Application Development and Emerging -Coherence refers to the internal

Technologies (CC 106) characteristics of a group being united and

Chapter 1: Emerging Technologies logical interconnection.
-Coherence and its persistence over time
distinguish technologies that have acquired
+ What is Emerging Technology (ETs)?
a certain identity and momentum from those
- Day and Schoemaker (2000) and
still in a state if flux and therefore not yet
Srinivasan (2008) state that ETs are
emerging. For example, cloud, artificial
science-based innovations with the
intelligence, data analytics, and robotics are
potential to create a new industry or
grouped to achieve different use.
transform an existing one. Meanwhile, the
Business Dictionary defines ET as "new
technologies that are currently developing or d) Prominent Impact
will be developed over the next five to ten -Emerging technology provides benefits for
years, and which will substantially alter a wide range of sectors, transforms an
the business and social environment.” industry, and exerts much enhanced
- ET has no limited or fixed life. Technology is economic influence.
defined as emerging when it causes a -It applies a noticeable impact with narrow
radical change to business, industry, or scope, as well as wide-ranging impact
society. across domains and potentially the entire
socio-economic system by changing the
composition of actors, institutions, patterns
+ Five (5) main characteristics of Emerging
of interactions among those, and the
technology: associated knowledge production
a) Radical Novelty processes.
-Emerging technology may take the form For example, artificial intelligence
of a progressing technology. provides a prominent impact and
- Novelty or newness can also be generated enormous changes in different sectors
by putting existing technology to a new use. such as businesses, academe,
For example, the applications of artificial healthcare, and individuals around the
intelligence are applied to different uses world.
to achieve different results.
-Emerging technologies are radically novel. e) Uncertainty and Ambiguity
For example, they fulfil a given function by
-The prominent impact of emerging
using a different basic principle as
technologies lies somewhere in the
compared to what the previous
future. Thus, uncertainty features in the
technology used to achieve a similar
emergence process. On the other
purpose.
hand, ambiguity arises because proposed
applications are still malleable. Even the
b) Relatively Fast Growth knowledge of the emergence’s possible
-Emerging technologies show relatively outcomes is incomplete.Uncertainty and
fast growth rates compared to non- ambiguity are key starting concepts for a
emerging technologies. wide variety of science and technology
-Growth may be observed across a number studies that focus on the role of the
of dimensions, such as the number of expectations in technological emergence.
actors involved, public and private Emerging technologies are also
funding, knowledge outputs produced, characterized by uncertainty in their
prototypes, products, and services. possible outcomes and uses, which may
For example, users of Artificial be unintended and undesirable, and by
Intelligence are growing (e.g., various ambiguity in the meanings that different
companies, universities, and individuals) social groups associate with the given
technology.
c) Coherence For example, there are various
-Emerging technology is convergence of applications or uses of artificial
preciously separated research streams intelligence that some people can predict,
and technologies that have already but these applications may or may not
moved beyond the purely conceptual be successfully developed.
stage.
 d) Fourth Industrial Revolution, or
Industry 4.0
- the current and developing environment.
- The disruptive and cutting-edge
technologies such as: a) Big Data
Analytics; b) Internet of Things (IoT); c)
Cloud Computing; d) Augmented Reality
+ Emerging Technology Areas and Their
(AR)
Potential Applications - Cyber Physical Systems (physical,
a) Artificial Intelligence (AI) digital, biological)
- the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines and that processes
Chapter 2: Software Processes
include learning, reasoning, and self-
correction.
+ What is Software Process?
b) Quantum Computers - is a structured set of activities required to
develop a software system.
- computers that use quantum mechanics to
perform calculations that can solve some
problems far more efficiently than a + Four (4) fundamental activities of software
conventional computer. process:
a) Software Specification
c) Augmented Reality (AR) - also known as Requirements Engineering.
- technology that overlays computer- This is the process of establishing what
generated display, sound, text, and effects services are required and the constraints on
on a user’s view of the real world. the system’s operation and development.
-
d) Internet of Things (IoT) b) Software Design and Implementation
- a computing concept that describes the idea - the process of turning a system specification
of everyday physical objects being into an executable system or creating an
connected to the Internet and being able to executable system for delivery to the
communicate and interact with other customer constitutes the implementation
devices. stage of software development.

e) Cloud Computing c) Software Validation

- a general term for anything that involves - or verification and validation (V & V) more
delivering hosted services over the internet. generally, is meant to demonstrate that a
system complies with its specification and
- Examples: a) Google Docs, Microsoft fulfills the needs of the system customer.
Office 365; b) Email, Calendar, Skype,
WhatsApp; c) Zoom. d) Software Evolution
- refers to the procedure of initially developing
+ Industrial Revolution applications, then instantly updating it for a
variety of reasons, such as to add new
a) First Industrial Revolution, or
features or remove outmoded functionalities,
Industry 1.0 etc.
- began in the 18th Century.
- Mechanical production (uses steam and
+ What is a Software Process Model?
water).
- Software process model (sometimes called
as Software Development Life Cycle or
b) Second Industrial Revolution, or SDLC). It gives a description of a process
Industry 2.0 from a certain angle, giving just a partial
- began in the 19th century. picture of that process.
- Mass production (uses electricity).
+ General Software Process Models:
c) Third Industrial Revolution, or
a) Waterfall Model
Industry 3.0 - this is an example of plan-driven
- began with the first computer era. process. this model presents the software
- Digital (IT, electronics). development process as a number of
 stages, because of the cascade from one Chapter 3: Software Requirements Analysis
phase to another.
- this model is mostly used for large + What is Software Requirements
system/application development projects Specification?
where a system is developed at several
- also known as Requirements Engineering.
sites.
- is the procedure of discovering, analyzing,
documenting, and verifying these services
b) Evolutionary Model
and restrictions.
- this model is a combination of iterative and
incremental model software development life
cycle. + Types of Requirements
- this model can be used for interactive
systems that are small to medium in size, for a) User Requirements
the user interface of large systems, and for - diagrams and descriptions in natural
systems with short lifespans. language of the services the system is
anticipated to provide to system users as
c) Reuse Oriented Development well as the constraints to which it must
- based on systematic reuse where comply.
systems are integrated from existing
components or COTS (Commercial-off- b) System Requirements
the-shelf) systems. - are more detailed descriptions of the
software system’s functions, services, and
+ Coping with Change operational constraints.
- Change is inevitable in all large software
projects.
+Functional vs. Non-Functional
Requirements
Two related approaches may be used to
reduce the costs of rework: NOTE: Non-functional requirements may be
more critical than functional requirements. If
a) Change Anticipation these are not met, the system is useless.
- where the software process includes a) Functional
activities that can anticipate or predict - these include expectations for the system's
possible changes before significant rework functionality, its responses to different
is required. inputs, and how it ought to respond in
certain circumstances.
b) Change Tolerance
b) Non-Functional
- where the process and software are - are requirements that are not directly
designed so that changes can be easily concerned with the specific services
made to the system. This normally involves delivered by the system to its users.
some form of incremental development.
Metrics for Non-Functional Requirements:
Two ways of coping with the change and a) speed;
changing the system requirements: Processed transactions/second User/event
response time Screen refresh time
a) System Prototyping
b) size;
- where a system version or part of a Megabytes/Number of ROM chips
system is immediately produced to test c) ease of use;
customer requirements and the Training time Number of help frames
feasibility of design decisions d) reliability;
Mean time to failure Probability of
b) Incremental Delivery unavailability Rate of failure occurrence
- where customers are given access to Availability
system increments for testing and e) robustness;
comment. Time to restart after failure Percentage of
events causing failure Probability of data
corruption on failure
 f)portability; By using knowledge of existing
Percentage of target dependent statements technologies, the requirements should
Number of target systems be checked to ensure that they can be
implemented within the proposed
budget for the system. These checks
should also take account of the budget
and schedule for the system
+ Requirement Engineering Process development.

- Feasibility study decides whether the

proposed system is worthwhile. It is a short,
e) Verifiability
focused study that checks:
To reduce the potential for dispute
a) If the system contributes to
between customer and contractor,
organizational objectives; system requirements should always be
b) If the system can be engineered written so that they are verifiable. This
using current technology and within means that you should be able to write
budget; a set of tests that can demonstrate
c) If the system can be integrated that the delivered system meets each
with other systems that are used. specified requirement.

a) Requirements Elicitation & Analysis

Chapter 4: User Interface (UI) Design
- this aims to understand the work that
stakeholders do and how they might use a + What is User Interface (UI) Design?
new system to help support that work.
- is the method used by designers to create
b) Requirements Specification aesthetically pleasing user interfaces for
- the process of writing a requirements software or electronic devices.
document and recording user and system
+ Designing User Interfaces for Users
requirements.
a) Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
c) Requirements Validation -with visual representations on digital
- the process of evaluating to see if the control panels.
requirements define the system the
customer actually wants. b) Voice-controlled interfaces(VUIs)
-with these through their voices
.
Requirements validation process:
c) Gesture-based interfaces
a) validity check -engage with 3D design spaces through
These check that the requirements bodily motions.
reflect the real needs of system
users. Because of changing
circumstances, the user requirements + User Interface (UI) Design Process
may have changed since they were a) User Analysis
originally elicited. - understand what the users will do with the
b) consistency check system
Requirements in the document should b) System Prototyping
not conflict. That is, there should not be - develop a series of prototypes for
contradictory constraints or different experiment
descriptions of the same system
c) Interface Evaluation
function.
- experiment with these prototypes with
c) completeness check users.
The requirements document should
include requirements that define all Chapter 5: User Interface (UI) Prototyping
functions and the constraints intended
by the system user. + What is Prototype?
d) realism check - an experimental software system that is
used to test out ideas, explore different
 design options, and learn more about the
issue at hand and potential solutions.
- a prototype can be used to give end-users a
concrete impression of the system’s
capabilities.
- Prototyping is becoming increasingly
used for system development where
rapid development is essential.