both pieces are now half the circle, right?

1
That is, of the circle.
2

Laila says, "Each of these pieces is made up of two parts of four equal parts; so each
is two-fourths".

She is right: two-fourth is also half; that is two-fourths and one half are both halve the
whole.
2 1
In math, =
4 2

Four equal parts are marked on a one-metre long string:

1 metre

How long is each part?

69
 Let's cut out two pieces as shown below:

What is the length of each piece?

Each is made up of 2 parts of 4 equal divisions of 1 metre; so we can

say 2
metre. Or we can say 1 metre, since it is half of 1 metre. (And
4 2
this is easier to understand, right?)

Now cut out two circles of the same size and mark six equally spaced
points in each. In one of these, join the alternate points to the centre;
in the other, joining all points to the centre. Each part of the first
circle is 1 of it.
3

What about the second circle?

1
3

Suppose we colour two parts of the second circle:

70
It is 2 of 6 equal parts and so we can say it is 2 ; but this is equal to the coloured
6
1
of the first circle. (If you want, you can cut out these two pieces of the second
3
circle and put it over one part of the first circle to check).

That is, 1 and 2 mean the same thing.

3 6

Now let’s colour one more part of the second circle:

Dividing circles
Open GeoGebra and select Circle with
Centre through Point. Click on two po-
sitions to draw a circle.
Now select Line through Two Points
What do we see?
and click on the centre of the circle to
draw a line.
3
= 1
6 2 Next take Perpendicular Line and click
on this line and the centre of the circle to
draw another line.
Into how many parts is the circle now
divided?
How much of the circle is each part?

How about one more part?

Compare this with two parts of the first circle.

What do we get?

4 2
= 3
6

71
 Now draw a circle and split it into eight equal parts using a set square
as below:

These pictures show the parts coloured two at a time:

Below each, write the part coloured as a fraction in two different

ways.
A 1 metre long strip is cut into 12 equal pieces.

What is the length of each piece?

Let's join them in pairs:

What is the length of each pair?

It is 2 of 12 equal parts of 1 metre, and so we can say 2
metre.
12

72
If we look at each pair as a single piece, it is 1 of 6 equal parts of 1
metre and so is 1 metre.
6
2 1
metre = metre
12 6

What if we join the 12 pieces three at a time?

What is the length of each triple?

What do we see from this?

3
metre = ... metre
12

If we join four at a time?

The length of each is

............ metre = ............ metre
Now suppose we join the 12 pieces as below to make
two parts. Colour it

Length of larger piece is

............ metre = ............ metre
Length of smaller piece is
1 1
Part Part
............ metre = ............ metre 4 3

What if we join like this?

Length of larger piece is

............ metre = ............ metre 1 1
, Part
8 16
Length of the shorter piece is
............ metre = ............ metre

73
 Lets' do it!
• A circle is divided into 12 equal parts, using a set square.

In each picture below, some of these are coloured. Write under each,
the part colured as a fraction in two different ways:
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789 12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789 12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789 12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
12345678901
12345678901 123456789012345678
123456789012345678
1234567890123456789

12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123
12345678901234567890123

74
• A square is divided into pieces as below:

Triangle in triangle
Start GeoGebra and select the Polygon
tool. Click on three positions and than at
the first point again, to draw a triangle.
Take the Midpoint or Center tool and
click on each side of the triangle. Now we

1 1 have the midpoints of the sides.

Colour part of the square red, of
8 4 Again take Polygon and draw the trian-
1
it blue and of it green. gle joining these points. How much of the
2

How much of the square is left large triangle is each small triangle?
uncoloured?
Whole and part
We often say one and a half litres of milk, one and a quarter metres of cloth, two and
a half kilograms of beans and so on.
What do they mean?
Suppose we pour into a can, first one litre of milk and then half of one litre; how much
milk do we get altogether?
1
One litre together with half a litre makes one and a half litre; and we write 1 litres.
2

Likewise, two litres and quarter of a litre make two and a quarter litre.
1
Written 2 litres.
4

Look at this picture:

75
 The first circle is fully coloured.

What part of the second circle is coloured?

1
So, we can say 1 circles are shaded.
4

○
What about this figure?

○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○
○
○
○
○
○
1
One and one-third, written 1 .
3

In each picture below, say how many circles are coloured. Also write it in
box alongside.
○
○
○
○
○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

○ ○
○

○ ○

○ ○

○ ○

○ ○
○
○
○
○
○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○
○
○
○
○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○
○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

76
Sharing JfractionLab

If 6 cakes are divided among 3 children, how many cakes

JfractionLab is another free soft-
would each get? ware for forming and explaining
What if there are only 3 cakes? fractions. It can be opened through
Now if 2 cakes are to be equally divided among 3? Application → Education →
JfractionLab
Try the activities given under Click-
ing the Numerator and Defining
fractions.

How do we divide?
First cut one cake into three equal parts and give a piece to each.

Do the same with the other cake.

2
So each gets of a cake.
3
Now if 3 cakes are divided equally among 4 children, how much of a cake would each
get? Think about it:

77
 Measuring parts
If a 2 metre long ribbon is cut into 3 equal parts, what would be the
length of each piece?
Let’s first imagine each metre divided into three equal parts.

1 metre 1 metre

Now we have 6 equal parts; and we need only 3.

Let’s join them in pairs:

What is the length of each of these three pieces?

Each is made up of 2 pieces and each piece is one of
2
Names of measures 3 equal parts of 1 metre. That is metre.
3
So what do we see?
1 metre is 100 centimetre, righy? So
If 2 metres is divided into 3 equal parts, the length of
1
a centimetre is of a metre; and 2
100 each piece is metre.
1 3
a millimetre is of a centimetre.
10

How much of a litre is a millilitre?

Let's do it!
How much of a kilogram is a gram?
• A 2 metre long ribbon is equally divided among
5 girls. How much of a metre would each get?
How many centimetres is it?

“Half of half is a third • If 3 litres of milk is divided equally among 4, how

of three quarters.” much of a litre would each get? How many
millilitres is it?
Do you agree?
Cut a circle into pieces • 6 kilograms of sugar is to be made into 8 packets
and check. of equal weight. How much of a kilogram should
go into each packet? How many grams is it?

78
• The picture shows two ribbons of length one and two metres.

1 metre

2 metre

Mark 2
of the 1 metre ribbon.
5
1
Mark of the 2 metre ribbon.
5
Draw a line using the tool
Segment between two
What relation do you see between 2
of points from Geogebra
5 software. Can you divide
1 this line into two equal
1 metre and of 2 metres?
5 parts? Use the Mid Point
3 or Center Tool. Each
• Anu and Priya need ribbons, metre long. piece is what part of the
4
Anu has a 1 metre long ribbon and Priya has a total length?
Likewise, into how many
3
3 metre long ribbon. How do they cut off a equal parts can you divide
4
a line? 4, 8, 16.... right?
metre long piece from their ribbons?

Remainder and fraction

2
When 2 cakes are divided among 3 children, each gets of a cake.
3
What if it’s the other way round?
How do we divide 3 cakes equally among 2?
First, we can give one whole cake to each. Then divide the remaining
cake into two and a give a piece to each.
1
So, each gets 1 cakes.
2

If there are 5 cakes?

First give 2 cakes to each; then halve the remaining cake and give a
piece to each.

79
 1
So, each gets 2 cakes.
2

What about dividing 9 litres of milk among 4 children?

If one litre is given to each, 5 litres would be left.
So one more litre can be given to each and 1 litre is left.
Instead of subtracting 4 again and again like this, we can
first divide by 4, right?
Can you divide a line into
9 divided by 4 gives 2, and remainder 1.
three equal parts?
So each can be given 2 litres and 1 litre is left. How
Use the tool Circle and
about dividing this also?
Radius and Intersect Two
1
Objects. Each gets litre more.
4
What should be the radius of 1
So altogether, each gets 2 litres.
the smaller circle? 4

And the larger? A 20 metre long wire is cut into three pieces of equal
lengths.
What is the length of a piece?
20 divided by 3 gives 6, and remainder 2.
That is, if we cut into 6 metre pieces, we would be left with a 2 metre
piece.
Suppose we cut that also into three equal pieces.
2
Each piece would be metre long.
3
2
So, altogether, 6 metres.
3

Let's do it!

$ If a ribbon 8 metres long is divided equally among 5, how many

metres would each get? Can you say this in metres and
centimetres?
$ 15 litres of kerosene is used to fill 4 bottles of the same size.
How many litres does each bottle contain? Can you say it in litres
and milliliters?

80
$ 30 kilograms of sugar is divided equally among
8 people. How many kilograms does each get? Mental Math
Say in kilograms and grams. 1
$ How many sticks of length is 1
Fractions and divisions 4
metre placed end to end make 5
When 2 metres is divided into 3 equal parts, the metres?
2
length of each piece is written metre. 2
3 $ How many sticks of length 1
3
When 3 metre length is divided into 2 equal parts, metres placed end to end make 5
1
the length is usually written 1 metres. metres?
2
3
As in the first case, we can also write this as
3 $ How many litre bottles can be
2 4
1
metres (read “three-halves”). filled with 4 litres of water?
2
That is,
3 1
=1
2 2

Likewise, if 5 is divided into 2 equal parts, each can

5
be written .
2

In fact, if 5 litres of milk is divided equally between

2 persons, how many litres of milk would each get?
5 1
=2
2 2

So, if 9 is divided into 4 equal parts, how can each part be written?
And how do we write this in the usual way, as a natural number and a fraction?
9 1
=2
4 4

Now another question: if a 6 metre long string is cut into 2 equal parts, what
would be the length of each piece?
How do we write this, as above?
6
= 3
2

81
 We usually write 6 ÷ 2 for dividing 6 into 2 equal parts.
That is,
6
= 6÷2=3
2
Similarly,
6
= 6÷3=2
3
What about cutting a 6 metre long string into 6 equal parts?
6
The length of each piece is = 6÷6=1
6
5 divided by 5 also gives 1, right? So,
5
= 1
5
7
How do we split ?
3
7 divided by 3 gives 2, and remainder 1. If this remainder is also divided by 3,
1
we get . So,
3
7 1
= 2
3 3
Like this, write each fraction below in the form of a natural number and a
fraction:
17 17 17 17 17 16
, , , , ,
2 3 4 5 6 6

• If 7 metres of cloth is divided equally among 4 persons, how many

metres of cloth would each get?
• If 34 rupees is divided equally among 4 persons, how many rupees
would each get? How do we write this in rupees and paisa?
$

Riyaz, Rajesh and Ragesh bought four cakes and divided this equally
among them. Ragesh took his share first. Draw a picture of the
remaining. Then Riaz also took his share. Draw a picture of the
remaining.

82
• In the table below, each number in the second column is equal to
a number in the first, but not in order. Write them in the correct
order.

Column 1 Column 2 In the picture below, find out how

much of the square each colour is
6 1
1 used on:
8 2
8 2
3 3 1234567890
1234567890
15 3 1234567890
1234567890
4 4 12345 1234567890
12345
12345
12 16 12345
12345
8 10 12345
12345
12345
12345
8 2 12345
12345
2 12345
12345
5 3 12345
12345
4 3
3
6 4 1
4
12345
• Can we cut out from a 1 metre ribbon a piece 12345
12345
12345
4 12345
metres long? How do we cut out such a 12345
3 12345
piece from a 4 metre long ribbon? And from 12345
12345
a 2 metre long ribbon?

83
 Looking back
Achievements On my own With teacher’s Must
help improve

$ Interpreting fractions as parts of a

whole.

$ Writing a division as a fraction

$ Writing division involving remainder

as a fraction.

$ Expressing relation between large and

small measures in terms of fraction.

$ Explaining the fact that the same frac-

tion has different forms.

84