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Po J e Jl3 an n.R.. Po3rJIHHeMo rrocJiip;oBHicTh 3HaqeHb apryMeHTY
(- I t
cpyHKl.I,il f, 3 p;aHy cpopMyJIOIO 3araJibHOrO tJJieHa X 11 = . QqeBH,ZJ;-
n
HO, I.I.l;O lim Xn
n
=0 i X
II
-:t:. 0 ,ZJ;JISI BCiX n E
IlocJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb Bi.n;noBi,ZJ;HHX 3HaqeHb cPYHKIJ.il sa.n;aeTbCH cpOpMY-
(- 1)1'
1
JIOIO f (xn) =I X I= 11
Tl = - (-1)
(-1)11 -
11
TT H IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb He Mae
• .LA,
x11 ( l)n
n
rpaHMII.L
MM HaBeJIM npliKJia.n; 36i~Ho1 .n;o HYJIH nocJiip;oBHOcTi (x,), .n;e
xn * 0 ,ZJ;JIH BCiX n E N' TaKOl, :rn;o Bi,lJ;IIOBip;Ha IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh 3HaqeHb
cpyHKD;il (f (xn)) He Mae rpaHRII,i. 0Tme cPYHKII,iH f He Mae rpaHHII;i
B TOqI.I,i X 0 = 0.

n ,D:oae,n;iTh, rn;o cpyHKII.iH f (x) = sin.!._

x
He Mae rpaH11n.1
B TOqII,i X
0
= 0.
Po 3 e' R 3 a H n Jl. Po3rJIHHeMo IIOCJiip;OBHOCTi (a n ) l (b n ) 3HaqeHb
apryMeHTY cpyHKD;il f TaKi, :rn;o:
1 1
a11 = - - - , b = - - -
rr n 3n
2n:n 2n:n
2 2
9
 0'1eBH,ZJ;HO, ~O nlim
~oo
an= nlim.,, bn = 0 i a n =I= 0, bn =I= 0 ,ZJ;JU£ BCiX n E .N.

Oc1dJII.KH f (a.) = sin (; + 2rrn) =1 )1JIH 6y11I.-HKoro n E N, TO no-

cJii,n;oBHiCTb (f (a n ) ) e CTa:u;ioHapHOIO IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTIO: 1, 1, 1, . . . .

3
OcKiJII.KH f (b.) =sin ( =
" + 2rrn) -1 !1JIH 6y11I.-HKoro n E N, TO no-
2
cJii,n;oBHiCTb (f (b n )) e CTa:u;ioHapHOIO IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTIO: -1, -1, -1,
MaeMo: lim f (an)= 1, lim f (b,) = -1.
n~ oo n~"°

MH HaBeJIH rrpHKJia.n; p;Box 36i.mHHX .n;o HY JI.H rrocJii,z:(OBHOCTe:li,

'1JieHH .HKHX Bi.n;MiHHi Bi.n; HYJI.H. Bi.n;rroBi,n;Hi 1M rrocJii.n;oBHOCTi 3Ha'1eHb
<PYHKD;iI f MaIOTb pi3Hi rpaHHu;i. OT.me, <PYHKII;i.H f He Mae rpaHHD;i
B T0'1II;i X 0 = 0 . •

I'pa<PiK <l>YHKII;il f (x) =sin..!:., rro6y,n;oBaHHR 3a ,ZJ;OIIOMOI'OIO

x
KOMII'IOTepHOl rrporpaMH, 306pameHO Ha pMCYHKY 1.9.

/\
_/-! 1 1 x

V "
2n

-1

PHc. 1.9

3Ha:H.n;i Tb rpaHHII;IO cpyHKII;il f (x) = x sin ..!:_ y T0'1LI;i

x
Po 3 B' .fl 3 an n .fl. Po3r JI.HHeMo p;oBiJihHY nocJiip;oBHiCTh ( x n ) TaKy,
~o lim xn = 0 i x
n ~ oo n
=I= 0 ,D;JI.H Bcix n E N. OcKiJihKH sin..!:_
X
<1, TO IIO-

CJii,D;OBHiCTb (y), p;e y n = sin ~, e 06Me.meHOIO.

xn

10
 1. rpaHV1LJ,5l cpyHKu,i 'i B TOYLJ,i

IIocJiiAOBHiCTh ( x" sin:, ) HBJIHe col5oro l(Ol5yToK aecKiH'leHHO

MaJIOl IIOCJiil1,0BHOCTi (x n ) i o6Me)KeHOl IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi (y n ). OT)Ke, no-

CJiiTrOBHiCTb
,._., (x n • y n ) e HeCKiHqeHHO MaJIOIO, T06TO

lim
n -+'>'.>
(xn sin _!_J= 0.
xn

OcKiJihKH rrocJii,n;oBHiCTh (x n ) 6yJio o6paHo lJ.OBiJihHO, To u;e 03Ha-

. . 1
qae, m;o 1im x sin - =0 . e
x-+0 x
I'pacpiK cpyHKD;il f (x) = x sin.!.., no6yl1,0BaHMR 3a lJ.OIIOMOrOIO
x
KOMII'IOTepHOl rrporpaMH, 306pa)KeHO Ha pMCYHKY 1.10.

(\
1 1 1 I
/3n \2n
\

PHC. 1.10

1.1. IIo6y,n;yBaBIIUI rpacpiK cpyHKD;i1 f, yKa)KiTh (6e3 o6r'pyHTyBaHHSI),

0

"C!H Mae cpyljKD;iSI f rpaHHD;IO B Toqu;i xo:

1
1) f (x) = 2x - 1, x 0 = - 1; 4) f (x) = -,
x
x = -2;
0

x 2 -4 1
2) f (x) = , x 0 = 1; 5) f (x) = -, x = O;
x-2 x 0
2
x -4
3) f (x) = , x 0 = 2; 6) f (x) = I x - 21, xo = 2.
x- 2 2-x
11
§ 1. lpaHV1U,S1 Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'I

rpacpiK cpyHKu;il f, yKamiTb (6es o6r'pyHTYBaHHR),

IIo6y~yBaBIIIH
't!H Ma€ cpyHKI.J;i.H f rpa.HHI.J;IO B TO't!I.J;i xo:
2
1) f (X) = 2x + 1, X = 1; 3) f (X) = X - g , X = -3;
0
x+3 °
2) f (x)=
x -9
2
, x = -1; x = 1. 4) f (x)= I x-1 I,
x+3 ° x-1 °
1.3. 3a ~OIIOMOrOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i1 f (pHC. 1.11) 3'.HcyliTe (6e3 06-
0

rpyHTyBaHHH), 't!H Ma€ cpyHKI.J;i.H f rpaHHI.J;IO B TO't!I.J;i X 0 •

y! I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I

----~--------·- ---- - _..,..

o: X0 X

a 6 6
y! y! I I
I
I
I
I
I

0 1
I
I
I
-----+------~--------
. I ...
- ......- :xo x
...x I

0!7X 0
I
I
I
'
(

v--
y! I
y! I
I
y
I
I
I
I
I I
I I

--o-~~t------~
-1--------- ...
:xoI
x
I
I
I
x
'

e €

y y!
yf / I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I
: I
----1-----.. __________ _..
I

0 x
------r--------l--------~
0: X
0
X o: X0 X

3 i
PRC. 1.11

12
 1. rpaHV1WH cpyHKwi'I B TOLlWi
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

0
1. . Ha p11cyHKY 1.12 306paiKeHo rpacpiK <PYHKu;il y = f (x).
1) l.{oMy ,n;opiBHIOe 3Hai:reHHH <PYHKIJ;il f y Toqu;i XO = 1?
2) l.{11 icHye rpaHHIJ;H <PYHKIJ;il f y Toqu;i XO= 1? -y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i 3aTIHIIIiTh 3 BHKOpHCTaHHHM Bi,n;rroBiAHOl CHMBOJiiKH,
qoMy BOHa ,n;opIBHIOe.
3) qH icHye rpaHHIJ;H <PYHKIJ;il f y TOqIJJ XO= 2? -y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i 3aIIHIIIiTh 3 BMKOpHCTaHHHM BiAIIoBiAHOl CHMBOIDKH,
qoMy BOHa ,n;opiBHIOe.

y Y'
v
,I . I. \..
.....
.L , ' 1 /
~ ["\

0
,
J

a
' ~~ I 0 .
6
..
\ x

PHC. 1.12

1.5: 3a ,n;orroMororo 03Ha"t!eHHH 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ;IO <}:>yHKu;i1 B Toi:ru;i:

. x 2 -9
1) lim (2x + l); 3) IIm ;
x -->-1 X - >3 X-3
2
2
2) lim x +\ 4) lim x+
x 2 x +2 x--> - 2 x2 - x - 6
1.6: 3a ,n;orroMororo 03HaqeHHH 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ;IO <PYHKIJ;il B Toi:ru;i:
2
. x -4
1) lim (3x + 2); 3) IIm ;
x--> 2 X--+-2 X +2
2) lim x+l ; 4) lim x-l
2 2
x-+-1 x + x x-->1 x -4x + 3

1.7: BH3Hai:reHa Ha JR <}:>yHKIJ;iH f TaKa, m;o lim f (x) = 0 ,D;JIH KO)f{HO-

x--> Xo

ro XO E JR. qH MOiKHa CTBep,n;iKyBaTH, m;o f (x) = 0 ,D;JIH KOiKHOro

x E IR?
0-. i.s: ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o lim c = c, ,n;e c - ,n;eHKe q11cno.
X--> Xo

O-. i.9: ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o lim (kx + b) = kx0 + b.

X Xo

1.10: HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; TaKo1 <PYHKIJ;il f, m;o:

1) limf(-x+2)=-3; 2) Iim(f(x)+cosf(x))=l.
X-->0 X-->2

: HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; TaKo1 <}:>yHKIJ;il f, m;o:

1) lim(2f (x)+3)=0;
x-+3
2) lim f
x -1
(x)~f 2 (x)+l =2.

13
§ 1. rpaHV1LI,~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,ff

0
1.12. 3HaH,D;iTh:
1) lim vfx; 2) lim )2x+l.
x 4 x 0
1. • 3HaH,n;i Tb:
1) lim ~5x+2; 2) lim13x-2.
x~5 x 6

2
1.14:· .D;ose,l\iTb, m;o c!JyHKI\iH f (x) = I x - I He Mae rpammi s TO'II\i
x-2
x 0 = 2.

1. 5. ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHK:u;i.a f (x) =Ix+ l I He Mae rpaHRD;i B TO"tt:u;i

x+l
x 0 = -1.
1
1.16:· ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;iH f (x) = - He Mae rpaHHil;l B TOtII.J;l
x

1
1. 7 . ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKIJ;iH f (x) =cos - He Mae rpaHHu;i B TOtIIJ;i
x

l, HKIIJ;O X E Q,
1.1s:· ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o <PYHK:u;i.a ,Zl;ipixJie '.D (x) =
{ 0, HKIIJ;O X E JR\ Q,
He Mae rpaHHI.J;i B JKO,D;HiH T<?tII.J;i.

1.19:· ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o lim x cos 2- = 0.

x 0 x
1.2 . ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o lim x '.D (x) = 0, ,n;e '.D (x) - cpyHKIJ;iH ,Zl;ipixJie.
x 0
1.21:" <l>YHKu;iH f TaKa, m;o D (f) = Qi f (x) = 1 .D;JIH 6y.n;h-HKoro x E Q.
'llH Mae cpyHKIJ;iH f rpaHHil;IO B TOliu;i: 1) XO = O; 2) Xo = .J2?
1.22 ... <PyHKIJ;iH f BH3Ha1leHa Ha JR i lim f (x) = 1. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHil;IO
x~O

~i~f (;).
• <l>yHKIJ;i.H f BH3Ha1leHa Ha JR i lim f (x) = 1. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHI.J;IO
.r -+ 0

lim f (
x~o
.Jx 2
+1-1).

1.24.* 'l!R icHye cpyHKIJ;iH f TaKa, m;o D (f) =JR i cpyHKIJ;iH f He Mae rpa-
HHu;i B JKO.l(HiH TOlID;i XO E JR, aJie npH I.J;bOMY cpyHKIJ;iH y = sin f (x)
Ma€ rpaHHil;IO B KOJKHiH TOtID;i XO E JR?
1 · Bi,n;oMo, m;o cpyHKIJ;iH y = If (x) I Mae rpaH11:u;ro B KOJKHili TolI:u;i
XO E JR. 'llli npaBHJlbHO, m;o cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x) Ma€ rpaHHD;IO XOtia 6
B O,D;HiH TOtII.J;i X 0 E JR?

14
1.26.* "lln icHye TaKa cpyHKII,iH f, m;o f (x) > 0 ,n;JuI Bcix x ED (f)
•
1 ,D;JIH BClX
•
p ~T crrpaB,n;JKyeThCH plBHlCTb
E ! \l
• • i lffi
· - f (-
X) = 0?
x-t O Xp

1.27. * IIpo BR3Ha"t!eHy Ha JR cpyHKII,iIO f Bi,D;OMO, III,O ,D;JIH ,D;OBiJihHOro

x E IR noCJiil(OBHicTb (y.), 11e Yn =f (:). rrpaMye 110 Hyna. qH

o6oB'H3KOBO lim
x 0
f (x) = O?

KOJ1L4 3P0611EHO YPOKL4

03Hal.feHHR rpaH~L\i cf>YHKL\i'i

e TOlfL\i 3a Kowi
03Ha"t!eHHH, HaBe,n;eHe B II. l, Ha3RBaIOTb 03Ha"t!eHHHM rpaHRII,i
1
cpyHKD;il B Toqn;i 3a reliHe • IlpoTe MOJKHa BBeCTR IIOHHTTH rpaHMII,i
cpyHKD;ll B TO"t!II,i iHI.IIHM crroco6oM, He BRKOpMCTOBYIO"t!H rpaHMII,IO
. .
IIOCJil,D;OBHOCTl.
Ha pHCYHKY 1.13 306paJKeHO rpacpiK cpyHKII,il f i Ha OCHX a6cn;Hc
i op,n;MHaT II03Ha"l!eHO Bi,D;IIOBi,D;HO TO"t!KM XO l a, ,n;e a= lim f (x).
x-.xo
3asHa"t!MMO, m;o f (x 0 ) -:;:. a.
Hexali e- ,n;eHKe ,n;o,n;aTHe "l!HCJIO. Ha Yi I

oci op,n;MHaT posrJIHHeMo iHTepBaJI (a - e; f 0

I
~ -----1I Y
: f(X
a + e). Ha oci a6cu;11:c lioMy Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae I
a + e ~ --------- t ------ ~
I

TaKHH iHTepBaJI I, HKHH MicTHTh ToqKy x0, a + E I ~ ---------~- --~ i

1 I
m;o ,n;JIH 6y,D;b-HKoro x E I n D (f), x -:;:. x 0 , a --- ,:0 : I
a "1 : -----
-C I
I I I

Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi 3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHKII,il f HaJieJKaTb a - e i- --- : , I ,

I
I

I
rrpoMiJKKY (a - e; a + €), T06TO BHKOHY- I : I I
:1 I
I I

: II :I II
IOTbCH HepiBHOCTi a- € < f (x) < a + €. ·
l 1
·!~ii
lHI.IIHMM CJIOBaMM, ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E I n --1----~-~
n D (f), x -:;:. XO, BMKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTb
lHTepBa.n I
I f (x) - a I < e.
3By3MMO rrpoMiJKOK Ha oci op,n;MHaT, P11c. 1.13
T06TO posrJIHHeMO iHTepBaJI (a - €1; a + €1),
,n;e 0 < El < €. To,n;i ,D;JIH "l!MCJia El MOJKHa BKa3aTM TaKMH iHTepBaJI Jl
oci a6cu;11:c, HKMH MiCTMTh TO"l!KY x 0 , m;o ,n;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro x E 11 n D (f),
x -:;:. x , BMKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh f (x) - a < t: 1 (p11:c.
0
I I 1.13).

feliHe, feHpix E,n;yap,n; (1821 - 1881) - HiMe:I~bKMH MaTeMaTMK, ~ureH­

1

KopecrroB,n;eHT IlpyccbKOl i f eTTMHreHChK01 aKa,n;eMili HayK. OcHOBHi lioro

3,D;06yTKM - y raJiy3i Teopi1 cpyHKIJ;iH, MaTeMaTM'tJHOl cpi3MKM.

15
§ 1. f paHlllUSna Henepe BHiCTb cpyH Ull

a pn YHKY l. l 11 ao6pam HO r cpiK TaKOl <l>YHKl~il f II\O X O e D en.

PncyuoK 1.15 BiAnoBiAa cpyHKU.il f JI.JUI .HK01 f (x 0 ) = a.

y!
I Y4I
: y=f x
I : y =f )
a i----------~ a £ '~------------------ I
a~----- II a:______ l
I
I I
: I
a- .,.___ ' I :

I - £ '---- :
l
I I I I I
I
I I :
I
I
I I
I

I
I
I
lI

- -1----~----~
I I

- -:----~----~
I I

T I nl
Puc. 1.14 Plic. 1.15

y KO)KHOMY 3 BHIIMKiB, 306paiKeHH • Ha pu YHK 1.13 1.15 .D;JI.H

6y Ah-.ffKOro L > 0 O)KH BKa3 TII TaKIU1 iHT pBaJI J, JIKHH MiCTl1Th
TO"llKY x , ~o ,n;n.H scix
0
x I n D (f) i x -:f.. x 0 BHKOHY TbC$! H pisHi 'I'b
If (x) - aI E.
Hase,n;eHi MipKyBaHHH A03BOJUUOTb ,z:i; TH T Ke 03H "lleHII$! rpaHHlV
cpyHKU.il f y TOllUi X •
0

• qH •JIO a Ha3HBalOTb r p H ~ cl>Y K~i" f Y TO •

x 0 HKm;o JUI 1>-HKoro oixaTHoro 'IHC a E i uy TaKHii ieTep-
BaJI I HKHH MiCTHTb TO'IKY XO, m;o )l;JIH 6y)lb-HKOrO x E I n D (f)
i x -:;: x 0 BHKOHY£TLCH H piBHi Tb I f (x) - a I < e.

y l.J,hOMY 3Ha"ll HID po3rJI.H,ll;fffOTb TaKi <l>YHKI..J,il f i TO"t!KH Xo ~o

,D;JI$! 6y,n;h-$IK ro iHTepB JIY I, HKHH MiCTHTh TO"llKY x 0 , MHOmHH

(I n D {x } H
0
<n rropomHhOIO. HanpnKJia.l{. ,z:i; rrj! cpyHKUil rpaq>iK
HKo1 3o6pam Ho H pH yHKY 1. 7, rpaHHI..J,10 B TO n~i x0 He 03Ha-

qaroTh.
HK~o iHT pBaJI I MiCTHTh TO"llKY x0 To icHye TaK ,z:i;o,z:i; THe tIHC-
no ~o rrpoMimoK (x 0 - 8·x0 +
Ha.TI )IUITh I (puc. 1.16).
To.l(i srK~o TOtIKa x 0 HanemHTb iHT pBaJI I, T ue:H: iHT pBa.n:
MiCT:UTb MHOJKHHY, .HKa p03B '.H3KOM
IIO'ABiiiHo1 HepiBHO Ti 0 < Ix - x0 J
.l(e - .u;eJIK .l(OJJ;aTHe tIHCJIO.
T n p Has p;eH 3HatJ HH$! I paHHui
<PYHKU.il f y TOlIU;i MOmH nep <l>OpMy-
JIIOBaTM TaK. Pn ,. 1.16

16
 0 3HaYeHHR rpaH\11Ui cpyHKt_ti'i a royui 3a Kowi

i .. qH ;JO a Ha3HBa- Y+ I

lOTL rpa eio y Ku;fi f o l\i x f

I
I

.HKID;O ,l];JUI 6yJJ;L-.HKOro 0,l];3THOr 'IH Jia € : : lJ

a £ L---------JI_______ _
i uy TaKe o;:i;a He 'lHCJio 8 m;o ;i,11 s i I

~ ---------T--
x ED <n
a uepisaocTeii o < Ix - x0 I< 8 a i------
'II
BHIIJI11sa uepisaicT1> I f (x) - a I < e. a - e ~ ---
'
I
PncyHoK 1.1 7 iJIIO Tpye n. 03H "t!eHH.H.
I
I

nPMKJlA.Q 1 3 ,D;OilOMOrOIO 03 all HH.H

Korn· rpaHHII;i tPYHKU.il B TO n.i ,TJ.OBe,n;iTb, PHC. 1.17
o lim 2x 3) - 5.
x 1

p 0 3 8 •.Jl 3 a 1i H .Jl. ,llJI.H KO.>KHOrO ,n;o,n;aTHOro qHCJI e poarJISIHeMO He-

piBHi Th I (2x + 3) - 5 I< E. Ilep TBOpHBlIIH 11, 3anHmeMo Ix - 1 I ~.

2
TPMMaHa HepiBHiCTb ni,n;Ka ye, SIKHM llHHOM )J;JI.H ,n;aHoro € >0 MO.>K-
Ha 3H HTH noTpi6He tJHCJIO > 0.
xali = ~. To,n;i 3 yMoBH O<l x - 1 1<8 ~ BHllJIHBae, ~o
2 2
I 2x - 2 I < e. 3Bi,n;c11 I (2x · 3) - 5 , e. C1<a3aH 03Ha'tlae o llHC-
JIO a - 5 € rpaHHU,eIO tPYHKU.il y - 2x 3 B TOllll.i XO = 1. •

nPMKnA.Q 2 BHKOpHCTOBYlOllH 03H8l{ HHS! Kowi rpaHHU.i tPyHKU.il

B TO'-H.d, ,n;oBe.l(iTb ru.o cpyHKU.iSI f (x = ~ He M € rpaHHU.i B TOllU.i

x
X
0
= 0.
p 03e'Jl3a1i II .fl. IlpMny THM ' ru.o rpaHHU.SI tPYHKU.il f y TOtJU.i
X O= 0 iCHY i ,n;opiBHIO€ a. IloKa)KeMO ~o Hanp KJIM ,l(JIH ~ = 1 He-
MO.>KJIHBO ni,n;i6paTH TaKe 8 0 ~06 3 HepiBHO Te:li 0 < Ix 0 I<
BHilJIHBaJia HepiBHiCTh
Ix I- a
- < 1.
x

5IKII(O 0 < X < , TO H piBHiCTb - I a <1

Ix- Ha6yBae BHrJISI,ZJ;Y
x
I1 - a I < 1. 3Bi,ZJ;cM 0 <a 2.
.flKII(O < X < 0, TO HepiBHiCTb
Ix-
- I a <1 Ha6yBae BHI'JISI,n;y
x
I -1 - a I < 1. si,n;c11 - 2 < 0.
OcKiJibKH H icHy 3aaq Rb a • .HKi 6 38.l(OBOJibHSIJIH 1<0.mHy a He-
piBHOCT H0 < a <' 2i -2 <' a < 0 TO cpyHKU.iH f y TOtJU,i x 0 = He Mae
rpa H 11n.1.

17
 TeopeM111 npo ap111<J>MeTM~Hi Ari 3 rpaHMU.RM111
<l>YHKU.h~ y TO~U.i

BHBi:JaJOi:JH rpaHHI.I;IO cpyHKII,il y TOi:JII,i, 6y,n;eMo BHKOpHCTOByBaTH

TaKi IIOH.HTT.H.

OaHaqeHHJI . IIpoMbKoK BH,Zcy (x0 -8;x0 +8), ,z:i;e 8 > 0, Ha3HBaIOTb

O·OKOJIOM TOqKH X •
0

OaHa qeHHJI . MHOJKHHY BH,IJ;y (x 0 -8; x 0 ) U (x 0 ; x 0 + 8), ,z:i;e 8 > 0, Ha-

3HBaIOTh npOKOJIOTHM 8-0KOJIOM TO"IKH XO.

lIOH.HTT.H 8-0KOJIY i rrpOKOJIOTOI'O 8-0KOJIY TO"t:JKH Xo rrpoiJIIOCTpO-

BaHO Ha pHCYHKax 2 .1 i 2. 2 Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho.

-O'ICiJL Ilp01co -0 1 ; 'l

--0- --0-
x 0 -8 XO x 0 +8 x 0 -8 XO x 0 +8
PMC. 2.1 PMc. 2.2

y rrorrepe,n;HhOMY IIYHKTi BH HaBi:JHJIHC.H o6"t:JHCJIIOBaTH rpaHHII,IO

cpyHKII,il B TOi:JII,i 3a ,n;OIIOMOI'OIO 03Hai:JeHH.H. IloJiermHTH rrpou.ec IIO-
myKy rpaHHII,i ,l.1;03BOJI.HIOTb TeopeMH rrpo rpaHHII,IO cyMH, ,n;o6yTKY
i i:JaCTKH .Zl;BOX cpyHKII,iM.
y TeopeMax 2.1-2.3 6y,n;eMO p03I'JI.H,n;aTH cpyHKII,ll, ~o BH3Hai:JeHi
B O.Zl;HHX i THX caMHX TOi:JKax ,n;e.HKOI'O rrpOKOJIOTOI'O 8-0KOJiy TOl:JKH XO.
Te opeMa 2 . 1 (rpa nun.JI cyMH) . HK~o f]JynK~i"i fig Ma10mb
ipanu~10 6 mo"'~i x 0 , mo f]JynK~iJt y =f (x) + g (x) maK031C Mae
zpanu~10 6 mo"'~i x 0 , npu"'oMy
lim (f (x) + g (x)) = liin f (x) + lim g (x).
x x0 x x0 x -7 x 0

!{ 0 8 ea e 1-{, rt Jl. Ilo3Hai:JHMO lim f (x) =a, lim g (x) = b. Hexaii

x x0 :c x0

(x 11 ) - ,n;oBiJibHa 36iJKHa ,n;o XO IIOCJii,n;OBHiC'l'b 3Hai:JeHh apryMeHTY

cpyHKD;iM fig, ,n;e xn "#XO .Zl;Jl.H Bcix n E N. To,n;i Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi IIOCJI~OB-
HOCTi (f (x n )) i (g (x n )) 3Hai:JeHh <l>YHKD;iii e 36iJKHHMH ,n;o l:JHCeJI a i b
Bi,n;noBi,n;HO. y CHJIY TeopeMH 46.2 (,n;HB. «Arrre6pa-10») IIOCJI~OBHiCTb
(f (x n ) + g (x n )) TaKOJK e 36iJKHOIO, rrpHi:JOMY
lim (f (x,J + g (x 11 ) ) = lim f (x 11 )+ lim g (x 11 ) = a+b.
n oc n-7r n >oc

OcKiJihKH rrocJii,n;oBHiCTb (x n ) 6yJio o6paHo ,n;oBiJihHO, TO u;e 03Ha-

i:Jae, ~o lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x) . .A

18
 2. TeopeM111 npo ap111cpMerwm i Ai'i" 3 rpaH111u,~M111 cpyHKu,iill y TOYU.i

PosrJIHHeMo cpyHKUil f (x) = £ i g (x) = ~. KoJKHa 3 u;Hx

cpyHKUiH Ma€ rpaHHUIO B TOl'.!Il;i Xo = 0. IIpoTe cpyHKu,i5I y = f (x) + g (x)
BH3Hal'.!eHa JIHIIIe B TOl'.!Il;i Xo = 0 i 'l'OMY He Mae rpaHHUi B u;ili TOl'.!Il;i.
IJ;eli rrpHKJia,D; IIOKa3ye BaJKJIHBiCTb BHMOrH Toro, ~o <PYHKil;il f i g
MalOTh 6yTH BH3Hal'.!eHi B O,D;HHX i THX caMHX TOl'.!KaX ,n;eHKOro rrpo-
KOJIOTOI'O 0-0KOJIY TOl'.!KH X 0 •
TeopeMa 2.1 3aJIHmaeThCH crrpaBe,n;JIHBoro ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOI CKiH11eH-
HOI KiJibKOCTi ,n;o,n;aHKiB. IJ;eli cpaKT MOJKHa ,n;oBeCTH 3a ,n;orroMororo
MeTo,n;y MaTeMaTHl'.!HOl iH,n;yKr.i;iL

eopeMa 2.2 (rpaHHD;H .u;o6yTKy). HK140 tjJynKlfi"i fig Ma-

10mb zpanULf10 6 mOl£l,fi x 0 , mo tjJyKKLfiJi y = f (x) g (x) maKO:>IC Mae
zpaH.Ulf10 6 m0'1£l,fi XO, npul£OMY
lim (f (x) g (x)) = lim f (x) · lim g (x).
x -. x 0 x x0 x x0

CKopHcTaBIIIHCb i,n;eero ,n;oBe,n;eHHH TeopeMH 2 .1, ,n;oBe,n;i Th u,ro Te-

opeMy caMOCTiHHO.
TeopeMa 2.2 3aJIHIIIaE:ThCH crrpaBe,n;JIHBOIO ,n;JIH 6y,n;h-HKo1 cKiH11eH-
Ho1 KiJibKOCTi MHOJKHHKiB.

acJii.u;oK. HK140 tjJynKLfiJi f Mae zpanulf10 6 m0'1£lfi x 0 i h -

006i1£bna cmana, mo tjJynKLfiJi y = hf (x) maKom Mae zpanuif10
6 mOl£lfi XO, npU'1£0MY
lim hf (x) = h lim f (x).
X ~ Xo x Xo

CnpaBe,n;JIHBiCTb HacJii,n;Ky BHIIJIHBae 3 TeopeMH rrpo rpaHHII,IO

,n;o6yTKy.

Teope a 2.3 (rpaH u;11 11acTKH) . HK140 tjJynKlfi"i fig Ma-

10mb zpanulf10 6 mOl£Lfi x 0, npu'1£0MY zpaKUlfJi tjJynKJ,fi"i g 6iiJMinna
f (x) .
Bio nynJl,, mo tjJynKLfiJi y = - - maKom Mae zpanuif10 6 m0'1£lfi x0 ,
g (x)
npUl£OMy
lim f (x)
lim f (X) = _x_-._"o'---_
x xo g (x) lim g (x)
x "O
CKopHcTaBIIIHCh i,n;eero ,n;oBe,n;eHHH TeopeMH 2 .1, ,n;oBe,n;iTh u,ro Te-
opeMy caMOCTiMHO.
3a3Hal'.!HMO, ~o TeopeMH rrpo apHcpMeTHl'.!Hi ,n;i1 3 rpaHHil;HMH
cpyHKII,iH y To-ciu;i € aHaJioraMH Bi,D;IIOBi,ZJ;HHX TeopeM ,D;JIH 36iJKHHX
nocni,n;oBHOCTffli. TaKa Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTh He o6MeJKyeThCH JIHIIIe Teope-

19
§ 1. lpaHV1Ufl Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKUi°I

MaMH 2.1-2.3. Ilpoq11Ta.BIIIH yMOBH BnpaB 2.11-2.14, BM Brri3HaeTe

aHa.n:orH iHIIIHX BJiaCTHBOCTe:li s6i.mHHX IlOCJii,n;OBHOCTeiL

nPMKJlAA 1 ,Il;oBe,n;iT:o, ~o lim

X~Xo
x = x;.
2

p 0 3 8 .fl3 a fl fl.fl.
1
3 KJIIQqOBOl 3a,n;aqi 1. 9 BHITJIHBae, rn;o lim x
X~XO
= Xo.
2
To,n;i, aKrn;o cpyHKu,iro y = x rro,n;aTH y BMrJia,n;i y = x • x, TO MO.mHa
3acTocyBaTM TeopeMy rrpo rpaHMIJ,IO ,n;o6yTKy. MaeMo:
2
lim x = lim (x·x)= lim x· lim x=x;. •
X~Xo x Xo x Xo X~Xo

2
5 6
nPMKJlAtl 2 3Haii,n;iT:o lim x - x+
2
x~2 X -4

Po 3 e' .fl3 a fl fl.fl. OcKiJI:oKM lim (x 2 -4) = lim x 2 -lim 4 = 2 2 -4 = 0,

x~2 x~2 x~2

TO He MO.JKHa 3aCTOCyBaTM TeopeMy rrpo rpaHMIJ,IO qacTKM ,n;o cpyHKIJ,il

2
x -5x +6 x 2 -5x +6
f (x) = • IIepeTBOpMMo BMpa3 • MaeMo:
x 2 -4 x 2 -4
2
x 5x + 6 (x - 2) ( x - 3) x-3
x*2 x * -2.
-
2 = = - - , ,n;e Ta
x -4 (x-2)(x+2) x+2
3
Posr JiaHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO g ( x) = x - . OcKiJI:oKH cpyHKIJ,il f i g s6i-
x +2
raIOTbCH rrpM BCix x * 2, TO lim f (x) = lim g (x). BMKOpMCTOByIOqM
x 2 x~2

TeopeMM rrpo apMcpMeTMqHi ,n;i1 3 rpaHMIJ,HMM cpyHKIJ,iH, OTpMMyeMo:

2 lim (x-3)
lim x -5x+6 = lim x-3 = x 2 = 2-3 _.!:_ •
2
x 2 x -4 x 2 x+2 lim (x+2) 2+2 4
x~2

1
x 2 -2x, HK~O x -::/=-,
2
nPMKJ1All 3 3Haii,n;iT:o lim f (x), ,n;e f (x) =
1
x~ - 1
2 3, HKI.IJ,O X = -.
2
Po 3 e' .fl 3 au fl .fl. PosrJiaHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO
2
g (x) = x - 2x. OcKiJI:OKM B 6y,n;:o-aKOMY rrpo-

KOJIOTOMY b-OKOJii TQqKM X0 = .!:_ CiJYHKIJ,il fi g

2
...x s6iraIOTbCH (pHC. 2.3), TO lim f (x) = lim g (x) .
x
l
- x~
1
2 2
2
ToMy ,n;ocTaTHhO 3HaHTM lim (x -2x). BMK0-
1
PHc. 2.3 x -
2

20
 2. TeopeM1t1 npo ap1t1cpMeT1t1YHi Ai'i 3 rpaH1t1U,HM1t1 cpyHKu,iill y TOYU.i

pHCTOByIO"t!H TeopeMH rrpo apHcpMeTH"t!Hi .n;il 3 rpaHHII;.HMH cpyHRD;iH,

aarrHIIIeMO:

.2!. = -~.4
2

X l
2
lim (x -2x) = lim x -lim 2x =
X !
2
X-4!
(.!.)
2
-2 . •
2 2 2

BnpaaM
0

2.1. 3HaHp;iTb:
2x-1
1) lim(2x 2 -3x-l); 4) lim ;
X-41 x-t3 3x-2
4 x 2 -3x+5 .
2) lim x ; 5) lim
x >- 1 x ox +2x-1 '
2

3) lim (x 3 -3x -2);

x 2
6) lim (
X-t - 2
x' __!_+
X
2x-3).
2.2. 3HaH,D;iTb:

1) lim (2x 2 + 3x + 5); 4) lim

7x-5 .
X-41 x 10+2x ' 5

x 2 -1 .
2) lim (x 3 -3x 2 + 2x + 2); 5) lim 2
x >2 x o 2x -x-1 '
3
3 2 x +1
3) lim (2x -3x +6); 6) lim 20.
x -2 x-t3 (x -2)

2.3. • 3HaH,D;iTb:
. x 2 -2x-3 3x 4 -5x 2 -12x-4 .
1) hm ; 3) lim
x 2 -5x+6
x 3 X-42 x 2 -4 '
5
. x 3 -3x-2 X +1
2) hm ; 4) lim
x 2 x 3 -8 x >-1 x+l
2. • 3HaHp;iTb:
4
. x 2 -3x+2 ) lim (l+x) -(1+4x).
1) 1lffi 2 ; 3
x 1 x -4x+3 x o x2 + x4 '
. x 4 -3x+2 . x 5 -1
2) 1lffi 5 ; 4) 1lffi 3 •
X-tl X -4X+3 x-tl X -1
2.5: 06"CJHCJiiTb rpaHHIJ,IO:
1 3 . ( 2 1 )•
1) lim(- - )· 2) 1lffi 2 - 2
x-tl 1-x 1-x 3 ' x-t2 x -2x x -3x+2
2.6. 06"CJHCJiiTb rpaHHII;IO:

1) lim ( --+
X-t - 3 X+3
1
X
2
6
-9
); . (
2) hm
x 2 2x 2 - 5x + 2
2 + x-4
3 ( x 2 - 3x + 2)
J
•

21
§ 1. rpaHltlll,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKLJ,i.i

2.7: Hexali lim f (x) = 2. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHD;IO cpyHK:a;i! y = (f (x) + 1) 2

x-+0

y TO"CIIJ;i X0 = 0.

xf(x)+l
2.8: Hexali lin1 f (x) =-1. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ;IO cpyHKu;i! y- - - -
x-+3 - x2 +5
y TO"Y:I.I;i X0 = 3.
2
2.9: 3Hali,n;iTh lim f (x), ,n;e f (x) = {x -
2 2
x + ' HKID;O x * O,
x 0 -1, .HKIIJ;O X = 0.
2
2. .. .
3 Ha:H:,ZJ;lTb . f (X ), ,n;e f (X ) = {-x + 3x, HKID;O x 3,
1lffi *
x 3 2, .HKID;O X = 3.
0-. 2.11: Ilpo cpYffKD;iIO f Bi,n;oMo, .ru;o lim f (x) =a i lim f (x) = b.
Jl:oBe,n;iTh, .ru;o a= b.
2. Jl:oBe,n;iTh, .ru;o "Y:HCJIO a € rpaHHI.I;eIO cpyHKI.I;il f y Toqu;i Xo TO,ZJ;l
i JIMllle TO,n;i, KOJIH cpyHKI.I;iIO f MOJKHa rro,n;aTH y BHI'JIH,n;i
f (x) =a+~ (x), ,n;e ~ - TaKa cpyHKD;iH, .ru;o lim ~ (x) = 0.
X Xo

0-. 2.13: Cl>yHKI.I;il f i g TaKi, .ru;o f (x) <: g (x) ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E IR,
rrpH"Y:OMY icHyIOTh rpaHHI.I;i lim f (x) =a, lim g (x) = b. Jl:oBe,n;iTh,
X-+Xo x ·>Xo

.ru;o a<: b.
0-. . <I>yHKu;i! f, g i h TaKi, .ru;o f (x) <: g (x) <: h (x) ,n;JIH Bcix
x E IR, rrpH"Y:OMY icHyIOTh rpaHHI.I;i lim f (x) = lim h (x) =a. JJ:o-
x x0 :c - >x0

Be,n;iTh, ru;o tPYHKD;i.H g TaKOJK Mae rpaHHD;IO B Toqn;i Xo, rrpHqoMy

limg(x)=a.
X >Xu

2.15:· HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; TaKo1 q)yHKD;il f, .ru;o6 Mana Mic:u;e piBHiCTh:

1) lim(x+2f(x))=4; 2 ) lim 2f (x)-3x = 2 .

x-+l x 2 x+f(x)
2.16: HaBe,n;iTh npHKJia,n; TaKo1 tPYHKu;il f, .ru;o6 MaJia Micn;e piBHiCTh:

1) li1n xf (x) = 2; 2) limf(x)=5.

x-+0 :c-+3 x-3

2 •17 .•• 3 HaH,D;lTh

" . l"im Xm + 1 , ,n;e mi. n - HerrapH1. HaTypaJihHl. "Y:HCJia.
x ) l xn + 1
Ill 1
2. 8 3Hali,n;iTh lim x - , ,n;e m i n - HaTypaJihHi qHcJia.
x 1 xn -1

22
 3. HenepepBHICTb cpyHKu,i'i s TOYL\I

2.19:· <t>yHKr.t;il fig BM3HaqeHi Ha ~-

qM MOJKe cpyHKr.t;i.H
h (x) = f (x) + g (x)
MaTM rpaHMr.t;IO B Toqn;i XO, .HKm;o:
1) cpyHKr.t;i.H f Mae rpaHMIJ;IO B TOlIIJ;i XO, a cj_)yHKD;i.H g He Mae rpa-
HHr.t;i B Toqn;i xo;
2) cpyHKIJ;il f i g He MaIOTb rpaHMIJ;b y Toqu;i XO?
2. . <PyHKIJ;il fig BM3HaqeHi Ha ~.
qM MOJKe cPYHKr.t;i.H
h (x) = f (x) g (x)
MaTH rpaHMD;IO B TOlII.I,l XO' .HKm;o:
1) cPYHKr.t;i.H f Mae rpaHMI.I,IO B TOqI.I,i XO, a <l)YHK1I,i.H g He Mae rpa-
. .
HMD;l B TOqI.I,l X 0 ;
2) cPYHKr.t;il f i g He MaIOTb rpaHMD;i y Toqn;i XO?

HenepepeHiCTb <l>YHKL\ri B TO~L\i

Ha pMCYHKY 3 .1 306paJKeHo rpacj)iKM cPYHKn;ili f i g, .HKi BH3Ha-
qeHi B TOqI.I,i XO. IlpoTe IlOBe,n;iHKa D;HX cPYHKD;iM y TOqI.I,i XO iCTOTHO
pi3HMTbC.H. rpacpiK cPYHKD;il g, Ha Bi,ZJ;MiHy Bi,n; rpacj)iKa cpyHKD;fi f,
y TOllr.t;i XO Mae p03PHB. TaKy Bi,n;MiHHiCTb IlOBe,n;iHKM <PYHKI.I,iM fig
y Toqn;i XO MOJKHa oxapaKTepH3yBaTH 3a ,ZJ;OIIOMOroro rpaHHD;i.
Y+ y = f (x)
Y+
g(x ) :--------
' Q I I

f (xo)f------- : a ~717
------: 1- g(x)
I I I
I I I
I I I I

o:
-----~--------~-------~
X0 X 0:
------~--------~------~
X0 X

a 6
PHC. 3.1

03Ha'leHHH. <l>yuKn;iro f Ha3HBa10Th uenepepBHOIO B TO'ID;i XO,

HK~O ,ll;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOl 36i$KHOI ,11;0 X DOCJii,ZJ;OBHOCri X 1, X 2 , ••• , Xn, •••
0
3Ha'leHh apryMeHTY cpyHKD;il f Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ha IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTL f (xl),
f (x 2), ••• , f (xn), ... 3Ha'leHL cpyuKn;ii' 36iraCTLCH ,n;o 'IHCJia f (x 0).

TaK, .HKm;o ,n;JI.H cpyHKn;ii: f (pMc. 3.1, a) o6paTM ,n;oBiJibHY a6iJKHY

,n;o Xo IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb xl' X2, ... , xll, ... 3HaqeHb apryMeHTY cPYHKn;ii:,
TO Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,n;Ha IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb f (xl), f (X2), ... , f (xn), ... 3HaqeHh
cpyHKn;ii s6iraeThC.H ,n;o qJiicJia f (x 0 ). TaKHM qJiiHOM, cPYHKI.I,i.H f e He-
rrepepBHoro B Toqn;i x 0 •
Pa30M 3 THM cPYHKD;i.H g (pHC. 3.1, 6) Hee HenepepBHOIO B TOqI.I,i XO.
CrrpaB,n;i, .HKIIJ;O o6paTM 36iJKHY ,n;o x 0 nocJii,n;oBHiCTb x 1 , x 2 , ••• , x 11 ,
23
§ 1. f paHV11.tff Ta HenepepBHiCTb cf:>YHK~ll

3HatieHb apryMeHTY cl:>YHKII,il TaKy ID;O Xn ;;/:. X 0 npn BCiX n E , TO

Bi,n;noBi,n;Ha IlOCJii,n;OBHiCTb g (xl), g (X2), •.. , g (xJ, ... 3HatieHb
cpyHKII,il a6iraeTbCH ,n;o tIHCJia a, HI<e He ,n;opiBHIOe g (x0 ).

HaBe,n;eMo m;e o,n;HH npHKJia,n;. Po3rJIHHeMo cl:>YHKII,iIO f (x) = ) x -1

i TOtIKY x 0 ED (f). Oc1<iJ1hKH ,ZJ;JIH 6y,n;h-HK01 36hKH01 ,n;o x0 no Jii,n;oB-
HOCTi (xn) apryMeHTiB cpyHKII,il f MaeMO

lim
n
f (xn) = lim
n - >oc
~xn -1 = ~X0 -1 = f (x0 ),

TO cpyHKII,iH f e HenepepBHOIO B KOmHiH TOtIII,i Xo ED (f), 30KpeMa

B TOtIII,i X 0 = 1.
3ayBamHMO, ID;O B 03HatieHHi HenepepBHOCTi cpyHKII,il B TOtIII,i no-
piBHHHO 3 03HatieHHHM rpaHHII,i cpyHKII,il B TO'lJII,i 3HHTO o6MemeHHH
x,, * Xo ,ll;JIH Bcix n E • 0Tme, IlOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb (x) MOme MiCTHTH
6y,n;h-HKY KiJibKiCTb 'l{JieHiB, piBHHX XO, i HaBiTb CKJia,n;aTHCH JIHIIIe
. .
a tIJ1eH1B, p1BHHX x •
0
HanpHRJia,n;, cpyHRII,iH g ( x ) - 0 BH3Ha'l{eHa JIHIIIe B Totin,i
x0 = 0. ToMy icHye e,n;HHa nocJii,n;oBHiCTb (xn) 3Ha-qeHh apryMeHTY
cpyHKII,il g: Xo, Xo, x ' .... To,n;i BCi tIJleHH IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHO Ti (g (x,,))
,n;opiBHIOIOTh HYJIIO, a TOMY lim g (xn) g (xo>· IJ.e 03Ha-qae, m;o cPYHK-
TI -· rr.

n,iH g € HerrepepBHOIO B TO'llII,i Xo = 0.

TaK caMo HerrepepBHoro B Tot:1n,i x0 e cpyHKII,iH, rpac}JiK HK01 30-
6pameHo Ha pHCYHKY 3. 2.

'
0-- Yi/
0
/1 I
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

x
·----71------__________
:o
I
I
I
I
..,x
xi o x2 I
I

PMC. 3.2 PMC. 3.3

.
3ayBamHMO, m;o KOJIH cPYHKD;iH f He BH3Hat:£eHa B TOl:III,i Xcp TO
x2
BOHa He € HenepepBHOIO B n,iH TO'l{II,i. HarrpHKJla,n; cpyHKII,iH f (x) = -
x
He e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'l{II,i XO =0 (pHC. 3. 3).
HerrepepBHicTb cpyHKn,ii: B TOtIII,i MOmHa TaKOm ycTaHOBHTH BH-
Kop:ncTOBYIOl:IH IIOHHTTH rpaHHllj cpyHKII,il B TOtIII,i.

24
 3. HenepepBHiCTb ¢YHKU/i B TOY~i

T 0 . . H exau <PYH-KlfiR. f 6U3H.a"'lteH.a XO"'lta 6 H-a OOH-OMY

e
3 npoMi:HCKi6 (x 0 - 8; x 0] a6o [x 0 ; x + 8) iJe o > 0. ToiJi <}JynKq.iJL f
Kenepep6H-a 6 mo"'ltq.i x 0 moiJi i miJJ,bKU moiJi, KOJJ,U lim f (x) = f (x0 ).
X Xo

,[I;oBe,n;iTb II.IO TeopeMy caMOCTiHHO.

HarrpHKJia,n;, .D;JI.H cpyHKu;il f (x) = x 2 + x MOJKHa 3arrHcaTH:

= x~
2
lim f (x) = lim ( x + x) = lim x 2 + lim x + x 0 = f (x 0 ).
x - •x0 x x0 x - x0 x x0

To My cpyHKU.iH f HerrepepBHa B 6y)J,h-.HKiH TOlJU.i Xo E JR.

5IKI.IJ;O cpyHKU.i.H f BH3Ha"t!eHa XO"t!a 6 Ha O.D;HOMY 3 rrpOMiJKKiB
(x0 -8;x0 ] a6o [x0 ;x0 +8), ,n;e 8>0, T03TeopeMH3.1 BHIIJIHBae, w;o
yMOBY nerrepepBHOCTi cpy1nu1Ji B u.iii TO"t!U.i MOJKHa BHpa3HTH piBHic-
TIO liln (f (x)-f (x 0 ) = 0.
X • Xo

BHm;e MH 3'.acyBaJIH, w;o cpynKu;i.a g, rpacpiK .HK01 306pameHo na

pHCYHKY 3.1, 6, Hee HerrepepBHOIO B TO"t!II.i XO .
I'osopHTb, I.IJ;O TO"t!Ka X 0 € TOqKOIO p03pHBY
cl)YHKU.i1 g. HarrpHKJia,n;, KOJKHa ToqKa BH,n;y
x k k E Z, e ToqKoro po3pHBY (pyHKU.il
y = {x} (pHC. 3.4).
BiJihIII ,n;oKJia,n;Ho rrpo TO"t!KH po3pHBY BH
,u.i3HaeTeC.H B Ha TyIIHOMY rryHKTi.
EcpeKTHBHHM MeTo,n;oM )J,JIH )J,OBe,n;eHH.H
H rrepepBHOCTi cpyHKU.il B TO"t!U.i € BHKOpHC- PH . 3.4
TaHH.H TaKOl TeopeMH.

3.2 (
o p i Jt a , e
) . HKUfO <PYH-Klfit y = f (x) i y = g (x) H-enepep6H-i 6 mo"'lt-
q.i x 0 , mo 6 q.iu mo"'ltq.i nenepep6nuMu e i <}JynKlfi°i y = f (x) + g (x),
. f (x)
y = f (x) g (x) z. y = - - (ocmanna aa yMo6u, UfO g (x0) -1:- 0).
g (x)
/{ oee(}e H HJl TeOpeMH IIpOBe)J,eMO JIHIIIe .D;JI.H cpyHKU.il y = f (X) + g ( X)
(,n;JIH iHmHx cpyHKU.iH ,n;oBe)J,iTh TeopeMy caMOCTiHHo). Poar JI.HHeMo
,l(OBiJihHY 36imHy )J,0 Xo IIOCJii.D;OBHiCTb (xn) apryMeHTiB cpyHKU.il
y = f (x) + g (x). OcKiJihKH cpyHKU.il fig e HerrepepBHHMH B TO"t!U.i x 0 ,
TO limf(xn)=f(x0 ) i limg(xn)=g(x0 ).
n n - L

BHKOpHCTOByroqH TeopeMy npo rpaHHU.IO cyMH 36imHHX rrocni,n;oB-

HOCTeli M eMo m;o lim(f (xn) g(xn))=f(x0 )+g(x0 ). Ue 03Haqae,
n x

l.IJ;O cpyHKU.i.H y =f (x) g (x) € HerrepepBHOIO B Toqu.i Xo·

25
 § 1. lpaHLll~ Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKUl'i

<l>aKTH'IHO TeopeMa 3. 2 CKJia,n;aeTbCH 3 TpbOX TeopeM RKi H83H-

. BaIOTb TeopeMaMH rrpo H rrep pBHiCTb cyMH, HerrepepBHiCTb .n;o6yTKY
Ta HerrepepBHiCTb qacTKII.
B11Kop11cTOBYJOtIM TeopeMy rrpo ap11cpMeTKl!Hi .n;ri 3 Herr pepBHHMH
rh .
\fJYHKil;IHMH Ma€MO, m,o KO)f{Ha 3 th
~pYHKU,lH
. ..
y - f (x ) 1. y = -
f (x)
- .n;e
g (x)
f
(x), g (x) - MHOrOtIJieHH, € HerrepepBHOIO B KO)f{Hiti TO'-IU,i o6JiaCTi
BH3HatieHHR .
.HKIIJ,0 <l>YHKlI,iH f € HerrepepBHOlO B KO:>KHiH TOtIII;i .n;e.HKOl MHO)KHHH
Mc~' To roBop.HTb, m,o BOHa uenepepuua Ha MHOjKHHi M .
.HKIIJ,O cpyHKlI,iH f e HenepepBHOlO Ha MHO)f{HHi D (f), TO TaKy
1
cpyHKlI,iro Ha3HBalOTh uenepepuuoro. Harrp11KJia.n;, cpyHKlI,i.H y = --
x
e HerrepepBHoro Ha KOJl\HOMY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB (-oo; 0) i (O; + oo ). ToMy

y - ]:_ - HerrepepBHa cpyHKlI,i.H. Y 3araJii, KO:>KHa paa;ioHaJibHa cpyHK-

x
1
lI,i.H e HerrepepBHoro. <l>yHKlI,iR rpacpiK .HKo1 306pameHo Ha pu:cYH-
KY 3 . 2, TaKo:>K e H rrepepBHoro.
,[(oBe,n;eMO, m,o cpyHKUiH y - sin x € H rrepepBHOlO.

JI 3.1. ,l(na 6yiJb-JLK.ozo x E ~ 6UK.onyembCJL nepienicmb

I sin x I ~ I x 1.
JI. OBeoenn.R. I I
5IKm,o x = 0 a6o x ~ 1 TO HepiBHiCTh .HKa .n;oBo-
.n;11TbCH e oqeBH)J;HOlO.
exafl x E (0; 1). Ha p11cynKy 3.5 ToqKy P oTpIIMaHO B pe3yJih-
TaTi IIOBOPOTY TO't!KH po (1 · 0) HaBKOJIO IIOtiaTKY KOOp)J;HHaT Ha KYT

x pa,n;iaH. OcKiJibKH x E (O· 1) TO 0 < x < rr.

2
ToMy TO"t!Ka P x 3Hc. xo,n;HThC.H B rrepmili
tIBepTl.

-t-~~----ol~~~~---t~
P0 IlJiom,a TPHKYTHHKa P xOP 0 MeHIIIa Bi.n;
O 1 rrJiom,i ceKTopa PxOP 0 (p11c. 3.5). MaeMo:

S \ p OP.0 = -1 on2
r 0
.
in x-
1 .
- sin x;
• 2 2
1 2 1
=-0P0 x=-x.
Puc. 3.5 2 2

f (x)
I <l>yHI<IJ;iIO BHAY y - -- .n;e f (x) i g (x) - MHOrO"t!JieHH, Ha3RB8IOTb
g (x)
pa~ioHaJILHOlO.

26
 1.
To,rµ - sin x < -1 x . OrpHMY€MO su1
.
x < x.
2 2
Hexa.H x E (-1; 0). To,n;i -x E (O· 1). MomHa aarmcaTII: sin (-x) < -x.
3Bi,ZJ;CH sin x x.
0Tme HKID;O x E (0· 1) TO 0 < sin x < x. ToMy sin x I I < Ix I·
HKW:O x E (-1; 0), TO 0 sin x,,,. x. ToMy sin x I I< Ix I. A
e 3. 2 . Jf na 6yiJb-JtKUX x E IR i x 0 E Ill 6UKonycmbca nepi6-
nicmb I in x - sin x 0 I<I x - x I· 0

PioeefJenn.ll. MaeMo:

Isin x sin x0 I= 2 sin x-x

2
° cos
x+x
2
0
~ 2 sin
x-x
2
°.
. X-X
0
3 JieMH 3.1 BHilJIHBae, w;o sin-----=- . ToMy MO»eHa aa-
2 2

Isin x - sin x I~ 2 0 sin

x-x ° <2 x-x0 = x - xI0
I• A
2 2
TeopeM 3 . . <PynK!fiJt y = in x nenepep6na na JR.
Jli 0 8 e fJ e H 1-l Jt. Y CTaHOBHMO HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKII,il y in X y =
KO»eHi:H Toq11,i x 0 E JR. Hexali (x II ) - ,n;oBiJihHa nocJii,n;OBHiCTb TaK ,
~o li111 x,,
n · '
=x0 • To,n;i lim Ix,,
n r
x0 I 0. Y CHJIY JieMH 3.2

-I x n - x0 I<sin x n - in x 0 ~I x n - x () I•

3a TeopeMOIO rrpo ,ZJ;BOX KOHBOlpiB (Teop Ma 45.5 ni,n;pyqHHKa

~ AJire6pa-10») oTpHMyeMo, m;o

lim (sin x,, - in x 0 ) = 0.

II x.

3Bi,n;cH lim sin xn =sin x 0 • OcKiJihKH nocJii,n;oBHiCTh (x ) o6paHo

n oc n

,ZJ;OBiJibHO TO 11,e 03Ha"l!ae m;o cpyHKII;i.H y = sinx e HenepepBHOIO . ...

e 3. . <PynK!fiR. y = os x nenepepena na JR.

. . . x - x0 . x + x 0
CKOPHCTaBmHCb p!BHlCTIO cos x - co Xo = - 2 sin Sln Ta
2 2
i,n;eero ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHH51 TeopeMH 3.3, ,n;oBe,n;iTb 11,IO TeopeMy caMOCTiHHO.
OcKiJihKH cpyHK11,il y = sin x i y = cos x - HenepepBHi, To a Te-
opeMu npo HenepepBHiCTb qacTKH BHilJIHBae m;o cpyHKII,il y = tg x
i y = ctg x TaKO»C e HenepepBHHMH.

27
§ 1. lpaHVIUfl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKUi"I

BM 3HaeTe, m;o rpacpiKM B3a€MHO o6epHeHMX cpyHKII,ili CMMeTpMtIHi

Bi,n;HocHo up.HMO! y = x. BoHH e piBHMMM cpirypaMM, a oTme, MaIOTb
6araTo o,n;HaKOBMX reoMeTpMtIHMX BJiaCTHBOCTeli. Mae Micrr.e TaKe
TBep,n;meHH.H: .HKID;O o6opOTHa cpyHKII,i.H f BM3HatieHa Ha ,n;e.HKOMy
rrpoMimKy Ta e HenepepBHOIO, TO o6epHeHa ,n;o He! cpyHKII,i.H g TaKom
1
6y,n;e HenepepBHoro .
5IK 6yJio BCTaHOBJieHo BHr:a;e, cpyHKII,i.H y = x 2 e HerrepepBHOIO. To,n;i
2
M: o6opoTHa <PYHKII,i.H f (x) = x , D (f) = [O; +oo), e HerrepepBHOIO. 0Tme,
o6epHeHa ,n;o He! cpyHKII,i.H g (x) = £ TaKom e HerrepepBHOIO.
MipKYJOtIH aHaJioritIHO, ,n;oxo,n;MMO BMCHOBKY, r:a;o cpyHKII,i.H y = ~,
n E N, n > l, e HerrepepBHoro. TaK caMo BCTaHOBJIIO€MO, m;o Herre-
pepBHMMH e i cpyHKII,i! y = arcsin x, y = arccos x, y = arctg x Ta
y = arcctg x.
Teope 3. (npo enep p CKJI Ae ol 4>YHK·
icT
~ii). HK,UfO <]JynK,tfiR t = g (x) nenepepBna 6 mo"'lfi x 0, a <]JynKl,fiJt
y = f (t) nenepepBna 6 mo"'lfi t 0, iJe t 0 = g (x0 ), mo CK,naiJena <]JynK,l,fiR
y = f (g (x)) e nenepepBnoro 6 mo"'tfi x 0.
!( 0 8 ea e H Ti.fl. Hexali (x II ) - ,ZI;OBiJihHa IlOCJii,ZI;OBHiCTb 3HatieHb
apryMeHTY cpyHKII,il y = f (g (x)) TaKa, r:a;o lim X 11 = X 0 • Il03HatIMMO
n 'JJ

tn=g(xJ i y 11 =f(t,)=f(g(x11 )).

OcKiJihKH cpyHKII,i.H g e HerrepepBHOIO B TOtIII,i x 0 , TO rrocJii,n;oBHicTb
(g (x )), T06To IlOCJii,ZI;OBHiCTb (tn ), 36ira€TbC.H ,n;o "t!MCJia to =g (xo>·
OcKiJibKM cpyHKII,i.H f € HerrepepBHOIO B TOtIII,i to i IIOCJii,ZI;OBHiCTb (t,)
36iraeTbC.H ,n;o "t!MCJia to, TO IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTb (f (tr)), T06TO IIOCJii,ZI;OBHiCTb
(y 11 ) , 36iraeTbC.H ,n;o tIHCJia f (t0 ) = f (g (x0 )).
0Tme, MM IlOKa3aJIM, m;o ,ZI;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HK0l 36imHOl ,n;o XO IIOCJii,ZI;OB-
HOCTi (x n ) 3HatieHb apryMeHTY cpyHKII,il y = f (g (x)) Bi,n;noBi,n;Ha no-
CJii,ZI;OBHiCTb (Yn) 3HatieHb cpyHKII,il 36ira€TbC.H ,n;o "tJMCJia f (g (xo)).
ToMy cpyHKII,i.H y = f (g (x)) € HerrepepBHOIO B TOtIII,i XO.
HanpMKJia,n;, cpyHKII,i.H t = 2x - 1 HerrepepBHa B TOtIII,i x 0 = 5,
cpyHKII,i.H y = Ji HerrepepBHa B TO"tJII,i to = 2 . 5 -1 = 9. To,n;i CKJia,n;eHa
cpyHKII,i.H y=.J2x-l e HenepepBHOIO B TOtIII,i x 0 =5. MipKyIOtIM aHa-
JioritIHo, MOmHa IIOKa3aTM, r:a;o CKJia,n;eHa cpyHKII,i.H y = .J2x-l € He-
rrepepBHOIO B KOmHili TOtIII,i CB0€l o6JiacTi BM3HatieHH.H.

l ,lJ;oBe,n;eHH.H D;hOro cpaKTY BHXO,ZI;HTh 3a Memi mKiJihHOl rrporpaMH.

3a,n;aqa 3.33 IIOKa3y€ CYTTE:BiCTh Toro, m;o 06.JiaCTIO BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKII,il f
e ,n;e.HKHli rrpoMimoK.

28
 3. HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i°i B TOYU.i

IIJ,e rrpHKJiap;M. CI>yHKII;il y =sin xi y = 5x e HerrepepBHHMM. To,n;i

cKJia,n;eHa cpyHKII;i.H y = sin 5x TaKo.JK HerrepepBHa.
Ko.JKHa 3 cpyHKu;ili y = ~ i y = x 2 e HerrepepBHOIO. To,n;i CKJiap;e-
Ha cpyHKu;i.a y= N, T06To cpyHKII;i.H y =Ix j, TaKO.JK e HerrepepBHOIO.

4
MPlllKilAA 06'lnc.JiiTi, lim ,J x - .
x >4 2x+l-3
P 03 8' Jl3 a Ii Ii.fl. OcidJibKH cpyHKII;i.H f (x) = .J2x+ 1-3 e HenepepB-

HOIO, TO lim ( .J2x + 1 - 3) = ~2. 4+1 - 3= 0. 0T.JKe, 3aCTOCyBaTH Teope-

x 4

MY npo rpaHMII;IO ""CJaCTKH He MO.JKHa.

IIepeTBOpHMO ,n;pi6, .HKMH cTOlTb rri,n; 3HaKoM rpaHHu;i:
x-4 (x-4)(.J2x+1+3) (x-4)(.J2x+1+3)
--;::::==-- - = =
.J2x+l-3 (.J2x+l-3)(.J2x+1+3) (2x+l)-9

= (x-4)(.J2x+1+3) =~(.J 2 x+l+ 3 ).

2 (x-4) 2

OcKiJihKH cpyHKu;i.a g (x) = ~ ( .J2x + 1+3) e HerrepepBHOIO, To MO.JK-

2

Ha 3aIIHCaTH lim~(.J2x+1+3)=~(~2-4+1+3)=3.
x 4 2 2
BifJno8iOb: 3.
MPM AA 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3Ha""CJeHH.H napaMeTpa a, npM .HKHX <PYHKII;i.H
x 2 -1 .

!
2
- - 2, .HKn.:t;O X :/:. l 1 X :/:.a , .
f (x) = x2-a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO"'CJII;l XO= 1.
a +a, .aKm;o x = 1,
Po 3 8' Jl3 a Ii Ii.fl. Po3rJimreMO BHna,n;oK, KOJIM a
2
* 1. To,n;i lim
x 1
f (x) =

x - ~
2
= lim = 0. ,[(JI.a Toro n.:t;o6 cpyHKu;i.a f 6y Jia HenepepBHOIO B TO""CJII;i
x ix-a
x0= 1, rroTpi6Ho, n.:t;o6 f (1) = a
2
+ a= 0. 3Bi,n;cH a= 0 a6o a= -1.
2
YMoBy a =F 1 3a,n;oBOJibH.He JIMme a = 0.
2
5IKm;o a 2
= 1, TO MaeMo lirn f (x) = lirn x - l = lim (x + 1) = 2. To,n;i
x 1 x 1 x-1 x-tl

3Ha""CJeHH.H a, .HKi 3ap;oBOJibH.HIOTb yMoBy, 3Ha-li,n;eMo i3 cHcTeMH

2
a =1,
3Bi,ll;CH a = 1.
{
a 2 +a=2.
BifJno8ifJb: a =0 a6o a = 1.

29
§ 1. lpaHll!Ufl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKUil

nPMK.nAJ'.l l.br icHye <i>YHKUiH HKa BH3Ha'leHa Ha i HerrepepBHa

piBHO B O.D;HiH TO'lIJ;i?
Po3e'a3anna. IloKaJKeMo, m;o cpyHKII,iH
(x)=xTJ (x)={x, HKIIJ;O XEQ f
0 HKIIJ;O XE~\
e aerrepepBaoro innIIe B Toqui x 0 = 0.
Hexali (x) - ,LJ;OBiJihHa rrocJii,n;oBHicTh 3Ha'ieHh apryMeHTY cpyHK-
uil f TaKa, m;o lim xn = 0. OcKiJihKM 3Ha'leHHH f (x ) .n;opiBHIOe a6o
n ·Y' "

0 (HKID;O Xn - ippan;ioHaJihHe 'lMCJIO), a6o Xn (HKIIJ;O X 11 - paII,iO-

HaJibHe "C{HCJIO), TO lim f (xn) = 0. Ka3aHe 03Haqae, m;o cpyHKUiH f
n •r
e HerrepepBHOlO B Toq:aJ XO= 0.
IlOKruKeMo, m;o B 6y,LJ;h-HKiH TO't!II,i XO, Bi,n;MiHHiH Bi,n; 0, cpyHKD,iH
f (x) Hee aenepepBHoro.
Hexali x 0 *
0 i x 0 E Q . To.n;i f (x 0 ) = x 0 0. PosrJIHHeMo rrocJii- *
,LJ;OBHiCTh (x n ), HKa CKJia,n;aeThCH TiJihKM 3 ippa:a;ioHaJihHMX 'lMCeJI,
TaKy' m;o lim x,I = Xo. To,LJ;i BCi tIJieHu ITOCJii,LJ;OBHOCTi (f (x )) .n;opiB-
n Y. n

HIOlOTh HYJilO T06TO lim

n
f (xii)= 0 * f (xo>· 0TJKe cpyHKI1,iH f He € He-

rrepepBHOlO B TO'iI1,i XO.

Hexa:li x 0 E JR \ Q. To.n;i f (x 0 ) = 0 x 0 • PosrJIHHeMo rrocJii,n;oB- *
HiCTh (X n ), HKa CKJia,n;a€ThCJ:I TiJihKM 3 p II,iOHaJihHHX t-IMCeJI,
TaKy, m;o lim xn = Xo· To.n;i f (x ) = x /1,JIH BCix n E . MaeMo:
n-• n n

lim
n
f (X11 ) = nlim X = X 0 -:Ff (x0 ).
-r
11
0TJKe cpyHKIJ;iH f He e HerrepepBHOlO

B T0l.JI1,i X •
0
•

nPMKnA.Q 4 3HaH,n;iTh yci aerrepepBHi B TOtIII,i X

0
= 0 cpyHKI1,il f T~Ki,

l'.I\O 1vur 6yl(:h-srnoro x E R s1rnoayeT:hcsr piBHiCT:h f (x) = f (;).

Po 3 e' a a a H n R. OcKiJihKM 3a,n;aaa B yMoBi piBHiCTh BHKoayeThCH
lJ.JUi 6ylJ,h-J:IKOro x E JR, TO rrpM 3aMiHi x Ha x MM 3HOBY OTPMMaeMO
2

npaBHJI:hHY pisHiCT:h f (;) = f ( x). To.Qi l(Jisr 6y.Q:h-srKoro x E BH-

KOHyeT:hcsr pisHiCT:h f (x) =f (:). CRopHcTaBllIHC:h MeTO.QOM MaTeMa-

T11qao1 ia,n;yKuii, MOJKHa lJ.OBeCTM (3po6iTb :a;e caMOCTiHHO), m;o lJ,JISI

6y.Q:h-SIKOro x E I BClX n E BHKOHyeT:hCSl PlBHICT:h f (x) = f (;.).

30
 3. HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU.il B TOl.fU.i

1Tl> • • x x x
OcKiJibKM ,z:i;JISi 6 YAb-SiKoro x E ~ rrocJil,ZJ;OBHlCTb - - , .•• , - 11
, ••.
2 4 2
npSIMY€ ,z:i;o HYJISi, TO )J;JI.H Herrep pBHOl B TOtII(i XO - 0 cpyHKI(il f BiA-

nosi11aa nocni,)losaicTh aaa'Ielih cj:lyHKU.il f (;) f ( x) ... , f ( ;. ) ...

npSIMY AO tiliCJia f (xo) T06TO AO l.lliCJia f (0). Ilpn I(bOMY, SiK 6yJio

BCTaHOBJleHO paHillle, KO>KHHH 'IJieH nocJii,1\0BHO Ti f (; J. f (:). ... '

f (~J
2n
, ... AOPiBHroe f (x). TaKMM tIMHOM, f (x) = lim f (~)
2n
II
= f (0).
e 03Hatiae m;o myKaHa cpyHKI(i.fi Mae BMrJIHA f (x) = c Ae c-
KOHCTaHTa . 3poayMiJIO m;o 6YAb-HKa TaKa cpyHKI(iH 3aAOBOJlbH.H€
VM BY 38,D;a'tfl.

Bionoeiob : f (x) c, Ae c- AOBiJihHa KoHcTanTa.

BJiaCTHBOCTi HerrepepBHMX cpyHK:o;ili BHKop11cT0ByroTh AJI.H poaB '.H-
ayBaHHSI 6araThOX CKJiaAHMX 3aAa~r. TaK, BM He pa3 3ycTpiqaJIMC.H
a piBH.HHHRMM KopeHi .HKMX He BAaB JIOCH 3Ha:liT11. Po3rJI.fiHeMo Ha-
npnKJia,D; piBH.HHH.H cos x = x. 3 pHCYHKa 3.6 BH,D;HO, m;o :o;e piBH.HH-
II.H Ma€ €.D;liHMH KopiHb x =a . 3a ,D;OIIOMOroro KOMrr'roTepHMX rrporp M
an :i1,n;eHo lioro rrepllii ,n;ec.HTKOBi 3HaK11 : a= 0, 7390851332 .... Il0Ai-
61-1y KOMrr'roTepHy rrporpaMy BM MOJKeTe CTBOpIITM i caMi, BHKOPMC-
TOBYlOl.lli TaKi MipKyBaHHH.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
11
I I
11
••a

PRC. 3.6 Pn. 3.7

.n::JI.H Ha6JIM)KeHoro p03B, H3YB HH.H piBHHHH.H f (x) =x ,n;e f- ,n;e-

.HKa HenepepBHa Ha <PYHKI(iH, y MaTeMaTHI(i BHKOPHCTOBYJOTb TaK

3BaHHH MeTo,z:i; npocTo1 iTepau;il. PoaB •R3YJO'tfH piBHHHH.H I(HM M TO-
,z:t;OM CIIO'tf8TKY o6MparoTh AOBiJibHe tIHCJIO X1 (IIOtiaTKOBe Ha6JIMJK H-

H.H). ,n::aJii 6y,n;yroTb IIOCJiiAOBHiCTb (xn) TaKy' m;o xn I = f (x,J n E N

(p:n • 3. 7) . .HKm;o IlOCJiiAOBHiCTb (x,J BM.HBH'l'b .H 36i)KHOIO, TO 11

31
§ 1. f paHVIU,H Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i.I

rpaHHII,ero 6y.n;e KopiHh piBH.HHH.H f (x) = x. CrrpaB,n;i, nepeli.n;eMo .n;o

rpaHHII,i B piBHOCTi xn +l = f (xn ). MaeMo: lim x n+ l = lim
n -He n >~
f (xn). 5I1nu;o

lim x,l =a, TO lim xn +l =a. KpiM II,hOro, 3 HenepepBHOCTi cpyHKII,il f

n -toc. n ->oo

BHIIJIHBae, m;o lim

n rn
f (x,) = f (a). OT)i\,e, .n;oBe,n;eHo, m;o a = f (a), To6-

TO "l!HCJIO a € KOpeHeM piBH.HHHH x = f ( x).

,IJ;oBe,n;eHe TBep.n;ji\,eHHH Jieji\,RTh B OCHOBi MeTo.n;y rrpOCTOl i Tepan;iL
OcKiJihKH nocJii,n;oBHiCTh (xn) MOji\,e rrpHMyBaTH JIIUIIe .n;o KopeHH
piBH.HHHH f (x) = x, TO 3a Ha6JIHji\,eHe 3Ha"lleHH.H II,hOrO KOpeH.H 6epyTh
,n;eHKHM 'tIJieH ITOCJii,n;OBHOCTi (x,) 3 .n;ocTaTHhO B8JIHKHM HOMepoM n.
ToMy rrocJii,n;oBHiCTh (xn) Ha3HBaIOTh rrocJii,n;oBHiCTIO na6JI11:1KeH1>.
IloKa.iKeMo, .HK rrpan;roe rr.eli MeTo.n; rrpH p03B '.H3yBaHHi piBH.HHHH
cos x = x. 06epeMo .n;oBiJihHe rrotJaTKOBe Ha6JIHji\,eHH.H. Hexali x 1 = 0.
B:aKop:acTOBYIO'tIH MeTo,n; rrpocTo1 iTepaII,i1, rro6y,n;yeMo rrocJii,n;OBHiCTh
1
Ha6JIH.iKeHh .n;o KOpeHH piBHHHHH (pHC. 3.8):
X 2 = COS X1 = COS 0 = 1,

X3 =COS X2 =COS 1=0,5403 ... ,

X4 = COS X3 = 0,8576 ... ,
X 5 =COS X 4 = 0,6543 ... ,

X 10 = 0, 7314 ... ,

X 20 = 0, 73893 .•. ,

x 30 = 0, 739082 .... PHC. 3.8

5IK 6a"l!HMO, Bme TpH,n;II,.HTHH
"l!JieH rrocJii.n;oBHOCTi Mae rr' HTh rrpaBHJihHHX .n;ec.HTKOBHX 3HaKiB rric-
JI.H KOMM KopeHH a= 0, 7390851. .. piBH.HHH.H cos x = x.

BnpaaM
0

3.1. 06"tIHCJiiTh:
1) lim
x 9
v'x; 3) lim tg x;
3n
5) lim arctg x.
x-> l
X->-
4

2) lim sin x; 4) lim arcsin x;

It x-t O
X-t 6

1
y IIYHKTi 12 (3a,n;aqa 12.31) 6y,n;e o6rpyHTOBaHO 36i.JKHiCTh u,iei: IIOCJii-
.D:OBHOCTi.

32
 3. HenepepsHiCTb cj:>yHKWi"I B TOYWi

3. 06"tIHCJiiTh:
1) lim -Fx°; 3) lim ctg x; 5) lim arcctg x.
x-+2 It x > 1
X-+-
4
2) lim cos x; 4) lim arc cos x;
x
;t X-+0
2
0

3.3. ,il;oBe,n;iTh HerrepepBHiCTh <PYHKD;i1:

1) f (x) = fx + 3; 3) f (x)=.J5x+2; 5 ) f (x) = sin x .
x
2) f (x) = Fx"-x 2
; 4) f{x)=Fx°sinx;
3. . ,il;oBe,n;iTh HenepepBHiCTh cpyHKD;il:
0

~
1) f(x)=]:_+Fx°; 3) f (x) = ;
x cos x
2) f (x) = sin x + ctg x; 4) f (x) = ctg 5x.
0

3.5. 06llHCJiiTh:

1) lim .J2x-l; 4) lim cos 2 x.

X-+1 It
X-4
2
.6 06"tIHCJiiTh:

1) lim .Jl-3x; 3) lim ~ +l;

x 0 x 1 x

2) lim cos 4x; 4) lim ctg(x - 11:).

X-+ --
It X-+0 4
2

3.7: °lJH € HerrepepBHOIO B TO"tJD;i XO cpyHKD;hI:

x 2 -9
1) f (X ) -
_

l x-3
6,
sin 2x
, .H:KI.JJ;O X -:F

.H:KID;O X = 3,

- - , .H:KIIJ;O X
3,

n
-:F - ,
XO -
_ .
3'

cosx 2
2) f (x) =
7t
1, .H:KIIJ;O X =-,
2
3. qH e HerrepepBHOIO B TOlID;i XO cpyHKD;i.H::
1-x 2
1) f (X=
) , .H:KID;O X -:F -1, l
x+l x 0 =-;
{
0, .H:KID;O X = -1,

* n,
l
sin 2x , HKID;O x
2) f(x)= sinx x 0 = n?
-2, .H:KID;O X = 1t,

33
§ 1. rpaHV1~~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK~i·i

3.9: 06tIMCJiiTh:

1) lim x + / ; ; 2) lim Fx- 2 ; 3) lim x2 -Fx.

x o x-Fx x 4 x-4 X-71 1-Fx
3.10 .. 06tIMCJiiTh:
31
1) lim 2 J;-3x. . x-1 . ~x -1
2) 1lffi ; 3) 1lll1 I .
:c 0 3 fx-2x' x>ll-Fx x-+l-vx-1
3.11: 06"CIMCJiiTh:

1) lim x- 3 ; 3 ) lim .Jx + 13 -2.rx-;I. 5) lim .Jx2 +1-1 ;

X-7
3 .Jx-2 -1 X-73 X2 - 9 ' x
0 .Jx 2 +16-4

2) lim +x ·
2 4) lim ~-l. 6) lim ~ .
X-7-21-.Jx2 -3' X-7
5 3-.J4+X' X-703X+l-1
3.12 06tIMCJiiTh:

1) r x-3
2
. .Jx + 4 - 2 . ~l+x 2 -1
3) 1lffi 5) 1lID
}~ .J2x 10-4
; ;
x 0 x x >0 x
. 2-~. . ~+2
2) 1lffi 2 ' 6) 1lID 3
.
x 7 x -49 X-+-2 X +8

3.13: ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, III;O cpyHKD;i.H ,IJ;ipixJie He e HenepepBHOIO B :/KO,ll;Hili

TOtID;i o6JiaCTi BM3HatieHH.H.

3.14: Ilpo HerrepepBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f Bi,n;OMO, rrt;O

2
f ( 1 )- 5n + 1 N
-;; - (3n-l)(n+l)' n E •

3HaH,n;iTh 3HatieHH.H f (0).

(n +n2) = 4n-1 '

. . 2+n -n+2
3.15." Ilpo HerrepepBHY Ha JR <PYHKD;llO f Bl,ll;OMO, rrt;O f 2

n E N . 3Hai1,n;iTh 3HatieHH.H f (1).

3.16:· 3Hai1,n;iTh yci 3HatieHH.H

X COS _!_, .HKIII;O X =I= 0,

f (x ) = x e HenepepBHOIO B TOtID;i XO = 0.
{
a, .HKID;O X = 0,
3.11:· 3Hai1,n;iTh yci 3HatieHH.H rrapaMeTpa a, rrpM .HKMX cpyHKD;i.H

a COS_!_, .HKIIJ;O X =I= 0,

f (x)= 0.
l
x e HerrepepBHOIO B TOtID;i XO =
2
a -4a, .aKrrt;o x = 0,

34
 3. HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu,i'1'B TOYU,i

3.18. 3Hali,D;iTh yci 3Ha'Y:eHHH rrapaMeTpa a, rrp:a HKHX cpyHKll,iH

(a 2 - 1) Ix I, HKm;o x :;t: 0,
f (x) = x e HenepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO = 0.

!
a 2 +a, HKII.J;O x = 0,
3,19:· 3Hali,D;iTh yci 3Ha'Y:eHHH rrapaMeTpa a, rrp:a HKHX cpyHKIJ;iH
2
x - 4

l
- - , HKIIJ;O x:;t:2 ix ::;t: a,
f (x) = ~- a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO = 2.
a +3a, HKIIJ;O x = 2,
3.20:· 3Halip;iTh yci 3Ha1IeHHH rrapaMeTpa a, rrp:a HKMX cpyHKIJ;iH
2
x -16
--- 2
, HKIIJ;O X :;t: 4 i X ::;t: a 2 ,
f (x) = x - a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:u;i XO = 4.

!
a 2 + 2a, HKIIJ;O x = 4,
3.21:· ct>yHKIJ;il f i g BH3Ha1IeHi Ha JR . l{:a MOJKe cpyHKIJ;iH h (x) =
= f (x) +g (x) 6yTH HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO, HKm;o:
1) cpyHKIJ;iH f e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO, a <l)YHKIJ;iH g He e He-
rrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:D;i xo;
2) <PYHKD;il fi g He € HerrepepBHI1MH B TO'Y:D;i XO?

3.2 ct>yHKu;il f i g BH3Ha1IeHi Ha IR . 1I:a Mome cpyHKD;iH h (x) =

= f (x) g (x) 6yTH HerrepepBHOIO B TO"tfIJ;i XO, HKm;o:
1) cpyHKD;iH f e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO, a cpyHKIJ;iH g He e He-
rrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i xo;
2) <PYHKu;il f i g He € HerrepepBHHMH B TO'Y:IJ;i XO?
3.23.·· ,Il;oBep;iTh, m;o piBHHHHH sin x = x Mae ep;HHHH KOpiHh -
'Y:HCJIO 0.
3.24:· ,Il;oBe,D;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;iH f (x) = 1, D (f) = Q , e HerrepepBHOIO.
3.25:· 3Halip;iTh yci HerrepepBHi Ha IR cpyHKD;il TaKi, rn;o f (x) = x 2
,D;JIH BCiX X E Q .
3 • Ilpo HerrepepBHi Ha IR cpyHKu;il f i g Bip;oMo, rn;o f (x) = g (x)
,D;JIH Bcix x E Q . Po3B' .HJKiTh piBHHHH.H f (x) = g (x).

3.27.
•• ,Il;oBe,D;iTh, ru;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) =
{X, HKin;O XEQ, e Herre-
-x, HKin;O X E JR \ Q,
pepBHOIO piBHO B O.D;HiH TO'Y:IJ;i X 0 = 0.
3.2s.·· Ilpo BH3Ha"tfeHy Ha IR cpyHKu;iro f Bi,D;OMO, rn;o BOHa He e He-
nepepBHOIO B JKO,D;Hili TO'Y:ll;i. '(la MOJKe iCHYBaTH rpaHHIJ;.H lim f (x)?
x->0
2
. 9 . ,Il;oBe,D;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) =x '.D (x) € HerrepepBHOIO piBHO
B O,D;HiH TO'Y:D;i X 0 = 0.

35
§ 1. rpaHlt1Ll,s:l Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKLJ,i°i

3.30. * HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; <l>YHKII.ii, .HKa BH3HatieHa Ha IR i e Herre-

pepBHOIO plBHO B ,ll;BOX TOtIKax.
3.31. * HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n. <l>YHKII,i1, .HKa BH3HatieHa Ha IR, He e Herre-
pepBHOIO B JKO,n;HiH TOtIII,i i aa,n;oBOJihH.He YMOBY f (f (x)) = x.
3.32. * 3Hali,n;iTh yci HerrepepBHi B TOtIII,i XO = -1 <l>YHKII,ii f TaKi, rn;o
,n;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro x E IR BHKOHyeThC.H piBHiCTh f (x) = f (2x + 1).
3.33. * I'pa<PiKH <l>YHKII.ili f i g e piBHHMH <PirypaMH. <I>yHKII,i.H f e He-
rrepepBHOIO. qH o6oB' .H3KOBO <l>YHKII,i.H g e HerrepepBHOIO?
3.34. * <l>yHKII.il f i g e HerrepepBHHMH Ha IR. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, rn;o <l>YHKII.il
y =max {f (x); g (x)} i y =min {f (x); g (x)} TaKom e HerrepepBHHMH
Ha IR.
3.35. * 3Hali,n;i Tb rpaHHII,IO IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi ( x n ) ' rn;o aa,n;oBOJihH.He YMO-
BY xn+1 =sinxn, n EN.
3.36. * 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHII,IO IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi (x ), aa,n;aHOl <l>OPMYJIOIO
fl

2
xn =cos (2n .Jn + n).

0AHOCTOpOHHi rpaH"1L\i cf>YHKL\ri B TO'"IL\i.

Knac"1cf>iKal,\iSI TO'"IOK po3p"1BY
Ha pHcyHKY 4.1, a ao6pameHo rpa<PiK <l>YHKu;il f, D (f) =JR, .HKa
. .
He Mae rpaHHIJ;l B TOtIII,l XO.

~L---~-~ I
yt y
a r--------
I
= g( )
Y+
b'
1
y = l~(x)
~-------- I
I
I
I ' I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I I I I I I

-· --r-----------------•
I I
-- ---t--------~-----~
O:
I I
--r--------J-----------~
O: XO x XO x O: XO x
a 6 8

PHC. 4.1

PaaoM 3 THM <l>YHKII.i.H y = g (x), D (g) = (-oo; x 0 ), .HKa Ha rrpoMiJKKy

( _:'oo; XO) 36iraeTbC.H 3 <l>YHKII,ieIO f (pHC. 4.1, 6), Mae rpaHHII,IO B TOtI-
n;i XO. ll;IO rpaHHD;IO <l>YHKII,il g rrpHpo,n;HO Ha3BaTH JiiBOIO rpaHHn;ero
<l>YHKII.il f y TOtIII.i x 0 • TaKOJK <l>YHKII;i.H y = h (x), D (h) = (x 0 ; +oo),
.HKa 36iraeTbC.H 3 <l>YHKu;ieIO f Ha rrpoMiJKKY (xo; +oo) (pHC. 4.1, 6),
Mae rpaHHII,IO B TOtiu;i XO. ll;IO rpaHHD;IO <l>YHKII,il h rrp:apo,n;HO Ha3BaTH
rrpaBOIO rpaHHn;ero <l>YHKII,il f y TOtID;i XO.

36
 4. OgHOCTOpOHHi rpaHV1U,i cpyHKu,i'1 B TOYU,i. Knac1t1cpiKaU,i5l TO'-IOK po3pV1BY

Po3rJI.HHeMo cpyHKIJ;iIO f i TO't!KY x 0 , )J;JI.H .HK01 icHye nocJii)J;OBHiCTh

MeHlliMX (6iJihlliMX) Bi)]; XO 3Ha'tJeHb apryMeHTY' .HKa 36iraeThC.H )J;O
TO'tJKM x 0 • To)J;i )J;ou;inhHO npMHH.HTM TaKe 03Ha'tJeHH.H.

03H qeu SI. 1IHCJIO a Ha3HBalOTI> Jii OJO (npaBOJO) rpaBHD;eJO

cl>YBIU~ii f y TO'ID;i XO, HKm;o ,IJ;JIH 6y,z:i;1>-HKOI 36ijKH0l ,IJ;O XO nocJii-
.II;OBHOCTi X 1 , X 2 , ••• , Xn, ••• 3Ha"tJeHI> apryMeBTY <i>YHKD;fi eJieMeHTH f,
x,, HKOI MeHIIli (6iJILmi) Bi,z:i; XO, Bi,z:i;noBi,IJ;Ha IlOCJii,IJ;OBHiCTI> (xl), f
f (x 2 ), ••• , f (x), ... 3Ha"lleH1> <PYHltn;fi 36ira€T1>CH ,z:i;o 'IHCJia a.
JliBy rpaHMIJ;IO cpyHKIJ;il f y TO'tJIJ;i XO II03HaqaIOTh lim
X Xo -
f (x).
IlpaBy rpaHHIJ;IO cpyHKIJ;il f y TO'tJil;i XO II03Ha'tJaIOTh lim
X ·~Xo I
f (x).
,il;JI.H cpyHKIJ;il f' rpacpiK .HKOl ao6pameHO Ha pMCYHKY 4.1, a, MOm-
Ha sarrMcaTM: lim f (x) =a, lim f (x) = b.
X--+Xu X--+Xo+

,il;JI.H cpyHKIJ;il y = Fx (p:ac. 4.2) MOmHa aarr11caTM: lim

x - ~O +
Fx = 0,
lim
x .. i
Fx = 1. ,I(JI.H q)yHKIJ;il y = arcsin x (pMC. 4.3) MOmHa 3aIIMCaTM:
. . 7t
1un arcs1n x = - .
x >l 2

y4 I
re in
7t :
2 :------
'
I
I
I
I
I

-1
--~------
:______ J __
I
~
y!I
I
:
I
:0 1 x
I
1 1~--- I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I
I : I
I
- - .- - - - _ J. __ - - - - - - - - ~ I
7t
O: 1 x ------;I 2

PRC. 4.2 PRC. 4.3

3aaHa'tJMMO, m;o lim

x Qi
Fx = lim0 Fx,
x
lim arcsin
x 1
x = lim arcsin x.
x--+l

JliBy Ta rrpaBy rpaHMIJ;i cpyHKIJ;il B TO'tJIJ;i Ha3HBaIOTh O,IJ;HOCTOpOH-

HiMH rpaHHIJ;HMH.

Mae Micu;e TaKHH HaO'tJHO o'tJeBH,JJ;HHM cpaKT. JI KU{O 8 mollqi x 0

Jliea i npaBa zpanuqi rpynKqi"i icny10mb i piBni, mo 8 qiu mottqi icnye
Zpanuq.fl <jJynKqiL, JlKa iJopiBH.10€ Jli6iU i npa6iU zpanuq.fl.M. ,il;OBe,JJ;iTh
u;e TBep,JJ;meHH.H caMOCTiHHO.

37
§ 1. rpaH1t1'-l51 Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKUi'j

nP"'1KnAA 1 3HaI1:,n;iTh JllBY I rrpaBy rpaHMD;i cpyHKD;il f (x) = ~

x

y Po 3 e' .fl 3 au u .fl. HexaH: (x n ) - ,n;oBiJihHa

IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh, .HK a 36iraeThC.H ,n;o HY JI.H, i
1r-- - - - x n < 0 ,n;JI.a Bcix n E N. To,n;i ,n;JI.a 6y,n;h-.HKoro

0 x n EN MOJKHa 3fillliCaTM: f (xn) = w x,l

= - xn =
xn
- 1.
- - -o()-1
To My lim f (x,) = - 1. 0TJKe, lim
II <JO X ->0
~
X
= - 1.
PMc. 4.4
AHaJiori'IHO ,n;oBo,n;.HTh, 111;0 lim
x -~ o .
~
x
= 1.

0TpMMfilIMM pe3yJihTaT iJIJOCTpye rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f (pMC. 4.4) . •

<l>yHKD;i.H f (x) = ~
He€ HeIIepepBH010 B TO'ID;i X0 = 0. roBOp.HTh,
x
111;0 XO = 0 - TO'IKa po3pHBY cpyHKD;il f.
0 3 aq e H JI. .H1nn;o iCicy€ IlOCJii,n:OBHiCTh Bi,u;MiHHHX Bi,n: XO 3Ha11en1>
apryMeHTY <l>YHKIJ;fi f, HKa a6iraCTl>CH ,u;o XO' i <l>YHKD;iH fy TO'l:u;i XO
He c nenepepBHOIO, TO :u;ro TO'IKY Ha3HBalOTI> T 011K0 JO p 0 3 pH By
c)>yHKIJ;fi f.
2
x - 1
HarrpHKJia,n;, TO'IKa x 0 = 1 e TO'IKoro po3pMBY cpyHKD;il y = --
x- 1
(pHC. 4.5); KOJKHa TO'IKa BH,n;y XO = k, k E Z , e TO'IK010 po3pMBY
cpyHKu;il y = [x] (pHc. 4.6); 6y,n;h-.HKa TO'IKa x 0 E IR e TO'IKoro po3-
PHBY cpyHKu;il ,IJ;ipixJie.
y!I -
Yi•
-
I
I
I
I
I
I \
I
~
I
I J
I
..l
I - ~

0 Tl -x
I
I
------r-----·--~
o:
I
I

1 x
- -
PMc. 4.5 PHC. 4.6

Ha pHCYHKY 4. 7 306paJKeHo rpacpiKM cpyHKu;iH: f i g, ,n;JI.H .HKMX

X O e TO'IKOIO po3pHBY' aJie rrpM D;hOMy n;i cpyHKD;il Ma10Th rpaHHII;10
B TO'ID;i X O, .HKa ,n;opiBH10€ a.

38
 4. 0AHOCTOpOHHi rpaHV1LJ,i cpyHKLJ,i"i B TOYLJ,i. Knaclt1cpiKaLJ,iH TO'-tOK p03plt1BY

Yt y = f(x)
f (x 0) L-------- ~
I I
I I

arr-----
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I

------L--------~-----
o: x0
.....
x
I

a 6
PHc. 4.7

Po3rJI.HHeMo ,n;Bi HOBi cpyHKII,il (pHc. 4.8):

h(x)= {
f (x), HKI.U;O x * Xo, .
i ~(x)=
{g (x), HKIII;O x * Xo,
a, .HKI.I.J;O x = Xo' a, HKI.U;O x = Xo.
QqeBH,ll;HO, r.u;o cpyHKII,il h i ~ € HenepepBHHMH B Toqrr.i XO.

I
y.I
I I
I I
I
:I it= h(x) I
I

a r---
I

a71
~-----
•
I
I
I
1
I
I I I
I I I
______ IL ________ J I _____ ..,.... I I

o: x0 x
------L--------------.....
o: x 0 x
I I

a 6
PHC. 4.8

3aMiHHBIIIH cpyHKII;il fig Bi,n;noBi,ll;HO Ha cpyHKII;il h i ~' MM «ycy-

HYJIH po3pHB» y Toqn;i XO i npH II;bOMY He 3MiHHJIH 3Ha"t:J:eHb cpyHKII;iH
f i g B iHIIIHX TO"t:J:Kax.
Q3ea11en n:. To11Ky po3pHBY x 0 na3HBalOTL T01IKOJO ycyBuoro
poapHBY <t>yHK:u;il f, JIKDJ;O icuyE: lim f (x).
X >Xo
2
HanpHKJia,n;, x 0 = 1 e: ToqKoro ycyBHoro poapHBY cPYHKnJi: y = x - l
x-1
(pHC. 4. 5). I
To"t:J:Ka poapHBY x 0 = 0 cpyHKII;il y = ~ He e: TO"t:J:KOIO ycyBHoro
x
poapHBY (pHc. 4.4). PaaoM 3 II;HM y TO"t:J:II;i x 0 = 0 cpyHKII;iH y = -
Ix I
x
Mae niBy i rrpaBy rpaHHII;i.

Q3ea11euen: . To11Ky po3pHBy x ua3HBalOTL To111toro po3pHBY

• 0
nepmoro poJJ;y <t>yim:n;ii' f, HKm;o B ajH Toqaj icuyroTL i JriBa, i npaBa
rpaeH:u;i <l>YHKII,fi f.
39
§ 1. lpaHV1~fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cj:>yHK~i 'I

HanpMKJia,n;, TOtIKa x0 = 0 e TO't!KOIO po3pMBY neprnoro po,n;y cpyHK-

n,iI y = L:l;
KO.iKHa TOtIKa BM,n;y XO = k, k E z, e TOtIKOIO p03pMBY
x
nepllloro po,n;y cpyHKll,ll y = [x]. 3a3HatIMMo, m;o He KO.iKHa TOtIKa ycyB-
Horo po3pMBY e TOtIKOIO po3pMBY rrepllloro po,n;y (pnc. 4. 7, a).

<l>yHKII,iH y =~ (pHC. 4.9) y TOtIII,i XO =0 He Mae Hi JiiBOl, Hi rrpa-

x
Bo! rpaHMn,i; cpyHKll,iH y = x I I; x (pnc. 4 .10) y Totin,i x = 0 Mae JiiBy
0
x
rpaHMII,IO, HR.a ,n;opiBHIOe 0, i He Mae npaBOl rpaHMII,i.
y y

0 x 0 x

PHc. 4.9 PHC. 4.10

03 11 HSI. To11Ky po3pHBY x 0 Ha3HBaIOTL KO y

npyroro O)'.(y 4JyuKn;fi f, HKm;o x 0 He e Hi T011Ko10 ycyaHoro po3-
pHBY' HI TO'IKOIO po3pHBY nepmoro poµ;y.

HanpMKJia,n;, TOtIKa x 0 = 0 e TOtIKOIO po3pMBY ,n;pyroro po,n;y cpyHK-

• u 1. jxj+x
ll,lM y = - 1 y= •
x x2
OcKiJibKM cpyHKII,iH ,ZJJpixJie y KO.iKHiH TOtIII,i XO E JR He Mae Hl
JiiBOl, Hi rrpaBOl rpaHMII,i, TO KO.iKHa TOtIKa XO e TOtIKOIO po3pliBY
,n;pyroro po,n;y n,ie1 cpyHKn,il.

nPMKnAA 2 ,JJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o TOtIKa XO= 0 e TOtIKOIO po3pMBY ,n;pyroro

po,n;y cpyHKII,il f (X) = COS ~.

x
Po36'Jl3annJl. IloKa.iKeMo, m;o cpyHKll,iH f y TO't!II,i x 0 = 0 He Mae,
HarrpMKJia,ll;, npaBOl rpaHHll,i.

Hexali xn = _!_, n E N. To,n;i IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTb (xn) ,n;o,n;aTHHX 3HatieHb

1tn
apryMeHTY cpyHKll,il f 36iraeTbCH ,n;o HYJIH, a TIOCJii,Zl;OBHiCTb (f (x n ))
Mae BMrJIH,n;: -1, 1, -1, 1, .... ll;H nocJii,n;oBHiCTh Hee 36i.iKHOIO. OT.iKe,
cpyHKII,iH f He Mae npaBOl rpaHHII,i B TOtill,i XO = 0, TOMY XO = 0 - TOtI-
Ka po3pMBY ,n;pyroro po,n;y cpyHK:a;il f.

40
 4. 0AHOCTOpOHHi rpaHVIU,i cpyHKu,i'i B TOYU,i. KnacvicpiKaU,i5'.l TOYOK po3pV1BY

BnpaaM
4.1. 3a ,ZI;OIIOMOrOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKD;ll f (pHC. 4.11) 3'.Hcyli:Te, qH Mae
cpyHKIJ;iH f JiiBy (npaBy) rpaHHU.IO B Toqu;i XO. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i yKamiTb 3HaqeHHH :u;ie1 rpaHHD;i.

Y4 I
I
I
I 4 :------
3 ~--- 1
I
I
I
I I I

I
I
I I
I
I
1 }------
--i------J-----~ --4----L-------~ ---r----------
1 I

O•I x0 x O: XO x 0: X0

a 6 6

Yi I
I
I
Y4
5 :--------- I 5 :---------
1 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4 ~---------t-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I 3 (7 i
-ci~-------l~--------~
I I
I I I
--t---------L---------.... ----t-- ----'- -- --- ---~
0: X
0
X O: XO x
z r'
PHc. 4.11
. 3a ,n;orroMororo rpacpiKa cpyHK:u;il f (pHc. 4 .12) s' Hcyli:Te, qH Mae
cpyHKU.iH f JiiBy (rrpaBy) rpaHHD;IO B Toqu;i XO. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,ZI;IIOBi,n;i yKamiTb 3HaqeHHH :u;ie1 rpaHHD;i.
y. I Yi y
I
I
I
1: __ 3 ---------
·------~
I ~---- 3 I
------~ 2 I I
I
-------~---~---------~ I
I
I 0: : X 0 X
I
I
I I
-1 :--
-{--------- ....
I

X0
I
----~------~---------
0:
I
....X !X 0 X
I

a 6 6

y! Y4
I
Y4I

3 '---------··
I I
I I •
I I
I
I
I XO
------~----
Q: _____ .,...
I
I
I I
-- f---- - -- -~ :
I
: x I
I
: X0 X I I
I I - ---L--- - --- - -'-- __ .,...
I
I
I
-1 • I 0l X0 X

z I
PHC. 4.12

41
§ 1. lpaHlt1Ll~ Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKLli'I

4.3: 3Ha:li,n;iTh JiiBy i rrpaBy rpaHIUJ;i cpyHKD;il f y TO't!D;i xo:

2
x -9
1) f (x) = , X0 = -3; 5) f (x) =sin.!., x 0 = O;
x+3 x

2) f (x)= Fx-l, x = 1; 6) f (x) =£sin.!., x 0 = O;

~-1 0 x

3 ) f (x) = 1 - cos 2x , x 0 = n; 7) f (x) = sin I x I ctg x, x 0 = O;

sin x

4) f (x) = x +Ix I, x
x 0
= O; 8) f (x)={~' JIKID;O x<O, x = 0.
ctg X, EKI.Il;O X > 0, O

3Ha:li,n;iTh JiiBy i rrpaBy rpaHHD;i cpyHKD;il f y Toq:a;i xo:

2
x - 16
1) f (x) = , X 0 = 4;
x- 4
7
x +1
2)f(x)= ,x0 =-1;
x 9 +1
3) f (x) = (j sin x I- sin x) ctg x, x 0 = n;

4) f (x) =£cos.!., x 0 = O;
x
tg X EKI.Il;O X > 0,
5) f (x) = 1
{- , EKID;O X < 0,
x2

4.5: BH3Ha't!Te xapaKTep po3pMBY cpyHKD;il f y To't!n;i x 0 :

1) f(x)={x2-4, JIKIIJ;O X<-1, XO= -1;

3x, JIKID;O X > -1,

(X + 1)2 , JIKID;O X < -2,

2) f (x) = rrx x 0 =· -2;
!
3) f (x) = 2£x], x
sin-, EKrn;o x >-2,
4
= 2;
• 0

.J1 + x -1
4) f (x) = 2
, x0 = O;
x
1
5) f (x) = arctg -, x 0 = 0.
x

42
 4. 0AHOCTOpOHHI rpaHVIL.J,I cpyHKu,i"I B TOYL.J,i. Knac1t1cpiKau,i~ TOYOK po3p111sy

x
1) f (x) = r---: , x0 = O;
vix+4-2
7t [x] .
2) f (x) =sin - -, x 0 = 2;
2
7t
3) f (X) = tg X, X0 =- ;
2
Q, .HKm;O X < 0,
4) f (x) ={
ctg x, .HKm;o x > 0,
4.1:· Ilp:a .HKHX 3Hal.JeHH.HX rrapa~reTpa a cpyHKD;i.H f y TOl.JD;i XO Mae
piBHi JiiBy i rrpaBy rpaHMD;i?

x cos.!., .HKm;o x < 0,

1) f (X) = X X0 = 0;
{
X +a, .HKm;O X > 0,
{x}, .HKm;o x > 2,
2) f(x)= { x =2.
x + a, .HKm;o x < 2, 0

. ••• IlpH .HKIIX 3Hal.JeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKD;i.H f y TOl.JD;i XO Mae

piBHi JiiBy i rrpaBy rpaHMD;i?
3x + 4, .HKm;o x < a,
1) f (x) = { x 0 = a;
5x, .HKm;o x > a,
2
x - 4
.HKm;o x < 2 i x ::/:. a,
2) f (x) =
x-a
1
-a 2 +a, .HKm;o x ~ 2,
2

4.9:· "llH icHye TaKa BH3Hal.JeHa Ha JR cpyHKD;i.H f' m;o rpaHHD;.H

lim f (x) icHye ,n;JI.H Bcix x 0 E JR, aJie rpaHHD;.H lim f (x) He
x x0 - x x0 +

icHye rrpHHaMMHi ,D;JI.H o,n;Horo x0 ?

4.10:· "l!:a icHye TaKa BH3Hal.JeHa Ha JR cpyHKD;i.H f' m;o rpaHHD;.H

lim f (x) icHye ,n;JI.H Bcix x 0 ~ 0, a rpaHMD;.H lim f (x) He icHye
X~Xo. X~Xo-

,n;JI.H mo,n;Horo x 0 > O?

4. . "ll:a icHYe TaKa BM3Hal.JeHa Ha JR cpyHKD;i.H f, m;o lim f (x) = -1

x-+a-

,D;JI.H BCiX a ~ 0 i rrpH D;l>OMY lim f (x) = 1 ,ll;JI.H Bcix b ~ 0?

x~b+

43
§ 1. lpaHV1[45! Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK[4i'i
-

~eRKi enaCTMBOCTi HenepepBHV.X cpyHKU.IM

Po3rJI.HHeMo HH3KY BJiacTHBOCTe:li HerrepepBHHX <PYHKn,ili.

T opeM 5 .1 (n pm Bon ~aHo-Komi). HKUfO

T op 1
4JynK1.fiJ£ f nenepepBna na 6iiJpi3xy [a; b] i na Kin1.fJ£X 1.fbOZO npo-
Mi3'CKY na6y8ae 3ua-aieub pi3uux 3uaKi8, mo icuye maKa mo11,Ka
c E (a; b), UfO f (c) = 0.

y 11,.H TeopeMa e HaO"tJHO o'tleBH,n;Horo. CrrpaB,n;i,

.HKIIJ;O TO'tJKH Ai B, .H:Ki JiemaTb y pi3HHX rriB-
I
I
IIJIO:m;HHax Bi,ZJ;HOCHO oci a6cn,Hc, 3 'e,n;HaTH He-
-- a :
__ "l ______________ _ .
rrepepBHOIO KPHBOIO, TO I.I;.H KPHBa o6oB' .H3KOBO
c b x
rrepeTHe BiCh a6cn,HC (pHC. 5.1).
A
3 ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHH.HM n,ie1 TeopeMH BH MOJKeTe
P11c. 5.1 03HaMOMHTHC.H Ha c. 51.
H i,o;oK. HKUfO 4JynK1.fiJ£ uenepep8na i ne Mae uyni8 ua iJe-
J£KoMy npoMi3'CKY I, mo 6ona na 1.fbOMY npoMi3'CKY 36epiiae 3uaK
(pHC. 5.2).
l{oeeiJenn.fl. IlpHrrycTHMO, :m;o ,n;aHa
cpyHKIJ,i.H f Ha rrpoMiJKKY I He 36epirae y
3HaK, T06To icHyroTh TaKi a E I i b E I,
,n;e a < b, :m;o 'tlHCJia f (a) i f (b) MaIOTh
pi3Hi 3HaKH (pHc. 5.1). To,n;i 3a rrepmoro x
TeopeMoro BoJihil,aHo-Ko mi icHye TO"tJKa
c E (a; b) c I TaKa, :m;o f (c) = 0. 0TpHMaJIM P11c. 5.2
cynepe'tIHiCTh.
Hara,n;aeMo, :m;o n,eli HacJr.i,n;oK JieJKHTb B ocHoBi MeTo,n;y iHTepBaJiiB
,ZJ;JI.H p03B '.H3YBaHH.H HepiBHOCTeM.
5 2
nPHKJlAA 1 ,I(oBe,n;iTb, :m;o piBH.HHH.H x + 2x - 11 = 0 Mae KopiHh.
1
Po 3 8 .fl3 an n .fl. Po3rJI.HHeMo HerrepepBHY <PYHKil,iIO
f (x) = x 5 + 2x 2 - 11.
MaeMo: f (0) = -11, f (2) = 29. 0Tme, 3a rreprnoro TeopeMoIO BoJih-
n,aHo-Korni Ha iHTepBaJii (O; 2) piBH.HHH.H f (x) = 0 Mae KopiHh . •

nPMKJlA.Q 2 HenepepBHa <l>YHKil,i.H f e TaKOIO, :m;o D (f) = E (f) = [O; 1].

,I(oBe,n;iTh, :m;o piBH.HHH.H f (x) = x Mae :m;oHaMMeHme O,ZJ;HH KOpiHb.
Po38 .R3ann.R. Po3rJI.HHeMo cpyHK:u;iro g (x) = f (x) - x. ,I(JI.H
1

p03B'.H3aHH.H 3a,n;aqi ,n;ocTaTHhO IlOKa3aTH, :m;o <PYHKil,i.H g Ha Bi,n;pi3KY

[O; 1] Mae XO'tla 6 O,ZJ;HH HYJih. QqeBH,ZJ;HO, :m;o cpyHKIJ,i.H g (x) e He-
nepepBHOIO Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; l].

44
 5. Aes:iKi snacr111socri HenepepsH111x ¢YHKu,ii71

.5IKIU;O g (0) = 0 a6o g (1) = 0, TO TBepp;.tKeHHH 3ap;atii )l;OBep;eHe.

Hexali g (0) -:t:. 0 i g (1) -:t:. 0. 3 ypaxyaaHHHM Toro, m;o E (f) = [O; l],
oTpMMY€MO g (0) = f (0) - 0 = f (0) > 0 i g (1) = f (1) - 1 < 0. Top;i
HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; l] c].:>yHKD;iH g y TOtIKax x = 0 i x = 1
Ha6yBa€ 3Ha'tleHb pi3HHX 3HaKiB, a OT.tKe, icHye TaKa TO't!Ka XO E (O; 1),
~o g (x 0 ) = 0. •
TeopeM 5.2 (,D;pyra TeopeMa BoJI:&u; o-Komi npo
n poMi ue 3B qeuust <l>YB ~'1) . HK.140 q>ynK.tfiJt f nenepep6na
ua BiiJpi3K.Y [a; b], mo Bona na6yBae ecix 3na11,enb Mi:HC f (a) i f (b).

~ 08eaeIi1-lJl. P03I'JIHHeMO BMrra,n;oK, KOJIH f (a)< f (b) (BHrra,n;oK,

KOJIH f (a)~ f (b), p03I'JIHHhTe caMOCTiHHO).
Hexa:li C - ,n;oBiJihHe tIHCJIO 3 rrpoMi.tKKY (f (a); f (b)), To6To
f (a)< c < f (b). ,[I;oBe,n;eMO, m;o icHy€ TOtIKa Xo E (a; b), )l;JIH HKOl
f (xo) = c. TMM caMMM 6y,n;e ITOKa3aHO, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f Ha6yBa€ 3Ha-
qeHHH C.
Po3rJIHHeMo cpynKn;i10 g (x) = f (x)-C. <I>yHKD;iH g e HenepepBHOIO
Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b].
MaeMo: g (a)= f (a) - C < O;
g(b)=f (b)-C>O.
0T.tKe, 3ri,n;no 3 nepmo10 TeopeMOIO BoJihD;aHo-Korni icnye TO't!Ka
x 0 E (a; b) TaKa, m;o g (x 0) = 0, T06To f (x 0 ) - C = O; f (x 0 ) = C. A
,il;oBe,n;eHa TeopeMa )l;OITOMarae 3HaXO)l;MTH o6JiaCTh 3HatieHh He-
rrepepBHOl cpyHKD;iL

1..J:eChKHH MaTeMaTHK, cpiJiococp i JIOriK. Qqo-

JIIOBaB Kacpe,n;py icTopil peJiiril B IIpa3hKOMY YHi-
Bepc:aTeTi. IlpH iKHTTi Ha,D;PYKYBaB (aHOHiMHO)
JIHIIIe 5 HeBeJIHKHX MaTeMaTW-IHHX TBOpiB, OCHOB-
Hy qacTHHY :Horo pyKonHcHo1 cna,n;~HHH B-creHl.
,n;ocJii,n;myBaJIH Bm.e nicJI.H :Horo cMepTi. TpaKTaT
« Y-creHH.H npo cpyHKD;il», HanliCaHHH y 1830 p.,
no6a-cr11B CBiT TiJihKH -crepe3 100 poKiB. y HhOMY
BoJJ1>u;aHo, aa 6araTo poKiB ,n;o Be:HepmTpacca
i KoIIIi, ccpopMy JIIOBaB i ,n;oBiB HH3KY noJiomeHb
MaTeMaT:a-crHoro aHaJiiay. Y po6oTi «Ilapa,n;oK-
c:a aecKiH-creHHOCTi» BoJI1>u;aHo onpau;hoByBaB
ITHT8HH.H IlOTYiKHOCTi HeCKiH-creHHHX MHOiKHH; BepHap,n; BoJihD;aHo
y po6oTi «HaYK03H8BCTBO» BHCYHYB HH3Ky i,n;e:H, (1781-1848)
md nepe,n;yBaJIH MaTeMaTW-IHiH JIOriu;i.

45
§ 1. lpaH111u,H Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu,i"I

lac · o HKUfO 06nacm10 6U3na'tennJ£ nenepep6no"i rpynK°""i"i f

e iJeJ£Kuii npoMi31COK i min f (x) =a, max f (x) = b, iJe a 7= b, mo
D(f) D(f)
E (f) = [a; b].
,IJ;oBe,n;iTh rr.eli HaCJii,D;OK Ca.MOCTiMHO.
2
x
nP"1KnAA 3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh 3Ha'tleHh <l>YHKIJ.il f (x) = 4 •

2
l+x
Po3e';i3auu;i. MaeMo: x 4
~O ,D;JI.H Bcix x E JR . OcKiJihKH
l+x
f (0) = 0, To min f (x) = 0.
IR
3acTOCYBaBIIIH HepiBHicTh KoIIIi, sarrHmeMo
~
2 2 2
x x _ x _ 1
4
~ - - -2 - - .
l+x 2 P 2x 2
1 1
OcKiJihKH f (1) = -, TO max f (x) =-.
2 2
ct>yHKIJ.i.H f HerrepepBHa Ha JR. 3 HaCJii,n;Ky TeopeMM 5.2 BMIIJIMBae,

!IIO E (f) =[0; ~l ·

ct>yHKIJ.i.H f (x) = sin x e TaKoro, m;o ,D;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro x E D (f)
I I
BHKOHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTh sin x ~ 1. ct>yHKIJ.i.H g (x) = x e TaKoro,
2

m;o ,n;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro x E [-1; 2] B:liKOHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTh g (x) < 5. I I

roBop.HTh, rn;o <l>YHKIJ.i.H f OOMejKeHa Ha D (f), a <}>yHKIJ.i.H g o6MeJKeHa
Ha Bi,n;pi3KY ( -1; 2].
Y3arani, <l>YHKIJ.iIO f Ha3MBaIOTh 06MejKeH010 Ha MHOjKHHi M,
.HKm;o icHye TaKe l!HCJIO C > 0, rn;o ,D;JI.H Bcix x E M BHKoHyeThC.H
I
HepiBHiCTh f (x) ~ C. I

<l>pa.HIJ;Y3bKHH MaTeMaTHK. Ony6JiiKyBaB

IlOHa,n; 800 po6iT 3 apmpMeTHKH, Teopil qHceJI,
aJire6p:a, MaTeMaTH"t:IHOro aHaJii3y, ,7.1;1-upepeH-
ri;iaJihHMX piBH.HHb, TeopeTHqHQl i He6eCHOl
MexaHiKH MaTeMaTMqHQl cpi3MKM; 3aHMaBC.H
TaKOJK ,7.1;ocJii,7.1;meHH.HMM 3 TpMroHoMeTpil,
Teopil npymHocTi, orrTHKH, acTpoHoMiL BYB
qJieHOM IlapM3bKOl aKa,7.1;eMil HayK, JlOH,ll;OH-
CbKOI'O KOpOJiiBCbKOI'O TOBapMCTBa i Ma:Hme
BCiX aKa,n;eMiH HayK CBiTy.
OrrocTeH Jly1 KoIIIi
(1789-1857)

46
 5. ,LJ,e~Ki snaCTVlBOCTi HenepepBHVlX cpyHKU,iil!

cf>yHKn;iro f, o6Me.meHy Ha D (f), Ha3HBaIOTh o6MeateHoro.

HanpHKJia,n;, <l>YHKD;iR y = arctg x e o6Me.meHoIO. CnpaB,n;i, ,n;nR

6yp;h-RKoro x E D (y) BHKOHYE:ThCR HepiBHiCTh I arctg x I< rr.

2
cf>yHKD;iR y = ctg x He e o6MeJKeHOIO Ha npoMiJKKY (O; n). IlpH
IJ;bOMY BOHa e o6MeJKeHOIO Ha 6y,n;h-RKOMY Bi,n;pi3Ky [a; b], RKHH Ha-
JieiKHTb npoMiJKKY (O; n) (pHC. 5.3).
He 6y,n;h-RKa <l>YHKD;iR, BH3HalfeHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b], e o6Me.me-
HOIO (pHC. 5.4). IIpoTe ,D;JIR HenepepBHHX <l>YHKD;iH Mae Micu;e TaKa
TeopeMa.
y

7( x
a
'I
I
--,..----~
:b x

PHc. 5.3 PHc. 5.4

TeopeMa 5. 3 (rrepwa eopeMa BeiicpmTpacca). Hx140

tjJynxlfiJi f nenepep6na na 6iiJpi3xy [a; b ], mo 6ona e 06Me:»eeno10
na lf bOMY npoMi31CXY.

3 ,ll;OBe,n;eHHRM u;1e1 TeopeMH BH MOJKeTe 03HaHOMHTHCR Ha

c. 52.

HiMeI.T,bKHH MaTeMaTHK, qJieH BepJiiHChK01

aKa,n;eMll HayK, IlapH3bKOl aKa,n;eMiI HayK, IIO-
lieCHHH qJieH IleTep6yp3bKOl aKa,n;eMil HayK.
0,n;HHM 3 H8HBa.JKJIHBiillliX iioro a.n;o6yTKiB e CHC-
TeMa JIOriqHoro o6fPYHTYBaHHJI MaTeMaTH"'4:HOro
aHaJiiay' aaCHOBaHa Ha no6yp;OBa.HiM HHM Teopil
.n;iiicHHX "tIHCeJI. BeiiepmTpacc npH,n;iJIJIB aHa"t.IHY
yBary 3aCTOCYB8HHIO MaTeMaTliKH .n;o MexaHiKH
Ta ¢i3HKH i aaoxo~aB .n;o I.T,boro CBOIX y-qHiB.
Kap;r Teo.n;op BiJibreJibM
BeiiepmTpacc
(1815- 1897)

47
§ 1. rpaHVIU,~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKLJ,i°I

3ayBaJKHMO, m;o ,D;JUJ. rrpoMiJKKiB BH,D;Y (a; b], [a; b) , (a; b) TBep-
. 1
,n;meHH.H. TeopeMH He e cnpa.Be,ZI;JIHBHM. T aK, <l>YHKJ..O..H. y = - e HenepepB-
x
HOIO Ha 6y,ZI;h-.HKOMY npoMiJKKY BH,D;Y (0; a],
y
npoTe BOHa He e o6MeJKeHOIO Ha IJ;hOMY npo-
MlJKKy.
He 6y,n;h-.H.Ka <l>YHKn;i.a, BH3Ha"tieHa i o6Me-
JKeHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b], ,ZI;OC.H.rae Ha D;bOMY
rrpoMiJKKY CBol.x Hali6irroIIIoro i HRHMeHmoro
a b x
3Ha'tleHb. U:e i.rrIOCTpye pHCYHOK 5.5.
P11c. 5.5 IIpoTe ,ZI;JI.H HenepepBHHX cpyHRn;i:M: Mae
Micn;e TaKa TeopeMa.

TeopeM 5.4 (.ri;pyra TeopeMa Be " cpmTp cc ). HKUfO

ijJynKlfia f nenepep6na na 6iapi3KY [a; b ], mo na tfbOMY oiapi3KY
Bona na6yoae coo'ix naii6iabmoio i naiiMenmoio 3nal£enb.

I.l;.H. TeopeMa HaO'tlHO O'tleBH,D;Ha. flKIIl;o Yi

,D;Bi TO'CJKH Ha KOOp,ZI;HHaTHiH ITJIOID;HHi 3'e,n;- f (xo) 1 r-------
HaTH HerrepepBHOIO KPHBOIO, TO Ha n;i:M: I
I
I
KPHBIB 3HaH,D;YThC.H TO'CJKH 3 HaH6irrhIIIOIO I
I
I
i HaHMeHmOIO op,n;HHaTaMH (pHC. 5.6). I
I
I
,Il;oBe,n;eHH.H. a;ie1 TeopeMH BHXO,ZJ;HTh 3a f (a):--- I

Memi IIIKiJII>Horo Rypcy. - - .. _ - _ 1. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ I___ . _

: a X0 b X
3a3Ha'CJHMO m;o KOJIH B TeopeMi 5.4
Bi,n;pi30K [a; b] 3aMiHHTH npoMiJKKOM iH- max f (x) = f (x 0 )
[a ; b]
rnoro BH,ZI;Y, HanpHKJia,ZI; iHTepBaJIOM (a; b),
TO HenepepBHa Ha D;hOMy npoMiJKKY cpyHK- min f (x) = f (a)
[a;l1]

a;i.a MOJK.e He Ha6YBaTH CBOlX HaH6iJihIIIOrO P11c. 5.6

i HaliMeHrnoro 3Ha'tleHh. TaK, cpyHKD;i.H.
y = x, .HKa e HerrepepBHOIO Ha npoMiJKKY (0; 1), He ,n;oc.arae Ha HhOMY
cBo!x Ha:i16iJihmoro i HaliMeHrnoro 3Ha'tleHh.

Bnpa M
0
5.1. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.H.HH.H. Mae KOpiHh:
1) x 6 + 2x - 13 = 0; 3) arctg 3 x = 2 tg x - 1.
2) 3 sin x = 2x - 1;
,Il;oBe,ZI;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H Mae KOpiHb:
1) x 3 + 3x - 8 = O; 3) x 2 arcsin x + 3x - 1 = 0.
2) 2 cos x = x 2 + 4x - 6;

48
 5. De~Ki snacnrnocri HenepepsH1.1x cpyHKWiiii

1) y=-2;
1
3) y = [x]; 5) y=~;
x x
2) y = arccos x; 4) y = {x}; 6) y = x 3 ?
5. 5bd 3 ,n;aHHX <PYHKIJ;iM e o6MeJKeHHMH:
1) y =sin x +cos x; 3) y = arcctg x; 5) y = tg x;
x2
2) y = - ; 4) y = 1) (x); 6) y = sgn (x)?
x
0
5.5. 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKIJ,fi:

1) y = sin x + 2; 2) y = cos x - 3; 3) y = n - arcsin x.

2
5. 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKI.J.il:
1) y = sin x - 4; 2) y = 3 + cos x; 3) y = n - arccos x.
5.7: 3HaM,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKIJ;i1:
x2 ~~~
2
1) y= 4
; 2) y=.J2x-x •
9x +1
5 . .• 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKn;il:
x2 ~---
1) y- · 2) y=.J4x-x 2 •
-4 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1'
5.9: 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKIJ;il y = sin 4 x + cos 4 x.
5. 0. 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKIJ;il y = sin6 x + cos 6 x.
5.11: IlpH ,ll;OCJii,n;JKeHHi KiJibKOCTi KOpeHiB piBHJIHHJI f (x) =a 6yJIO
3 'JICOBaHO, rn;o npH BCiX a E ( -5; 2] piBHJIHHJI Mae ,n;Ba KOpeHi, rrpH
Bcix a E (2; 3] - 0,ZJ;HH KOpiHb, npH iHllHX 3HaqeHHJIX a piBHJIHHJI
He Mae mo,n;Horo KOpeHJI. "llH MOme cpyHKIJ;iJI f 6yTH HenepepBHOIO,
JIKIIJ;O D (f) = [0; l]?

2 IlpH ,n;ocJii,n;meHHi KiJibKOCTi KOpeHiB piBHHHHJI f (x) =a 6yJio

a' JICOBaHO, rn;o rrpH BCix a E [-10; 3) piBHJIHHJI Mae ,n;Ba KOpeHi,
rrpH BCix a E (3; 5] - O,ZJ;HH KopiHb, rrpH iHIIIHX 3HatieHHJIX a piB-
HJIHHJI He Mae mo,n;Horo KOpeHJI. "llH Mome cpyHKIJ;iJI f 6yTH He-
rrepepBHOIO, JIKID;O 11 o6JiaCTIO BH3HaqeHHJI e ,n;eJIKHM rrpoMimoK?

5.13: "llH icHye HerrepepBHa Ha [O; 1] cpyHKI.J.iJI f 3 TaKOIO BJiaCTH-

BiCTIO: ,ZJ;JIJI KOJKHOro x E [O; 1] 3Hali,n;eTbCJI TaKHM y E [O; 1], rn;o
f (y) > f (x)?

49
§ 1. lpaHV1~5! ra HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu/I

5.14: <l>yHRu;ia f, D (f) = [a; b], e TaRoro, m;o Ha Bi,D;pi3RY [a; b] icHY-
IOTh T01IKH X1 Ta X2 , )J;JIH HKHX BHKOHYeThCH YMOBa f (xl ) = min f (x)'
[a;b]

f (x2 ) = max f (x). KpiM D;hOro, <PYHKD;i.a f Ha6yBae Bcix 3Ha1IeHh

[a ; b)

Mi:>K f (xl) i f (x2>· t.fH o6oB'H3KOBO cpyHRD;iH f e HerrepepBHOIO?

5.15:· HerrepepBHa cpyHKn;i.a f, ,n;e D (f) =[a; b], ,n;JI.a Bcix x E [a; b]
3a)J;OBOJihHH€ HepiBHiCTh 0<f(x)<1. ,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;iH
1
y= e o6Me:>KeHOIO.
f (x) (1 - f (x))
5.16:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKu;i.a f (x) = x sin x He e o6MemeHoro.
5.11:· ,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o <PYHKu;i.a f (x) = x sin x He e rrepio,n;H1IHOIO.
,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;iH f (x) = x cos x He € o6Me:>KeHOIO.
5.19 ... t.fH icHye HerrepepBHa Ha IR cpyHKu;i.a f TaKa, m;o f (x) f (x+l) =-1
,n;JI.a Bcix x E IR ?
5.20:· ,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH cpyHKD;iH e HerrepepBHOIO i o6opOTHOIO
Ha rrpoMiJKKY, TO BOHa a6o 3pocTae, a6o crra,n;ae Ha D;hOMY
rrpOMlJKKy.
5 <l>yHKu;i1 f
i g HerrepepBHi Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [0; 1]. Bi,n;oMo, m;o
f (0) < g (0) i f (1) > g (1). ,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBHHHHH f (x) = g (x)
Mae Kop1Hh.
5.22.* IlpH ,n;ocJii,n;meHHi KiJihKOCTi KopeHiB piBHHHHR f (x) = a 6yno
3'.acoBaHO, m;o rrpH Bcix a E (- 5; 2] piBHHHHH Mae ,n;Ba KopeHi, rrpH
Bcix a E (2; 3] - o,n;HH KopiHh, rrpH iHIIIHX 3Ha1IeHHHX a piBHHHHH
He Mae JKO)J;HOI'O ROpeHR. "t!H MOJKe <l>YHKD;iR f 6yTH HerrepepBHOIO,
HKIIJ;O D (f) = IR ?
5.23.* IlpH ,n;ocJii,n;meHHi KiJihKOCTi KOpeHiB piBHHHHR f (x) = a 6yJio
3' RCOBaHO, m;o rrpH BCiX a E (l; 2] piBHHHHH Mae ,n;Ba KopeHi, IIPH
Bcix a E (2; 4) - O,ll;HH KOpiHh, npH iHIIIHX 3Ha1IeHHHX a piBHHHHR
He Mae JKO)J;HOI'O KOpeHH. "t!H MOJKe cpyHKD;iH f 6yTH HenepepBHOIO,
HKIIJ;O D (f) = [O; 1) u (l; 2)?
5.24.* <l>yHKD;il fig e HerrepepBHHMH Ha [O; 1], D (f) = D (g) = E (f) =
= E (g) = [O; l]. ,[I;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBHHHHR f (g (x)) = g (f (x)) Mae
IIJ;OHaHMeHme O)J;HH ROpiHh.
5.25. * <l>yHRD;iH f e HenepepBHOIO Ha JR. ,JJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH piBHHH-
HH f (x) = x He Mae KopeHiB, TO piBHHHHR f (f (x)) = x TaKOJK He
Mae KopeHiB.

50
 ,0,oBeAeHHH nepwo'i reopeM111 5onbU.aHo-Kowi

5.26. * qH icHye HerrepepBHa Ha ~ cpyHRI.I,i.H f'

.HRa B pauJoHaJihHHX
TOl.J:RaX Ha6yBae ippau;ioHaJibHHX 3Hal.leHh, a B ippau;ioHaJihHHX
TOl.J:RaX - pan,ioHaJihHHX 3Ha-cieHh?
5.27.* HerrepepBHa Ha~ cpyHRI.I,i.H f e TaROIO, m;o ,ll;Jl.H BCix x E ~ BH-

KOHyeThC.H piBHiCTh f (f (x)) • f (x) = 1. Bi,n;oMo, ru;o f (3) = ~. 3Ha-

3
li,n;iTh f (2).
5.28. * qH icHye BM3Hal.leHa Ha ~ cpyHRI.I,hI, .HRa:
1) e HerrepepBHOIO i Ha6yBae ROJKHOrO CBOro 3Hal.leHH.H piBHO ,n;Ba
pa3H;
2) ROJKHoro CBOI'O 3Hal.leHH.H Ha6yBae piBHO ,n;Ba pa3H;
3) e HerrepepBHOIO i Ha6yBae ROJKHOI'O CBOI'O 3Hal.J:eHH.H piBHO TPM
pa3H?
52 '. <PyHRI.I,i.H f HerrepepBHa Ha iHTepBani (a; b) i Xp X2' ... '
Xn E (a; b). ,IJ;oBe,n;iTh icHyBaHH.H TaKOI'O X0 E (a; b), II.I,O
_ f (X 1 ) + f (X2) + · ·· + f (X n )
f (Xo ) - •
n
5.30.* HerrepepBHa cpyHRI.I,i.a f BH3Hal.leHa Ha Bi,n;pi3Ry [O; l], rrpH-
1
'10MY f (0) = f (1). ,IJ;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o icHye xop.n;a rpacpiRa cpyHKI.I,il f,
rrapaJieJihHa oci a6CI.I,HC, ,ll;OBJKHHa .HKOl .n;opiBHIOe ~
3

KOJlVI 3P0611EHO YPOKVI

AoeeAeHHH nepwo"i TeopeM~ 6onbl.\aHo-Kowi

Po3rn.aHeMo HerrepepBHY Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] cpyHKn,iro f TaKy, ~o
1IHCJia f (a) Ta f (b) MaIOTh pi3Hi 3HaKH. ,IJ;oBe,n;eMO icHyBaHH.H TaKOl
T01IKH c E (a; b), II.I,O f (c) = 0.
IlpHIIYCTHMO, II.I,O TaKOl T01IKH c E (a; b) He icHye, T06TO f (c) *0
.n;n.a Bcix c E (a; b).
Hexali c 0 - cepe,n;HHa Bi,n;pi3Ka [a; b].
OcKiJihKH l.IHCJia f (a) i f (b) pi3HHX 3HaKiB, TO Ha KiHI.I,HX o,n;Horo
3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [a; co] i [co; b] cpyHKI.I,i.H f Ha6yBae 3HatieHh pi3HHX 3HaKiB.
IIo3HatIMMO I.I,eli Bi,n;pi30K [a 1 ; b 1 ].

1
Xop8010 zparjJilca cpyHK~i1 Ha3HBaIOTh 6y,n;h-.R:KHH ai.n;piaoK, m;o cnoJiyqae
.lJ;Bi TQqKH rpacpiKa.

51
§ 1. I paHviU.~ ra HenepepBHICTb cpyHKU.i'i

Hexai1: c 1 - cepe,n;HHa Bi,n;pi3K [ a 1 ; b 1]. To,n;i Ha KiHII,.HX o,n;Horo 3

Bi,n;pi3KiB [al; cl] i [cl; bJ
cpyHKII,i.H f Ha6yBa€ 3Ha'1eHh pi3HHX 3HaKiB .
Ilo3Ha'1HMO u;ei1: Bi,n;pi30K [a2; b2].
Ilpo,n;OBJKYI0'1H u;eli rrpou;ec, OTPHMa€MO IIOCJii,D;OBHiCTb BKJIMeHHX
Bi,n;pi3KiB
[a; b]::) [a 1 ; b 1]::) [a 2 ; b2 ]::) ....
Sa rrpMHII,HIIOM BK.rra,n;eHHX Bi,n;pi3KiB (,n;HB. «Arrre6pa-10», c. 356)
icHy€ TaKa T0'1Ka c, .HKa HaJieJKHTb yciM Bi,n;pi3KaM [an; bll]. 3a rrpM-
rryru;eHH.HM f (c) ;t: 0. Hexali, HarrpHK.rra,n;, f (c) > 0.

OcKi.rrbKH bn -an= b-a TO lim(bn -an)=lim b - a =0. 0Tme, KOJK-

2n n x. 2"
n ~ ~·

Ha 3 noc.rri,n;oBHOcTeM (a,, ) i ( b,1 ) np.HMye ,n;o '1Hc.rra c. Hexali x 11 e Tiero

3 T0'10K an a6o bn' ,D;JI.H .HKOl f (x,,) < 0. IIoc.rri,n;oBHiCTb (xn) Ta.KOJK
rrp.HMye ,n;o '1HCJia c. OcKi.rrhKH <i>YHKII,i.H f HenepepBHa B To11II,i c, TO
f (c) = lim f (xn) < 0. OrpHMaJIH cyrrepetraiCTb 3 HepiBHicTIO f (c) > 0 . .&
n J.

JloeeAeHHR nepwo"i TeopeM~ Be~€pwTpacc

Po3rJI.HHeMo HenepepBHY Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] cpyHKII,iro f. ,IJ;oBe,n;eMo,
w;o <l>YHKII,i.H f e 06MemeH010 Ha [a; b].
IlpHrryCTHMO, m;o <PYHKII,i.H f He e o6Me>KeH010 Ha [a; b].
Hexali c 0 - cepe,n;nHa Bi,n;pi3Ka [a; b] . .HK6H <PYHKII,i.H f 6yJia 06-
Me>KeHoro Ha KOmHOMY 3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [a; co] i [co· b], TO BOHa 6yJia 6
06MemeH010 i Ha si,n;pi3KY [a; b]. ToMy cpyHKII,i.H f He e 06MemeH010
rrpHHaHMHi Ha O,D;HOMY 3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [a; co] a6o [co; b]. Ilo3H8'1HMO II,eH
Bi,n;pi30K [a 1 ; b 1 ] i o6epeMo Ha HhOMY TaKy ToqKy xl' m;o If (x I> 1.
1)

Hexali c 1 - cepe,n;HHa si,n;pi3Ka [a 1 ; b1 ]. To,n;i cpyHKII,i.H f He e 06-

MemeHoro npHHaHMHi Ha O,D;HOMY 3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [al; cl] a6o [cl; bl].
Ilo3HaqHMO u;eli Bi,n;pi30K [a2; b2] i o6epeMO Ha HbOMY TaKy T0'1KY X2,
ru;o If (x I> 2. Ilpo,n;0Bmy10q1111,eli npou;ec, oTpHMaeMo rrocJii,n;oBHiCTh
2)

BKJia,n;eHHX Bi,n;pi3KiB
[a; b]::) [a 1 ; b1 ]::) [a 2 ; b2 ]::) ....
Sa rrpHHII,HIIOM BK.rra,n;eHHx Bi,n;pi3KiB (,n;HB. «Arrre6pa-10», c. 356)
icH·ye TaKa T0'1Ka c, .HKa HaJie>KHTb yciM Bi,n;pi3KaM [a 11 ; b11 ]. Ha KO>K-
HOMY 3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [an; bn] 6yJio o6paHO Ta.KY T0'1KY x,,, w;o f (x 11 ) I I> n.
ToMy (f (x11 ) ) - po36i>KHa nocJii,n;OBHiCTh (BoHa Hee 06MemeH010).
OcKiJihKH xn E[an;bn] i CE[a,,;bn], TO
0 ~I x,1 - c I~ (b,, - a,,).

52
 6.nepwaYyAosarpaH~U~

IIocni,n;oBHiCTb ,ll;OBJKMH Bi,n;pi3KiB [an;bn] rrpHMye ,n;o HYJI.H. ToMy

nocni,n;oBHiCTb (xn) rrpHMye ,n;o 'tJHCJia c.
OcKiJihKH cpyHKlJ;iH f HerrepepBHa B TO't!D;i c, TO rrocni,n;oBHiCTb
(f (x,I )) Mae 36iraTHC.H ,n;o 'tJHCJia f (c). Arre n;e He TaK, OCKiJibKH
(f (x 11 ) ) - po36imHa rrocni,n;OBHiCTb. 0TpHMaHa cyrrepe't!HiCTh 3aBep-
roye ,n;oBe,n;eHHH rrepIIIo1 TeopeMH BeliepIIITpacca.

nepwa "IYAOBa rpaHM'-'R

. f ( x ) =sin
P 03rJIHHeMO cpyHKD;lIO x
- -• 11
....._.,H
.
cpyHKD;lH He BH3Ha'tJeHa
x
B TO'tJD;i XO = 0. IIpoTe B n;ili TO'tJD;i icHye rpaHMD;H cpyHKD;il f. ,Il;oBe-
,n;eMO, m;o Mae Micn;e TaKa piBHiCTb:

. sin x
Ilffi--= 1 (1)
x 0 x

sin x x2
JleM 6.1 . HKUfO Ix I< 1ix*-0, mo 0<1---<-.
x 2
J(oeeiJennJl. Hexali x E (0; 1). Ha pHCYHKY 6.1 TO't!KY P x OTpH-
MaHO B pe3yJibTaTi IIOBOpOTY TO'tJKH p 0 (1; 0) HaBKOJIO IIO'tJaTKY KOOp-
,1.l;HHaT Ha KYT x pa,n;irur. OcKiJihKH x E (0; 1),
7t
T06TO 0 < x <-, TO TO'tJKa p 3Haxo,n;HTbC.H
2 x

B rrepIIIiM 'tJBepTi.
IIo6y,n;yeMo rrpHMOKYTHHK MP xNP 0 ,
,ll;JIH HKOrO Bi,n;pi30K p xp O e ,n;iaroHaJIJIIO 0 1
(pHC. 6.1).
OcKiJihKH PM=
x
sin xi OM= cos x, TO

S~ P N R0 = -1 sin
. x (1 - cos x ) = sin
. x sin
. 2 -x .
x 2 2 PHc. 6.1
OcKiJihKH x E (O; 1), TO 3a neMoro 3.1

oTpHMyeMo: sin x ..; x; sin 2 ;..; (; )'

2
2 ~ (X)
3
0TJKe, SllP NR
r O
=Sin X • Sin
2
X X •
2
- X
4
QqeBH,ll;HO, m;o IIJIOI.IJ;a 3aIIITPHXOBaHoro cerMeHTa Me Hrna Bl,ll;
rrnom;i ipHKYTHMKa PxNP 0 •

53
§ 1. rpaHltlU,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'i

MaeMo: scerMe HTa

·
= SCeKTP OR .rO
- S O.P OR
rO
= ..!:.x
2 _ _!:.sin
2 x.

1 1 . x3
Terrep MO.JKHa 3arrncan1: 0 < -x - - sin x <-
2 2 4
3Bi,D;CM 3 ypaxyBaHH.HM Toro, ru;o x E (O; 1), OTpMMyeMO
. 2
O< l _ Sln X < ~ •
x 2
. th ... sin x . x2
0 CKLJThKH '¥YHKI~ll y =1 - - - 1 y =- e rrapHHMH, TO OCTa.HH.H
x 2
. .
rro,n;BiMHa HepiBHiCTh BMKOHY€ThC.H TaKO.JK ,D;.11.H BClX x 3 rrpOMl.JK-
Ky (-1; 0). ,A.
Terrep ,n;oBe,n;eMo piBHiCTh (1).
Hexali (x n ) - ,n;oBiJihHa noc.11i,n;oBHiCTh 3Ha"tieHh apryMeHTY <l>YHK-

... f (X ) = 1 - -
I.1;11
sin-
x TaKa, ID;O
i lffi
· Xn =0 . TO,D;l. lCHye
. TaKe n0 E
~r
l"l, IIJ;O
X II ·Y.•

,D;.11.H BciX n > no BMKOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTh I xn I< 1.

y CHJIY JieMH 6.1 ,D;.11.H 6y,n;h-.HKOrO n > no BMKOHYIOThC.H HepiBHOCTi
. 2
Sln Xn X 11
0 < 1- <-.
x,, 2
To,n;i 3a TeopeMoro rrpo ,n;Box KOHB01p1B ( «Arrre6pa-10», Teope-

Ma 45.5) OTpHMY€MO, I.IJ;O lim

n :x;
(1- sin Xn
xn
J = 0.

OcKiJihKH rroc.11i,n;oBHiCTh (x n ) o6paHo ,n;oBiJihHO, TO ,n;oxo,n;MMO BH-

CHOBKY' m;o hm
( 1- - .
sin-x = 0, T06TO J .
hm - - =
sin x 1.
x~o x x 0 x
IJ;ro piBHiCTh Ha3HBaIOTh nepmoro qy~OBOlO rpaHHD;elO.
HecK.11a,n;Ho rroKa3aTn, m;o Mae Micu;e 6iJihIII 3ara.11hHMM <PaKT:
.HKID;O lim g (x) = 0 i B .JKO,ZJ;HOMY IIPOKOJIOTOMY 8-0KOJii TO"tIKM XO
X Xo

th . . . sin g ( x)
'¥YHKI.J;l.H g TOTO.JKHO He ,n;oplBHIOE: HyJIIO, TO 1lm = 1.
x--+xo g (x)
. . . sin x
• P lBHlCTh 1Im - - = 1 IIOKa3ye, rn;o rrpn ,D;OCMTh MaJIHX 3Ha"tieH-
x 0 x
H.Hx x BHKOHyeThC.H Ha6.11nmeHa piBHiCTh sin x : : : x. BiJihIII Toro,
3 .11eMH 6.1 BMIIJIHBae, m;o KOJIM Ix I < 1, To BHKOHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTh

. x I:/: : , -I x-13.
I x - sin T OMY a 6COJIIOTHa 6 6
IIOXH Ka Ha JIH.JKeHOl cpopMyJIH
..
2

54
 6. nepwa '-IYAOBa rpaHV1U.~

Ix 13
sin x;::::: x, ,z:r,e Ix I< 1, He rrepeBHm;ye - - . HanpHKJia,z:r,, R:KI.IJ;O x = 0,1,
2
3
.
TO sin 0 ' 1 ;: : : 0 ' 1 3 TO"'C.!HlCTIO . O,l -- 0,0005.
He MeHIIIe HDK
2
•AKJlAA 1 06"'C.!HCJilTh
nPr1 . rpaHHIJ;IO 1.lffi sin 3x .
x 0 x
, . sin 3x . 3 sin 3x . sin 3x •
Po36 Ji3ann.fl. 1im = 1im = 3 1im = 3.
x o x x o 3x x-.o 3x

o--nP"1KJ1AA 2 06"'C.!HCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO lim tg x.

x-.O X

, . tg x _ 1. sin x _ 1. sin x . 1 _1 •
- im--· 1i m - - - .
Po36 Ji3ann.fl. 1im--- im
x >0 x 0 x __.. 0 x cos x x x x 0 cos x
2
3x
nP"1KJ1AA 3 06"'l!HCJiiTh rpaHHD;IO l i m - - -
x-.o 1- cos x

3x 2 3x 2 4 1 6
lim =lim =6lim =6lim--- 2 = 2 =6. •
x 0 1 - cos x x 0 . 2 x x 0 . 2 x x __.. 0 . x 1
2 sin - sin sm
2 2 2
x
2

nP"1KJ1AA 4 06"'l!HCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO lim arcsin x.

x 0 x
1
Po36 Jl3ann.fl. MaeMo:
. arcsin x . 1 . 1 •
1im = 1i m - - - = 1im = 1.
x40 x x 0 x x 0 sin (arcsin x)
arcsin x arcsin x

Bnpae1o1
0
6.1. 06"'C.!HCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO:
. 2 x
sm -
. sin 4x 3 . sin 2x . 2
1) 1lffi ; 2) lim x 3) 1lffi ; 4) 1lffi 2 •
X40 2X x 0 x x ~ 0 sin 3x x o 2x
sin -
3

55
§ 1. rpaH~~fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK~i·i

6.2 06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHIVO:

sin 3 x
. sin 5x 2 . sin 5x . 3
1) 1lffi ; 2) lim x 3) 1lffi ; 4) 1lffi 3 •
x >O 6x x 0 . x x o sin 4x x - o 3x
sin
4
6.3: 06"llHCJiiTh rpaH:H:IJ;IO:
. 1-cos3x . cos 6x-cos 4x
1) 1im 2
; 4) 1lffi 2 ;
x 3x
o x 0 x
. 1 - cos 4x . cos x-cos l3x
2 ) 1lffi ; 5) 1im ;
x 0 x tg x x - >0 sin 2 x
. sin 9x +sin llx
3) 1lffi ; 6) lim x (ctg x + ctg 3x).
x o 5x x-+0

06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHD;IO:
2x 2 . cos lOx- cos x
1) lim ; 4) 1lffi 2 ;
x 0 1-cos 5x X - >0 4X
. x tg 2x . tg2x+tg3x
2) 1lffi ; 5) 1lffi ;
x 0 1-cos 3x x o sin 6x
. sin 3x -sin l2x
3) 1lffi ; 6) lim (ctg 5x-ctg x) x.
x-+ 0 lOx x 0

. sin (cos x)
6.5: 06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi .
x 0 cos x
. tg (arccos x)
6.6 06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi .
x >0 arccos x

6.7: Hexa:H x 11 = n sin~. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ;IO rrocJii,n;oBHOCTi (x 11 ).

n
1
ctg
: Hexa:H x 11 =
2n. 3Ha:H,n;iTh rpaHMIJ;IO nocJii,n;oBHOCTi (x 11 ) .
n
6.9.· Y KOJIO pa,n;iyca R nocJii,n;oBHO BrrncyroTh rrpaBMJihHi n-KYTHMKM,
n ~ 3. BnKopncToByroqn rreprny qy,n;oBy rpaHnn;ro, rroKamiTh, m;o:
1) IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh nepMMeTpiB u;nx MHOI'OKYTHHKiB rrpHMye ,n;o
"llliCJia 2nR;
2) IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh IIJIOl.ll; u;nx MHOI'OKYTHMKiB npHMye ,n;o "llliCJia
nR 2 •
HaBKOJio KOJia pa,n;iyca r nocJii,n;oBHO orrncyroTh rrpaBMJihHi
n-KYTHMKH, n ~ 3. BnKopncToByroqn .neprny tiy,n;oBy rpaHHu;ro,
IIOKaJKlTh, .rn;o:

56
 6. nepwa YYAOBa rpaHV1U,~

1) IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh nepHMeTpiB II;HX MHOrOKYTHHKiB rrp.HMye ,n;o

qHcJia 2nr;
2) IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTh IIJIOill, II;HX MHOrOKYTHHKiB rrp.HMye ,n;o qHcJia
2
nr .
6.11:• Q6qHCJiiTh rpaHHD,IO:
. arctg 2x
1) 1lin
x o arcsin 3x
;
. arcsin 7x
2) 1lin
x o sin 3x
;
3) limre
x 2 arcsin
"'-c } 7t

2
- x

6. 2.· Q6qHCJiiTh rpaHHD,IO:

. arctg 4x 4x -
1 ) lirn arcsin 2x ; 2) 1llll ; 3) lirn 7t •
x~O arctg 5x x o tg 3x x~n:3 · ( x- rt)
4 arcs1n
4
6.13:· 06i:rHCJiiTh rpaHHD,IO:

. cos x . 1- cos ( ; + x) 3) lirn (1- x) tg nx.

1) 1llll ; 2) hrn 2
;
x 7t It x -. - ~ (5x+n) x - >1 2
2x- 5
2
• • Q6qHcJiiTh rpaHHll,IO:

sin (x- n)
1) li~ 2x + 3n; 2) lirn 4 ; 3) lim (x + 2) tg nx.
x _.....'.: cos x x ~ 1- J2 cos x x -2 4
2 4
6.15:· IlpH .HKMX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a cpyHKD,i.H f e HerrepepBHOIO
B Toqu,i x0 = O?

1) f (x) = {1- ~0;23ax, .HKill,O x * 0,

1, .HKill,O X = 0;

2) f (x) ={
x ctg x
'
.HKTTTQ
~
x * 0,
2a 2 +a, .HKm;o x = 0.
:· IlpM .HKHX 3Ha-creHH.HX napaMeTpa a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO't!ll,i

x0 = 0 cpyHKD,i.H f (x) = { 1-:2s ax , .HKill,O x * 0,

2, .HKill,O x = O?
. sin sin sin x
6.17 .•• 3Ha:M'.,n;i Th rpaHMII;IO 1lin •
x >0 x
3
3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHll,IO lirn x 2•
x 0 tg tg x

57
§ 1. rpaHV'!U,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'i

v • . x - sin x
6 •19 . * 3 HaH,n;ITh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi 2 .
x-+ 0 X

6.20. * 3Hali,n;i Th rpaHHIJ;IO lim n sin ( 2n .Jn 2 + 1).

rt--+"'

6.21. * IIocJii,n;oBHicTh (a) 3a,n;aHo TaKHMH yMoBaMH: a1 1,

an+l =a,,+ ~a!+ 1, n E N. 06i:iHcJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO ~in; ;~ .

ACMMnTOTM rpa<f>iKa <l>YHKL\ri

y 1t:
2
-------------- ------------ -----
y = arct x
x

lHIDHMH CJIOBaMH, .HKID;O ,ZJ;OBiJihHa IlOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb 3HatieHh apry-

MeHTY He06MeJKeHO 3pOCTae, TO Bi,n;noBi,n;Ha IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb 3Hai:ieHh

cl>YHKIJ;il y = arctg x rrp.HMye ,n;o i:iHcJia n.

2
y TaKOMY BHIT8.,n;KY roBOp.HTh, ru;o 1:!HCJIO 1t e ipanu4e10 rpynK4fi
2
y = arctg x npu x ~ +oo. D;eli cpaKT 3aIIHCYIOTh TaK: lim arctg x = n
x + oo 2
(BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb i TaKHH 3aIIHC: arctg x~ 1t npH x ~ +oo).
2
MomHa TaJ<.om cKa3aTH, ru;o lim arctg x = - n.
X-+- X 2

MaioTD Mic:u;e i TaKi piBHOCTi: lim

X-+ + '.G
~
X
=0 (pHc. 7 .2), lim arcctg
X -
x=n
(pHC. 7.3).
58
 7. AcviMnron1 rpacpiKa cpyHK~i'I

y y

f(x) = arcctg x

0
PHC. 7.2
x ~I PHc. 7.3
x

Tenep, KOJIH BH oTpHMaJIH y.aBJieHH.H npo rpaim:n;10 cpyHKD;il npH

x ~ +oo (x ~ -oo), nepe:HAeMo AO cpopMYBaHH.H cTpororo 03HatieHH.H.
Po3I'JI.HHeMO, HarrpHKJiaA, TIOCJiiAOBHiCTb (an) TaKy' m;o an =n2 •
JierKo apoayMiTH, ru;o AJI.H AOBiJihHoro AOAaTHoro "tJHCJia C 3HaMAeTh-
C.H TaKHM HOMep no' ru;o AJI.H Bcix n ~ no BHKOHY£TbC.H HepiBHiCTb
an> C, T06TO tIJieHH IIOCJiiAOBHOCTi (an), IIOtIHHaIO"tJH 3 Ae.HKOrO HO-
Mepa, CTaIOTb 6iJiblIIHMH 3a 6YAb-.HKe HarrepeA 38AaHe AOAaTHe l:JHCJIO.
Y TaKOMY BHIIaAKY IIHIIIYTh: lim an = +oo.
II '»

TaKom MOmHa aarrHcaTH: lim 2n = +oo, lim ( n + (-lr) = +oo.

n oo n--+ct,)

3a3HatIHMO, rn;o IIOCJiiAOBHOCTi i3 aaraJihHHMH tIJieHaMH xn = 2n'

y rt = n + (-lf e poa6imHHMH.
3arrHC lim an= +oo He 03Ha1Iae, Ill;O IIOCJiiAOBHiCTh (an) Mae rpa-
n--+ oo
HHD;IO.
Hexaii rroc.JiiAOBHiCTh (an) Mae TaKY BJiaCTHBiCTb: AJI.H AOBiJibHOro
BiA' eMHoro 1!.HCJia c 3HaHAeThC.H TaKHM HOMep no' m;o AJI.H BCix n ~ no
BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTh a < c'
II T06To tIJieH.H IIOCJiiAOBHOCTi (an)' IIO-
l:JRHaIOl:J.H 3 Ae.HKoro HOMepa, CTaIOTb MeHllIHMH BiA 6yAb-.HKOrO HarrepeA
38AaHOI'O BiA' €MHOI'O l:J.HCJia. Y TaKOMy BHIIaAKY IIHrnyTb lim an =-CO.
n -tct,)

Harrp.HKJiaA, lim
n
(-n) = -oo, lim
n--+oo
(-fn) =-co.
3a3Hal:JHMO, ru;o lim a 11
n --+oo
= +oo TOAi i JIHille TOAi, KOJIH lim
n--+ ct,)
(-an)= -oo.

TaKom JierKO IIOKa3aTH (3po6iTb n;e CaMOCTiMHO), m;o KOJIH an =I= 0

AJI.H Bcix n E N' TO 3 YMOBH lim
n--+ oo
an = +oo a6o 3 YMOB.H lim
n--+oo
a
n
=-co
BHIIJIHBae, rn;o lim _..!._ = 0.
n--+:io an
1
HarrpHKJiaA, lim
n--+ oo
fn = +oo, TO Ai lim -
n oo
- = O;
j;;,
lim
n oo
2
(-n )=-oo, TOAl lim
n ct,)
~=0.
-n

59
§ 1. rpaHl!ll.l,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i'i

Po3rJIHHeMo cpyHKu;iio f, o6JiaCTh BH3Ha"t!eHH.H .HKOI MiCTHTh TaKy

IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb (Xn ), ID;O lim Xn = +oo.
ll -+WO

OaH 11 HH . "IHcJio a HaaHBaroTL rpauH:u;eJO cl>YHK:u;il f npH

x ~ +ex:> ' HKID;O ,ll;JUI 6y,zi;L-HKOI nocJimOBHOCTi (x n ) 3Ha"tJeHb apryMeH-
TY <}>y111~:u;ii'. f TaKOI, ID;O lim Xn = +oo, Bi,ll;IlOBi.,ZJ;Ha IlOC~OBHiCTb (f (X ))
n-+ wo n
3Ha'leHL <l>YHKIJ;fi a6ira€TLCH ,zi;o 'IHCJia a.
IlHIIIYTb: lim f (x) = a.
X-+ +oo

Terrep po3rJI.HHeMo cpyHKu;iro f, o6JiaCTh BH3HaqeHH.H .HK01 MiCTHTh

TaKy IIOCJii,D;OBHiCTh (Xn ), ID;O lim Xn = -00.
n oo

Oa H • qHCJio a HaaHBa10T1> rpaHH:u;eJO •YHK:u;ii f upH

x ~ -ex:> ' HKID;O ~JIH 6y~-HKOI nocJimOBHOCTi (x n ) 3Ha'leHL apryMeH-
TY <}>yuK:u;ii'. f TaKOI, m;o lim xn = +oo, BmnoBi~Ha noc~OBHiCTb (f (x ))
n n
aua11eu1> <}>yim:u;il a6ira€TLCH ~o "tJHCJia a.
II1uuyTh: lim f ( x) = a.
x Y'

KopHcTyIO"t!HCh 03HaqeHHHM, rroKa.meMo, m;o lim .!.. = 0.

Hexa.H (x n ) - ,n;oBiJihHa rrocJii,n;OBHiCTh 3Ha"'C!eHh aprYMeHTY cpyHKIJ;il
1 . T . . . 1 1
f (X ) = - TaKa, ID;O 1lffi Xn = +oo. O,D;l IIOCJil,D;OBHlCTh - , , ... ,
X n .y; Xl X2

1
... e HecKiH"'C!eHHO MaJioro, T06To lim f (xn) = 0. CKa3aHe 03Ha"t!ae,
n->

m;o lim .!.. = 0.

X -++oo X

TaKom HeCKJia,n;Ho noKa3aTM, m;o lim

X-4-00
.!..X = 0.
3ayrui.mHMo, m;o KOJIH lim
X +<>:·
f (x) = lim f (x) =a, TO IIIfillYTh: lim f (x) =a.
X->-X X~'t:

HanpHKJia,n;, lim .!.. = 0.

X-+"X> X

I'paHHIJ;i c1>YHKIJ;il rrpH x ~ oo rrpHTaMaHHi BJiaCTHBOCTi, aHaJIOri"'C!Hi

BJiaCTHBOCT.HM rpaHHu;i cpyHKIJ;il B TO"'C!IJ;i. Hexali cpyHKu;i1 y = f (x)
1 y = g (x) MaIOTb cniJihHY o6JiaCTh BH3Ha"'C!eHH.H.
HKm;o lim f (x) =a, lim g (x) = b, TO:
x oo x-+oc

1) lhn(f(x)+g(x))=a+b;
X-+ 00

2) lim (f (x) g (x)) =ab;

.r-+ '.)()

60
 7. ACVIMnTOTVI rpacpiKa cpyHK~i 'I

. f (x) a
3) hm - - = - 3a YMOBH, m;o b ;t 0.
x er g (x) b
,I(oBeCTH I.I,i piBHOCTi MO.iKHa aHa.rroritJHO TOMy, .HK 6yJIH ,n;oBe,n;eHi
TeopeMH rrpo apHcpMeTHtJHi ,n;il 3 rpaHHlI,.HMH cpyHKlI,iH y TOtJlI,i.
3ayBa.iKHMO, rn;o TaKi caMi BJiaCTHBOCTi BHKOHYIOThC.H 1 ,D;JI.H
r paHHI.I,i cpyHKlI,il rrpH x ~ +oo Ta rrpH x ~ - oo.

nP•AKJ1A
rt "'n°' 06'tJHCJil. Th i·!Ill 2x + 1 .
x~ x- 1
Po 3 B' .R3 an n.R . MaeMo

2 + .!._ lim ( 2 +
lim 2x + 1 = lim __x_ = x x X>
!) = lim~a 2 + lim
x x
_!_
x = 2 + 0 = 2. •
x a x - 1 x ~ 1- 1 lim ( 1- 1) lim 1 - lim 1 1- 0
X x X x~:r x ~oo X

Hexali M (x; y) - ,n;oBiJihHa TOtJKa rpaq)iKa cpyHKlI,il y = arctg x.

OcKiJihKH lim arctg x = ~' TO rrpH rrpH x ~ +oo Bi,n;cTaHh Bi,n; TOtJ-
x + 2
KH M .n;o rrp.HMo1 y = n rrp.HMye .n;o HYJI.H (pHc. 7.4). Y lI,hOMY pa3i
2

r oBop.HTb, rn;o rrp.HMa y =-n e ropH30HTaJILHOIO aCHMilTOTOIO rpa'±'lKa

,n ·
2
cpyHKlI,il y = arctg x rrpH x ~ +oo. TaKO.iK MO.iKHa rroKa3aTH, rn;o
n
rrp.HMa y = - - e ropH30HTaJibHOIO acHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKD;i:i
2
y = arctg x rrpH x ~ -oo.
Oa Ha11 H.H. Ilp.HMY =a ua3HBaIOTL opHBO T n• o &CH n·
y
To To JO rpa<l>iKa <l>YHKu;ii f npH x ~ +oo (x ~ -oo), HKm;o lim f (x) =a
x ~+oo

(}~~cc f (x) =a)·

TaK, rrp.HMi y = 0 i y = re e ropH30HTaJihHHMH acHMIITOTaMH
r pacpiKa cpyHKlI,il y = arcctg x Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho rrpH x ~ +oo i rrpn x ~ -oo
(pHC. 7. 5).
y! 1t
,_
I
y. I
12 I
· ------------~-----~~r~----
1 • -------------~---------------
7t I
I I
I I
I I
------------- -----------...- lL,
y = arctg x :0 x 21
I n: I
,- 2 I

·------------L-------------
1
I
------------~---------------x~
o:
PRC. 7.4 PRC. 7.5
61
§ 1. lpaHV!l.(51 ra HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKL(i'I

IlpHK.Jia,D;, p03I'JISIHYTHH BHm;e, IIOK.a3ye, rn;o npSIMa y = 2 e ropH-

r'h' m ... 2x + 1
30HTaJihHOIO acHMilTOTOIO rpa'*'1K.a '±'YHKII;ll y = rrpH x ~-co Ta
x-1
IIpH X ~ +oo. rpacpiK u;ie! <i>YHKD;il 306pameHO Ha pHCYHKY 7. 6.

y
y :
I
/ "'
,' I
I
I
I ,/~
I I
I
I
/ //
l/ ~
----------2 :
--~-------------
1
I

I
I
I
1 x
I

11
I x

PRC. 7.6 PRC. 7. 7

6
Po3r JISIHeMo cpyHKD;iIO f (x) = 2x -1 + 2
• QqeBH,ZJ;HO, rn;o npH
x +1
x ~ +oo 3HaqeHHSI cpyHKD;il f Bee MeHrne i MeHrne Bi,n;pi3HSIIOTbCSI
Bi,n; Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HHX 3HaqeHh JiiHiHHOl cpyHKD;il y = 2x - 1, T06TO
lim (f (x)-(2x-1))=0 (pHc. 7.7). [(e 03Ha11ae, rn;o npH x ~ +oo Bi,n;-
x-4+

CTaHh Bi,n; TQqKH rpacpiRa cpyHKll;ll f ,n;o Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HOl TQqKH npSIMOl

y = 2x - 1 npSIMye ,n;o HYJISI.
y D;bOMY pa3i I'OBOpSITb, rn;o rrpSIMa y = 2x - 1 e IIOXHJIOIO aCHMil-

~ +oo.
6
TOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f (x) = 2x -1 + 2 rrpH x TaRom
x +1
rrpSIMa y = 2x - 1 e IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHR:u;i! f npH
x~-oo.

03 a11:eHHS1 . = kx + b ua3HBaJOTL rroXHJIOJO acHMrr-

IIpHMY y
T 0 T 0 JO rpa<}>iKa <l>YHKD;il f rrpH x ~ +oo (x ~ -oo ), HKID;O
}~'!1 (f (x)-kx-b)=O (}~00 (f (x)-kx-b)=O).
00
· KoJIH B piBHSIHHi y = kx +b noxHJio! acHMITTOTH k = 0, To 3 03Ha-
qeHHSI BHIIJIHBae piBHiCTb lim (f (x)-b) = 0. 3Bi,ZJ;CH lim f (x) = b.
X ->+<X> z-4.o.OO

ToMy npSIMa y = b e ropH30HTaJihHOIO acHMITTOTOIO rpacpiRa cpyHRu;i! f

npH x ~ +oo. TaRHM qHHOM, ropH30HTaJihHY acHMIIToTy MOmHa po3-
rJISI,n;aTH HK OKpeMHH BHna,n;oK IlOXHJIOl aCHMIITOTH.

62
 7. Ac111Mnror111 rpacpiKa cpyHKu/i

1
)J;JUI rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = x + - - rrp.HMa y = x E: :H:oro IIOXHJIOIO
x-1
ac:aMIITOTOIO rrpH x ~ +oo i rrpH x ~ -oo. CrrpaB,n;i, lim (f ( x) - x) =
x~ co

1 1
= lim - - = 0. An:e .HKID;O po3rJI.H,ll;YBaHy cpyHKII;iIO f (x) = x + - - IIO-
x-+r x-1 x-1
2
. x -x+l
,n;aHO y BHI'JI.H,11;1 f (x) = ' TO 3,n;ora,n;aTHC.H, m;o rrp.HMa y = x
x-1
E:IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO 11 rpacpiKa, ,ll;OCHTh BaJKKO. IlolllyK IIOXHJIOl
acHMIITOTH IIOJierrnye TaKa TeopeMa.
Teo p e Ma 7 . 1 . IIpa Ma y = kx
e noxunoro acuMnmomoro +b
zpapiKa <J>ynKJti"i f npu x ~ +oo moiJi i minoKu moiJi, Konu 6UKO-
nyrombcJL piBuocmi
. f (x) _ k
1lffi - - - , (1)
x +co X

lim (f (x)-kx)=b. (2)

x ) "t".1)

)I, 0 8 ea e Ji Ji.fl. Hexa:H: q11:cJia k i b 3a,ll;OBOJihH.HIOTh piBHOCTi (1) i (2).

,[(oBe,n;eMo, :r:u;o np.HMa y = kx + b E: IIOXHJIOIO acHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa
cpyHKII;il f.
MaeMo: lim (f(x)-kx-b)= lim (f (x)-kx)-lim b=b-b=O.
x + x > ~ '1'.' x ~ +a:>

U:e 03Ha"t£ae, :r:u;o rrp.HMa y = kx + b E: IIOXHJIOIO acHMIITOTOIO rpa-

cpiKa cpyHKII;il f.
Hexa:H: rrp.HMa y = kx + b e rroxHJIOIO acHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa
cpyHK:u;i1 f rrpH x~+co. To,n;i lim (f (x)-kx-b)=O. 3Bi,n;cH
x OCJ

lim (f (x)- kx) = b. KpiM :u;I>oro, MaeMo:

x >+00

lim f (x) = lim kx+(f (x)-kx) =

x - + :x: x x +:o x

= lim k+ lim (f (x)-kx)· lim ]:_=k+b·O=k . .._

x +'1'.' x x
+'ll x -1'10

TeopeMa 7 .1 ,n;o3BOJI.He mYKaTH rroxHJii (ropH30HTaJII>Hi) acHMITTO-

TH rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f npH x ~ +oo 3a TaKOIO cxeMOIO.
..
1 . 3 HaHTI1 f (X)
"t!HCJIO k ' ,n;e k = i·Im - CT
- . JJ.KIII;O • ••
u;ie1 rpaHHD;l• He lCHye,
•

x~ ro X

TO rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f rrpH x ~ +oo He Mae IJOXHJIOl aCHMIITOTH.

2. 3HaHTH "t!HCJIO b' ,n;e b = lim (f ( x) - kx). flKIII;O u;ie1 rpaHHD;i He
x~ +""

icHye, TO rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f npH x ~ +oo He Mae IIOXHJIOl aCHMII-

TOTH.

63
§ 1. lpaHV1U,H Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKU,ff

3. IlpHMa y = kx + b € IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKu;il f

rrpH x ~ +oo.
AHanorit.IHa cxeMa rrpan;roe ,n;JIH IIOllIYKY rrox:aJio1 (rop:aaoHTaJihHo!)
acHMIITOTH rrpH x ~ -<X),
IloBepTalO'tIMCh ,n;o p03I'JIHHYTOI'O BHIIJ;e rrpHKJia,n;y' IIOKaJKeMo, HK
rrpan;roe II;H cxeMa ,ll;JIH IIOIIlYKY IIOXHJIOl aCHMIITOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKu;il
6
f (x)=2x-1+ 2
rrp:a x ~ +oo i rrpH x ~ -oo.
x +1

MaeMo: k=limf(x)=lim(2-~+
x- x x >ro a:
6
x x (x 2 + 1)
)=2·
'
6
b=lim(f(x)-2x)=lim(-1+ )=-1.
x <r x ('.() x 2 +1
0TJKe, rrp5!Ma y = 2x -1 € IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHK-
u;i! f rrpM x ~ +oo i rrpM x ~ -oo.
Ha p:acyHKY 7 .8 ao6pa.meHo rpacpiK cpyHKu;il y = f (x). PoarJIHHe-
MO cpyHKn;iro f rrp:a x > x 0 • HK:ru;o TaKi 3Hat.IeHHH apryMeHTY x o6M-
paTH Bee 6JIHJK'tle li 6JIH.IK'tle ,n;o TO"t!KH XO, TO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi 3Hat.IeHHH
cpyHKu;il CTaIOTh yce 6iJihllIMMH li 6iJihIIIHMH i MO.IKYTh CTaTH 6iJib-
IIIHMH Bi,n; 6y,n;h-5IKOro Harrepe,n; 3a,n;aHoro ,n;o,n;aTHOro 'tIHCJia. lHllIHMH
CJIOBaMH, HKIIl;O IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTb (xn) apryMeHTiB cpyHKu;il f 3a,D;OBOJib-
HH€ YMOBH lim xn = Xo i xii > Xo' ,n;e n E N' TO lim f (xn) = +oo. IJ;eli
114 114~

cpaKT 3aIIHCYIOTb TaK: lim f (x) = +oo. y D;bOMY BHIIa,n;Ky rrpHMy x = Xo

X Xo +

Ha3HBalOTb BepTHKaJILHOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f' KOJIH x

rrpHMye ,n;o x 0 crrpaBa.
MipKyIO"t!H aHaJiorit.IHO, MOJKHa cKaaaTH, ru;o lim f (x) = -oo. ToMy
X Xo

rrpHMa x = Xo € BepTHKaJibHOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKu;il f, KOJIH

x rrpHMY€ ,n;o XO 3JI1Ba.
1 1
HarrpHKJia,n;, lim - -=-oo i lim - -=+oo (pHc. 7.9). ToMy
x41 1-x x 1- 1-x

1
x=1 - BepTHKaJihHa aCHMIITOTa rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i! y = - - ' KOJIH
1-x
x rrpHMye ,n;o x 0 =1 HK crrpaBa, TaK i aniBa.
HaBe,n;eMo ru;e KiJihKa rrpHKJia,n;iB.
.
0 CKlJibKH i·im I x -1 2 I = +oo 1. i·im 1 = +oo ( y TaKHX BHIIa,n;Kax
x 2- x .. 2+ I x - 2 I

1
nHmyTh lim
x 2
f
x-2
f =+co), TO rrpHMa x = 2 e BepTHKaJibHOIO acHMIITO-

64
 7. ACV1MnTOTV1 rpacpiKa cpyHKWi"i

TOJO rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f (x) =I I rrpM x--) 2+ 1 rrpM x--) 2-

x-2
{pMC. 7.10).

y! Y+ :
lV
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I

-----0:1-:(-------- ~
I I I I I I
I I I
-----r----~---------~
o:
I

~-------~ I I :2
I
x
:xo
I
x I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I

P11c. 7.8 PRC. 7.9 PRC. 7.10

7t
OcKiJihKM lim tg x = +oo 1 lim tg x = -oo, TO rrp.HMa x = - e Bep-
x -t~- X-t~+ 2
2 2

TliKaJihHOlO aCHMIITOTOlO rpacpiKa <PYHKII;il y = tg x rrpM x ~ 7t - i rrpM

2
7t
x ~ - +. YpaxoByrolJM rrepio,n;HlIHicTb cpyHKn;i1 y = tg x, MOJKHa
2
7t
CTBep,n;JKyBaTM, r.r.i;o KOJKHa 3 rrp.HMMX x = -+ rck, k E Z, e BepTHKaJih-
2
7t
HOIO aCHMIITOTOlO rpacpiKa cpyHKJJ;il y = tg x rrpH x ~ - + rck + i IIPH
2
7t
x--) - + rck- (pMc. 7.11).
2
y
y=

__
3n , 1 __ ,1t I n 7
/
3rr
.. x
2 2: 2 2

P11c. 7.11

65
§ 1. rpaH!ll~s:! Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHK~i'I

lHIIIHX BepTHKaJihHHX aCHMnTOT rpacpiK cpyHKD;il y= tg x He Mae,

OCKiJibKH BO Ha HenepepBHa B KO:>KHili T01ID;i Xo' Bi~MiHHili Bi~ 1t + nk,

2
k E Z.
Y 3arani, .flK140 rpynK4iJi nenepep8na 8 mott4i x 0 , mo np.RMa x = x 0
ne e eepmuKallb1i010 acuMnmomo10 ff iparjJiKa.

Bnpae111
~JIH no-
0
7.1. IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHHH YMOB lim an = +oo, lim a,, = -00
" ~ n z
CJii~OBHOCTeli i3 3araJihHHM 1IJieHOM:
1) a n = -2n ·' r;_ ·
3) a" = ~n, 5) a n =sin n.
n+l 1
2) a,,=--;
n
4) a,, = .[;;;I;
n+l
7 .2 IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHHH YMOB lim an = +oo, lim an = -00 ~JIH no-
n n

CJii~OBHOCTeli i3 3araJihHHM 1IJieHoM:

2n-l
3) a11 = - - 5) a 71 =cos n.
n
2
(-1)'1 2n +3
2) a,, = ; 4) a = - -
n " n+l
7.3. 3Hali~iTh rpaHHD;lO:

}~'!1-oc : ~~".! ( 3 - : }
2
. 3x - 5x + 1
1) 2 ; 3) 5) 1lffi 2 ;
x~-X) x +5x+l0

. 4x - 1 . 2x 3 -1
2) lim 2; 4) 1lffi ; 6) 1lffi 3 2 •
x •··:O x-2 x~ci:: x +x +x+l
7. 3Hali~iTb rpaHHD;lO:

~3; 3) lim (s+~J;

2
1) lim 5) lim x +l ;
X ~ 00 X X~<O X X~ -
2x 2 +x+l
5 4 2
. 2x . ) . x -3x + 2x - 1
2) 1im 3; 4) 1im - - , 6 11111 •
+~ x +oo x + 3 3x5 + 2x3 -1
. x x - Ho

3Hali~iTb ropH30HTaJihHi acHMnTOTH rpacpiKa <PYHKII;i1:

0

7.5.
2
l) y = 3x+5; 2 ) y= ~ -1 ; 3 ) y= x
2
4x - 1 2x + x -1 x +1
7. . 3Hali~i Th ropH30HTaJihHi aCHMnTOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il:
2 2
l) y= 2 - x; 2 ) y = ?x +l ; 3 ) y=x 3 +1.
3x + 2 x~ - x + 2 x +2

66
7.7. IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHH.H YMOB lim f (x) = +oo, lim f (x) =--00 ,ZJ;JUI
0

cPYHKD;il:
1
1) f(x)=--2 , x 0 =0;
x
4
2) f (x) = ctg x, x 0 = rr;
1 1t
3) f (x)= , X0 =--.
cosx 2
7 .8. IIepeBipTe BHKoHaHH.H yMoB lim f (x) = +oo lim f (x) = -oo ,Zl;JI.H
cpyHKD;il:
5

1) f (x) =
(x + 3)
1
4
, x0 = -3; 3) f (x) =(-x-)
x+7
, x0 = - 7.
311:
2) f (x) =-I tg x ,, x0 =-;
2
7. 9. y Kami Th BepTHKaJihHi aCHMIITOTH rpa¢iKa cPYHKD;il:
0

1 1 1
1) f (x)=-;
x- 2 3) f(x)=I x+J2. I; 5) f (x) = -;
sin x
1 1
2) f(x)=-2; 4) f (x) = tg ( x - : } 6) f (x)= - -
x arccos x
7.10. YKamiTh BepTHKaJihHi acHMIITOTH rpa¢iKa cPYHKn;il:
3 1
1) f (x)=-; 3) f(x)=x + l; 5) f (x) = ;
x+l x-1 cosx
1 1
2) f (x)=Gl; 4) f (x) = ctg x; 6) f (x)=--
arcsin x

7 .11: 06"CIHCJii Tb lim ( .J x2 + x - x).

x~+oo

7.12: 06"CIHCJiiTh lim ( .J x 2 +1 + x).

x -'>':

7.13: qH Mome rpacpiK cpyHKD;il MaTH ,ZJ;Bi pi3Hi ITOXHJii aCHMITTOTH

rrpH x ~ +oo?

7.14: 3Hali,n;iTh ITOXHJii aCHMITTOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKD;i1:

3
1
1) f(x)=x+-; 3) f (x) = (2- x) 2 ;
x (x - 3)
2 4
x - 8
2) f (x) =x + 3x; 4) f (x) = 4
•
x-1 (x + 1)

67
§ 1. lpaHV1U,5l Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKL.J,i'I

7. 3Haii,n;iTh IIOXHJii aCHMIITOTM rpacpiKa cpyHKII;i1:

1
2 xa
1) f(x) = x+-2 ; 2 ) f(x) = x - 2x + 2; 3) f(x) = •
x x- 1 x 2 -4
7.16:· I'pacpiK cpyHKII;il f Mae aCHMIITOTy. qM MOJKe 6yTM TaK, ~o
rpacpiK cpyHKII;il f nepeTMHae acMMIITOTY HeCKiH"CieHHY KiJihKiCTh
pa3iB?

1.11:· 3pocTaro-qa cpyHKn;hr f TaKa, ~o lim (f (x + 1) - f (x)) = 0. qM

x +r.c

o6oB 'H3KOBO rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f Mae ropM30HTaJihHY acMMIITOTY

IIpM X-> +oo?
7 .18 ... 3Haii,n;i Th ropH30HTaJihHi aCMMIITOTM rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il
2
.Jx + x + 1
y=
3x+2
7. 9. 3Haii,n;iTh ropH30HTaJihHi aCHMIITOTM rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il
2
.Jx - 1
y= .
2- x
1.20:· 3Haii,n;iTh ropM30HTaJihHi aCMMIITOTM rpacpiKa cpyHKn;il:
1) y = -x - .Jx 2 -x+2;
2) y = .Jx 2 - 2x - 1 - .Jx 2 - 7x + 3.
7. 3Haii,n;iTh ropM30HTaJihHi aCHMIITOTM rpacpiKa cpyHKn;il:
1) y=x(.Jx 2 + 1-x);
2
2) y=.Jx - 2 - .Jx 2 +2x.

1.22:· 3Haii,n;iTh aCMMIITOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f (x) = .Jx 2 + x + 2x.

3Ha.H,n;iTh aCMMIITOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f (x) = .Jx 2 +1-x.
7 .24. ·· BacMJih 3arrJiyTa:liKo myKae acMMIITOTY rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il
2
f(x)=.Jx +x+l rrpM x->+oo TaK:

1) IIpH x> 0 BHROHYJOTbCH piBHOCTi f (x) = Jx 2 + x+l =X. ~1+ xx: 1 ;

2) OCKiJihKH Jim
X -)+lf
~1 + x: 1 =
X
Jim
X +<Y.>
~1 + 1 + 1, = 1,
X X
TO npH x-+ +oo

rpacpiK cpyHKII;il f Maiime He Bi,n;pi3H.H8ThCH Bi,n; rrpHMOl y = x;

3) TOMY rrp.aMa y =x e IIOXHJIOIO acMMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f
rrpH x -> +oo.
qM rroro,n;myeTecH BH 3 MipKyBaHHHMM BacMJIH?

68
 1
7.25.* Ilpo cpyHKII,iIO f Bi,z:r;oMO, ru;o lim - - =0. T..fM o6oB'.H3KOBO
x-uo f (x)

rrp.HMa x = Xo e BepTMKaJibHOIO aCMMIITOTOIO 11 rpacpiKa?

7.26.* rpacpiKH cpyHKIJ,ilf fig e piBHHMH cpirypaMM. T..fH o6oB'.H3KOBO
r pacpiK cpyHKIJ,il g Mae acHMIITOTY' .HKID;O rpacpiK cpyHKII,il f Mae
acMMIITOTy?
7 .27. * <l>y-HKII,i.H f TaKa, m;o np:M KO)KHOMY x > 0 BHKOHyeTbC.H piBHiCTh
lim f (nx)=O. T..fH o6oB'.H3KOBO lim f (x)=O?
n-+'Xl X-t+oo

7.28.* T..fHcJia a, b, c TaKi, ru;o np:M KO)KHOMY n E N 3Ha"t!eHH.H BHpa-

2
3y an + bn + c e "tieTBepTHM cTeneHeM HaTypaJibHoro 'tfMCJia.
,[(oBe,z:r;iTh, m;o a= b = 0.

KOJ1"1 PO J1 HO YP K"1

AM Hi <l>YHKL\ii"
y ni,z:r;py"t!HHKY 9-ro KJiacy BH MOI'JIH 03HaHOM:MTHC.H 3 icTopiero
po3BMTKY rroH.HTT.H cpyHKII,il. TepMiH «c}lyHKII,i.H» 3' .HBMBC.H HarrpMKiHII,i
XVII CT. i m;e ,z:r;o He,z:r;aBHix -qaciB yTO'tfHIOBaBc.H li y,z:r;ocKoHaJiroBaBc.H.
y "t!OMY )K npH"t!MHa TaKOl 6araTopi't!HOl ,z:r;MCKycil HayKOBII,iB? T..foMy
«JiaMaJIH crrHCH » EliJiep i ,[(' A.rraM6ep? Po3Ka)KeMo rrpo o,z:r;HH acneKT
II,bOI'O CKJia,z:r;Horo IIHTaHH.H.
Hao"t!HOIO iJirocTpaII,iero cpyHKTI;i1 e 11 rpacpiK, TOMY, 3HalioMJI.H'tfMCh
3 IIOH.HTT.HM cpyHKII,il, "t!aCTO HaBO,lI;.HTh npHKJia,z:r;H rpacpiKiB cpyHKII,iH
(pMC. 7 .12).

y y y

------"1·~--'----~------4i~
x

0 x
PHc. 7.12

CaMe TaKi «rapHi» KPHBi HaMaraJIMC.H orrHCaTH BtieHi, ,z:r;aro'tfH

neprni 03Ha'tfeHH.H cpyHKII,iL IlpoTe -qac Bi,z:r; -qacy B ,z:r;ocJii,z:r;)KeHH.HX Ha-
YKOBII,iB BHHHKaJia Heo6xi,z:r;HiCTb i B MeHm «IIPHBa6JIHBHX » KpHBHX'

69
§ 1. rpaHVlU,H Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i.I

rpacpiKH HKHX MaJIH 3JiaMH a6o CKJia,n;aJIHCH 3 KiJihKOX OKpeMHX

"t.JaCTHH (pHc. 7 .13).

y
y y=I y
y=
lxl
y =-

0 x 0 x

PMc. 7.13

CJii,n; Bi,D;3Ha"t.JHTH, m;o B Ti -qacH cpyHKu;iro po3rJIH,n;aJIH HacaM-

rrepe,n; HK Mo,n;eJih rreBHoro peaJihHoro rrpou;ecy. IlHTaHHH npo ic-
HyBaHH.H B peaJihHOMY CBiTi .HBHID;, HKi KOpeKTHO OITHCyBaTH KPH-
BHMH, 306pameHHMH Ha pHCYHKY 7.13, e I'JIH60KHMH, iCTOTHHMH
Ta HenpocTHMH ,n;JIH np11:po,n;o3HaBu;iB. To My o,n;Ha "t.JaCTHHa B"qeHHX
Bi,n;MOBJI.HJiacH BBamaTH TaKi p11:cyHKH rpacpiKaMH cpyHKu;ili, iHIIIa
JK - HaBnaKH.
IIepeMor JI a ,n;pyra TO"t.JKa 3opy, HK a y3aKOHHJia cpyHKu;il Ha
KIIITaJIT Mo,n;yJIH, u;iJio1 Ta ,n;po6oBo1 "t.JaCTHH Tom;o. Ha rro"t.JaTKY XIX
CTOpi"t.J"t.£.H 3 '.HBHJIOCH Malime cyqacHe 03HaqeHH.H cpyHKu;il. <I>yHKD;il
IIO"tlaJIH BHB"t!aTH .HK CaMOCTiHHi i He3aJiemHi Bi,n; peaJihHHX rrpou;eciB
o6'eKTH.
TaKHH rri.n;xi,n; crrpHHB po3BHTKY MaTeMaTHKH i, HK u;e He ,n;HBHO,
cpi3HKH Ta iHIIIHX rrpnpo,n;HH"t.JHX HayK, OCKiJihKH ,D;03BOJIHB Bi,n;HaHTH
Ta OIIHCaTH HOBi Ta CKJia,ZJ;Hi HBH:rn;a.
CyqacHe 03HaqeHH.H 3aJiy"t.Jae ,n;o MHO.iRHHH q)yHKu;ili ,n;oBoJii ,n;HBHi
o6'eKTH.
TaK, BM Bme .n;o6pe 3HalioMi 3 cpyHKn;iero ,IJ;ipixJie
l, HKI.Il;O X E Q,
1) (x) =
{ 0, HKID;O X E JR\ Q.
y 5IK:rn;o IIO,ZJ;HBHTHCH Ha 306pameHHH rpacpiKa
1 cpyHKD;il ,IJ;ipixJie (pHC. 7 .14), TO MO.iRe IIOMHJI-
• • •••••••••••••••••
KOBO 3,D;aTHCH, m;o rpacpiK CKJia.n;aeThCH 3 ,D;BOX
IIPHMHX y = 0 i y = l, T06To O,ZJ;HOMY 3HaqeHHIO
0 x apryMeHTY Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,n;ae o.n;pa3y ,n;Ba 3Ha"t.JeHHH
cpyHKn;il, m;o B3araJii cyrrepeqHTh 03HaqeHHIO
PRC. 7.14 cpyHKD;il. HacrrpaB,n;i KO.iRHa 3 u;nx «rrpHMHX »
Mae 6e3Jiiq «.n;ipoK».

70
 )J,V1BHi cpyHKL.J,i'I

B:a.HBJI.H€ThC.H, cepe;rr, cpyHKrr;Hi, :rn;o sa;rr,oBOJibH.HIOTh cyqacuoMy

03Ha't!eHHIO, iCHYIOTb :rn;e 6iJibII.I ,ll;MBHi CTBOpIBH.H . .5IKm;o 306pa:>KeHH.HM
rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il )J;ipixJie e Hi6M ;rr,Bi np.HMi, TO icHylOTb <PYHKD;il, JI.JI.fl
so6pameHH.H rpacpiKa .HKMX Tpe6a Il03HatIMTM, TaK 611 MOBMTM, ycro
nJIOID;MHy! TotIHe cpopMyJIIOBaHH.H TaKe: icHye cpyHKD;i.H, rn;o KOJKHHH
Kpyr Ha IIJIOIIJ;MHi MiCTHTb TO't!KH 11 rpacpiKa. OcKiJihKH sra;rr,aHHH
Kpyr MO:>Ke MaTH .HK 3aBro;rr,HO MaJIMH pa;rr,iyc i ;rr,oBiJihHMH rr;eHTp, TO
306pa.1KeHH.H rpacpiKa Ta.KO! cpyHK~ He 3aJIHIIIHTb Ha IIJIOID;HHi JKO,ll;HOl
.HK 3aBro;rr,Ho MaJIOl «tiaCTMHM» 6e3 CBOlX TOtIOK.
y D;bOMy OilOBi;rr,aHHi rro6y;rr,yeMO TaKy cpyHKD;ilO f, .HKa BM3HatieHa
Ha rrpoMi.JKKY [O; 1) i Ha KO./KHOMY iHTepBaJii (a; b) c [O; 1) Ha6yBae
BCiX 3HatieHh 3 [O; +oo).
rpacpiK TaKo1 cpyHKrr;il f « sacpap6oBye » cMyry, .HKa sa;rr,aeThC.H
• v
CliCTeMOIO HeplBHOCTeH {o x < < 1,
O ~ y.
Hexa:H: x = O,a1a 2 a3 ••• -
1
;rr,ec.HTKOBHH san:ac tIHcJia x E [O; 1), ;rr,e
a; - u;:acppH rr;horo sarrHcy. 3HatieHH.H cpyHKrr;il f(x) 3aJiemaTMMe Bi;rr,
Toro, 't!H 6y;rr,e rrepio;rr,:atIHHM ;rr,ec.HTKOBHH ;rr,pi6 O,a 1a 3a 5.. ., YTBopeHHH
3 rr;Mcpp 't!HCJia X, m;o CTO.HTh Ha HerrapHHX MiCD;.HX.
y BHIIa;rr,Ky' KOJIH x - TaKe 't!HCJIO' rn;o ;rr,ec.HTKOBHH ;rr,pi6
0,ala3a5 ... Henepio;rr,HtIHliH, IIOKJia;rr,eMO f (x) = O.
.5IKm;o ./K 0, al a3a5•.. - nepio;rr,HqHHH ;rr,ec.HTKOBHH ;rr,pi6 3 ,ll;OB.IKMHOIO
rrepio;rr,y l i rrepe;rr,rrepio;rr,OM 0,~a 3 ••• a 2k 1' TO ;rr,eC.HTKOBHH 3aIIHC f (x)
MaTHMe BHI'JI.H;rr,:
f (x) = a2ka2c11 +I)·· .a2Ck .. / IJ 'a2ck... ,,a2u1 , .. ii···
HanpHKJia,n;, OO'IBCJIBMO f (x 0 ) )J.JI.H 't!HCJia x 0 = 0, 2 3 1 4 1 519 ... .
)J;JI.H D;hOro BH;rr,iJIHMO rr;Hcppli ('t!epBOHi), :rn;o CTO.HTh Ha HenapHHX
MiCD;.HX. y TBOPHBC.H rrepio;rr,:aqHHH ;rr,ec.HTKOBHH ;rr,pi6 0' t)
s rrepio;rr,oM saB;rr,OB.JKKH l = 1 i rrepe;rr,nepio;rr,oM 0 . '- . 3arrHIIIeMo u;Hcp-
p11 (6JiaKHTHi), :rn;o CTO.HTh Ha napHHX MiCD;.HX, IIO't!H.HalO"tJH 3 OCTaHHhOl
rr;HcppH nepe;rr,nepio;rr,y (0, - ) tiepBoHoro qH.cJia. MaeMo
314159 .. .
IIocTaBMBIIIH KOMY rricJI.H nepIIIo1 (;rr,oB.JKHHa rrepio;rr,y tiepBOHoro q11c-
Jia l = 1) 6JiaKH.THOl rr;HcppH., OTpHMa€MO
f (x0 ) = 3,14159 ...
1
.HK Bi,ZJ;OMO, ,D;eHKi pan;ioHaJibHi q:acJia MaIOTb IIO ,n;Ba 3aIIHCH y BHI'JIHJ.J;i
HeCKiHqeHHHX .n;ecHTKOBHX .n;po6iB, HanpHKJia,n; 0,5000 ... = 0,4999 .... .HK~O
,n;aJii 3a qHcJioM x Tpe6a 6y.n;e 3HaHTH lioro .n;ec.HTKOBHH 3anHc, To ,n;oMOBHMO-
csi po3I'JIHJ.J;aTH JIHme rrepmHli BapiaHT 3an:acy.

71
§ 1. rpaHV1L(fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU/I

HeBaJKKO 3po3yMiTH, m;o HaBe,n;eHe o6"t£HCJieHH.H f (x0 ) MOJKHa

BHKOHaTM y «3BOpOTHOMy rrop.H,n;Ky »' T06TO 3a ,n;aHMM 1lliCJIOM
Yo E [O; +oo) i rrpoMiJKKOM (a; b) c [O; 1) MOJKHa 3HaHTli TaKe 1IHCJIO
x0 , m;o f(x 0 )=y0 i x 0 E(a;b).
HarrpMKJia,n;, ,D;JI.H iHTepBaJiy (a; b) = (0,361; 0,364) i 3Hai:reHH.H
Yo= J2=1,4142 ... 1111cJio x 0 MOJKHa o6paTH Ta.I<:
X0 = 0, 6 1 4. 1' 4 2
TyT HerrapHi (i:repBoHi) IJ.Hcpp11 yTBOpIOIOTb rrepio,n;1111H11li ,n;ec.HTKO-
BMM ,n;pi6 0, 3 rrepio,n;oM 3aB,n;OBJKKH l =1 i rrepe,n;rrepio,n;oM
0, . BJiaKHTHi n;11cpp11 3a,n;aIOTb 3Hai:reHH.H i:rncJia J2= 1,41' 2 ...
(neprna 6JiaKHTHa ll,Hcppa ft,n;e HaCTYIIHOIO 3a OCTaHHbOIO IJ,HcppoIO
rrepe,n;rrepio,n;y i:repBoHoro 1111cJia).
3a 1IHCJIO Xo MOJKHa 6yJIO 6 o6paTH i, HaIIpliKJia,n;, TaKe "t£HCJIO:
X0 =0, 6 1 1 4 2
(TYT HerrapHi (-qepBOHi) IJ,Hcppli YTBOpIOIO' b nepio,n;H"t£HHH ,n;pi6
0, 3 rrepio,n;oM 3aB,n;OBJKKH l =1 1 nepe,n;rrepio,n;oM 0, : );
a6o TaKe 1IHCJIO:
X0 = 0, 6 * I 1 4 1 4 2 .
(TYT 3ip01IKOIO *
Il03Ha"t£eHO ,n;oBiJihHY IJ,Hcppy' HerrapHi (i:repBOHi)
IJ,HcppH YTBOpIOIOTb rrepio,n;H1IHHM ,n;pi6 0' 11 . 3 rrep10,n;OM
3aB,ZJ;OBJKKH l =1 i rrepe,n;rrepio,n;oM 0, ).
TaKHM 1IHHOM, cpyHKIJ.iIO f rro6y,n;oBaHo.
Y P11cyHOK 7 .15 ,n;ae y.HBJieHH.H rrpo rpacpiK cpyHK-
u.fi f.
3ayBaJKHMO' m;o rpacpiK no6y ,lJ;OBaHOl
cpyHKI.I,il f MOJKHa «IlOIIIHpHTH » Ha BCIO KOOp-
,lJ;HHaTHY IlJIOIIJ;HHy, T06TO rro6y,n;yBaTH TaKY

or 1 x
BH3Hai:reHy Ha JR cpyHKll,llo g' .HKa Ha KOJKHOMY
iHTepBaJii (a; b) c JR Ha6yBa€ BCiX 3Ha1leHh
PHC. 7.15 3 JR.

72
 nOXl.QHA
T ·1i ACTOCYBAHH~

.HKIII;O cpyHKIJ;i.H € MaTeMaTMqHQIO MO,D;eJIJIIO peaJihHOrO rrpou;ecy'

TO qacTO BMHHKae IIOTpe6a 3HaXO,ll;HTH pi3HHIJ;IO 3HaqeHh u;ie1 cpyHK-
u;i:i y ,n;Box ToqKax. HarrpHKJia,n;, II03HaqHMO qepe3 f (t) i f (t 0 ) cyMH
1
KOillTiB' .HKi HaKOIIMqHJIHC.H Ha ,n;err03MTHOMy paXYHKY BKJia,D;HHKa
,n;o MOMeHTiB qacy t i to. To,n;i pi3HHII;.H f (t) - f (to), ,n;e t > to, IIOKa3ye
rrpn6yTOK, .HKMH OTpHMa€ BKJia,D;HHK 3a qac t - to.
Po3rJI.HHeMo cpyHKII;iIO y = f (x). Hexali x0 - cpiKCOBaHa TO"tJKa
3 o6JiaCTi BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKIJ;il f.
.HKm;o x - ,ll;OBiJibHa TOqKa o6JiacTi BH3Ha"tJeHH.H cpyHKIJ;ii: f TaKa,
m;o x -:t:- XO, TO pi3HHIJ;IO x - XO Ha3HBaIOTh rrpHpOCTOM apryMeHTY
2
<Pyu1ni;il f y TO'ln;i XO i II03HaqaroTh f).x (qHTaIOTh: «,n;eJihTa iKC» ) •

MaeMo:
/).X =X - X • 3Bi,ll;CH
0
X = X
0
+
/).X.
I'oBOp.HTh, m;o apryMeHT OTpHMaB rrpHpicT f).x y Toqn;i XO.
3a3HaqHMO, m;o rrpHpiCT aprYMeHTY MO./Ke 6yTM .HK ,n;o,n;aTHMM, TaK
i Bi,n;'eMHHM: .HKIIJ;O x > x0, TO x < x 0 , TO f).x < 0 .
f).x > O; .HKIII;O
.HKIII;O apryMeHT y Toqu;i XO OTpHMaB npMpicT f).x, TO 3HaqeHH.H
cpyHKIJ;il f 3MiHHJIOC.H Ha BeJIHqHHY f (xo + f).x) - f (xo)·
11;10 pi3HHII;IO Ha3HBaIOTh IIpHpOCTOM <l>YHKn;il f y ToqI.J;i XO i rro-
3HaqaIOTh f).f ( qHTaIOTh: « ,n;eJihTa ecp »).

1
,D;eII03RT (6aHKiBCbKRH BKJia,n;) - KOIIITR, .H:Ki BKJia,D;HliK rrepe,n;ae
6aHKY Ha ,n;e.H:KRH CTPOK, 38 m;o 6aHK BRIIJiaLiye BKJia,D;HRKY rrpon;eHTR.
2
I'OBOp.H:LIR rrpo rrpHpicT apryMeHTY cpyHKU:il f y TOLIIJ,i XO, TYT i p;aJii
6y,n;eMO rrp:arrycKaTH, m;o B 6y,LV:>-.H:KOMY iHTepBaJii (xo - E; Xo + c) e TO"'t!Kli
06JiaCTi Bli3HaLieHH.H: cpyHKU:il f' Bi.D;MiHHi Bi,n; X O.

73
§ 2. noX1AHa Ta "j'j 3aCTOCyBaHHfl

MaeMo:
~f =f +
x) - f (x 0 ) a6o
(x 0
~f = f (x) - f (x 0 ).
,IJ;JIH npMpOCTy <l>YHKD;il y = f (x)
y
TaKom rrpMMHHTo rro3HatieHHH y,
y=f T06TO
f(x Llx) - ------------
0 f l y = f (x) - f (x 0 ) a6o
f(x 0 ) : ~y = f (x + x) - f (x ).
0 0
I
I
I
IlpHpicT ~x apryMeHTY B TOtI-
I
I
I
n;i XO i Bi,u;noBi,D;HHM rrpMpicT ~f
I
---''--- I <l>YHKD;il ITOKa3aHO Ha PHCYHKY 8 .1.
x 0 + Llx x 3a3HatIHMO ~o ,D;JIH <l>iKCOBaHOl
PHc. 8.1 T01IKH XO npMpicT cpyHKD;il f y T01I-
n;i XO e <l>YHKD;iero 3 apryMeHTOM x.

nP1'1KnAA 1 3Hali,u;iTh IIpMpicT q>yHKI.I;il y = X 2 y TOtII.I;i X 0 , HKHM Bi,u;-

IIOBi,u;ae rrpMpocTy x apryMeHTY.
Po 3 e' .R. 3 an n.R.. MaeMo:
Lly = (x0 + Llx ) - x; = x~ 2x0 Llx + ~x - x~ = 2x0 .1x + ~x •
2 2 2

2
BionoBiOb: 2x0 Llx + x •

•
npo MMTT y w MAKICT

Hexali aBTOMo6iJih, pyxarotIH h npHMOJiiHiHHoro ,n;iJIHHKoro ,n;o-

porM B o,u;HoMy HanpHMKy, 3a 2 ro.u; rro,n;oJiaB mJI.HX y 120 KM. To,n;i
...
HOI'O
.
cep ,ll;HH IIIBH,D;KlCTb .
pyxy ,D;OplBHIO€ Veep =2
120 60 (KM I ro,n; ).

3Hali,n;eHa BeJIHtIHHa ,n;ae H IIOBHe YHBJieHHH rrpo xapaKTep pyxy

aBTOM06iJIH: Ha O,D;HMX ,u;iJIHHKax illJIHXY aBTOM06iJih Mir nepecYBaTMCH
IIIBH,u;me, Ha iHIIIHX - IIOBiJihHiIIIe iHKOJIM Mir ayn:HH.HTHCH.
PaaoM 3 I.I;HM y 6y,u;Ir.HKHH MOMeHT 11acy crri,u;oMeTp aBTOMo6iJIH
IlOKa3yBaB ,u;eHKY BeJIH1IHHY - illBli,D;KiCTh y ,n;aHHM MOMeHT 11acy.
3Ha1IeHH.R illBH,D;KOCTi B pi3Hi MOMeHTH 6iJiblll IlOBHO xapaKTep11:3ye
pyx aBTOM06iJIH.
PosrJIHHeMo 3a,u;a11y rrpo rroIIIyK IIIBH,n;KocTi B ,n;aHHM MoMeHT qacy
Ha npHKJia,u;i piBHOilpHCKopeHoro pyxy.
Hexali MaTepiaJibHa TO"t!Ka pyxaeTbCR no Koop,n;MHaTHili npHMili
i qepe3 qac t nicJIH rrotiaTKY pyxy Mae Koop,n;MHaTy (t). THM caMHM
sa,n;aHO <l>YHKD;iIO y = s (t), HKa ,l1;03BOJIH€ BH3HatIHTli IlOJIO.meHH.R
TOliKM B 6y,n;h-HKHM MOMeHT qacy. ToMy I.I;IO <l>YHKD;iIO Ha3HBaIOTb
3aKOHOM pyxy TO'llKli.

74
 8. npV1picT cpyHKU,i'i. 3agaYi, s:!Ki npV1BOAs:!Tb AO nOHs:ITis:I noxigHo"i

3 Kypcy cpi3HKH Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o 3aKOH piBHOilpHCKopeHoro pyxy 3a,n;aeTh-

at2
CJ! cpopMyJIOIO s (t) =So+ Vot + - , ,n;e so - KOOp,ZJ;HHaTa TOtIKH Ha no-
2
tiaTKY pyxy (npH t = 0), Vo - IIOtiaTKOBa IIIBH,ZJ;KiCTh, a - rrpHCKOpeHHJI.
2 2
Hexa.li, HarrpHKJia,n;, s0 = 0, v = =
1 M/c, a 2 M/c • To,n;i s (t) t
0
t. = +
3acpiKcyeMO HKMH-He6y,n;b MOMeHT tiacy to i Ha,n;aMO apryMeHTY
B TOtIII;i to rrpHpicT 11.t, T06To po3rJIHHeMO rrpoMi.JKOK -qacy Bi,n; to ,n;o
t + D..t. 3a u;eft rrpoMi.JKoK -qacy MaTepiaJihHa TO"tJKa 3,n;iftcHHTb rrepe-
0
Mim;eHHH D..s' ,n;e
!:::.s = s (t 0 + D..t)-s {t0 ) = (t0 + D..t) 2 + (t0 + D..t)-(t~ + t 0 ) =
~
s(t0 + t) .~(t 0 )

2
= t~ + 2t0 D..t + b..t 2 + t 0 + D..t - t~ - t 0 = 2t0 D..t + b..t + b..t •

Cepe,n;HH IIIBH,ZJ;KiCTb v cep (D..t) pyxy TOl!KH 3a rrpoMi.JKOK -qacy Bi,n;

to ,n;o to + b..t ,n;opiBHIOe Bi,ZJ;HOIIIeHHIO
2
!'ls 2t 0 t + t'lt + t'lt
t'lt
=
t'lt
= 2to + 1 + D..t, T06TO v
cep
(D..t) = 2to + 1 + b..t.
IIosHatieHHH ,ZJ;JIH cepe,n;Hboi: IIIBM,n;KocTi vcep (D..t) Haronomye, m;o
rrpH sa,n;aHOMY 3aKOHi pyxy y = s (t) i cpiKCOBaHOMY MOMeHTi -qacy t0
3HatieHH.H cepe,n;HbOl IIIBH,D;KOCTi 3aJie.JKHTb TiJibKH Bi,n; 11.t.
5IKm;o posrnH,n;aTH ,n;ocHTb Mani npoMi.JKKM tiacy Bi,n; t ,n;o t
0 0
+ b..t,
TO 3 rrpaKTHl!HliX MipKyBaHb 3p03yMiJIO, rn;o cepe,n;Hi IIIBM,ZJ;KOCTi
vcep (D..t) 3a TaKi rrpoMi.JKKM -qacy MaJIO Bi,n;pi3HHIOTbCJi o,n;Ha Bi,n; O,D;HOl,

T06TO BeJIH'IHHa vcep(D..t) cepe,n;HbOl IIIBH,D;KOCTi MaM.JKe He 3MiHIO€ThCJi.

qMM MeHIIIe b..t' THM 6JIM.iK'IHM e 3Ha"t!eHHJi cepe,n;HbOl IIIBH,D;KOCTi ,n;o
,n;eHKOro "tJHCJia, m;o BH3Ha"tJae IIIBH,D;KiCTb y MOMeHT tiacy to. IHIIIMMH
CJIOBaMH, HKID;O rrpH b..t ---) 0 3Ha'!eHH.H v cep (D..t) rrp.HMYIOTb ,n;o l!HCJia
u (to), TO "tlliCJIO v (to) Ha3HBaIOTb MHTT€BOIO illB~KiCTIO B MOMeHT
tiacy t •
0
y HaIIIOMY rrpHKJia,n;i, HKII.J;O 11.t ~ 0, TO 3Ha"tleHHJi BHpasy
2to + 1 + b..t rrpHMYIOTb ,n;o "tJHCJia 2to + l, .HKe e 3Ha"tJeHH.HM MHTTE:BOl
IIIBH,D;KOCTi V ( t ), T06TO
0
v(t0 )= lim (2t0 +1+!:::.t)=2t0 +1.
t~o

~eft rrpHKJia,ZJ; IIOKasye, m;o KOJIH MaTepiaJibHa TO"tJKa pyxaeTbCJi

3a 3aKOHOM y = s (t), TO 11 MHTTeBy IIIBH,n;KiCTb y MOMeHT tiacy to BH-
3Ha"tJaIOTb 3a ,n;orroMororo cpopMyJIH
V (t0 ) = lim Veep (b..t), T06TO
llt~O

. !'ls . s(t0 +l'lt)-s(t0 )

v (t)
0
= 11m-= 1im-~---.....:..._
flt--+ 0 t'lt t--+ 0 t'lt

75
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fi 3aCTocysaHHfl

3 A '4 npo AOTM'4HY AO rp ct>IK ct>YHK~IY

Bi,n;oMe 03HaqeHH.H ,n;oT:aqHo1,n;o KOJia .HK np.aMo1, .HKa Mae 3 KOJIOM
TiJihKH o,n;Hy cniJihHY TO't!KY' He3aCTOCOBHe y BHrra,n;Ky ,n;oBiJihHOl
KPHBOL
2
HanpHKJia,n;, Bich op,n;HHaT Mae 3 rrapa60JI010 y = x
TiJihKH o,n;Hy eniJihHY TO"t!KY (pnc. 8.2). IIpoTe iHTy!u;i.a
ni,n;Ka3ye, m;o HenpHpO,n;HO BBa./KaTH u;ro np.HMY ,n;o-
THqHoIO ,n;o BKa3aHo1 napa6oJIH. Pa30M 3 THM y Kypci
2
anre6pn MH Hepi,n;Ko Ka3aJIH, m;o rrapa6oJia y = x ,n;o-
THKaeThC.H ,n;o oci a6cu;ne y Toqu;i x = 0.
x 0
YTO"t.J:HHMO HaO"t.J:He y.HBJieHH.H rrpo ,n;OTH"t!HY ,z:i;o rpa-
PHC. 8.2
cpiKa cpyHKI.J;il.
Hexali M - ,z:i;e.aKa TO"t.J:Ka, .HKa Jie.JKHTh Ha rrapa-
2
6oJii y = x • IIpoBe,z:i;eMo rrp.aMy OM, .HKY Ha3BeMo ci"t.J:HOIO (pHe. 8.3).
Y .HBHMO eo6i, m;o TO"t.J:Ka M, pyxaroqHch no rrapa6oJii, Ha6JIHJKaeThe.H
,n;o TOqKH 0. IlpH I.J;hOMY ei"t.J:Ha OM 6y,n;e noBepTaTHe.a HaBKOJIO ToqKH
0. To,z:i;i KYT MiJK rrp.HMOIO OM i Biccro a6cu;Hc cTaBaTHMe Bee MeHIIIHM
i MeHmHM, i eil!Ha OM nparHyTHMe 3aHH.HTH noJioJKeHH.H oci a6eu;nc.
IIp.aMy, noJIOJKeHH.H .HKOl rrparHe 3aHH.HTH ciqHa OM npH Ha6JIH-
JKeHHi TO"t.J:KH M ,z:i;o ToqKH 0, Ha3HBaTHMeMo ,D;OTHqHoIO ,n;o napa6oJIH
y = X 2 y TO"t.J:I.J;i 0.

f(x 0 + L1x)
I

L1f : L1f
I

f(x 0 )

x
PHC. 8.3 PHC. 8.4
PosrJI.HHeMO rpacpiK ,z:i;e.HKOl HenepepBHOl B TO"t.J:I.J;i XO <l>YHKI.J;il f
i TO"t!KY Mo <xo; f <xo)). y Toqu;i XO Ha,D;aMO apryMeHTY npnpieT ~x
i posrJI.HHeMo Ha rpacpiKy ToqKy M (x; f(x)), ,n;e x = x 0 + tJ.x (pne. 8.4).
3 pHeyHKa BH,ll;HO, m;o KOJIH LlX eTae Bee MeHIIIe i MeHIIIe, TO Toq-
Ka M, pyxaro"t.J:Heh no rpacpiKy, Ha6JIHJKaeTbC.H ,n;o TOqKH M 0 • 5IKm;o
rrpn tJ.x ~ 0 ci"t.J:Ha M 0M nparHe 3aHH.HTH noJioJKeHHH ,n;e.aKo1 np.aMo1
(Ha pHcyHKY 8.4 u;e np.aMa M 0 T), TO TaKy rrpHMY Ha3HBaIOTh ,IJ;OTJA-
HOIO )J;O rpa<}>iKa <}>y111~n;ii fy To11n;i M 0 •

76
 8. np111picr cpyHKu,i'I. 3a.o,aYi, s:iKi np111so.o,snb .o,o noHs:ins:i noxi.o,Ho·1

Hexali ci1:1Ha M 0M Mae piBH.HHH.H y = kx +bi yrBoproe a ,n;o,n;aTHHM

Hanp.HMOM oci a6cu;Hc KYT a . .HK Bi,n;oMo, KYTOBHM Koecpiu;ieHT k np.a-
MOl M M ,n;opiBHIOe tg a, T06To k = tg a. 01:1eBH,n;Ho, ~o L MM 0E =a
0
(pHc. 8.4). To,n;i a D. MM 0E oTpHMyeMo:
ME Af
tga=--=-.
M 0 E Ax
YBe,n;eMo nosHa1:1eHH.H k Cl'lH
. (D.x) ,n;JI.H KYTOBoro Koecpiu;ieHTa ci1:1Ho1
M 0M, THM caMHM HaroJiornyro1:111, ~o ,ZJ;JI.H ,n;aHo1 cpyHKn;i1 f i cpiKcoBa-
HOl TO"tfKH x 0 KYTOBHM Koecpiu;ieHT ci1:1Ho1 M 0 M BH3Ha1:1aeThC.H 1:1epes
npHpiCT D.x apryMeHTY.
Af
MaeMo: k . (D.x) = - .
c1'lH Ax
Hexali ,n;oTH1:£Ha M 0 T yTBoproe a ,n;o,n;aTHHM Hanp.HMOM oci a6cu;Hc
KYT p
(f3 -::/= 90°). To,n;i 11 KYTOBHM Koecpin;ieHT k (x 0 ) ,n;opiBHIOe tg p.
IlplipO,ZJ;HO BBam.aTH, ~o 1:£HM MeHrne b.x, THM MeHme 3Ha"tfeHH.H
KYTOBOrO KOecpiu;ieHTa ci-crHOl Bi,n;pi3H.H€TbC.H Bi,n; 3Ha1:leHH.H KYTO-
Boro KOecpiu;ieHTa ,ZJ;OTH1:£HOL lHilIHMH CJIOBaMM, .HK~O D.x -) 0, TO
(6.x) -) k (xo).
k c1qa
y 3araJii, KyTOBHH KOecpiu;ieHT ,ZJ;OTH1:£HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;ll f
y T0'1D;i 3 a6cu;Hcoro x 0 BH3Ha1:laIOTb sa ,n;onoMororo cpopMyJIH
k (x 0 ) = l'i.x->0
lim kci<tH (D.x), T06To

- 1·
k ( x 0 ) - Im
Af -- li m f (Xo + Ax) - f (Xo)
t:.x O Ax Ax->0 Ax

nPMKJ1AA 3Hali,n;iTb cpopMyJiy ,ZJ;JI.H 061:1HcJieHH.H KYTOBoro Koecpi-

2
u;ieHTa ,ZJ;OTH1:£HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKJJ;il f(x) = -x y T01:£D;i 3 a6cu;H-
COIO XO • .HKHM KYT 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHM Hanp.HMOM oci a6cn;Hc yrBoproe ,n;o-

TH1:£Ha, npoBe,n;eHa ,n;o D;bOI'O rpacpiKa B T01:£D;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO Xo = _.!:_?

2
Po 3 e' .fl3 an n .fl. MaeMo:
b.f = f (x0 + D.x)- f (x0 ) = -(x0 + D.x) -(-x~) = -2x0 D.x -D.x
2 2
•

To,n;i, cKopHcTaBrnHCb cpopMyJioro ,n;JI.a 061:1HcJieHH.H KyToBoro KO-

ecpiu;ieHTa ,ZJ;OTH'1HOl, Mom.Ha 3aIIHCaTH:
2
. Af . -2x 0 Ax-Ax
k(x0 )= hm - = hm = lim (-2x 0 -D.x)=-2x0 •
t:.x o Ax t:.x ~o Ax t:.x->O

l.I;R cpopMYJia ,n;oaBOJIRe 061:1HCJIHTH KYTOBHM Koecpiu;ieHT ,n;oTHqHo1

,n;o napa60JIH y = -x 2 y 6y,n;b-.HKiM To1:1u;i, 30KpeMa B TO"tfD;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO
1
x 0 -- - -2.

77
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHH

MaeMo: k(- ~)=-2-(-~)=l. y

Hexali AOT1111Ha AO rrapa6oJIH B TO'tln;i 3 a6-

x
cn;Hcoro x 0 = __!_ yTBoproe KYT a (0 ~ a <n i
2
a -:t= n) 3 AOAaTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn;Hc. ToAi
2
11 KYTOBHH Koecpin;ieHT AOPiBHIOe tg a. BHro;e

MF! BCTaHOBF!JIFI, ll\O k (- ~) =1. 3si,n;CFI tg a =1. PHc. 8.5

7t
OcKiJihKH 0 ~ a < n, TO a= - (pHc. 8. 5). •
4

BnpaeM
8.1. 3HaHAiTh rrpHpicT <i>YHKIJ;il f y TO"Y:IJ;i
0
XO, .HKro;o:
1) f (x) = 2x - 1, x 0 = -1, b.x = 0,2;
2) f (x) = 3x 2 - 2x, x 0 = 2, b.x = 0, 1;
6
3) f (x) =-, x 0 = 1,2, b.x = -0,3.
x
8 3HaHAiTh npHpicT <i>YHKIJ;il f y TO't!II;i XO, .HKm;o:
1) f (x) = 4 - 3x, x 0 = 1, b.x = 0,3;
2) f (x) = 0,5x 2 , x 0 = -2, b.x = 0,8.
0

8.3. )J;JI.H cpyHKn;i! f(x) = x2 -

3x BHpa3iTh rrp:apiCT f cpyHKIJ;il f
y TO't!IJ;i XO 'tlepe3 XO i x. 3HaHAiTh b.f' .HKIIJ;O: 1) XO= 3, x = 2,5;
2) X 0 = -2, X = -1.
3
)J;JI.H <i>YHKIJ;il f (x) = x BHpa3iTh rrp:apiCT b.f <i>YHKIJ;il fy TO't!D;i XO
qepe3 XO i x. 3HaHAiTh b.f, .HKIIJ;O XO= 0,5, x = 0,4.

· .. f ( )
5 • ,u,Jl.H
8 •. TT th
'±'YHKIJ;ll X = X2 - •
X 1 " •
TO't!KH X 0 3HaHA1Th -flf flf.
1 l'lffi -
D.x x o D.x

8.6 )J;JI.H <i>YHKIJ;il f (x) = 5x + 1 i TO't!KH

1 lim D.f. XO 3HaHAiTh D.f
x tu o D.x
8.7." MaTepiaJihHa TO't!Ka pyxaeThC.H no KOOPAHHaTHili rrp.HMiH 3a
2
3aKOHOM s (t) = 2t + 3 (nepeMiro;eHH.H BHMiproeTbC.H B MeTpax,
'tlac - y ceKYHAax). 3HaHAiTh MHTTeBy IIIBHAKiCTh MaTepiaJihHOl
TO't!KH B MOMeHT to = 2 c.
2
8 TiJio pyxaeThC.H no KOOPAHHaTHiH rrp.HMiH 3a 3aKOHOM s (t) = 5t
(rrepeMirn;eHH.H BHMiproeThC.H B MeTpax, qac - y ceKYHAax). 3Ha-

78
 li,n;iTb: 1) cepe,n;Hro IDBM)J;KiCTb TiJia rrpM 3MiHi qacy Bi;n; to = 1 c ;n;o
t 1 = 3 c; 2) MMTTeBy IDBM)J;KiCTb TiJia B MOMeHT to = 1 c.
8.9: EJieKTpoHarpiBaq Bi;n; rroqaTKY po6oTM 3a qac t BM;n;iJIMB
Q (t) = t 2 + 2t o;n;MHMI.I;b TerrJIOBo1 eHepril, ;n;e 0 < t ~ T . 3Hali;n;iTb:
1) cepe;n;Hro rroTymHiCTb 1 HarpiBaqa Ha rrpoMimKy qacy Bi;n; 0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJibKiCTb TeIIJIOBOl eHepril, .HKY BM)J;iJIMB HarpiBaq 3a rrpoMi-
)KOK qacy Mim t 0 i t 0 + ~t;
3) cepe;n;Hro noTymHiCTb HarpiBaqa 3a npoMimoK qacy Mim t 0
i t 0 + ~t;
4) IIOTymHiCTb HarpiBaqa B MOMeHT qacy to.
s.10: Ili;n; qac xiMiqHOl peaKn;i1 3 peqOBMH Ai B YTBOplOeTbC.H peqo-
BMHa c. "llepe3 qac t (0 < t <T) Bi;n; rroqaTKY peaKn;il KiJibKiCTb
2
peqoBMHM C, m;o yTBOpHJiaca, ;n;opiBHroe f (t) = 4t-t • 3Hai1:,n;iTb:
2
1) cepe;n;Hro IDBH;n;KiCTb xiMiqHo1 peaKn;il Ha rrpoMimKy qacy Bi;n;
0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJihKiCTb peqoBMHH C, .HKa yTBOpHJiaca 3a rrpoMimoK -qacy Mim
t0 i t0 + ~t;
3) cepe;n;Hro IDBM;n;KiCTb xiMiqHo1 peaKn;il 3a rrpoMimoK qacy Mim
t 0 i t 0 + ~t;
4) MMTTeBy IDBH)J;KiCTb xiMiqHQl peaKn;il B MOMeHT qacy to.
8 KiJihKiCTb rrpo;n;yKn;i1, BMrOTOBJieHo1 po6iTHMKOM Bi;n; noqaTKY
po6oTH ;n;o MOMeHTY qacy t (0 ~ t ~ T), ;n;opiBHroe f (t) = 10t-3t •
2

3HaM;n;i Tb:
3
1) cepe;n;Hro npo;n;yKTMBHiCTb rrpan;i po6iTHMKa Ha rrpoMimKy qacy
Bi;n; 0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJibKiCTb rrpo;n;yKn;il, .HKY BlirOTOBMB po6iTHMK 3a npoMimoK
qacy Mim t0 i t0 + ~t;

1
Cepe,n;H.H rroTymHiCTh HarpiBa't!a, .HKHH 3a rrpoMijKOK 't!acy t BH,n;iJIHB

Q O,D;HHHII;h TeIIJIOBOl eHepril, ,n;opiBHIOE: p = Q.

t
2
Cepe,n;H.H mBH,n;KiCTh xiMii:mo1 peaK:u;il 3a npo,n;yKTOM peaK:u;i1, ni,n; 't!ac
M
.HKO:i 3a 't!ac t yTBOpHJIOC.H M o,n;HHHII;b pe"t!OBHHH, ,n;opiBHIOe vR =-
t
3
Cepe,n;H.H npo,n;yKTHBHiCTh npa:u;i po6iTHHKa, .HKHH 3a npoMijKOK qacy t
s
BlHOTOBHB s O,ZJ;MHMII;h rrpo,n;yK:u;il, ,n;opiBHIOe
t

79
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta °i"I 3aCTocysaHHfl

3) cepe,n;HIO rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTh rrpau,i po6iTHHKa 3a rrpoMi.iKOK 'llacy

Mi.m t 0 i t0 + ~t;
4) rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTh rrpau,i po6iTHHKa B MOMeHT qacy to.
8.12: Ha Koop,n;HHaTHili rrp.aMili Jie.iKHTh cTep.meHh OA, rrJiom;a rrepe-
pi3y .HKoro ,n;opiBHroe S. KiHu,i cTep.mH.H 0 i A MaIOTh Koop,n;HHaTH
x = 0 i x =a Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho. Bi,n;oMo, m;o Maca -qacTHHH cTep.iKH.H,
.HK a Jie.iKHTh Ha Bi,n;pi3KY (O; x] KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHOl IIp.HMOl, .n;opiBHIOe
m(x)=2aSx-Sx 2 , ,n;e XE[O;a]. 3Hali,n;iTh:
1) cepe,n;HIO ryCTHHy 1 pe'l!OBHHH, 3 .HKOl BHI'OTOBJieHO CTepmeH:o;
2) Macy 'llaCTHHH CTepJKH.H Mim TO'l!KaMH Xo Ta Xo + ~x;
3) cepe,n;HIO rycTHHY pe'l!OBHHH' 3 .HKOl BHrOTOBJieHO 'l!aCTHHy
CTep.iKH.H Mim TO"tJKaMH Xo Ta Xo + ~x;
4) ryCTHHY pe"tJOBHHH, 3 .HKOl BHI'OTOBJieHO CTepmeHh, y TO"tJD,i Xo·

.. TiJIO pyxaJIOC.H no KOOp,D;HHaTHiM rrp.HMiM Bi,n; IIO"tJaTKY KOOp,n;H-

HaT ,n;o TOqKH x =a rri,n; ,n;iero CHJIH, .HKa BHKOHYBaJia IIPH ll,hOMy
po6oTy A (x) = x3, ,n;e x E [O; a] - KOOp,n;HHaTa TiJia. 3Hali,n;iTh:
1) cepe,n;Hro BeJIH"tJHHY CHJIH 2, .HKa ,n;i.HJia Ha Tino rri,n; qac lioro pyxy
Bl,D; TIO"tJaTKY KOOp,D;HHaT ,n;o TO"tJKH x =a;
2) BHKOHaHy po6oTy rri,n; qac pyxy Tina Mim TO"tJKaMH 3 KOOp,n;H-
HaTaMH Xo Ta Xo +~x;
3) cepe,n;Hro BeJIHqHHY CHJIH, .HKa ,n;i.ana Ha Tino ni,n; qac lioro pyxy
Mim TO"tJKaMH 3 KOOp,D;HHaTaMH Xo Ta Xo + ~x;
4) BeJIH"tJHHY CHJIH, .HKa ,n;i.HJia Ha TiJIO TO,n;i, KOJIH BOHO MaJIO KO-
op,n;HHaTy Xo.
8.14: 3Hali,n;iTh KYTOBHM KOecpiu,ieHT:
1) ci"tJHOI rpacpiKa cpyHKD,i! y = x 2 , .HKa rrpoxo,n;HTh qepe3 TO"tJKH
rpacpiKa 3 a6CD,HCaMH XO = 1 i xl = 1,6;
2) ,ZJ;OTH"tJHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD,il y = X 2 y TO'llll,i 3 a6cn;HCOIO XO = 1.
• - . 3Hali,n;iTh KYTOBHM KOecpin;ieHT:
1) Ci'1HOl rpacpiKa cpyHKD,il y = x 3 ' .HKa npoxo,n;HTh -qepe3 TO"tJKH
rpacpiKa 3 a6CD,HCaMH XO = 2 i xl = 1;
2) ,D;OTH"tJHOl .n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD,il y = x 3 y TO"tJD,i 3 a6Cll,HCOIO XO = 2.

Cepe.n;H.a rycTRHa pe"trnBRHR, a .aKo1 BRrOTOBJieHo Tino Macoro m

i o6'eMOM v, ,n;opiBHIOe p = m.
2
v
Cepe.n;H.a BeJIR't!RHa cRJIR, .aKa BRKOHana po6oTy A, nepeMicTRBIIIR Tino
A
Ha Bi.n;cTaHh x, .n;opiBHIOe F = - .
x

80
 9. noHHTifl noxi,D,Ho'i

noHSITTSI noxiAHO .i
Y nonepe,n;HhOMY nyHKTi, po3B' jrnyroqH ,n;B1 pi3Hi 3a,n;aqi npo
MHTT€BY illBH,n;KiCTb MaTepiaJihHOl TOqKH i npo KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT
,LJ;OTHqHOl, MH ,n;iHllJIH ,n;o o,n;Hie1 i Tie1 CaMOl MaTeMaTHqHOl MO,n;eni:
rpa.HHI.I;i Bi,LJ;HOIIIeHHH npHpOCTY cpyHKI.I;il ,n;o npHpOCTY aprYMeHTY 3a
yMOBH, rri;o npHpicT apryMeHTY np.HMye ,n;o Hyn.a:

v (t
0
) = lim !:J..s , k ( x 0 ) = lim !:J..f •
flt ~ o !:J.. t Ax o !:J..x
,ll;o a.HaJioriqHHX cpopMyJI npHBO,lJ;HTb p03B'.H3aHH.H 6araThOX 3a-
,n;aq cpi3HKH, xiMil, 6ionoril, eKOHOMiKH TOIIJ;O. U:e CBi,n;qHTb npo Te,
u:i;o po3rJI.H,n;yBaHa Mo,n;eJih 3acnyr0Bye Ha oco6JIMBY yBary. la BapTo
npMCBOlTM Ha3BY' YBeCTM II03HaqeHH.H, BHBqMTM iI BJiaCTMBOCTi i Ha-
BqHTMCH lX 3aCTOCOByBaTM.

3 Ha e HH • 0 Xi n 0 JO <I> y BK ll; i"' f y T 0 'Ill; i X 0 Ha3HBalOTL

'IHCJIO, HKe ,n;opiBHl0€ rpaHHD;i Bi,n;HomeHHH npHpOCTY <l>YHKD;fi f
y TO'ID;i XO ,n;o Bi,n;noBi,n;Horo npupocTy apryMeHTY aa YMOBH, m;o npH-
picT apryMeHTY npSIMYe ,n;o HYJIH.

Iloxi,n;Hy cpyHKI.I;il y = f (x) y Toqu;i XO II03HaqaJOTb TaK: f' (xo)

(qHTaIOTh: «ecp IIITpMx Bi,n; iKc HYJihOBor9» ). To,n;i MOmHa 3anMCaTM:

'( x )-I'1m f(xo+!:J..x)-f(xo)

f 0 -
llx~O !:J..x

a6o

Iloxi,n;Hy <PYHKu;il f y Toqu;i XO MOmHa o6qMCJIMTM 3a TaKOIO cxeMoIO:

1) Ha,n;aBmM B Toqu;i XO apryMeHTY npMpicT ~x, 3HaHTH Bi,n;noBi,n;-
HMH npMpicT ~f cpyHKu;il:
~f = f (x 0 + ~x) - f (x 0 );
... . !:J..f
2) 3HaHTM Bl,LJ;HOIIIeHH.H - ;
t:.x
t:.f
3) 3' .HCyBaTM, ,n;o .HKoro qMCJia np.HMY€ Bl,LJ;HOIIIeHH.H npH

~x ~ 0' T06To 3HaHTM rpaHHD;IO lim t:.f •

llx~O !).x

81
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13acrocysaHH51

nPVIKJlA.q 1 3HaHAiTh IIOXiAHY QJYHKIJ,il f (x) = _!_ y TO"t!IJ,i X

0
= 1.
x
P 038' Jl3 an "Ii.fl. ,il;OTpHMYIOtIHCh BHID;eHaBeAeHOl cxeMH, 3aIIH-
rneMo:
1 1 1 1 - D.x .
1) t:if = f (x 0 + t:ix) - f (x0 ) = = -
x 0 + D.x Xo l + .!lx 1 1 + D.x '
2) D.f = - 1 ;
D.x 1 + D.x
1
3) rrpH t:ix ~ 0 3Ha"t!eHHH BHpa3y - rrpHMYIOTh AO "t!HCJia - 1,
1 + D.x
T06TO f' (1) = }im ( l ) = - 1.
~-. o 1 + D.x
BionoBiOb: - 1.

3a3HaqHMO, rn;o, 3HaHI.IIOBIIIH 3Ha"t!eHH.H f, (1), MH THM caMHM

3HaHI.IIJIH KYTOBHH Koe<}Jiu;ieHT k (xo) AOTH"t!HOl, rrpoBe'AeHOl AO rpa-

cpiKa QJYHKIJ;il f (x) = _!_

y TO"t!IJ;i 3 a6cn;Hcoro x 0 = 1. BiH AOPiBHroe -1,
x
To6To k (1) = - 1. To'Ai, rro3HaqHBIIIH -qepea a KyT, yTBopeHHli n;iero
'AOTH"t!HOIO 3 'AO'AaTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn;Hc,
3n
MO)KeMo 3aIIHCaTH: tg a= - 1. 3Bi'ACH a = -
4
(pHC. 9.1).
YaaraJii, MO)KHa 3po6HTH TaKHH BHCHOBOK: a = 3n
4
Kym08UU KOe<!Jiztienm OOmU'l.{,"Jidi, np08eOeno"i
00 zpa<!JiKa <!JynKztfi f y mO'l.{,l{i 3 a6Cl{UCOJO
x 0 , 8opi8n10e noxioniu <!JynKztfi f y mo'l.{,zti x 0 ,
T06TO

lk(x 0) = f'(x 0 ) I
ll;.H piBHiCTh BHpa)Kae reoMeTpH11HHH 3MiCT noxi,n;uoi'.
TaKO)K apoayMiJio, rn;o KOJLU y = s (t) - 3aKon pyxy .MamepiaJtbno"i
mo'l.{,KU no Koopounamniu npJi.Miu, mo i'"i .MummeBa wBuOKicmb y .Mo-
M~nm 'l.{,acy t 0 8opiBn10e noxioniu <!JynKztii" y = s (t) y mo'l.{,zti t , To6To
0

I v(t0 ) = s'(t0 ) I
ll;H piBHiCTh BHpa)Kae MexauiqHHH 3MiCT noxi,n;uol.
HK~O QJYHKIJ;i.H f Mae IIOXiAHY B TO"t!IJ,i XO, TO Il,IO cpyHKIJ;iIO Ha-
3HBaIOTh AH<l>epeun;iiloBHOIO B TOqn;i XO.

82
 9. noH~n~ noxiAHo'i

Hexa.H cpy111<.II,i.H f ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioBHa B TOllII,i x 0 • 3 reoMeTpHl:!Horo

3MiCTY rroxi,n;HOl BHIIJIHBae, m;o ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKI.I;il f y TO"tIII,i 3 a6-
CIJ;HCOIO XO MOJKHa rrpoBeCTH ne8epmu1CaJlbny ,ll;OTHllHY (pHC. 9.2).
I HaBIIaKH, HKID;O ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKI.I;il f y TOllIJ;i 3 a6crt;HCOIO XO MOJKHa
rrpoBeCTH HeBepTHKaJihHY ,ll;OTH"t!HY' TO cpyHKI.I;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHII,iHOBHa
B TOl:JI.I;l X 0 •
Ha pHCYHKY 9.3 306paJKeHO rpacpiKH cpyHKII,iH, HKi B Tffqn;i XO
MaIOTh po3pHB a6o «3JIOM». ,Il;o lX rpacpiKiB y TOllI.I;i 3 a6CII,HCOIO XO He
MOJKHa npoBeCTH ,ll;OTHllHY. ll;i cpyHKu;il He ,n;HcpepeHu;iHOBHi B TOllII,i XO.

0 I
I
I

! ~
I
I I
I I I
I I I I
I I
-+ ·---.!. _____ .._
I I I

-+----1-----..- I I
·---T----i-----..-
I
r--- - .!. _____ .._
X0 X xo x I
I
X X
0 X
0
X
I
I

Pnc. 9.2 Pnc. 9.3

Ha pHCYHKY 9.4 3o6paJKeHo rpacpiKH cpyHKI.I;iH, HKi B TOllu;i
s a6cu;Hcoro x 0 MaIOTb BepTHKaJibHY ,n;oTHllHY. To My u;i <PYHKu;il He
,n;ncpepeHII,iHOBHi B TO"tIII,i XO.
y

- --------------~
X0 X x

Pnc. 9.4

IloKaJKeMo, HarrpHKJia,n;, III,O <PYHKI.I;iH f (x) = I x I, rpacpiK HKOl

Mae «3JIOM» y TOllD;i XO= 0, He € ,n;:mpepeHu;iHOBHOIO B u;iii TO"tII.I;i.
MaeMo:
1) D.f = f (x0 + D.x) - f (x0) =I X 0 + D.x 1- 1X 0 I=I 0 + D.x 1-1 0 I= ID.x I;

2 ) tit = I tix I;
!ix !J.x

3) y npHKJia,n;i 3 ITYHKTY 1 6yJio IIOKa3aHO, IIl,O <PYHKI.I;iH g (t) = L!Jt

He Mae rpaHHI.I;i B TOllu;i t 0 = O; u;e osHallae, m;o He icHye rpa-
HHu;i lim !if ' T06To <PYHKII,iH f He e ,n;HcpepeHu;iHOBHOIO B TO"C!-
AX-+ 0 /iX
IJ;i X
0
= 0.

83
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta {1' 3aCTocysaHH~

TeopeMa 9.1 . HKUfO <jJynKlfiJl f e iJu<jJepen1.fiiio6no10 6 mo"l£-

1.fi x 0 , mo 6ona e nenepep6no10 6 1.fiU mO"l£1.fi.
OcKi.JihKH cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHu;iiiOBHa B TO'llu;i
~ 06eae1l rt.fl. XO,
TO MOmHa 3aITHCaTH:

MaeMo:
lim
6x--+0
(f (x 0 + L1x)- f (x 0 )) = lim L1f = lim
x--tO x 0
(!if ·
f!ix
L1xJ =

= lim !if · lim L1x = f' (x 0 ) • 0 = 0.

x--+0 !ix x 0

0Tme, lim (f (x 0 + L1x)-f (x 0 )) = 0. 3Bi,n;cH lim f (x 0 + L1x) = f (x 0 ).

6x --+ 0 t.x --+ 0

OcTaHHIO piBHiCTh MOmHa no,n;aTH y BHr.JI.H,n;i lim f (x) = f (x 0 ). II;e

X > Xo

03Ha-ciae, ru;o cpyHKIJ;i.H f e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'lJIJ;i XO.

3a3Ha'llHMO, m;o HenepepBHa B To-ciu;i x 0 = 0 cpyHKIJ;i.H f (x) = I x I
He e ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B u;iii Toqu;i. ToMy HerrepepBHiCTh cpyHKu;il
B To-ciu;i € Heo6xi,n;HOIO, ane He € ,n;ocTaTHhOIO YMOBOIO ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioB-
HOCTi cpyHKIJ;il B u;iii TO"CJIJ;i (pHC. 9.5).
Hexaii M - MHOmHHa TO"CJOK, y .HKHX cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioB-
Ha. KomHOMy "CJHCJIY x E M rrocTaBHMO y Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTh -ciHc.Jio f' (x).
THM CaMHM 3a,n;aHo cpyHKu;i10 3 06nacT10 BH3HaqeHH.H M. II;ro cpyHKu;iro
Ha3HBaIOTh noxi.;J;HOIO c}>yimaj1 y = f (x) i II03Ha"CJaIOTh f' a6o y' = f' (x) .
.5IKru;o cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHu;iiiOBHa B KOmHiH TO'lJIJ;i ,n;e.HKOl MHO-
.)KHHH M, TO roBop.HTh, ru;o BOHa ,zi;Hc}>epen~illonna ua MHO-'KHHi M.
HarrpHKJia,n;, Ha pHCYHKY 9.6 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKu;il, ,n;HcpepeH-
u;ilioBHo1 Ha iHTepBa.Jii I. Ha iHTepBa.rri I u;eM: rpacpiK He Mae po3pHBiB
. .
1 3.JIOMlB .
.5I1<ru;o cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioBHa Ha D (f), To 11 Ha3HBaIOTh
,zi;H<l>epeH~iHOBHOIO.

aenepepBHi
B TOllD;i x 0 (°
(°
...
x
I
PHc. 9.5 PHC. 9.6

84
 9. noH5lTI5l noxigH0·1

3HaxO,lJ;JKeHHH noxi,n;HOl cpyttKu;il f Ha3HBaIOTb ,n;Hct>epeHI.J;iJoBaHHHM

cpyHKIJ;il f.
nPVIKnAA 2 Ilpo,n;HcpepeHu;iroliTe cpyHKu;iro f (x) = kx + b.
3Hali,n;eMo noxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il f y Totiu;i x 0 , ,n;e x 0 -
1
Po38 .R3ann.R.
,n;oBiJihHa TOtIKa o6JiaCTi BH3HatieHHH cpyHKIJ;il f.
1) ~f = f (x 0 + ~x) - f(x 0 ) = (k (x 0 + ~x) + b) - (kx 0 + b) = k~x;
2) D.f = kt:.x = k;
D.x D.x
3) 3a 03HatieHHHM noxi,n;Ho1 f' (x 0 ) = lim D.f = lim k = k.
ti.x~o x x >0
0Tme, f' (x0 ) = k.
OcKiJihKH x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TOtiKa o6JiacTi BH3HatieHHH cpyHK:a;i1 f,
TO OCTaHHH piBHiCTb 03Hatiae, m;o ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E JR BHKOHyeTb-
CH piBHiCTb f' (x) = k.
BHCHOBOK rrpo Te, m;o rroxi,n;Ha JiiHiMHOl cpyHKD;il f (x) = kx +b
,n;opiBHIOe k, TaKom rrpHHHHTO 3aIIHCyBaTM TaKHM tIHHOM:

(kx+b)'=k (1)
.HKID;O y cpopMyJiy (1) rri,n;cTaBHTH k = 1 i b = 0, TO OTpHMaeMO

l<x)'d l
.HKID;O jK y cpopMyJii (1) IIOKJiaCTH k = 0, TO OTpHMaeMO

(b)' =0
OcTaHHH piBHiCTh 03Ha"t!ae, m;o rroxi,n;Ha cpyHK:a;i!, HKa e KOHCTaH-
TOIO, y KOmHiH TO"t!IJ;i .n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO.
2
nPVIKnAA 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;il f (x) = x •
p 0 3 8 .R 3 a H H .R. 3Hali,n;eMO rroxi.n;Hy cpyHKIJ;il f y TO"t!D;i
1
XO, .n;e XO -
,D;OBiJihHa TO"t!Ka o6JiaCTi BH3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHKIJ;il f.
1) ~f = f (x 0 + ~x)-f (x 0 ) = (x 0 + ~x) -x~ = 2x0 ~x + ~x ;
2 2

2
D.f 2x x + ilx
2) - = 0 = 2x 0 +~x;
LlX /).X

3) f' (x0 ) = lim L'.lf = lim (2x0 + ~x) = 2x0 •

x 0 LlX x 0

OcKiJihKH x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TO"t!Ka o6JiacTi BH3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHK:a;il

2
f (x) = x , TO ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E JR BHKOHyeThC.H piBHiCTb
f'(x) = 2x.
OcTaHHIO piBHiCTh TaKom rrpHHH.HTO 3an:acyBaTH y BHrJIH,n;i

[ (x
2
)' = 2x I (2)

85
 § 2. noxi,D,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH5!

nPlt1KJ1AA 4 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;i1 f (x) = x 3 •

Po3B .R3ann.R. 3Hali,n;eMo rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il f y Toqn;i x 0 , ,n;e x 0
1
-
,n;oBiJibHa ToqKa o6JiaCTi BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKD;ii f.
3
1) !if =(x0 +tix) -x~ =(x0 +tix-x0 )((x0 +!ix) +(x0 +tix)x0 +x~)=
2

=!ix ( (x 0 + !ix) 2 + (x0 +!ix) x 0 + x~ );

_tix((x 0 +!ix) +(x0 +!ix)x0 +x~)_
2
!if ) •
2) - - - ( x 0 + ~x) 2 + (x 0 + ~x x 0 + x 02 ,
x !:J.x

3) f' (x 0 ) = lim !:J.f = lim ((x 0 + ~x ) 2 + (x 0 + ~x) x 0 + x~ ) = 3x~.

tu~o !:J.x ei.x o
OcKiJ.IhKH x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa ToqKa o6JiacTi BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKD;il f,
TO ,D;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKOI'O X E JR BHKOHyeThC.H piBHiCTh
f' (x) = 3x 2 • •

OcTaHHro piBHiCTh MOJKHa sarr11caTM TaK:

I(x•)' = 3x2 I (3)

<l>opMyJIH (2) 1 (3) e OKpeM.HMH BHIIa,n;KaM.H 6iJihllI saraJihHOl
cpopMyJIM:

(4)
4
Harrp.HKJia,n;, (x 5 )' = 5x = 7x 6 •
7
, (x )'

nP~KnA.Q ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, :rn;o rroxi,n;Ha cl>YHKn;i1 f (x) = x\ n E N, n > 1,

,n;opiBHlOe nxn - 1 •
Po36 .R3ann.R. 3Hali,n;eMo rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il f y Toqn;i x 0 , ,n;e x 0
1
-
,n;oBiJibHa TOqKa o6JiaCTi BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKD;il f.
1) ~f =(x0 + ~xY -x;;
2) Hara,n;aeMO, rn;o an -bn =(a-b)(an - l +an - 2 b+ ... +bn- 1 ). To,n;i
MOJKHa sarr11caTH:
!if (x0 +tix)n -x; (x 0 +tix-x0 )((x0 +tix)n - l +(x0 +!ix)n - 2x 0 + .. . +x; - 1)
-= = =
!ix !:J.x !ix
= x 0 + uX )n - 1 + ( Xo + uX )n - 2 Xo + .. . + Xon - 1 ;
(
A A

3) f' (x 0 ) = lim ((x0 + ~xy - i + (x 0 + ~xr - x 0 + ... + x; - 1 ) = 2

tu~O

= x 0n - 1 + x 0n-1 + ... + x 0n - 1 = nx0n.-1 •

OcKiJihKH x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa ToqKa o6JiacTi BH3HaqeHH.H cpyHKD;il f,

TO ,D;JI.H 6y,D;h-.HKOI'O X E JR BHKOHy€ThC.H piBHiCTh
f' (x) = nxn - l . •
86
 <l>opMyJia ( 4) 3aJIHmaeThCR cnpaBe,ZJ;JIHBOIO ,ZJ;JIR 6y,n;h-RKOI'O n E z
i X :I- 0, T06TO

I(x")' = nx•-i, n E Z I (5)

,[(oBe,n;i Tb n:.e TBep,n;)KeHH.H caMOCTiHHO.
HanpHKJia,n;, CKOpHcTaeMOCR cpopMyJioro (5) ,ZJ;JIR 3Haxo,n;meHHR

noxi,n;Ho1 cpyHKn;il f (x) = .!... MaeMo:

x
- - 1 •X -1-1
1 )' -( -1)' - - - X -2 - 1 •
- --
( -x - X -
2
x
0Tme, ,lJ;JIR 6y,n;h-RKOI'O x :I- 0 BHKOHY€TbCR piBHiCTb f' (x) = _2_
x2
a6o

nPfAKJlA.I! 6 Ilpo,n;HcpepeHu;iroiiTe cpyHKIJ;iIO f (x) = .f;.

Po3e'Ji3ann.fi. Hexali x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TO"tJKa o6JiacTi BH3Ha"tJeHHR
cpyHKIJ;il f, T06TO X0 ~ 0.
J
1) !:if = x 0 + !:ix - J-;;.

= (x 0 + ~x) - x0 _ 1
J
x • ( x0 + x + J-;;) - Jx 0 + ~x + J-;; .
3) 3Hali,n;eMO rpaHHIJ;IO lim ~f. IlpH Xo > 0 MaeMO, m;o
x o ~x

lim ~f
1 1
= lim = .
x o ~x x~o JXo + ~x + J-;; 2 J-;;
~f 1 T .. ~f . 1
II pH Xo =0 Ma€MO, :rn;o - = r.-. OMY 1lffi - = 1lffi r.- = +oo.
~x v ~x tu o ~x llx o v ~x
3Bi,D;CH BHIIJIHBae, :rn;o cpyHKIJ;iR f (x) = .[; He € ,lJ;HcpepeHu;iiioBHOIO
B TO"tJIJ;i X 0 = 0.
TaKHM "tJHHOM, cpyHKr~iR f (x) = .[; e ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioBHoro Ha MHO-

m1rni (O; +oo), npli'IOMY f' (x0 ) = }. . •

2 x0
1
0Tme, ,D;JIR x > 0 MOmHa 3aITHCaTH: f' (x) = , a6o
2vx
87
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fl 3acmcysaHHfl

(JX)' = tr
2vx
<l>opMyJIY (5) TaKO:>K MO:>KHa yaararrbHHTH /1,JIH 6y/1,h-.HKOro r E Q
i x > 0:

I
(x')' =rx' -', r E IQ! I (6)

HarrpHKJia,n;, 3Ha:0:/1,eMo rroxi/1,Hy <l>YHKD;i:i f (x) =fx Ha MHO:>KH-

Hl (O; +oo), CKOp:HcTaBIIIHCh cpopMyJioro (6). MaeMo:
I

(fx)
I
=
( 1)
x2 =-x2 - =-x
1 11 1 1= -1- .
2
2 2 2--Jx
3aaHa"C!HMO, I.IJ;O 3HaX0/1,HTH IIOXi/1,HY <l>YHKD;il y = ~' 3aMiH.HIO"C!H
1

11 Ha <l>YHKI.J,iIO y = x 3' He MO:>KHa, OCKiJihKH y I.J,HX <l>YHKI.J,iH piaHi

o6JiaCTi BH3Ha"C!eHH.H. IloKa:>KeMO, HK MO:>KHa OTPHMaTH cpopMyJiy /1,JI.H
3HaX0/1,:>KeHH.H IIOXi/1,HOl <l>YHKI.J,il f (x) = ~.
MaeMo: . !].f . 1x0 +l].x-~
1lffi - = 1lffi =
tu o !).x t:.x-.o 6.x

. (1xo +6.x -~)((1xo +6.x ) +1x0 +6.x ~ +( ~)

2
)
2

=hm
x
0
x((1xo +6.x +1xo +6.x ~ +(~)2)
.
r Xo +6.X-Xo
=

= 1lffi =
t:.x o 6.x ( ( 1 Xo + !!.x ) 2 + 1 Xo + 6.x ~ + ( ~) 2 )
. 1
1
=~To ((1xo+6.x r +1xo +6.x ~ +(~rr
3p03YMiJIO, I.IJ;O KOJIH XO = 0, TO I.J,ie1 rpaHHI.J,i He icHye i <l>YHKI.J,i.H
f (x) = ~ He /J,HcpepeHI.J,iHOBHa B TO"C!I.J,i XO = 0.
HKI.IJ;O x 0 * 0, To MO:>KHa 3arr:HcaTH
l'
~To ((1xo +6.x r +1xo +6.x
1
~ +(~)2) = 3~·
1

a6o
0Tme, ,ll;JIJI 6y,n;h-JIKOro x * 0 BHROHYE:ThCJI piBHiCTh f' (x) =
3
ef;;
x

(~)' = 1
3if;2

88
 9. noHs:ITis:I noxigHo'i

Ysara.n:i, noxi,n;Hy <l>YHKD;il f (x) = ~' n E N, n > 1, MOJI<Ha 3Ha-

xo,n;HTH sa cpopMyJIOIO

(7)

51Kru;o n- HenapHe HaTypaJibHe "t!HCJIO, TO cpopMyJia (7) ,D;03BOJIHe

3HaXO.D;HTH noxi,n;Hy <l>YHKD;il f y BCiX TO"tJKax x TaKHX, m;o x :f; 0.
5IKID;O n - napHe HaTypa.n:bHe 11HCJIO, TO cpopMyJia (7) ,D;03BOJIHE:
3HaXO,D;HTH noxi,n;Hy <l>YHKD;il f .D;JIH BCiX ,n;o,n;aTHHX 3Ha"t!eHb x.
3BepHeMOCH ,n;o TpHrOHOMeTpH11HHX cpyHKD;iH y =sin x i y =cos x.
Ui cpyHKn;ii: e ,n;:acpepeHn;ilioBHHMH, i ix noxi,n;Hi sHaxo,n;HTh sa TaKHMH
cpopMyJia.MH:

I (sin x)' =cos x

(cos x)' =-sin x

J(oBe,n;eMo u.e.
Hexali f (x) = sin x.
,r:(JIH .D;OBiJihHOl TO't.!KH X
0
MaE:MO:
1) D.f = sin (x 0 + D.x) - sin x 0 ;
) fif _sin (x0 +fix)- sin x 0 ;
2
fix D.x

a) f' (xo) = lim sin (x 0 + D.x)-sin x 0 =

x-+0 /.).x

si:} ~;)
2 sin _D._x · cos (x 0 + _D._x )
2 2 ·cos( x 0 +
= llxlim
-+ o D.x
= llxlim
-+ o

. sin t
CKOpHCTaBIIIHCb neprnoro 11y,n;OBOIO rpaHHII,eIO 1lffi - - = 1 I He-
t-+0 t
nepepBHiCTIO <l>YHKU.il y =cos x, MOJI<Ha 3aIIHCaTH:

f' (x0 ) = lim

llx o
sin-¥·
D.x
lim cos (x0 +fix)= cos x 0 •
llx o 2
2
OTme, cpopMy JIY (sin x )' = cos x ,n;oBe,n;eHo.
<PopMyJiy (cos x)' =-sin x .D;OBO.D;HTb aHaJIOri"tJHO.

89
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHfl

IIpH o6"t£HCJieHHi rroxi,n;HHX 3pyqHo Kop11cTyBaT11c.a Ta6J111n;e10 rro-

xi.n;HHX, p03Miru;eHOIO Ha cpop3au;i 2.

P"1KJ1
_ . .
7 ,I(0Be,n;1Th, m;o cl>YHKD;l.H f (x) =
{X 2
, .HKID;O X< 1, e ,n;H-
2x -1, .HKID;O X ~ 1,
cpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B TO"tIIJ;i XO = 1. 3Hali,n;iTh f' (1) .
Po3B'Jl3a n HJl. MaeMo: f (x0 ) = f (1) = 2·1-1=1.
2
cr A O flf _ f (x 0 +1:!.x)-f (x0 ) _ (l+flx) -1 _ A
nKID;O uX < , TO - - - - 2 + uX.
l:!.x l:!.x l:!.x
T O,ll;l. i·lffi -!:!.f = 2 .
llx o- l:!.x
.HKm;o Lix > O, TO flf _ f (x 0 +1:!.x)- f (x0 ) = (2 (1 + flx)-1) - 1 = 2 .
l:!.x l:!.x l:!.x
flf= 2 .
T O,ll;l. i·lffi -
t:.x ~ o + l:!.x
.
0 T.iKe, 1lffi flf= l"lffi -
- 1:!.f= 2 .
M:~o - flx llx o+ flx

Terrep 3po3yMiJio, ru;o lim ~f = 2, T06To f' (1) = 2. •

llx~ o l:!.x

y rryHKTi 3 (rrpHKJia,n; 3) 6yJio IlOKa3aHO, ru;o cl>YHKn;i.H f (x) = xi) (x),

,n;e i) - cpyHKu;i.a ,I(ipixJie, 6y,n;yqH BH3Ha"t£eHOIO Ha JR, e HerrepepBHOIO
piBHO B o,n;Hili Toqu;i XO= 0, rrp11q0My lim xi) (x) = 0.
x~ o

ll;iKaBO 3' .acyBaTH, "tIH e cpyHKu;i.a f ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B Toqn;1

X0 = 0.
MaeMo: flf = f(O+!:!.x)-f(O) = (O+ x)'.D(O+!:!.x)-0 =;D(Lix).
l:!.x l:!.x ~x
OcKiJihKH cpyHKu;i.a ,I(ipixne He Mae rpaH11u;i B .iKO,n;Hili Toqu;i 06-
JiacTi BH3Ha"t£eHH.H, TO He icHye rpaHHD;i lim i) (Lix). OT.iKe, cl>YHKIJ;iJI f
!ix 0

He e ,n;11cpepeHn;iHOBHOIO B TO"tiu;i XO = 0.
Po3B'JI3yIO"t£H BrrpaBy 3.29, BM rroKa3aJIH, m;o cl>YHKu;i.a g (x) = x 2;.D (x)
TaKO.iK e HerrepepBHOIO piBHO B o,n;HiH Toqu;i XO = 0.
,I(ocJii.n;HMO Ha ,n;ncpepeHu;ilioBHiCTb cpyHKu;iro g y TO"tIIJ;i XO = 0.
MaeMo:

g I (0) = i·lffi -!:lg = l"lffi (0 + flx)2 '.D (0+1:!.x)-0 = i·lffi uX

A " ' (A )
~ uX = .
0
llx ~ o /).x tix ~ o flx llx ~ o

OT.iKe, rroxi,n;Ha cpyHKu;il g B TO"tiu;i x 0 = 0 icHye i ,n;opiBHIOe

HYJIIO.
3ayBa.iKHMO, m;o g (x) = x 2;.D (x) - n;e rrpHKJia,n; cpyHKIJ;il, .HKa BH-
3Ha"t£eHa Ha IR i ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHa piBHo B o,n;Hili Toqu;i.
90
 9. noHs:irrs:i noxiAHo'i

BnpaePA
9 .1. 3Haii,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;ll:
1-x
1) y = 5x - 6; 2) y = - ; 3) y = 9.
3
9.2. 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;ii:
0

1) y = x 4 ; 3) y = x - 15 ; 5) y = x -2,s;
1
1
2) y = x20; 4) y =11; 6) y=x 5.
x
9. 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il:
7
1 6
1) y = XlO; 3) y = S; 5) y=x ;
x
2) y = x -G; 4) y = 8 - 3x; 6) y = x-0.2.
0

9 .4. II po,n;HcpepeHn;iroliTe cpyHKn;iro:

1
y=~;
1
1) 2) y=if;i; 3) y = - ; 4 > y = Rffi
;; ~xs
0

.5. IIpo,n;HcpepeHn;iroliTe cpyHKn;iro:

1
1) y=if;; 2) y=~; 3) y
= 1ef7"
9.6. Q6qHcJiiTb 3HaqeHH.H noxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;il f y Toqn;i xo:
0

. n n
1) f (x) = x' Xo = -;
Slil 2) f (x) = cos x' Xo = - - .
4 6
.7 06"CJHCJiiTb 3Ha"CJeHH.H noxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y Toqn;i xo:
1) f ( x) = sin x, x 0 = n ; 2) f ( x) = cos x, x 0 = - n .
6 4
9.8 .• 06qncJiiTb 3HaqeHH.H noxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y Toqn;i xo:
1) f(x)=xFx, x 0 = 81; 3) f (x)=~xFx, x0 = 16;
x2
2) f (x)=x ~' x 0 = 1;
3
4) f (X) = Rt, X0 = 64.
~x
9. 06qncJiiTb 3HaqeHH.H rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y TO't!D;i xo:
1) f (x)=x$Jx, x 0 = 256; 2) f (x)=~xFx, x 0 = 1.
9.10. • KopHcTyroqHc:o oaHa"t!eHH.HM noxi,n;Ho1, 3Hali,n;iTh f'(x), HK~o:
3 2
1) f (x) = - ; 2) f ( x) =4 - x •
x
• KopHCTYIO"tIHCh 03Ha'tleHH.HM noxi,n;Ho1, 3Hali,n;iTh f'(x), HK~o:
1
1) f (x) = - -
2
; 2) f (x) = x 2 + 3x - 2.
x
91
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHH~

9.12.· 3H~iTh KyrOBlUI KOecpiD;i€HT ,D;OTWIHOl, rrpoBe,n;eHOl ,D;O rpacpiKa

c}>YHKII;il f y TO"CID;i 3 a6CII;HCOIO X0 :
3 1
1) f (x) = x ' XO= -1; 3) f (x) = -2' XO= 2;
x
2) f (x) = fx, x 0 = 4; 4) f (x) = sin x, x 0 = 0.
. 3H~iTh KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT ,n;oTHtIHo1, npoBe,n;eHo1,n;o rpacpiKa
cpyHKD;il f y TO"CID;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO xo:
4 1
1) f (x) =x ' XO = -2; 3) f (x) = - 3 ' XO = -3;
x

2) f (X) = ~'
7t
X
0
= 27; 4) f (X) = COS X, X 0 = - - .
2
9.14: 3Hali,n;iTh 3a ,D;OIIOMOrOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKI.T;ll f (pHC. 9. 7) 3Ha"CieHH.H
f' (x 1) i f' (x 2 ).
y y

PMc. 9. 7

3HaH,D;iTh 3a ,D;OIIOMororo rpacpiKa <i>YHKD;il f (pHc. 9.8) 3Ha"CieHH.H

f' (x 1 ) i f' (x 2).
y y
60°
x

PRC. 9.8
9:16: Ha pHCYHKY 9.9 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKn;li f. YKamiTh KiJihKa
3Ha"CieHh apryMeHTY x, ,D;JI.H .HKHX:
1) f' (x) > O; 2) f' (x) < O; 3) f (x) = 0. I

9.17: ,n;o rpa<j>iKa <i>YHKII;il f y TO"CID;i 3 a6CII;HCOIO XO npoBe,n;eHO ,n;o-

THtIHY (pHc. 9.10). 3Hali,n;iTh f' (x 0 ).

92
 9. noHHTIH noxiAHo'i

y,.

j
, ~
y

~ I\ \
I I/ \
I
'Jl ~
1

~ 1 -

\ :\.. ~
I/ ' T I
.. >-
- \Jxl"J
P11c. 9.9 PHc. 9.10

,IJ;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y TO"CID;i 3 a6c:u;ncoro x 0 npoBe.u;eHo ,n;o-

TH't!HY (pnc. 9.11). 3Hali,n;iTb f' (xo).

>--.
Ya I\.1
-- ' \
,__
.._ ~
..-
: ,;-- """'-
I

l-
0
>-- ,_ I >--
I
I

x
' \J.
\ ,_
zj
PHC. 9.11 P11c. 9.12

9.19: Ha pncyHKY 9.12 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f. YKamiTh TO"tl-

KH, y .HKHX noxi.u;Ha ,n;opiBHroe HyJiro, i TO't!KH, y .HKHX rroxi.u;Ha
He icHye.

: Ha pncyHKY 9.13 3o6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKD;ii f. YKamiTh TO"tl-

KH, y .HKHX rroxi,n;Ha ,n;opiBHIOE: HYJIIO, i TO"CIKH, y .HKHX rroxi,n;Ha
He icHye.

\
~

y,l fy,.
' I/ ~ I \ r1'
I\ IF ~ 1
"\
j
'
I I
' \-p/
j \

""-0 ~~ 1
,_
,_
\ ,_ I
:1
J
'
r\ -1 . ~
i-i-

\ i/ -3 ~
- ~ .x / '
.
" T
~ /
-- UL f\ L
- . l__/
-L..-
~
i._.
l.
x

PHC. 9.13 PHC. 9.14

9.21: Ha pncyHKY 9.14 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f. IIopiBH.HHTe:

1) f (-5) i f' (1); 1
3) f (-2) i f 4); I I (

2) f' (-1) i f (6); 4) f' (0) i f' (5), I

93
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fr 3aCTocysaHHH

9.22.· ~OTH't!Ha ,n;o rpa<Ph<a <l>YHKD;il f y T01ID;i 3 a6CD;HC010 XO Mae

KYTOBHH KOe<l>iu;ieHT k. 3Ha.li,n;iTh XO, HKID;O:
1 1
1) f (x) = x 3 , k = 3; 3) f (x) = 2 , k=- - ;
x 4
2) f(x)=./X, k=.!:.; 4) f (x) = sin x, k = 0.
4
9. ~OTH"tJ:Ha ,n;o rpa<l>iKa <l>YHKD;il f y TOLID;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO XO Mae
KYTOBHH Koe<Piu;ieHT k. 3Hali,n;iTh x 0 , HKru;o:
1 1
l)f(x)=x\ k=-32; 3) f(x)= xa' k=- ;
27
3r 1
2) f(x)=vx, k=-; 4) f (x) = cos x, k = 1.
27
9.24.· MaTepiaJihHa TO"tJ:Ka pyxaeThCH no Koop,n;HHaTHili rrpHMili 3a

31lKOHOM s (t) = t2• 3aalil:(iTb s' ( ~). .HK!ili MeXaHi'IHlili 3MiCT Mae

3Hali,n;eHa BeJIH't!HHa?

9 MaTepiaJihHa ToqKa pyxaeTI>CH no Koop,n;HHaTHiH npHMiH 3a

3
3aKOHOM s (t) = t • 3Hali,n;iTh s' (2). 5IKHH MexaHi1IHHM 3MiCT Mae
3Hali,n;eHa BeJIH1IHHa?

9.2s.·· ,TJ;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTy10q11cb 03Ha1IeHHHM, ru;o <l>YHKD;iH y = ef-;,

He e ,n;H<t>epeHn;iliOBHOIO B T01ID;i XO = 0.

• ~OBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTYIOllHCb 03HaqeHHHM, ru;o <l>YHKD;iH y=~

He e ,ZJ;H<}:>epeHn;iliOBHOIO B T01ID;i XO = 0.

9.2s.·· ~OBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTYIO't!HCb 03Ha't!eHHHM, ru;o <l>YHKD;iH y=~

e ,n;:a<}:>epeH:a;iliOBHOIO B T01ID;i XO = 0. 3Hali,n;iTb 11 rroxi,n;Hy B :a;ili
TOtIIrj..

9.29." ~oBe,n;iT:D, Kop:aczyro-cmch 03HalleHHHM, ~o <l>YHK:a;iH f (x) = x Ix I

e ,n;H<t>epeH:a;ilioBHOIO B TOtID;i XO= 0. IlpoiJIIOCTpyliTe OTpHMaHHM
peayJibTaT rpacpi1IHO.

q :· 3Ha.li,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;i! f (x) = x

2
Ix Iy T01Iu;i x 0 = 0.
9.31.·· ~oBe,n;iTb, Kop:acTyIOLIHCh 03Ha1IeHHHM, ru;o <l>YHKIJ;iH

2
1- x , HKID;O X < 0, . ., · 0
f (x) ={ e ,n;H<t>epeHD;lHOBHOIO B T01IIJ;l XO = .
1, HKID;O X ~ 0,
IIpoinrocTpyHTe oTpHMaHHM pe3yJihTaT rpa<PitrHo.

94
 9. noHflTifl noxi,o.Ho·1

2
X - 2, HKID;O X ~ 2, .
9.32 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKIJ,il f (X ) = { y TOqIJ,l
4x-6, HKID;O X > 2,
x0 = 2.
9.33:· ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTYiffllHCh 03Hat.IeHHHM, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH
sin x, HKID;O x ~ 0,
f (x) ={ e ,n;:acpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B TOt.IIJ,i XO = 0.
X, HKID;O X < 0,
9.34:· 3Hali,n;iTh TaKi t.IMCJia k, b, m;o cpyHKIJ,iH

x 2 -5x + 2, HKm;o x ~ 3, . .., .

f (x) = { e ,n;11cpepeHIJ,1HOBHOIO B TQqll,l Xo = 3.
kx+b, HKID;O X > 3,
9.35: 3Hali,n;iTh TaKi qMCJia k, b, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH

kX + b, HKID;O X ~ 2,
f (x) = 1 e ,n;11cpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B TOt.IIJ,i
{ --, HKIII;O X > 2,
x-l
9.36.·· ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpMCTyIOqMCh 03HaqeHHHM, m;o <PYHKIJ,iH f Hee ,D;H-
cpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B Toqo;i xo:

3X + 2, HKID;O X < 0,
1) f (x) = { x = O;
2x, HKID;O X ~ 0, O

2) f (x)={x2, HKID;OX~l, x = 1.
1, HKID;O X < 1, O

9. 7. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHch 03Ha't!eHHHM, m;o cpyHKIJ,iH

y= Ix I
- 2 He e ,n;11cpepeHrr;ilioBHOIO B Toqrr;i x 0 = 2.
2
9.3s:· ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCT)'IOt.IHCh 03Hat.IeHHHM, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH y = .J1-x
He e ,n;McpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B TOt.IKax xl = -1 i x2 = 1. IlpoiJIIOCTpy:H:-
Te OTpHMaHHH pe3yJihTaT rpacpiqHo.

9.39 .•• ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroq:acb 03HaqeHHHM, m;o cpyHKIJ,iH

1
. - , HKIII;O X -::f; 0,
X Sln
f (x) = x He e ,n;11cpepeHII,ii1:0BHOIO B Toq~ XO= 0.
{
0, HKID;O X = 0,
9.40. •• ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHCh 03HaqeHHHM, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH

) -{x x * 0,
2
sin..!.., HKm;o
f (x - x e ,n;:acpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B Toqo;i XO = 0,
0, HKIII;O X = 0,
i 3Haif,n;iTh f' (0).

95
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHH

• ,D;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHcb 03HaqeHHHM, ra;o <PYHKII.hI

x 2 cos_!_, HKra;o x * 0, .
f (x) = x € ,n;Hq>epeHIJ.iHOBHOIO B Toqn.1 XO = 0.
{
0, HKID;O X = 0,
9.42:· ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHch 03HaqeHHHM, ra;o <PYHKIJ.iH

f (x)
--{1-:osx' HKra;o x * 0, €
v
,n;Hq>epeHIJ.iHOBHOIO B Toqn;i XO = 0,
0, HKIIJ;O X = 0,
i 3Haif,n;iTb f' (0).
2
HKIIl;O X E Q,
X ,
9.43:· ,D;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cPYHKIJ.iH f (x) = € ,n;H<Pe-
{ -x2, HKIIJ;O XE JR\ Q,
peHIJ.lHOBHOIO piBHO B o,n;Hili Toqn.i x 0 = 0. HaBe,n;iTh npHKJia,n;
<l>YHKD;il, w;o e ,n;H<lJepeHn.iHOBHOIO B ycix TO'l{Kax KOOp,D;HHaTHOl
npHMOl, KpiM TOqKH Xo = 0.

9.44:· HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; <PYHKII.il ,n;H<lJepeHn.ilioBHOl piBHO y ,n;Box

TO'l{Kax.

9.45. * ct>yHKII.iH f BH3HaqeHa Ha JR i ,n;HcpepeHII.iHOBHa B Toqn.i Xo •

3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ.IO IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi (a,), HKa aa,n;aHa cpopMyJIOIO
aaraJihHoro llJieHa:

1) a,=n(t(x0 +~)-t(x0 )}
2) a,= n(t ( x0 + :. )-t ( x0 <)}
<l>yHKn.iH f BH3Ha"tteHa Ha JR i ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHa B Toqn.i Xo.
3HaH,D;iTb rpaHHIJ.IO IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi (an), HKa 3a,ZJ;8.Ha cpopMyJIOIO

3araJibHoro 'IJieHa a,= n (t (x 0 + ~)-t (x ~)

0 - J
9.47. * ,D;oBe,n;iTh, KOPHCTYJO"t!HCb 03Ha'tleHHHM, m;o cpyHKII.iH
x-sin x
f(x)= x ,HKm;ox:;eO,
{
0, HKIIJ.O X = 0

96
 10. npasL11na 06YL11cneHHH noxiAHLllX

3Ha:li,n;eMO, KOpHCTYIOtIHCb 03HatieHH.HM, rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il

2
f (x) = x + x y TOtIII;i x 0 E R.
1) !).f = (x 0 + !).x) 2 + (x 0 + !).x) - ( x~ +
x0 ) =
'-------v--'
f(x 0 + x) f(x 0 )

= x~ + 2x0 !).x + /).x 2 + x 0 + !).x - x~ - x 0 = 2x0 !).x + !).x 2 + !).x;

IJ.f
2) - = 2x0 + /).x + l;
IJ.x
3) .HKIIJ;O !).x ~ 0, TO 3Ha:t.JeHH.H BHpasy 2xo + /).x + 1 rrp.HMYIOTb
,n;o tIHCJia 2x + 1. 0TJKe, npH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY x 0 E R
0

f' (x0 ) = lin1

x 0
(2x 0 + !).x + 1) = 2x0 + 1.

OcKiJihKH x0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TOtIKa o6nacTi BHSHatieHH.H cpyHK:a;iY

f (x) = x 2 + x, TO ,n;JI.a 6y,n;h-.HKoro xR E BHKOHYE:ThC.H piBHiCTh
f' (x) = 2x + 1,
T06TO
2
(x + x)' = 2x + 1.
2
3 nonepe,n;HhOro nyHKTY BaM Bi,n;OMO, III;O (x )' = 2x i (x)' = 1.
TaKHM tIHHOM, oTpHMyeMo
(x 2 + x)' = (x 2 )' + (x)'.
2
0TJKe, noxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;il f (x) = x +x MOJKHa 6yno 3HaHTH, He
. ..
KOpHCTYIOtIHCh 03HatieHH.HM ITOXl,ZJ;HOl.
1
CrrpaBe,n;JIHBOIO e TaKa TeopeMa •

TeopeMa 10 . 1 (noxi.u; cyMn) . Y mux mo'tJCax, y aKux

e iJutJ>epenz.tiuo6nuMu tJ>ynKz.ti'i y = f (x) i y = g (x), maKo31C e iJutJ>e-
penq,iuo6no10 tJ>ynKq,ia y = f (x) +g (x), npu'toMy iJna 6cix maKux
mo'toK 6UKony embca pi6nicmb
(f (x) + g (x))' = f' (x) + g' (x).
KopoTKO roBop.aTh: noxiona cy.Mu oopiBn10e cyMi noxionux.
TaKOJK npHHH.HTO TaKHH crrporr..i;eHHH sannc:

I (f + g)' = f +g I I I
1
YMoBaMH TeopeM 10.1-10.4 rrepe,n;6atieHo TaKe: JIKIIJ,O <l>YHKII;il fig
e ,n;.acpepeHII;iHOBHMMM B T0'4'.II;i XO, TO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho <l>YHKII;il y = f (x) + g (x),

y = f (x) g (x), y = f (x) i y = f (g (x)) BM3HaqeHi Ha ,n;eJIKOMy rrpoMi.iKKY'

g(x)
lll;O MiCTHTb TOqKy X •
0

97
§ 2. noXl,D,Ha Ta 'i'I 3aCTocysaHHfl

p 0 6 ea e 1i fl Jl.Hexali x 0 - ,ll;OBiJihHa TO"t.JKa, y .HKiH cpyHKD;il f i g

e ,n;McpepeHn;ilioBHHMH. 3Hali,n;eMO rrpMpicT cVYHKD;il y = f (x) + g (x)
y TO"t.Jn;i x 0 • MaeMo:
D.y = f (x 0 + D.x) + g (x 0 + D.x) - f (x 0 ) - g (x 0 ) =
= (f (x 0 + D.x) - f (x 0 )) + (g (x 0 + D.x) - g (x 0 )) = D.f + D.g.
. -
3 arr11meMo: 1im 11y 1·
= im
11f + !1g 1· ( 11f
= im -+-)I.
g\
~ o x & o x {lX o x D.x
OcKiJihKH cpyHKD;il f i g e .n;11cpepeHn;iHOBHHMH B TO"t.JD;i XO, TO
.
lCHYIOTh rpaHHD;l. 1·lffi -D.f 1. 1·lffi -g. 3 Bl,ll;Cli
. OTpMMyeMo:
x o D.x .u.r o 11x

Ii~__}/_=
o x
11x >
lim (_!_+_!_)= lim _!_+ lim D.g =f'(x0 )+g'(x0 ).
--toxx D.x o D.x o x '\x x

0Tme, cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x) + g (x) e ,n;ncpepeHn;iMOBHOIO B TO"t.JD;i XO,

rrpMtIOMy 11 noxi,n;Ha B u;ili TO"t.JD;i ,n;opiBHIOe f' (x 0 ) + g' (x 0 ). _.

TeopeMy 10.1 MOmHa nomHpHTH Ha 6y,n;h-.HKY cKiH"t.JeHHY KiJih-

KicTh ,n;o,n;aHKiB:
<'1 + f2 + ... + fn )' = '1' + r; + ... + t,;.
B11Kop11cT0Byroq11 MeTo,n; MaTeMaTHtIHoi: iH,n;yKn;i1, ,n;oBep;iTh n;eli
cpaKT caMOCTiHHO.
,Il;Bi TeopeMH, HaBe,n;eHi HHmtie, TaKom cnpo:rn;yroTh 3Haxo,n;meHH.H
noxi.n;HoL

TeopeMa 10.2 (rroxi,llHa .u;o6yTKy) . Y mux mo11,Kax, y RKUX

e iJu<]Jepenq,iiio6uuMu <]JynKq,fi y = f (x) i y = g (x), maKo:JIC e iJu<]Je-
penq,iiio6no10 <]JynKq,ia y = f (x) g (x), npu11,0My iJna Bcix maKux
mo1£0K 6UKony embCR piBnicmb
(f (x) g (x))' = f' (x) g (x) + g' (x) f (x).

TaKom npHliHaTo TaKHH cnpo:rn;eHHH 3an11c:

I (fg)' = f'g + g't I

p 0 6 ea e fl JiJl.
Hexali XO - ,ll;OBiJihHa TO"t.JKa, y .HKiH cpyHKI.J;il f i g
e ,ll;HcpepeHu;ilioBHHMH. 3Hali,n;eMO npMpicT cpyHKD;il y = f (x) g (x)
y ~oqn;i x 0 • YpaxoByro"t.JH piBHOCTi f (x 0 + D.x) = f (x 0 ) + !1f, g (x 0 + D.x) =
= g (x 0 ) + D.g, MaeMo:

D.y = f (x 0 + D.x) + D.x) - f (x 0 ) g (x 0 ) =

g (x 0
= (f (x 0 ) + !1f) (g (x 0 ) + D.g) - f (x 0 ) g (x 0 ) =
= f (x 0 ) g (x 0 ) + D.f • g (x 0 ) + D.g • f (x 0 ) + f • g - f (x 0 ) g (x 0 ) =
= D.f • g (x 0 ) + D.g • f (x 0 ) + D.f • g.
98
 10. npas111na 06Yll1CneHHH noXi,D.HVlX

y f · g (x 0 ) + g • f (x 0 ) + /J.f • g
3arr1uneMo: lim - = lim -------'"--------=------- =
X 0 /J.X .GX >0 x
. ( /J.f
= hm - · g ( x0 ) + - g · f (X 0 ) + f • /J.g )
=
~x..,.. o /J.x /J.x x
. ( !J.f
= Inn - · g ( x0 ) + - g · f (x0 ) + -!J.f · -/J.g · !ix ) .
6.x o /J.x /J.x /J.x /J.x
OcKiJihKM cpyHKIJ;il f i g e ,n;M<PepeHIJ,iMOBHMMli B TO'lIJ;i XO, TO
.
!CHYIOTh rpaHMD;l
. l'lffi -!J.f 1. l'nn -g.
,lx 0 X A~ - 0 X

Terrep MO.JKHa sarrMcaTM:

. -
1im /J.y= l'im -
/J.f· g ( x ) + l'im -g· f (x ) + i·im /J.f· l'in1 -
- /J.g· l'im !ix=
\x o /J.x 6x o t:.x 0 \x o x 0 x o t:.x o x x >o
,\x

=f I ( Xo ) g ( Xo ) + g I ( Xo ) f (Xo ) + f I ( Xo ) • g I ( Xo ) • 0 = f, (Xo ) g ( Xo ) + g, ( Xo ) f (Xo ) •

TaKMM 'lMHOM, <l>YHKIJ;iH y = f (x) g (x) e ,n;M<PepeHu;i:HoBHOIO

B TO'lD;i XO, rrpli'lOMY 11 rroxi,n;Ha B u;i:H TO'lIJ;i ,n;opiBHIOe f, (xo) g (xo) +
+ g' (x 0 ) f (x 0 ). •

Ha JI i.ZJ; o K . Y mux mo"l£Kax, y RKUX e iJufjJepentfiuoBno10 rpynK-

1.fiJi y = f (x), maKO:HC e iJufjJepentfiU06no10 rpynKtfiJi y = kf (x), iJe
k - iJeJiKe "1£UCJ£0, npu"l£OMY iJnJi 6Cix maKUX mO"l£01(, 6UKonyembCJi
pi6nicmb
(kf(x))' = kf'(x).
KopoTKO roBopHTh: noc1niilnuil M1iOJIC1iUK MOJICna Bunocumu Ja
JnaK noxiono'i.
TaKom rrpMHHHTO TaKMM crrporu;eHMM 3arr:H:c:

(kf)' = kf'
If 0 8 ea e 1i 1i JI,. OcKiJihKli cpyHKIJ;iH y = k ,n;McpepeHIJ,iHOBHa B 6y,ZJ;h-
HKiM TO'lIJ;i, TO, 3aCTOCOBYIO'lli TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKY' MO.JKHa
san:H:caTM:
(kf (x))' = (k)' f (x) + kf' (x) = 0 • f (x) + kf' (x) = kf' (x). •
TeopeMa 10.3 (noxl,ZJ;Ha 11acTKH) . Y mux mottKax, y JiKux
rpynKtfii y = f (x) i y = g (x) e iJufjJepentfiUo6nuMu i 3na"l£ennJi rpynK-
··· g ne iJ opi6n10e
tfU . m
nyn10, 'l'YH.KtfiJi f (x)
. y =- iJ .
- maKo:HC e urpepentfi-
g (x)
iio6no10, npu"l£OMY iJnJi Bcix maKux mo"l£OK 6UKonyembcJt pi6-
nicmb

f (x) )' = f' (x) g (x)- g'_<x) f (x).

( g (x) (g (x))
2

99
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH~

TaKo:m rrpHliH.aTo TaKHH cnpolD;eHHli 3an11c:

3 .n;oBe.n;eHH.HM TeopeMH 10.3 BH MO:>KeTe 03HaHOMHTHC.H Ha 3a-

H.HTT.HX MaTeMaTHt.J:Horo rypTKa.

nPMKnA.Q 1 3Hali.n;iTb noxi.n;Hy cpyHKIJ,il:

1 . 2 2x 2 +1
1) f_ ( X) = - - Sln X + 4x ; 4) y = ;
x 3x-2
l

2) g (x) = x (5x-3); 2
5) h ( x) = ~ sin x.
3
3) y = x cos x;

Po3B'Jt3aHnJt. 1) Kop11cTyIOt.J:HCh TeopeMoIO npo noxi.n;Hy cyMH

Ta HacJti..n;KoM 3 TeopeMH npo noxi.n;Hy .n;o6yTKY, oTpHMYE:Mo:

2
f'(x)=(:-sinx+4x )' =(:)'-(sinx)'+4-(x 2 )'=

1 1
=- 2 -cos x+4 · 2x = - -
2
-cos x+8x.
x x
2) 3a TeopeMoro npo noxi.n;Hy .n;o6yTKY MaE:Mo:

g'(x)=(x-~ (5x-3))' =(x ~)' ·(5x-3)+(5x-3)'·x-~ =

3 l
=-_!x-2 ·(Sx- 3 )+ 5 ·x 2 = 3-5x +~= 3-5x+10x = 3+5x.
2 2N Fx 2N 2N
3
3) MaeMo: y' = (x cos x)' = (x 3
)' ·cos x + (cos 3
x)' • x =
2 3 2 3
= 3x
cos x - sin x • x = 3x cosx - x sin x.
4) 3a TeopeMOIO npo noxi.n;Hy t.J:aCTKH OTpHMYE:MO:
2 2 2
y' = ( 2x + 1 )' = (2x + 1)' (3x - 2) - (3:- 2)' (2x + 1) =
3x-2 (3x-2)

4x(3x-2)-3(2x 2 +1) 12x 2 -8x-6x 2 -3 6x 2 -8x-3

= 2 - 2 = 2 •
(3x-2) (3x-2) (3x-2)
5) MaeMo:

h'(x)=(~ sinx)' =(~)' sinx+~ (sinx)'= 8~+~ cosx.

3 3 x2

100
 10. npasvtna Ofr·-1vtCneHHfl noXiAHV1X

IIpoTe noMHJIKOBHM 6yno 6 BBa.maTH, rn;o oTpHMaHHM pe3yJihTaT

€ Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,n;,n;ro ,n;o ,n;aHOl 3a,n;a'1i.
Pi1I y TiM, rn;o rrpn o6'1HCJieHHi rroxi,n;HHX crrnpaTHc.a Ha TeopeMy
apo noxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKY ,ZJ;BOX cpyHKIJ;iM MOJKHa JIHllle To,n;i, KOJIH o6H,n;Bi
u;i cpyHKIJ;il e ,ZJ;HcpepeHII,iMOBHHMH. y ,n;aHOMY rrpHKJia,n;i cpyHKn;i.a
f (x) = ~ He e ,n;HcpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B T01III,i XO = 0, a B ycix iHillHX
T0'1Kax KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHOl rrp.aMOl i cpyHKII,i.a f (x) = ~' i cpyHKII,i.a
g (x) =sin x e ,n;ncpepeHII,ilioBHHMH. I.J;e 03Hal!ae, rn;o TeopeMy rrpo no-
xi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKY 6yno KOpeKTHO 3aCTOCOBaHO ,ZJ;JI.H o6'1HCJieHH.H rroxi,n;HOI
cpyHKII,ii h ( x) = ~ sin x ,ZJ;JI.H BCiX x * 0. 3acTOCOByBaTH JR D;IO TeopeMy
)J.JI.H o6llHCJieHH.H noxi,n;HOl ,n;o6yTKY cpyHKD;iM f (x) = ~ i g ( x) = sin x
y T0'1II,i x0 = 0 He MOJKHa. IlpoTe u;e rn;e He 03Hallae, rn;o po3rJI.H,n;yBa-
Ha cpyHKn;i.a h (x) =~sin x He ,n;ncpepeHII,iMOBHa B T0'1II,i XO = 0.
y TaKHX BHIIa,n;Kax 3BepTaIOTbC.H ,n;o 03Hal!eHH.H rroxi,n;Hol.
. tih _ h (O+ tix)-h (0) _~sin !:ix
M aeMo. - - - .
!:ix x !:ix

T 0,ZJ;l. h' (0) = i·lffi 'I3~

LlX
sin !:ix = i·lffi 'I3~ l' sin !:ix = 0 • 1 = 0 .
LlX • lffi
t::.x o !:ix x o t..x o tix
TaKHM l!HHOM, cpyHKn;i.a h (x) =~sin x e ,n;ncpepeHII,ilioBHOIO
B TOllII,i X
0
= 0, Ilpli'10MY h' (0) = 0.
sinx ~r
~ + ~X COS X, .HKID;O X -::F 0,
MaeMo Bi,n;rroBi,n;h: h' (x) = 3 •
0, .HKIIJ;O X = 0.
BnKopHCTOBYIO'lH TeopeMy rrpo noxi,n;Hy llaCTKH, nerKo ,n;oBeCTH,
rn;o:

1
(tgx)'= 2
cos x
1
( ctg x )' = - . 2
Slll X

sin x )' (sin x)' cos x - (cos x)' sin x

CnpaB,n;i, (tg x)' = = =
( cos x cos x
2

2 . 2
cos x cos x - ( - sin x) sin x COS X + Sln X 1
= 2 = - - 2- - - - -2- •
cos x cos x cos x
1
<PopMyJiy (ctg x)' = - . 2 ,n;oBe,n;iTh caMOCTiMHO.
sin x

101
§ 2. noXl,D.Ha Ta 'j'1 3aCTOCyBaHH5l

2
Po3rJUIHeMo cpyHKD;iIO y = sin x. 06"tJHCJIMTM rroxi,n;Hy u;ie1 cpyHK-
u;i1 HeCKJia,ZJ;HO, .HKID;O no,n;aTM 11: y BMrJI.H,ZJ;i y =sin x. sin x i 3aCTOCy-
BaTM TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKy. AJie ,n;JI.H o6"tJMCJieHH.H noxi,n;Ho1,
7
HarrpMKJia,n; cpyHKD;il y = sin x u;eli rri,n;xi,n; He e ecpeKTMBHHM. ct>yHK-
7
:a;i.H y = sin x e CKJia,n;eHOIO cpyHKII;i€IO y = f (g (x)), ,n;e f (t) = t7'
g (x) =sin x.
3Haxo,n;MTH rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,n;eHOl cpyHKD;il MOJKHa 3a ,ZJ;OIIOMOI'OIO
TaKOl TeopeMM.

TeopeMa 10 . 4 (noxi~Ha CKJia~eHo1 4>YHKn;ii:) . HK~o

<jJyKKztia t = g (x) iJu<jJepenztiuo6J£a 6 mo'tzti x 0 , a <jJynKztia y = f (t)
iJu<]>epeKztiiioBna 6 mo'tzti t 0 , iJe t 0 = g (x0 ), mo cKnaiJeJta <jJynKztia
h (x) = f (g (x)) e iJu<J>epeKztiiioBJ-£010 6 mo'tzti x 0 , npu'toMy
h' (x 0 ) = f' (t 0 ) • g' (x 0 ).
3 ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHH.HM :a;ie1 TeopeMM BM MOJKeTe 03HaHOMMTHC.H Ha c. 113.
7
HanpHKJia,n;, cpyHKD;iH h (x) =sin x e CKJia,n;eHoro cpyHK:a;iero
h (x) = f (g (x)), ,n;e f (t) = t 7 , g (x) =sin x. 06"tJHCJIHMO rroxi,n;Hy u;ie1
CKJia,n;eHo1 cpyHKD;il y TO"t!I.I;i x 0 E R. MaeMo: t 0 = g (x0 ) =sin x 0 •
t; 6
OcKiJihKM f' (t0 ) = 7 = 7 sin x 0 , g' ( x 0 ) = cos x 0 , To sa TeopeMoro npo
rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,ZJ;eHOl cpyHKD;il h Xo) = 7 sin 6 Xo • cos Xo.
I (

nPl'IKJlAA 2 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l)YHKD;i1:

1) y = (3x - 7) 6 ; 3) y =sin x;
2
2 3
2) y=J4x +1; 4) y = tg 5x.

1) ,il;aHa cpyHKIJ;i.H y = (3x - 7) 6 e CKJia,n;eHOIO

1
Po.38 .flJal-ll-l.fl.
cpyHKII;iero y = f (g (x)), ,n;e f (t) = t 6 , g (x) = 3x - 7. OcKiJihKH
f' (t) = 6t5, a g' ( x) = 3, TO sa TeopeMoro rrpo rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,n;eHo1
cpyHKII;il MOJKHa 3aIIHCaTH:
y' = 6t 5 • 3 npH t = 3x - 7,
T06TO
y' = 6(3x-7) 5 ·3=18 (3x-7) 5 •
• PosB '.H3aHH.H u;ie1 sa,n;a-qi MOJKHa ocpopMHTH i Ta:Ec
y' = ((3x - 7) 6 )' = 6 (3x - 7) 5 • (3x - 7)' =
5
= 6 (3x - 7) • 3 = 18 (3x - 7) 5 •

2) y'=(J4x2+1)' = 1 ·(4x2+l)'= Bx = 4x
2
2
2 J 4x + 1 2 J 4x + 1 J 4x 2 + 1

102
 10. npaBll1Jla ofr-H1cneHHs:l nOXi,LJ.HlllX

3 2 2 (5x)' 15 tg 2 5x
4) y' = (tg 5x)' = 3 tg 5x · (tg 5x)' = 3 tg 5x · 2 • •
cos 2 5x cos 5x

tlPlllKJlAJJ. 3 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha'1eHHH rroxi,ZJ;HOl cpyHKD;il h (x) = ~ x 2 sin x

y T0'1D;i X 0 = 0.
p 0 3 e' Jl3a1-l 1-lJl. ,Il;aHa cpyHKD;iH e CKJia,n;eHOIO cpyHKu;iero h (x) =
= f (g (x)), ,n;e f (t) = 'efi, g (x) = x 2 sin x. <PYHKU.iH g e ,n;McpepeHIJ,ilioB-
HOIO B T0'1IJ,i XO = 0, ane <PYHKD;iH f He e ,ZJ;McpepeHII;iMOBHOIO B T0'1D;i
t = g (0) = 0. 0TJK.e, TeopeMy 10.4 ,ZJ;JI.H nomyKy rroxi,n;Ho1 cKJia,n;eHo1
0
qJyHKIJ,il h y T0'1II;i XO = 0 3aCTOCyBaTM He MOJKHa.
CKopMcTaBmMCh 03Ha'1eHHHM rroxi,n;Ho1, oTpMMyeMo:

h' (0) = lim

~ 2
x sin x
= lin1 ~in
a x
= 1.
X >0 /::,.X t\X - 0 X

0TJKe, He3BaJKaI0'1H Ha He,n;HcpepeHIJ,iMOBHiCTh <PYHKIJ,il f y T0'1-

IJ,i to = 0, rroxi,n;Ha CKJia,n;eHOl cpyHKIJ,il B TO"<I:o;i XO = 0 icHye i ,n;opiB-
HIO€ 1. •

Po3rJIHHeMo HerrepepBHY i o6opoTHY <PYHKIJ,iro f, o6JiaCTh BM3Ha-

'1eHHH HKOl - ,n;eHKHH npoMiJKOK (pHC. 10.1) . .HKrn;o cpyHKIJ,iH f
e ,ZJ;HcpepeH:o;ilioBHOIO B TO"tJD;i XO, TO ,n;o rpacpiKa :o;ie1 clJYHK:o;i1 B T0'1:o;i
(x ; y ), ,n;e y 0 = f(x 0 ), MOJKHa rrpoBeCTM ,ZJ;OTM'1Hy. Hexali :o;H ,ZJ;OTH'1Ha
0 0
He e ropH30HTaJihHOIO rrp.HMOIO, T06TO f' (xo) =t 0.
y! I

y = f (x)

y = g(x)

PRC. 10.1 PHc. 10.2

103
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·1 3aCTocysaHHH

Ilo3Ha'1MMO '1epe3 g cpyHKu;iro, o6epHeHy ,n;o f. BM 3HaeTe, m;o

rpacpiKM B3aeMHO o6epHeHMX cpyHK:a;Hi CMMeTpMtIHi Bi,n;HOCHO rrpHMOl
y = x. BOHM e piBHMMM cpirypaMH, a OT:>Ke, MaIOTh 6araTo o,n;HaKOBHX
reoMeTpM'IHMX BJiacTMBocTeii. Mae Micu;e TaKe TBep,n;meHHH: HKm;o
HerrepepBHa i o6opoTHa cpyHKI.J;iH f BM3Ha'1eHa Ha ,n;eHKOMY rrpoMi:>K-
Ky i rpacpiK cpyHKI.J;il f Mae HeropM30HTaJihHY ,D;OTli'IHY B TO'II.J;i
(xo; Yo), TO rpacpiK o6epHeHOl cpyHKI.J;il g B TOtII.J;i (yo; Xo) Mae HeBep-
TMKaJihHY ,ZJ;OTMtIHY (pMC. 10.1). II;e 03Hatiae, m;o o6epHeHa cpyHKI.J;iH g
e ,n;McpepeH:a;iiioBHoro B TOtI:a;i Yo .
Po3rJIHHeMo HerrepepBHY i o6opoTHY cpyHK:a;iro f (x) =sin x,

D (f) = l-;; ;] (pHc. 10.2). y TO'IKax A (-; ;-1) i B (;; 1) rpa<j)iK

cpyHK:a;il f Mae ropM30HTaJihHi ,n;oTM"CJHi. IJ;e 03Hatiae, m;o rpacpiK o6ep-

HeHol <j)yHK~il g ( x) = arcsin x y TO'IKax A, (-1; - ; ) i B1 ( 1; ; ) Mae

BepTMKaJihHi ,n;oTMtIHi. To My cpyHKD;iH g ( x) = arcsin x He e ,n;:m pepeH-

:a;iiioBHOIO B TO'IKax -1 i 1.
Y TOtIKax, Bi,n;MiHHMX Bi,n; A i B, rpacpiK <PYHK:a;i1 f Mae HeropH-
30HTaJihHi ,n;oTM'IHi. ToMy rpacpiK cpyHKu;i1 g y TO'IKax, Bi,n;MiHHMX
Bi,n; ~ i B1 , Mae HeBepTRKaJihHi ,n;oTM'IHi. OT me, cpyHKI.J;iH g ( x) =
= arcsin x ,n;McpepeHu;iiioBHa Ha iHTepBaJii (-1; 1).
3Haii,n;eMo rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;i1 g (x) = arcsin x.
MaeMo: sin (arcsin x) = x. ,Il;HcpepeHu;iroIO'IM o6R,n;Bi qacTMHH u;ie!
. .
p!BHOCTl, OTpHMyeMO
cos (arcsin x) · (arcsin x)' = 1.

OcKiJihKM cos (arcsin x) = )l-x 2 i )l-x 2 :;t 0 ,n;JIH Bcix x E (-1; 1),
TO

1
(arcsin x)' = .J
1-x 2

3 Kypcy aJire6pM 10 KJiacy BM 3HaeTe, m;o arcsin x + arccos x = n.

2
OCKiJihKM cpyHKI.J;iH y = arcsin x He e ,n;RcpepeHu;iiioBHOIO B TO'IKax
-1 i 1, TO cpyHKI.J;iH y = arccos x TaKO:>K Hee ,n;McpepeHu;iiiOBHOlO B TO'I-
Kax -1 i 1. ,Il;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOI'O x E (-1; 1) MO:>KHa 3aIIMCaTM:

(arccos x)' = ( rr - arcsin

2
x)' =-(arcsin x)' = - .J1-x
1
2
.

104
 10. npas111na 06Y111cneHHs:l nOXiAHlllX

1
OTme, (arccos x)' =- J
1-x 2
MipKyIO"tlH aHaJiori"tIHO, BM MO.tKeTe caMOCTiHHO ,n;oBeCTH ,n;11cpe-
peHu;ilioBHiCTh cpyHKIJ;iH y = arctg x i y = arcctg x Ta BHBeCTH TaKi
cpopMyJIH :
1
(arctg x)' = 2
l+x
1
(arcctg x)' = - 2
l+x
3B '.H30K Mim noxi.n;HHMH B3aeMHO 06epHeH11x cpyHKIJ;iH ycTaHOBJiroe
TaKa TeopeMa.

TeopeMa 10.5. Hexau o6opomna rpynKlfiJ£ y = f (x) Mae 6 mo't-

1.fi x 0 noxiony, 6ioMinny 6io nynJ£, a o6epnena oo ne~ rpynKlfiJ£
x = g (y) e nenepep6no10 6 mO'tlfi y 0 , oe y 0 = f (x 0). Tooi rpynKlfiJ£ g
1
ourpepenlfiU06na 6 mO'tlfi Yo i g' (Yo>= I .
f (xo)
3 ,ll;OBe,n;eHH.HM u;ie1 TeopeMH BH MO./KeTe 03HaHOMHTHC.H Ha
c. 114.

Bnp H
0
10.1. 3HaH,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
1 3 2
1) y = x 3 - 3x 2 + 6x - 10; 5) y = --x + 0,5x + 2x;
6
6
2) y = x + 20 fx; 6) y = tg x - 9x;
4 x4 xa x2
8
3) y = X + 7 X 6 + - -1; 7) y=---+-+2;
x 4 3 8
4) y = 4sinx - 5cosx; 8) y = 2x- 2 + 3x- 3 •
10.2. 3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
2
1) y = 2x 5 - x; 3) y = - x 3 - x 2 - 7 x; 5) y = 12 - ctg x;
3
5
2) y = -3 sin x + 2 oos x; 4) y=x--; 6) y = 0,4x- 5 + J3 .
x
0
10.3. 3Haif,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ;i1:
2 2
1) y = (x + 2) (x - 4x + 5); 3) y = x sin x;
2) y = (3x + 5) (2x 2 - l); 4) y = x ctg x.

105
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta 'i'1· 3acrocysaHHfl

0 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ,il:

1) y = (x 3 - 2) (x 2 + 1); 4
3) y = x cos x;
2) y = (x + 5) (1 - x 3 ); 4) y = x tg x.
0

10.5. 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ,i1:

x-1 x 3-x 2
1) y=--; 4) y= 7) y- .'
x 2 -1 '
-
x+l 4+2x
2x-3 5x 2 - x-2 x 2 -5x
2) y-
- 4-5x '. 5) y= 8) y= .
x x-7
5 x3
3)
Y_= 3x -2; 6) y= .
cosx '
10.6 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ,il:
3x+5 2x 2 2
x -1
1) y = ; 3) y = ; 5) y = 2 ;
x-8 1-6x x +I
7 sin x x 2 + 6x
2) y = ; 4) y = - ; 6) y = .
lOx - 3 x x+2
10.7. 11oMy ,n;opiBHIOe 3HaqeHHJI rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKIJ,il f y TQqIJ,i XO .HKrn;o:
0

8 4
l)f(x)=x -3x -x+6,x0 =-1; 5) f(x)=(l+3x)fx, x 0 = 9;
2) f(x)=~+5x-2, x0 = 2; 6) f(x)=3if;,-1oif;,, x 0 = 1;
x
2-3x
3) f(x)= , x =-3; 7) f (x) = (x2 - 2x + 3) cos x, x 0 = O;
x+2
2
°
2
4) f(x)=x + -2sinx, x 0 =0; 8)f(x)=xsi.nx, x 0 =0?
x-2
0. 06qncJiiTh 3HaqeHHJI rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKIJ,il f y TOqIJ,i XO, JIKrn;o:
1) f(x)=fx-l6x, x 0 =.!.; 3) f (x) =x 2
- 4x- 3 , x 0 = 2;
4
2
cosx
2) f(x)= , x 0 =0; 4) f (x) = 2x -3x-l, xo = 1.
l-x x+l
0
10.9. 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ,il:
x 1
1) y = (2x + 3) 5 ; 5) y =3 ctg-; 9) y= ;
5 4x+5

. 2) y =( 1 x-6 )!8 ; 6) y = '12x 2 + 2x + 1; 10) y = (6 - 7xr4;

3

=~l+x 2 ;
2 )-6 ;
( ~+4x-1
3) y =cos 2x; 7) y 11) y =

4) y = sin 2 x; 8) y = ~ -1- x - x 2 ; 12) y = -J2 +sin x.

106
 10. npas111na 06Y111cneHH5l nOXi,[l,HlllX

10.10 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;ii:

1) y = (3x - 5) 6 ; 6) y ~ cos ( ~ - x}
7) y = ~2+x ;
2
2) y = (2x 2 - 3x + 4) 3 ;
2
3) y =sin x; 8) y=V-2x -x-2;
3
4) y = cos x; 2
g) Y = (g x - 2f3;
5) y = 2 tg 4x; 10) y = ~3 - cos x.
0

10.11. BacHJih 3arrJiyTaHKO 3Haxo,n;HTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKI.I;il y = sin 2x

TaK:
1) po6HTh 3aMiHy 2x =ti OTpHMye cpyHKI.I;iIO y =sin t;
2) ,n;aJii rrHIIIe: y' =(sin t)' =cost;
3) IIOTiM rri,n;cTaBJIHe 3HaqeHH.H 2x = t i po6RTh BHCHOBOK, m;o
(sin 2x)' =cos 2x.
Y qoMy rroJI.Hrae rroMHJIKa BacHJI.H?
0
10.12. TiJio pyxaeThCH rro Koop,n;HHaTHili rrp.HMlH 3a 3aKOHOM
s (t) = ~4t 2 -6t+11 (rrepeMim;eHH.H BHMiproeThC.H B MeTpax, qac - y
ceKYH,n;ax). 3Hali,n;iTh IIIBH,n;KiCTb pyxy TiJia B MOMeHT qacy to= 5 c.
1 . MaTepiaJibHa TO"t!Ka pyxaeThC.H no Koop,n;HHaTHili rrp.HMili 3a
2
3aKOHOM s (t) = (t + 2) (t + 5) (rrepeMim;eHHH BHMiproeThC.H B MeT-
pax, qac - y ceKyH,n;ax). 3Hali,n;iTh ii IIIBH,D;KiCTb pyxy B MOMeHT
qacy t 0 = 3 c.

10.14. 3Hali,n;iTh KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT ,n;oTRqHoi, rrpoBe,n;eHoi ,n;o rpa-.

cpiKa cpyHKI.I;ii f y Toqu;i 3 a6CI.I;HCOIO xo:

1) f (x)=~25-x 2 , x 0 = -3; 3) f (x) = cos 2 x, x 0 = --2:_,

12
2) f
(x) = sin 2x, x 0 = 7t;
4
r 3Hali,n;iTh KYTOBHM Koe<Piu;ieHT ,n;oTnqHoi, rrpoBe,n;eHoi ,n;o rpa-
cpiKa <PYHKIJ;il f y Toqu;i 3 a6CI.I;HCOIO xo:

1) f (x)=~4-3x, x 0 = O; 3) f(x) = ctg4 x, x 0 = n.

4
1t
2) f (x) = tg 2x, x 0 = -;
8

107
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13aCTocysaHHfl

10.16: PoaB' .H>KiTh HepiBHiCTh f' (x) > 0, .aKm;o:

1
1) f (x) = x 4 - 2x 2 ; 3) f (x)=-x-cosx;
2
1
2) f(x)=--x 3 +3x 2 -5x+7; 4) f (x) = x + tg x.
3
PoaB' .a>KiTh HepiBHiCTh f' (x) ~ 0, .aKm;o:
1) f (x) = 3x 2 - x 3 ; 3) f (x) = 2 sin x + 1;
4 2
2) f (x) = x + 2x ; 4) f (x) = x - cos x.
10.18: ;3Ha:H:,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKn;il:
1 3
1) y=-g --3; 5) y = tg x sin (2x + 5);
x x
3 2 4 cos 3x
2) y=---+-·
2 5 '
6) y= ;
x x x x- 1
3) y=x.J2x 2 +x+l; 7) y = (x + 1) 3 (x - 2) 4 ;

4) y = sin x cos 2x; 8) y = .Jx2 + 1 .

x
3Hru1:,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKu;il:

1) y=~+-\-; 3) y=x.Jx +3;

2
5) y = (x + 2) 5 (x - 3)4;
x x
1 6 5 . ) _ 2x - 3
2) y=-+---· 4) y = Sln 2 X COS X; 6 y- .
x x2 x6 ' . x
Slil -
4
10.20: PosB'.a>KiTh HepiBHiCTh f' (x) ~ 0, .aKm;o:
1) f(x)=2x+5; 1
4) f(x)=x+-;
x+2 x
2
8
2) f (x) = x + ; 5) f (x) = 2 sin 2 x-J2. x;
x-1
3) f(x) = (x - 2) 2 (x + 3); 6) f(x)=sin2x-x.J3.
1. PoaB'.a>KiTh HepiBHiCTh f' (x) > 0, .aKm;o:
· 2x
1) f (x)=-; 4) f (x) = (x + 2) 2 (x - 3);
1-x
3-x 2
2) f(x)= ; 5) f (x) = cos 2x;
x+2
4
3) f (x)=-+2x; 6) f (x) = 2x - cos 4x.
x

108
 10. npaBV1Jla ofr-11t1cneHHfl nOXiAHV1X

10.22: BacHJih 3anJiyTaliKo 3Haxo,n;HTh noxi,n;Hy <l>YHKu;il f(x) =

= arcsinx + arccosx Ha iI o6JiacTi BH3Ha"C!eHHH TaK:

f' (x) = (arcsin x + arccos x)' = (arcsin x)' +(arccos x)' =

1 -1
- + =0
'1i-x '1i-x
2 2

.ZJ;JIH BClX x E D (f).

qH noro,n;.iKyeTeca BH 3 po3B' H3aHHHM BacHJIH? qH npaBHJibHY
Bi,n;noBi.ZJ;h oTpHMaB BacHJih?
3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il y = arctg 4x + arcctg 4x.
10.24: MaTepiaJihHa TO"C!Ka Macoro 4 Kr pyxaeTbCH no KOOp.ZJ;HHaTHiH
2
rrpHMiH 3a 3aKOHOM s (t) = t + 4 (rrepeMim;eHHH BHMiproeThC.H B Me-
Tpax, -qac - y ceKyH,n;ax). 3Hali,n;iTh iMIIYJihC p (t) = mu (t)
MaTepiaJihHOl TO"C!Kli B MOMeHT 1:1acy to = 2 c.
10- TiJIO Macoro 2 Kr pyxaeThCH no KOOp.ZJ;HHaTHiM rrp.HMiH 3a 3a-
KOHOM s (t) = 3t 2 - 4t + 2 (rrepeMim;eHHH BHMiproeThCH B MeTpax,
2
1:1ac -
v •
y ceKyH,n;ax ) . 3 HaH,n;iTh KIHeTH'tlHY eHepriro
E (t) __ • mv (t)
2
TiJia B MOMeHT qacy to = 4 c.

10.26. · TiJio pyxaeThCH no KOop,n;HHaTHili npHMlH 3a 3aKOHOM

s (t) = 2t 2 - 8t + 15 (rrepeMim;eHHH BHMiproeThCH B MeTpax, qac -
y ceKyH,n;ax). BH3Ha't!Te KOop,n;HHaTy TiJia B MOMeHT qacy, KOJIH
lioro KiHeTH't!Ha eHepria ,n;opiBHroe HyJiro.

r
10.21: 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKu;il:
~-----

1) y = cos3 2x; 2) y = 2 +sin (; - : } 3) y =(sin ; - 5

0.2 06'tlHCJiiTh:

1) f' (0), .>IKIIW f (x) =jg:

2) f' (;). .>rKIT\O f (x) =sin
2
~;
3) f' (0), .aKm;o f (x) = (cos 3x + 6) 3 •
10.29: 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
2
1) y = arctg x 3 ; 3) y = arcctg (x - l);
arccos x . 1
2) Y -- 2 '
4) y = arctg 2 -.
x -1 x

109
§ 2. noxi,D,Ha Ta '11 3aCTOCyBaHH~

3Ha:li,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:

2 1
1) y = x arcctg x; 3) y = x 2 arctg-;
x
arcsin / ; .
2) Y -- 2 ' 4) y = arctg 2 3x.
x -x
10.31:· Y TO"t!Kax x 1 = -1 i x 2 = 2 3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
1) f (x) = x - 4 I x I + 3; 2) f (x) = I x 2 - 4x + 3 I.
2

Y TO"t!Kax x 1 = -2 i x 2 = 2 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:

1) f tx) = x - 6 I x I + 5; 2) f (x) = I x 2 - 6x + 5 I.
2

10.33:· Po3B' HJKiTb piBHHHH.H:

1) f' (x) = 0, HKIIJ;O f (x) = 2 x 3 -18x, g (x) = 2.f;;

g' (x) 3

2) f' (x) g' (x) = 0, HKIIJ;O f (x) = x3 - 6x 2 , g(x)=-.

h
3
.3 Po3B'HJKiTh piBHHHHH:

1) f' (x) = 0, HKm;o f (x) = ~x 4 - 2x 2 , g (x) = / ; ;

g' (x) 4
3
2) f' (x) g' (x) = 0, HKm;o f (x) = x - x 2 , g (x) = 2 fx.
10.35:· Ilpo cpyHKD;iro f Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o f (1) = -1, f' (1) = 2.
g' (1), HKID;O:
. 1tX
Slll
2
1) g (x) = f (x 2 ); 3) g (x) = ;
cos ( nf (x))
2) g (x) = f3 (x); 4) g(x)=f (f(x)+2x).
Ilpo cpyHKu;iro f Bi,n;OMO, m;o f (2) = 1, f' (2) = 3. 3Hali,n;iTb
g' (2), HKm;O:
1) g (x) = xf (x); 3) g (x) = f (1+ Jt (x) ).
2) g(x)=(f (x)-2x) 5 ;
10:37 :· IT po ,n;HcpepeHD;iHOBHY cpyHKD;ilO f Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o ,ZJ;JIH Bcix
x E JR BHKOHyeTbC.H piBHiCTb f 3 (x) + x 2 f(x)+1 = x. 3Hali,n;iTb f' (1).
: ITpo ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHy cpyHKu;iro f Bi,n;oMo, ~o ,n;JIH Bcix
x E IR BHKOHyE:TbCH piBHiCTh x 2 f 3 (x) + f (x) = x. 3Hali,n;iTb f' (0).
10.39:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rroxi,n;Ha rrepio,n;HqHo1 cpyHKu;il e rrepio,n;H"CJHoro
cpyHKu;iero. HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n;H.

110
 10. npas111na 06LJll1CJleHH~ noXiAH111X

10.40. ·· ,IJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rroxi,n;Ha rrapHo1 <t>YHKD;il e HerrapHoro cpyHKll,iero.

HaBe,n;i Tb rrpHKJia,n;H.
0.4 . · ,IJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rroxi,n;Ha HerrapHo1 cpyHKU.il e rrapHoIO <PYHKU.iero.
HaBe,n;iTb rrpHKJia,n;H.
10.42.·· Cl>yHKD;il f i g BH3Ha1IeHi Ha JR . IIJ,o MOJKHa CTBep,n;:>KyBaTH rrpo
,n;HcpepeHll,iMOBHiCTb cpyHKll,il y = f (x) + g (x) y Toqu.i XO, 51Klll;O:
1) f e ,n;HcpepeHll,iMOBHOIO B T01Ill,i XO, a g - Hi;
2) f i g He ,n;HcpepeHD;iMOBHi B Toqu.i XO?

10. 3. Cl>yHKll,il fig BH3Ha1IeHi Ha JR . IIJ,o MOJKHa CTBep,n;myBaTH rrpo

,n;HcpepeHll,iMOBHiCTb cpyHKll,il y = f (x) g (x) y TO"Cill,i XO, 51Klll;O:
1) f e ,n;11cpepeHll,iMOBHOIO B TOqIJ;i XO, a g - Hi;
2) f i g He ,ZJ;HcpepeHll,iMOBHi B TOl.{ll,i XO?
10.44:· HaBe,n;iTb rrpHKJia,n; cpyHKU.ili f i g TaKHx, m;o6 cpyHKU.iH
f (g (x)) 6yJia ,n;:acpepeHll,iMOBHOIO B T01Ill,i XO, rrpH1IOMy:
1) f e ,n;McpepeHn;iliOBHOIO B Toqu;i g (xo), a g He e ,n;:acpepeHll,iMOB-
HOIO B Toqu;1 xo;
2) g e ,ZJ;licpepeHli,iMOBHOIO B T01III,i XO, a f He e ,ZJ;licpepeHn;iliOBHOIO
B Toqu.i g (Xo );
3) f He e ,ZJ;ll!cpepeHll,iMOBHOIO B T01ID;i g ( Xo) i g He e ,ZJ;HcpepeHn;iMOB-
HOIO B T01Ili,l X 0 •

10.45:· Bacll!Jih 3arrJiyTaliKo rnyKae rroxi,n;Hy cl)YHKII,il y = ~ TaK:

1) p03I'JI51,ZJ;ae c];>yHKli,iIO y = ~ 51K CKJia,ZJ;eHy qJyHKli,iIO y = f (g ( x))'
,n;e f (t) = ifi, g (x) = x 5 ;
2) BllIKOpHCTOBYIO"<IM TeopeMy rrpo IIOXl,ZJ;HY CKJia,ZJ;eHOl <t>YHKli,il,
sarrHcye
4
y'= 1 ·(x 5 )'= 5x = 5ef;12;
3 · ~(x
5
3 · ef;10 3 · ef;10
2
)

/ 5ef;2
3) ,n;aJii rrpli x-:/- 0 OTPMMye Bll!CHOBOK, m;o y = ' a B Toqu;i
3
x = 0 ,n;aHa cpyHKli,i51 He e ,ZJ;licpepeHn;iliOBHOIO.
l{li rroro,n;JKyeTecH Bil! 3 BacMJieM?

10.46:· 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKli,il f (x) = ef;i tg x Ha rrpOMDKKY

111
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta Ti 3aaocyaaHH~

10.47:· 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy tPYHKu;il f (x) =~sin 1 x+x 1 •

10.48.* 3Hali,n;iTh f'(O), HKID;O f(x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) ... (x + 10) sin x.
10.49.* 06tIHCJiiTb CYMY S=100·3 99 +98·3 97 +96·3 95 ••• +2·3 .
• .· 06"tJHCJiiTb CYMY s =4 ao - 2. 4 29
+ 3. 4 28 - ••• 4- 29. 4 2 -30. 4.
10.51.* 3Hali,n;iTh yci TaKi MHoroqJieHH p, m;o P(P(x)) =x 100 ,ll;JIH BCiX
x E IR.
2
. .
10.52.* ,I(0Be,n;1Tb, m;o cpyHKD;lH f (x) =
{X COS.!.., HKID;O X=!- 0,
x e ,n;Hcpe-
0, HKID;O X = 0,
peHn;ilioBHOIO Ha IR, a;re cpyHKIJ,iH y = f' (x) He e HerrepepBHOIO.

10.53. * Ha p;ornn;i HarrHcaHo cpyHKU,i1 y (x -1) i y = 2x . .HKu~o

2

x +1
Ha ,n;ornu,i sanHcaHO cpyHKIJ,il f i g, TO ,D;03BOJIHeThCH ,ll;OITHCaTH
6y,n;h-HKY 3 cpyHKU,Hi y = f 2
(x), y = f (x) + g (x), y = f (x) g (x),
y =f (g (x)), y =f (x) + c y =cf (x), ,n;e c - ,n;oBiJihHa cTaJia. l.JH
Mome B pesy JlbTaTi BHKOHaHHH ,n;eKiJibKOX TaKHX ,n;ili Ha ,ll;OllllJ,i
1
3' HBHTHCH cpyHKD;iH y = 2 ?
x +1

KO.nl1 3P06.nEHO YPOKl1

.Qoe AeHH Teop M po noxiA i c1<J1aAeH0°i

Ta o6epHeHO i <l>YHKU.iM
JI 1 1 . H exau cpynKlfiJt f Buana11,ena na iJeaKoMy npoMi31C-
"Y, UfO Micmumb mOlf,KY X0 • <l>ynKlfiJt f oucpepen1fiU08na 8 mO"'lfi x 0
moiJi i .nume mooi, Ko.nu icnye maK.a nenepepBna 8 m01l.lfi x 0 cpynK-
lfiJt cp, UfO o.na Bcix x E D (f) 8UK.onyem11ca piBnicm11 f (x) - f (x0 ) =
= (x - x 0 ) <p (x). Ilpu lfbOMY f'(x 0 ) = q> (x 0 ).

;aoBeoenflJl. Hexali cpyHKD;iR f ,n;HcpepeHn;ilioBHa B Toqu;i x 0 • To,n;i

. f (X) - f ( Xo) . '
lCHye rpaHHIJ,H hm , HKa ,n;op1BHIOe f (x 0 ). PosrJIRHeMo
:r: xo x-x0
'cpyHKU;iIO
f (x) - f (xo)' HKID;O x 'F Xo,
cp(x) = x -x0
!f' (xo), HKID;O x = Xo·
112
 OcKiJihKH lim <p (x) =
x~x0
f' (x0 ) = cp (x0 ), TO <PYHKII;iH cp HerrepepB-

Ha B TO"t!IJ;i x 0 • Tenep O"t!eBH,n;Ho, m;o ,n;JIH Bcix x ED (f) BHKOHY€ThCH

piBHiCTh f(x)-f(x 0 )=(x-x0 )cp(x). THM caMHM ,n;oBe,n;eHo neprny
qaCTHHY JieMH.
Hexali Terrep icHye TaKa HerrepepBHa B TO"t!IJ;i x 0 <PYHKIJ;iH cp, m;o
,n;JIHBcix x E D (f) BHKOHY€ThCH piBHiCTh f (x) - f (Xo) = ( x - Xo) <p ( x).
To,n;i ,n;JIH Bcix x ED (f), x :t:= x 0 , MO:>KHa 3arr11caT11
<p ( X) = f ( X) - f (Xo ) •
X-X 0

OcKiJihKH <PYHKII;iH <p HerrepepBHa B TOt.J:IJ;i x 0 , TO icHye rpaHHD;H

. . f (X) - f (Xo )
= f (x0 ).
1
hm cp (x) = hm
x ~ x0 x xo x - x0
u;e 03Ha"tJae, m;o <PYHKIJ;iH f ,n;11Q_)epeHu;iliOBHa B TOt.J:IJ;i Xo 1

cp (xo) = f' (xo)· _.

,Il;oBe,n;eMO, m;o CKJia,n;eHa <PYHKD;iH h (x) = f (g (x)), ,n;e <PYHKD;iH

t = g ( x) ,n;HcpepeHD;IBOBHa B TO"t!D;i Xo ' a <PYHKIJ;iH y = f (t) ,n;11Q_)epeH -
u;iliOBHa B TOl.J:D;i to = g ( Xo)' € ,n;11Q_)epeHD;IBOBHOIO B TO"t!D;i Xo' rrpH"tJOMY
f' (to). g' (xo)·
h' (xo) =
A 0 6 ea en n Jl. OcKiIIhKH <PYHKD;iH y = f (t) ,n;HQ_}epeHu;ilioBHa B TOl.J:-
u;i to' TO 3a JieMOIO 10 .1 icHye HenepepBHa B TO"t!IJ;i to <PYHKIJ;iH
y = cp (t) TaKa, m;o ,n;nH Bcix t ED (f) BHKOHY€ThCH piBHiCTh
f (t )- f (t0 ) = (t - t 0 ) <p ( t) ( 1)
i f' (to) = <p (to).
3po6HBIIIH B piBHOCTi (1) rri,n;cTaHOBKH t = g (x), to = g (xo), OTpH-
Ma€MO piBHiCTh
f (g (x))- f (g (x0 )) = (g (x)- g (x0 )) cp (g (x)), (2)
HKa BHKOHY€ThC.H ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x 3 o6nacTi BH3Ha"tJeHH.H CKJia,n;eHOl <PYHK-
u;il h (x) = f (g (x)).
OcKiJihKH <PYHKD;iH t = g (x) € ,n;HQ_}epeHu;ilioBHOIO B TO"t!D;i Xo, TO
3a JieMOIO 10 .1 ,ZJ;JIH Hei: icHye HerrepepBHa B TO"t!D;i Xo <PYHKD;iH
t =cpl (x) TaKa, m;o ,ZJ;JI.H BCix x ED (g) BHKOHY€ThCH piBHiCTh
g(x)-g(x0 )=(x-x0 )cp 1 (x) (3)

113
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta '1"i 3acrocysaHH~

3 ypaxyBaHHHM piBHOCTi (3) plBHlCTh (2) MOJKHa rrepernicaTH

Ta.JC
f (g (x))-f (g (x 0 )) = (x -x0 ) <p1 (x) <p (g (x)).
ct>yHKu;ia y = <p 1 (x) <p (g (x)) e HenepepBHOIO B Toqu;i x 0 (,n;oBe-
,n;i Th u;e caMocTiliHo). To My 3a neMoro 10 .1 cKna,n;eHa cpyHKu;iH
h (x) = f (g (x)) e ,n;HcpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B TO"'Iu;i Xo 1 h' (xo) =
= <p1 (xo) <p (g (xo)) = <p1 (xo) <p (to)= g' (xo) f' (to)· •

AoeeAeHHst TeopeM"1
npo noxiAHY o6epHeHo"i cpyHKU,i"i
Hexali cpyHKu;ia y = f (x) e ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B Toqu;i x0
1 f' (x0 ) ;t. 0. ,Il;oBe,n;eMo, m;o KOJIM cpyHKD;iH x = g (y), o6epHeHa ,n;o
cpyHKu;il y = f (x), e HenepepBHOIO B TO'tlu;i Yo= f (xo), TO BOHa e ,ZJ;M-
cpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B u;ili TO"'!D;i.
,JI, 0 8 ea e n n Jl. OcKiJihKM <l>YHKu;ia y = f (x) ,n;McpepeHu;iaOBHa B TOq-
u;i Xo' TO 3a JieMOIO 10 .1 icHye HerrepepBHa B TO"'Iu;i Xo cpyHKu;ia
y = <p (x) TaKa, m;o ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x ED (f) BMKOHyeThCH piBHiCTh
f ( x) - f (X0 ) = ( x - X0 ) <p ( x) ( 4)

3po6HBIIIM B piBHOCTi (4) rri,n;CTaHOBKM x=g(y), Xo =g(yo), OTpM-

MaeMO piBHiCTh
f (g (y))- f (g (yo))= (g (y)-g (yo)) <p (g (y)),
y-yo =(g (y)-g (Yo)) <p (g (y)), (5)
HKa BMKOHyeThCH ,ZJ;JIJI BCix y ED (g). 3 piBHOCTi (5) BMIIJIHBae, m;o
<p (g (y)) ;t. 0 npM Bcix y ED (g), ,n;e y ;t. y 0 • KpiM u;horo, <p (g (y 0 )) =
= <p ( x 0 ) = f' (x 0 ) ;t. 0. To My <p (g (y)) ;t. 0 ,n;na Bcix y E D (g). To,n;i piB-
HiCTh (5) MOJKHa neperrMCaTM TaK:
1
g(y)-g(yo)= cp(g(y)) (Y-Yo)·

rh . 1 ( .
'¥YHKu;1a x= e HerrepepBHOIO B TO"'ID;l y 0 ,n;0Be,n;1Th u;e
cp (g (y))
caMocTiliHo). To My 3a neMoro 10 .1 cpyHKu;ia x = g (y) e ,n;HcpepeHn;i-
lioBHOIO B TOtIIJ;i Yo i

114
 PiBHSIHHSI AOTVl"IHO ...

Hexali cpym<n;i.H f .n;11cpepeHu;ilioBHa B TO"tl- y

ui x 0 • To.n;i .n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKUil f y Toqn;i
3 a6cn;HCOIO XO MOJI<.Ha rrpoBeCTH HeBepTH-
KaJibHY ,lJ;OTHqHy (pHC. 11.1).
3 Kypcy reoMeTpil 9 KJiacy BM 3HaeTe,
~o piBH.HHH.H HeBepTHKaJibHOl Ilp.HMOl Ma€
BHI' JI.HA y = kx + b' .n;e k - KYTOBHH KO- / x
ecpin;ieHT n;ie1 rrp.HMol.
BHxo,n;.H"tIH 3 reoMeTpMqHoro 3MicTy rro- PHc. 11.1
xi,n;Ho1, OTpHMaeMO k = f '(xo).
To.n;i piBH.HHH.H ,n;oT:aqHo1 MOJI<.Ha 3arr11caTH TaK:
y = f I ( X ) • X
0
+ b• ( 1)
Il;.H rrp.HMa rrpoxo,n;HTb 't!epe3 ToqKy M (x 0 ; f(x 0 )). 0Tme, Koop,n;H-
HaTH n;ie1 TO"tIKH 3a,lJ;OBOJibH.HIOTb piBH.HHH.H (1). MaeMo:
f (x 0 ) = f' (x0) • x 0 + b.
3Bi,n;cH b =f (x 0 ) - f' (x0 ) • x 0 •
To.n;i piBH.HHH.H (1) MOJKHa rrepe1111caTH TaK:
y = f' (x 0 ) • x +f (x 0 ) - f' (x 0) • x 0 •
IIepeTBOpHBIIIH rrpaBy 't!acTHHY oTpHMaHo1 piBHOCTi, MOJKHa 3po611-
TH BHCHOBOK: piBHHHHH ,ll;OTIAHOI, npoBe,u;euol .zi;o rpa<l>iKa <l>YHK:u;il f
y TO'I:u;i a a6c:u;ucoro x 0 , Mae BHrJI.H,n;:

I y = f' (x0) (x - x 0) +f (xJ I

HarrpHKJia,n;, 3Haii,ZJ;eMo piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTH't!HOl .n;o rrp.HMo! f(x) = kx + b
y TO't!II;i 3 a6cn;11co10 x 0 • MaeMo: f (x 0 ) = kx 0 + b; f' (x) = k; f' (x 0 ) = k.
IIi,n;cTaBHBIIIH 3Hali.n;eHi 3HaqeHH.H B piBH.HHHH ,n;oTHqHo1, oTpHMyeMo:
y =k (x - x 0 ) + kx 0 + b. 3Bi,n;c11 y = kx + b.
OcKiJibKH XO o6paHO ,lJ;OBiJibHO, TO MOJKHa 3p06HTH TaKHH BHCHOBOK:
,n;oT11qHa .n;o rrp.HM01 y 6y,n;h-HKiH IT To't!n;i 36iraeThC.H i3 caMOIO rrp.HMOIO.
IJ;eli rrpMKJia,lJ; 110Ka3ye, m;o ,lJ;OTH't£Ha .n;o rpacpiKa <l>YHKU:il MOJKe MaTH
3 rpacpiKOM He O,D;Hy, a HaBiTb HeCKiHtieHHY KiJibKiCTb CllJibHHX TO't!OK.
nPMK.nA.Q CKJia,n;iTb piBH.HHH.H ,lJ;OTH't!HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il
f (x) = 2 - 4x - 3x 2 y TO't!II;i 3 a6CII;HCOIO XO = - 2.
Po38';i3ann;i. MaeMo: f (x 0 ) = f (-2) = 2 - 4 • (- 2) - 3 • (- 2)2 = - 2;
f' (x) = -4 - 6x; f' (x 0 ) = f' (- 2) = -4 - 6 · (-2) = B. IIi,n;cTaBHBIIIH
3HaH,n;eHi 't!HCJIOBi 3HaqeHH.H B piBH.HHH.H ,lJ;OTHqHol, OTpHMY€MO:
y = B (x + 2) - 2, T06To y = Bx + 14.
BionoBiob: y = Bx + 14.
115
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHH

nPfAKnAA 2 3Hai1:,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTHl.IHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKI.I;il

4
f (x) = x + , .HKID;O u;.a ,n;oTHl.!Ha rrapa.rre.rrhHa rrp.aMili y = -2x + 4.
x-4
Po 3 e' Jl3 an Ii.fl. MaeMo:
f'(x)= (x+4)'(x - 4)-(x-4)'(x+4) = (x-4)-(x+4) =- 8 .
2 2 2
(x - 4) (x -4) (x - 4)
.HKm;o ,n;oTHl.!Ha rrapa.rre.rrhHa rrp.aMili y = -2x + 4, TO 11 KYTOBHH
Koecpiu;ieHT k ,n;opiBHIOe -2.
OcKiJihKH f' (x 0 ) = k, ,n;e x 0 - a6cu;Hca TOl.IKH ,n;oTHKY rnyKaHo1
8
rrp.aMo1 ~,n;o rpacpiKa cPYHKI.I;il f, TO f' (x 0 ) = -2, To6To ------:-2 = -2.
(x 0 -4)
3Bi,ZJ;CM

(x 0 - 4) 2 = 4;
[x -4 = 2,
0 [x = 6,
0

x 0 -4 = -2; x 0 = 2.

0 TJKe, n-,.·
Ha rpa'¥1Ky ...
cPYHKI.I;ll f (x ) = -
x +-
4 e ,ll;Bl. TOl.IKH, ,ll;OTH"ll-
x- 4
Hi B .HKHX rrapa.rreJihHi ,n;aHiH IIp.HMiH.
IlpM x 0 = 6 MaeMo: f (x 0 ) = 5. To,n;i piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHl.IHOI Mae BHr.rr.a,n;
y = -2 (x - 6) + 5; y = -2x + 17.
IlpM XO = 2 OTpMMYE:MO: f (xo) = -3. To,n;i piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTHl.IHOl Mae
BHr.rr.a,n; y = -2 (x - 2) - 3; y = -2x + 1.
Bionoeiob: y = -2x + 17 i y = -2x + 1.

nPfAKnAA 3 CK.rra,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTMl.IHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cPYHKI.I;il

f (x) = -x 2 - 5x - 6, .HKa rrpoxo,n;HTh 1.!epe3 T01IKY M (-1; -1).
3ayBaJKHMO' ru;o f (-1) "# -1. 3 l.I;hOI'O BHIIJIHBae'
a Ji Ji Jl.
1
p 0 3 8 Jl 3
ru;o TOl.!Ka M (-1; -1) He HaJieJKHTh rpacpiKy cPYHKu;i! f.
Hexali A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) - TOl.!Ka ,n;oTHKY II.IyKaHo1 rrp.aMo! ,n;o rpacpiKa
cpYJIKI.I;il f. OcKiJihKH f (x 0 ) = -x~ - 5x 0 - 6 i f' (x 0 ) = -2x0 - 5, TO
piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTHl.IHOl Mae BHI'JI.H,D;
y=(-2x0 -5)(x-x 0 )+(-x~ - 5x0 -6).
YpaxyBaBrnH, m;o Koop,n;HHaTH TOl.IKM M(-1; -1) sa,n;oBOJihH.HIOTh
OTpMMaHe p!BH.HHH.H, MaeMo:
-l=(-2x 0 -5)(-l-x0 )+(-x~ -5x0 -6).
3Bi,n;CH, p03KpHBillH ,n;yJKKH i p03B' .H3aBmH KBa,n;paTHe piBH.HHH.H,
OTpMMaeMo x 0 = 0 a6o x 0 = -2. TaKHM l.IHHOM, "t.Iepes TOl.IKY M rrpoxo-
,D;.HTh ,D;Bi ,n;OTH"t.IHi ,n;o rpa<iJiKa cPYHKI.I;il f: y = -5x - 6 i y = -x - 2.

Bionoeiob: y = -5x - 6, y = -x - 2.

116
 11. PisHHHHH AOTV1YH0·1

y IlYHKTi 3 BM 03HaHOMHJIHC.H 3 MeTO,D;OM npOCTOl lTep~u ,D;JIJI

ga6JIH.tKeHoro poaB' H3yBaHHH piBH.HHh. MaTepian u;horo nyHKTY ,n;o-
3BOJIJie p03I'JIJIHYTH I.I.J;e O,D;HH rrpMHOM ITOillYKY Ha6JIH./KeHHX 3Ha'lleHh
KOpeHiB piBH.HHb.
Po3rJIHHeMo piBH.HHH.H f (x) = 0, ,n;e cpyHKu;i.a f Mae Ha JR HenepepB-
HY rroxi,n;Hy f'' Bi,D;MiHHY Bi,n; HY JI.H. ,IJ;JI.H Ha6JIM./KeHoro p03B' JI3YBaHH.H
piBHJIHH.H f (x) = 0 B MaTeMaTHIJ;i BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb TaK 3BaHMll MeTO,Z:J;

,ri;oTll'IHHX. Po3B'H3YIO"tili piBHHHH.H IJ;HM MeT0,21,0M, crro't!aTKY o6:apaIOTh

,ZJ;OBiJibHe 't!HCJIO XI (noqaTKOBe Ha-
y
6JIH./KeHH.H). y TO"t.!IJ;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO xl
,l.l;O rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f rrpOBO)J,JITb ,n;o-
TH"t.!HY (p:ac. 11.2). To"t.!KY nepeTMHY
n;ie1 )J,OTH"t.!HOl 3 BiCCIO a6cu;:ac II03Ha-
qaIOTb X2 i IIOBTOplOlOTb OIIMCaHy
npm~e)J,ypy: y TO"t.!IJ;i 3 a6co;HCOIO X2 ,l.l;O
rpacpiKa cpyHKIJ;il f rrpoBO,D;JITh )J,OTH"t.!- x
HY i TaK )J,aJii. TaKHM "t.!MHOM 6y)J,yIOTb
PHC. 11.2
IlOCJii,l.l;OBHiCTb Ha6JIH./KeHb (xn ).
3Hali,n;eMo po3paxyHKOBi cpopMy JIM )J,JIJI MeTOAY )J,OTM"t.!HHX. PiB-
H.HHHJI ,l.l;OTH"t.!HOl )J,O rpacpiKa cpyHKIJ;il f y TO"t.!IJ;i 3 a6CIJ;HCOIO Xn Mae

y = f' (x 11
) (x -xn) + f (xn ).

3 piBHOCTi 0 = f' (xn) (x - x,,) + f (x,l) 3Hali)J,eMO TO"t.!KY rrepeTHHY

..
,D;OTH"t.!HOl 3 BlCCIO a
. 6cu;:ac. MaeMO x = x,I - f (x,,) . T aKHM "t.!HHOM,
f' (xn)
KO.IKHHll HaCTYilHHll qJieH IlOCJii)J,OBHOCTi Ha6JIH./KeHb (xn) myKaIOTh

3a cpopMyJIOIO

(2)

.HKI.I.J;O no6y)J,OBaHa IlOCJii)J,OBHiCTb (xn) BH.HBHTbC.H 36i.tKHOIO,

TO 11 rpaH:an;e10 6y)J,e KopiHh piBH.HHH.H f (x) = 0. CrrpaB,21,i, nepeli)J,eMo
,l.l;O rpaHMII;i B piBHOCTi (2). .HKI.I.J;O lim
n-t--:r
x,, =a, TO lim xn +l =a.
11-t.,,

.
K plM II;hOrO, 3 HerrepepBHOCTl '±'YHKII;ll
. m ...
y = x - f (x) BHilJIMBae,
f' (x)
I.I.J;O lim (xn -
n ~
f (x,) =a - f
f' (xn)
J (a) . TaKHM "t.!MHOM, Mae Mico;e piBHiCTh
f' (a)

117
 f (a) .
a = a - --. 3BJ.,ZJ;CM f (a) = 0, T06TO ,n;oBe,n;eHO, m;o tIMCJIO a e KOpeHeM
f' (a)
piBHJIHHJI f (X) = 0.

Ilpo,n;OBJKYIO"t!M BMB"t!aTM u;eli MeTo,n; y BMID;OMY HaB"tlaJihHOMY

3aKJia,n;i, BM 03HaHOMMTeCh 3 yMOBa.MM, JIKi rapaHTYIOTh 36iJKHiCTh
rro6y,n;oBaHOl IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi (xn), a TaKOJK ,l1;03BOJIJIIOTh on;iHMTM pi3-
HMD;IO I xn -a j.
IloKameMo, HK rrpau;roe u;eli MeTo,n; rrpM po3B 'JI3yBaHHi Bme po3-
r JIHHyToro B rryHl~Ti 3 piBHJIHHJI x-cos x = 0 (Hara,n;aeMo, m;o u;e
piBHJIHHJI Mae e,n;MHMH KOpiHh a = 0, 7390851332 ... ). IlOKJia,n;eMO
f (x) =x - cos x, x E [ O; ;]. To11i f' (x) =1 +sin x. ,!J;nR lj:JyHKI\il f lj:Jop-
Myna (2) Ha6yBae BMrJIJI,n;y
xii - cos xn
xn + 1 = xn - . .
1 + sin xn
Hexali x 1 = 0. BMKOpHcToByIOtIH MeTo,n; ,n;oTMqH:11x, MaeMo:

- 0 - 0 - cos 0 -1
X2 - - '
1 + sin 0
1 - cos 1
X3 = 1- = 0, 7503638678 ... ,
1 + sin1
X 3 - COS x3
X4 = X3 - . = 0, 7391128909 ... ,
1 + sin x 3
X 4 - COS X 4
X5 = X4 - . = 0,7390851333 ....
1 + sin x 4
.HK 6atIHMO, yme rr' JITMH "t!JieH IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi Mae ,n;eB' J!Tb ,n;ecJIT-
KOBMX 3HaKiB rriCJIJI KOMM, JIKi 36iraIOTbCJI 3 Bi,n;rroBi,n;HMMM ,n;eCJITKO-
BMMM 3HaKaMH KOpeHJi a= 0, 7390851332 ... piBHJIHHJi cos x = x.
Y3arani, MOJKHa rroKa3aTH, m;o rro6y,n;oBaHa rrocni,n;oBHiCTh (x,J
e 36iJKHOIO i B KOJKHOMY HaCTYilHOMY qJieHi IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi KiJihKiCTb
rrpaBHJihHHX ,n;eCJITKOBMX 3HaKiB 3pOCTae B pa3M.

BnpaeM

11.1. ° CKna,n;i Th piBHJIHHJI ,n;oTM"t!Ho1 ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKn;i1 f y Toq-

u;i 3 a6cn;MCOIO XO, JIKID;O:
1) f (x) = x 2 + 3x, x 0 = - 1; 2) f (x) = x3 - 27, x 0 = 2;
118
 1 1
3) f (X) = - , X0 =- ;
x 2
x
4) f (x) = 4 ..Jx - 3, X
0
= 9; 8) f (x)=-, x 0 = -2;
x+l
5) f (x) = sin x, x 0 = 0; 9) f (x)=.J2x+5, x 0 = 2.
6) f (x) = cos x x0 = rr;
1 . .° CKna,n;i Tb piBHHHHH ,n;oTHl!HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,il f y TOll-
u;i 3 a6Cll,HCOIO XO, HKm;o:

1) f (x) = 2x 3 - 3x, x 0 = 1; 5) f (x) = ctg ( x + ~), x0 =- ; ;

2) f (x) = 0,5x2 - 2x + 2, x 0 = O; 6) f (x)=~4x 2 +3x, x 0 = -1;
7t
3) f (X) = COS X, X0 =- ;
2
5n
4) f (x) = sin x, x 0 = - ;
2
11.3.· 3annmiTb piBHHHHH ,l.J;OTHl!HOl ,l.1;0 rpacpiKa ,n;aHOl cpyHKII,il B TOll-
n,i iforo nepeTHHY 3 BiCCIO op,n;HHaT:

1) f (x) = x2 - 3x - 3; 2) f(x)=cos(;-;).
1 . . 3anHIIIiTb piBHHHHH ,l.J;OTHl!HOl ,l.1;0 rpacpiKa ,n;aHOl cpyHKII,il B TOll-
n,i iforo nepeTHHY 3 Biccro op,n;HHaT:

1) f (x) = 2x 3 - 5x + 2;
11.5. · CKna,n;i Tb piBHHHHH ,n;oTHl!HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,i! f y TOllII,i
iforo rrepeTHHY 3 Biccro a6cn,Hc:
1
1) f (x) = 8x 3 - l; 2) f (x)=x--.
x
11 · CKna,n;iTh piBHHHHH ,n;oTHl!H01 ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,il f y TOllII,i
iforo nepeTHHY 3 BiCCIO a6CII,HC:
x-1 2
1) f (x) = 2
; 2) f (x) = 3x - x .
x +1
11.7: 3Haif,n;iTh KOop,n;HHaTH TOl!KH rrapa6o.JIH y = 2x 2 - x + 1, y HKiH
,n;oTHl!Ha ,n;o He! napane.JihHa rrpHMiif y = 7 x - 8.

. y HKHX TOl!Kax ,l.J;OTHl!Hi ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,il y = .!. napane.Jih-

Hl Ilp.HMlH y = -x
• • v ? x

119
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHH

11.9: (x) = 2 sin x + 3 cos x rrpoBe,n;eHo ,n;o-

,II;o rpa<PiKa <PYHKI.I,i1 f
n . 3n
TH't!Hi B TO't!Kax 3 a6CI.I,HCaMH x = - 1 X2 = - . .HKe B3aeMHe p03-
1 2 2
MiII.I,eHH.H I.I,HX ,ll;OTH"t{HHX?

11.10: 3Hali,n;iTh TaKY TO"flKY rpa<PiKa <PYHKI.I,il f, II.I,O rrpoBe,n;eHa B I.I,iH

TO"t{I.I,i ,n;oTH"t{Ha yTBoproe 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn.Hc KYT a.,
.HKII.I,O:

1) f (x) = x 2 - 7x + 3, a.= 45°; 3) f (x) = .J3x + 2, a. = 45°;

7
2) f (x) = -3x 2 + 2 J3 x-2, a.= 60°; 4) f (x) = x + , a. = 135°.
x-2
.• 3HaH)1,iTh TaKy TO"t{KY rpa<PiKa <PYHKI.I,il f' II.I,O rrpoBe,n;eHa B n;ili
TO"t{I.I,i ,n;oTH"t{Ha yTBoproe 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn.Hc KYT a.,
.HKII.I,O:
3
1) f (x) = f3x-~, a.= 60°;
3
3
2) f (x) = x - 2x 2 + x - 1, a.= 45°.
11.12: ,II;oBe,n;iTh, II.I,O 6y,n;h-.HKa ,ll;OTH"t{Ha )1,0 rpa<PiKa cpyHKI.I,il f YTBO-
proe TYIIHH KYT 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn;Hc:

1) f (x) = 6 - x - x 3; 2) f (x)= 5 -x.

x-3
1 . . . ,II;oBe,n;iTh, II.I,O 6y,n;h-.HKa ,ll;OTH'1Ha
rpacpiKa cpyHKI.I,il )1,0 f YTBO-
proe rocTpHli KYT 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn;Hc:
4
1) f (x) = x 5 + 2x - 8; 2) f(x)=-.
1-x
11.14: 3Hali,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ropH30HTaJibHHX )1,0TH't!HHX )1,0 rpacpiKa
cpyHRI.I,il:
1
1) f (x) = x3 - 3x + 1; 2) f(x)=-x 4 -4x 2 +1.
2
. 5 3Hali,n;i Th piBH.HHH.H ropH30HTa.JihHHX )1,0TH"t{HMX ,n;o rpacpiKa
2
cpyHRI.I,i! f (x) = .!:.x 3 - x - 3x + 4.
3
11.16: CKna,n;iTh piBH.HHHJI ,n;oTH'1H01 )J,O rpacpiKa <PYHKI.I,il:
1) f (x) = x2 - 5x, JIRII.I,O I.I,.H ,n;oTH"t{Ha rrapaneJihHa rrp.HMiH y = -x;
1
2) f (x) =x - 2 ' JIKII.I,O I.I,JI )J,OTH"t{Ha rrapaJieJihHa rrpHMiH y = 3x;
x
3) f (x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 - lOx - 1, JIKII.I,O I.I,JI ,n;oTH"t{Ha rrapaneJihHa
rrpJIMili y = 2x + 1.

120
 11. PiBHHHHH AOTV1YHo'i

11 7 CKJia,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHqHo1 ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII.i1:

1) f (x) = 3x 2 + 5x + 3, HKII.J;O II..H ,ll;OTHqHa rrapaJieJihHa rrpHMiH
y = -7x + 3;
2) f (x) = £, .HKII.J;O Il,.H ,ll;OTHqHa rrapaJieJihHa rrp.HMiH y = x.
11.18: YcTaHOBiTh, qH e rrpHMa y = 12x - 10 ,n;oTHqHoIO ,n;o rpacpiKa
3
cpyHKII.il f (x) = 4x • y pa3i II03HTHBHOl Bi,n;rroni,n;i BKa)KiTh a6cn;Hcy
TQqKH ,ll;OTHKy.
11.19: YcTaHOBiTh, qH e rrp.HMa y = x ,n;oTHqHoIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i!
y =sin x. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl Bi,n;rroBi,n;i BKa)KiTh a6cu;Hcy TQqKH
,ll;OTHKy.
11.2 . y CTaHOBiTh' qH e rrpHMa y = .!. x + .!. ,ll;OTHqHQIO ,n;o rpacpiKa
2 2
cpyHKII,il y = fx. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl Bi,n;rroBi,n;i BKa:>KiTh a6cu;Hcy
TQqKH ,ll;OTHKY.
11.21: 06qHcJiiTh rrJiom;y TPHKYTHHKa, yTnopeHoro oc.HMH Koop-
2
,IJ;HHaT i ,ll;OTHqHQIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = x - 4 y Toqu;i
3 a6cu;HCOIO XO = -2.
1 : Q6qHCJiiTh IIJIOII.J;Y TpHKYTHHKa, YTBOpeHoro OCHMH KOOp-
3 2
,ll;HHaT i ,ll;OTHqHOIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = x + x - 6x + 1
y TOtni;i 3 a6CD;HCOIO XO = 1.
11.23: 3Hali,n;iTh IIJIOm;y TpHKYTHHKa, YTBOpeHoro rrpHMOIO y = 2 - x,
2
BiCCIO a6cu;Hc i ,ll;OTHqHQIO ,n;o rrapa60JIH y = 1 + 2x - x y Toqu;i 11
rrepeTHHY 3 BiCCIO op,n;HHaT.
1 'l : 3Hali,n;iTh IIJIOID;Y TpHKYTHHKa, o6Me:>KeHoro BiCCIO x, rrpHMOIO
2
x = 4 i ,ll;OTHqHQIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = x - 2x + 4 y Toq-
u;i 3 a6cu;HC010 XO = 4.
11.25: BacHJih 3arrJiyTaHKO rnyKae ,n;oTHqHy ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII.il
f (x) = 3x -1 +sin x y Toqu;i x 0 = 0. OcKiJihKH lim sin x = 0, TO 6iJIH
x 0

TOqKH Xo =0 rpacpiK cpyHKu;il f IIOBO,ll;HTbCH MaHJKe TaK caMO,

HK i rpa<j?iK JiiHiliHo1 cpyHKII.il y = 3x -1. ToMy rrpHMa y = 3x -1
€ ,ll;OTHqHOIO ,n;o rpacpiKa lPYHKII,il
y TOqII,i f Xo = 0. l.JH noro,n;JKy-
eTeC.H BH 3 MiPKYBaHH.HMH BacHJI.a?

11.26: Ha rpal}>iKy cpyHKu;il f (x) = -.J2x + 1 3Haif,n;iTh ToqKy, ,n;oTHq-

Ha B .HKiH rreprreH,n;HKYJIHpHa ,n;o np.HMOl y - 2x + 1 = 0 .
. l.JH icHyIOTb ,ll;OTHqHi ,n;o rpacpiKa lPYHKD;il f (x) = x3 + 2x - 1,
HKi rrepneH,n;HKY JI.HpHi IIPHMiH y = - x?

121
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta '1'1' 3aCTocysaHH51

11.28:· IlpH JIKHX 3Hal:leHHRX b i c rrapa6oJia y = x 2 + bx + c AOTH-

KaeThCR AO rrpJIMOl y = 4x + 1 y TO'ln;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO XO= 1?
1 IIpH RKHX 3Ha"t!eHHRX a i b rrpRMa y = 7 x - 2 AOTHKaeThCJI
AO rrapa60JIH y = ax + bx + 1 y Tol:ln;i A (1; 5)?
2

11.30:· IIapa6oJia s BepIIIHHOro Ha oci x AOTHKaeThCH AO rrpRMo1, HKa

rrpoxOAHTh -qepes ToqKH A (l; 2) i B (2; 4), y Toqn;i B. 3HafIAiTh
piBHJIHHJI rrapa60JIH.
11.31.·· 3anHIIIiTb piBHJIHHJI AOTHqHQl AO rpa¢iKa <PYHKD;il f (x) =
4
=-2;'.: + 1, >IKII10 n.a .zlOTK'l'.Ha rrpoxo,111<Tb <repea TO'IBY M (- !; 17).
11. 3anHnriTh piBH.HHHH ,ZJ;OTH'!HOl ,u;o rpacpiKa <:PYHK.n,il f (x) = 2x 3 + 2,
RKUJ;O D;H AOTUqHa npOXOAHTh l:lepes TQqKy M (O; -2).
4
11.33:· Y HKifr Toqn;i rpacpiKa c}:>yHKn;il f (x) = x-l noTpi6Ho npo-
x
BeCTH ,LJ;OTHl:IHY' rn;o6 D;R AOTH"t!Ha rrpoxo,u;HJia qepes IIOl:JaTOK KO-
op,u;HHaT?

11.34. y HKiH Toqn;i rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il y = x + ~ Il0Tpi6Ho npoBeCTlil

x
,ZJ;OTHqHy, rn;o6 D;JI ,ZJ;OTMqHa nepeTHyJia BiCh Op,ZJ;HHaT y TOl:JD;i (O; 6)?
11.35:· Cl>yHKD;iH g e o6epHeHoro AO cpyHKn;il f (x) = x 5 + 3x-l. CKJia-
,u;iTh piBHHHHR ,ZJ;OTHl:JHOl AO rpacpiKa cpyHKn;il g y TO"t!D;i 3 a6cn;MCOIO
X0 =3.
Cl>yHKn;iH g e o6epHeHoro ,u;o <PYHKn;il f (x) = x 3 + 6x + 5. CKJia-
,u;iTh piBHJIHHR ,ZJ;OTHqHo1,n;o rpa<j)iKa cpyHKn;il g y Toqn;i 3 a6cn;Hcoro
x 0 =-2.
1

11.37:· CKiJihKM posB'HsKiB Mae cHcTeMa !yy+8=a

= x ' ( 5)
x+-
saJieJKHO

.
B1,n; sHa"t!eHHH napaMeTpa a.? 4

y = xa'
1. 38 CKiJihKM posB '.asKiB Mae cHcTeMa 3aJieJKHO Bl,ZJ;
{ y=ax+a-5
sHal:leHHH napaMeTpa a?

11.39:· ,Il;Bi neprreH,n;HKYJIRpHi ,ZJ;OTliqHi ,n;o rpa<PiKa <PYHKD;il f (x) =

=3 - ! x 2 nepeTMHaIDThCR B Toqn;i A, HK a HaJieJKHTh oci op,n;HHaT.
2
3Hafr,n;iTh Koop,n;MHaTH TOl:IKH A.

122
 11. Pi BHHHHH AOTlllYHO 'i'

5
11.4 ,Il;Bi rreprreHAlfKYJUipHi ,ll;OT:wIHi ,n;o rpacpi.Ka cpyHKD;ll y = .!.x 2 -
2 2
nepeTMHaIOTbCJ.I B TO"tID;i A, J.IKa Ha.rremMTb oci op,n;MHaT. 3Hali,n;iTb
Koop,n;MHaTM TO"t!KM A.
11.41:· 3Hai1,n;i Tb ,ll;McpepeHIJ;iHOBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f TaKy' m;o
1
f (x) = - - ,n;JIJ.I Bcix x E (-:xi; 2).
x- 3
3Hai1,n;i Tb ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f TaKy' rn;o
f (x) =.Jax - 5 ,n;nH Bcix x E [3; +:xi).
11.43:· IlpH J.IKHX 3Ha"tleHHJ.IX a npHMa y = ax +1 e ,ll;OTM"CIHOIO ,n;o
rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = .J4x + 1 ?
1 IlpH J.IKMX 3Ha-qeHHJ.IX a npJ.IMa y = 2x + a e ,ll;OTM"llHOIO ,n;o
rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = .J4x - 1?
11.45:· 3Hai1,n;iTb piBHJ.IHHJ.I cniJibHOl ,ll;OTH"llHOl ,n;o rpacpiKiB cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = x2 - 2x +5i g (x) = x 2 + 2x - 11.
1 3Hai1,n;i Tb piBHJ.IHHJ.I cniJibHOl ,ll;OTH"llHOl ,n;o rpacpiKiB cpyHKD;iH
2
f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 8 i g (x) = x + Bx + 4.
11.47.* Ha Koop,n;MHaTHiH nnorn;MHi ao6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKu;i1
k
f (x) =-, Ha J.IKOMY noaHa"lleHo TO"llKY A. 3a ,n;on0Moro10 D;MPKY-
x
JIJ.I i niHiMKH no6y,n;yi1:Te ,n;oTM"llHY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y TO"llD;i A.
1 Ha Koop,n;11HaTHii1 nnorn;11Hi ao6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKD;il
f (x) = ax 2 , Ha J.IKOMY noaHa"lleHo TO"llKY A. 3a ,n;on0Moro10 u;:apKy-
JIJ.I i JiiHiHKM no6y,n;y.HTe ,n;oTWCIHY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i1 f y TO"llu;i A.
11.49. * 3Hali,n;i Tb piBHJ.IHHJ.I npJ.IMOl, J.IKa ,ll;OTMKaeTbCJ.I ,n;o rpacpiKa
3 2
cpyHKD;il f (x) = x t - 2x + x + x - 1 y )];BOX TO"l!Kax.
11.50. * Hexali P - MHoro"tlJieH CTerreHJ.I n i A - TO"l!Ka Ha Koop,n;M-
HaTHili IlJIOID;MHi. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, m;o icHye He 6iJibIIIe Him n rrpJ.IMHX,
J.IKi npoxo,n;J.ITb -qepea TO"llKY A i ,n;oTHKaIOTbCJ.I ,n;o rpacpiKa MHoro-
"llJieHa P.
11.51.* Ilpo ,n;:acpepeHu;iMOBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f Bi,ll;OMO, m;o BOHa B pa-
u;ioHa.JibHMX TO"l!Kax Ha6yBae pau;iOHa.JibHHX 3Ha"lleHb, a B ippau;io-
Ha.JibHMX - ipp~iOHaJibHMX. qH o6oB'J.I3KOBO rpac];>iKOM cpyHKD;il f
e npJ.IMa?
11.52. * ,IJ;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y TO"llD;i A npoBe,n;eHO ,ll;OTM"llHY. rpacpiK
<PYHKD;il g OTpHMaHO 3 rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y pesyJibTaTi nepeTBO-
peHHJ.I pyxy, a TO"l!Ka B e o6pasoM TO"t!KH A. qM o6oB' asKoBo B TO"t!-
u;i B ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il g MOJK.Ha npoBeCTH ,n;oTHt.IHy?

123
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrncysaHH~

PosrJIHHeMo cpyHKn;iro f i TaKy TO"t.fKY x 0 iHTepBany (a; b), rn;o

maxf(x)=f(x0 ) (p:ac. 12.1, a). Ha p:acyHKY 12.1, 6 so6pameHo
[a; b]

rpacpiK cpyHKD;il g Ta.Kol:, rn;o ming (x) = g (x0 ).

ra;b]

y! I y!
I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I I
--~ ~-----L--~-~ I I I I
, a x0 b x --j---~--------~~
: a X0 b X

a 6
PMC. 12.1

Hexali cpyHKII;il f i g ,n;:acpepeHn;ilioBHi B T0'1D;i x 0 • To,n;i ,n;o rpacpiKiB

D;HX cpyHKII;iH y TO"t.fII;i 3 a6cu;:acoro XO MO)KHa rrpoBeCTH ,ZJ;OTHqHi. 3 Ha-
QqHHX MiPKYBaHh 0'lleBH,ZJ;HO, rn;o :u;i ,ZJ;OTH't.IHi 6y,n;yTh ropM30HTaJihHHMH
rrpHMHMH. OcKiJihKH KYTOBHH Koecpi:u;ieHT ropM30HTaJihHo1 rrpHMOl
,n;opiBHroe Hynro, TO f' (x 0 ) = 0 i g' (x 0 ) = 0.
D;eli BHCHOBOK MOmHa rrpoiJIIOCTpyBaTH sa ,ZJ;OIIOMOroro MexaHi"t.fHOl
iHTepnpeTaa;il .
.ffKID;O MaTepiaJihHa TO't.IKa pyxaeTbCH no KOOp,ZJ;MHaTHiH rrpHMiH
3a 3aKOHOM y = s (t), t E [a; b], i cpyHKII;iH y = s (t) Ha6yBae B TO"t.fD;i
to E (a; b) Hali6iJihIIIOrO (HaHMeHIJIOro) 3Ha't.IeHHH, TO n;e 03Ha"t.fa€,
rn;o B MOMeHT 't.Iacy to MaTepiaJibHa TO"t.fKa 3MiHIO€ HaIIpHM pyxy Ha
rrpOTHJie)KHHH. 3po3yMiJIO, rn;o B u;eli MOMeHT 't.Iacy IJIBH,ZJ;KiCTb MaTe-
piaJibHOl TO't.IKH ,n;opiBHIO€ HYJIIO, T06TO v (to) = s' (to) = 0.
0TpMMaHi BHCHOBKH ni,n;TBep,n;mye TaKa TeopeMa.
Te opeMa 12 .1 ( TeopeMa Cl> pMa). Hexau rpynKU;iJ£ f, 6u-
3na1£ena na npoMi31CKY [a; b ], y m01£U;i x 0 E (a; b) na6y6ae c6oio
naiiMenmoio (nau6inbmoio) 3na1£ennJ£. HKUfO rpynKU;iJ£ f e iJufjJe-
peJtU;iiioBno10 6 m01£U;i x 0 , mo f' (x 0 ) = 0.
/{ 0 8 ea e 1i 1i .fl. Posr JIHHeMO BHITa,ZJ;OK, KOJIH min f (X) = f (X 0 ) ( BH-
[a; b]

rra,n;oK max f (x) = f (x0 ) posrnH,n;aroTb aHaJiori't.IHO).

[a;b]
Hexali x E [a; b], TO,n;i !if= f (x) - f (x 0 ) ~ 0 . .ffKID;O !ix= x - x 0 > 0
6f . 6f
(p:ac. 12.2), TO -~O. 3Bi,n;c:a hm -~0.
X x-.O+ X

124
 12. TeopeM111 ct>epMa, Ponn~, Jlarpa~>Ka

y~
~f(x) f~~ M<~ ==~ I I

~x!
I I I
I 1 A I
,
-1---+----
1 0X ,
---1--..- ------1-- ~ ----1--..-
:a X X b X a X X0 b X
0

PHC. 12.2 PHC. 12.3

HKm;o fix < 0 (p11c. 12.3), TO ~f ~ 0. 3Bi,n;c11 lim D.f ~ 0.

D.x ei.x-> o- ~x

OcKiJihKH cpyHKIJ;i.H f e ,n;11cpepeHn;ilioBHOIO B Toqn;i x 0 , TO icHye

rpaHHI.J..H . -~f . T O,ll;l. 0 ~ i·lffi -~f

1lffi '<::: = i·lffi -~f = i·lffi -~f ,,,,~ 0 . 3 Bl,ll;CH
.
llx o D.x tJ.x 0-1 ~x e..x o ~x x-> o- D.x

lim ~f = 0, T06To f' (x 0 ) = 0 . .A

Ax )0 x
Ha p11cyHKY 12.4 ao6pa:>KeHo rpacpiK cpyHKI.J.il f, HenepepBHOI Ha
Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] i ,n;HcpepeHn;iliOBHOl Ha iHTepBa.rri (a; b). <PyHKI.J.i.H f
y TOqKaX a i b Ha6yBa€ o,n;HaKOBHX 3HaqeHh.

y y
I
I
I

1--
I

1 I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I
--~-J----~-----L-~
: a X0 b X bx
a 6 6

PHc. 12.4

3 pHCYHKa BH,ll;HO: icHy€ ID;OHaHMeHme o,n;Ha TaKa TOl!Ka XO E (a; b),

m;o ,ll;OTHqHa ,n;o rpacpiKa B TOlII.J.i 3 a6cn;HCOIO XO € ropH30HTaJihHOIO
np.HMOIO, T06To f' (x 0 ) = 0.
II;eli BHCHOBOK MO:>KHa npoiJIIOCTpyBaTH 3a ,ll;OilOMOrOIO MexaHiqHo!
iHTepnpeTa.n;il.
HK:r.n;o MaTepia.rrhHa ToqKa pyxaeThC.H no Koop,n;HHaTHili np.HMili
3a 3aKOHOM y = s (t), t E [a; b], TO piBHiCTh s (a) = s (b) 03Haqae,
m;o B MOMeHT qacy t = b MaTepiaJihHa TOqKa IlOBepHyJiaC.H B IIOllaTKO-
Be IIOJIO:>KeHH.H. 0T:>Ke, y ,n;e.HKHH MOMeHT qacy to E (a; b) BOHa 3MiHHJia
HanpHM pyxy Ha npOTHJie:>KHHH' T06TO v (t 0) = s' (t 0) = 0.
0TpHMaHi BHCHOBKH ni,n;TBep,n;:>Kye TaKa TeopeMa.
Te ope Ma 12 . 2 (Teo p e Ma Po JI JI JI) • H KllfO <jJynK~iJt f 11,ene-
pepe11,a na eiiJpi3KY [a; b] i ou<jJepe11,~iiio6na 11,a inmepeaJ£i (a; b),
npu'toMy f (a)= f (b), mo ic11,ye maKa mo-.,,Ka x 0 E (a; b), UfO f' (x0 ) = 0.

125
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta 'i'l 3acrocysaHH~

,a o 6 e {)en n Jl.
OcKiJihKM cpyHKII.i.H HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b],
TO 3a ,n;pyro10 TeopeMoIO BeliepIIITpacca Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [a; b] icHyIOTh
TaKi 3Ha't!eHH.H apryMeHTY' rrpM .HKMX cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;oc.H:rae CBOlX Hali-
6iJihIIIOro Ta HaliMeHmoro 3Ha't!eHh. lHIIIMMM CJIOBaMM, icHyIOTh TaKi
't!MCJia m i M, rn;o min f (x) = m, max f (x) = M. To,n;i ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,n;h-RKoro
[a;b] ra;b]

x E [a; b] BHKOHyeThCR HepiBHiCTh m ~ f (x) ~ M .

.HKrn;o m = M, TO cpyHKIJ;iR f e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha rrpoMiJKKy [a; b].
0Tme, f' (x) = 0 ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,n;h-HKoro x E (a; b).
Po3rJIRHeMo BHrra,n;oK, KOJIM m -:t M. To,n;i cpyHKIJ;iR f He Mome Ha
O,ZJ;HOMY KiHr.:t;i Bi,n;pi3Ka [a; b] Ha6yBaTH Hali6iJihillOro 3Ha't!eHH.H, a Ha
iHIIIOMi- HaliMeHmoro. CrrpaB,n;i, f (a)= f (b), am -:t M. 0Tme, icHye
TaKa TO't!Ka XO E (a; b), m;o cpyHKIJ;iR B II.iM TO't!II;i Ha6yBae CBOro Hali-
6iJihIIIOro a6o HRliMeHIIIoro 3Ha't!eHHR. OcKiJihKM cpyHKII.iR f ,n;Mcpe-
peHn.ilioBHa B TO't!IJ.i Xo, TO 3a TeopeMOIO <I>epMa f' (xo) = 0. •

0-.3A.QA4A ,[(McpepeHn;ilioBHa Ha~ cpyHKII;iR f Mae n HyJiiB. ,II;o-

Be,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKII.iR f' Mae He MeHIIIe Him n - 1 HyJiiB.
Po38'.R.3ann.R.. Hexali x 1 <x2 < ... <x11 - HyJii cpyHKII.il f. Ha
KOJKHOMY 3 (n-1) Bi,n;pi3KiB [xi; xi 1] cpyHKII.iR f 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH5I€ BCi
yMOBM TeopeMH PonJIR. ToMy Ha KOJKHOMY s iHTepBaniB (x;; x, +J
€ rn;oHaliMeHIJle O,ZJ;MH HyJih cpyHKr.:t;il f'. •
nPMKnA.Q 1 PiBH.HHH.H x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + c = 0 Mae 't!OTMPM pl3HMX
• v • TT
,ZJ;lliCHHX KOpeHl. ,w,OBe,ZJ;lTh, rn;o
•
a 2 > -32 b .
9
Po 3 e' .R.3 a T-l li.fl. IIosHa't!HMo JiiBy -qacTMHY ,n;aHoro piBHRHHR -qepe3
f (x). 3a YMOBOIO piBH.HHHH f (x) = 0 Mae 't!OTMPM pi3HMX ,n;iMCHMX
KopeHi. To,n;i sa ,n;orr0Moro10 KJIIO't!OBo1 aa,n;aqi II.bOro ITYHKTY BCTaHoB-

<l>paHII.Y3bKMM MaTeMaTMK, 't!JieH IIa-

pM3hK01 aKa,n;eMil HayK.
OcHOBHi rrpaII.i rrp:acB.H't!eHi MeTo,n;aM
't!MCeJibHoro posB' HsyBaHHR piBHRHh. BiJib-
rnicTb HayKOBMx 3,n;o6yTKiB M. PoJIJIR He
6ynM rroMiqeHi 3a lioro JKMTTR; 1x on.iHHJIM
3Ha't!HO II13Hlllle.
MiIIIeJib PoJIJib
(1652-1719)

126
 12. TeopeMvi CDepMa, Ponns:i, JlarpaH:>t<a
3 2
JII08MO, m;o piBHHHHH f' (x) = 0, T06To piBHHHHH 4x + 3ax + 2bx = 0,
Mae TPH pi3HHX ,n;ilicHHX KopeHi. IJ;e piBHHHHH Mae KopiHb x = 0.
0T:>Ke, KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH 4x + 3ax + 2b = 0 Ma€ ,n;Ba pi3HHX ,n;ili-
2

2
CHHX KopeHi. Moro ,n;HcKpHMiHaHT D = 9a - 32b. OcKiJihKH D > 0,
2 32
TO a >-b. e
9
Ha pHcyHKY 12.5 3o6paJK.eHo rpacpiK y
q)yHKI.I;il, HenepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b]
i ,n;HcpepeHu;iHOBHOl Ha iHTepBaJii (a; b).
f (b) ---- ----------
c I~
IlpoBe,n;eMo rrpHMY AB. 3 TpHKYTHHKa
AMB MO:>KHa 3HaliTH KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT
. .. .. t LB'"'1\K BM f(b)-f(a)
I.J;lel IIpHMOl: g ./-1.lY.L =- -= .
b-a AM
3 pHCYHKa BH,n;Ho: Ha ,n;y3i AB icHye TaKa
To-crKa C, m;o ,n;oTH-crHa ,n;o rpacpiKa B u;ili P-ac. 12.5
To-crn;i napaJieJihHa rrpHMili AB.
KyToBHH Koecpiu;ieHT f' (x 0 ) u;ie! ,n;oTH-crHo1 ,n;opiBHIOe KYTOBOMY
Koecpiu;ieHTY rrpHMOl AB, T06TO icHye TaKa TO'C!Ka Xo E (a; b), m;o

f, (Xo ) = f (b) - f (a) .

b- a
IJ;eli BHCHOBOK iJIIOCTpye TaKO:iK MexaHi-crHa iHTeprrpeTau;iH.
5!Km;o MaTepiaJihHa TO"C!Ka pyxaeThCH no KOOp,n;HHaTHiM npHMiH 3a
3aKOHOM y = s (t), t E [a; b], TO cepe,n;HH llIBH,n;KiCTh pyxy ,n;opiBHIOe
s(b) -s (a)
.v eep =
b- a
3po3yMiJIO, m;o rri,n; -qac pyxy e TaKHH MOMeHT to E (a; b), KO.JIM
MHTTeBa llIB:vI,n;KiCTh ,n;opiBHIOe cepe,n;HiM, T06TO

v <to)= s' (to)= s (b) - (a).

b- a
0TpHMaHi BHCHOBKH ni,n;TBep,n;mye TaKa TeopeMa.

TeopeMa 12.3 (TeopeMa JlarpaHJKa). HK~o <jJynK11;ia f ne-

nepep6na na 6iopi3KY [a; b] i iJu<jJepen11;iuo6na na inmep6ani (a; b),
mo icnye maKa mo"l£Ka x 0 E (a; b), ~o
f'(xo)=f(b) - f(a).
b-a

/(oBeoenn.fl. Po3rJIHHeMo ,n;onoMi:>KHY qJyHKu;iro g (x) = f (x) - A.x,

'\ __ f (b) - f (a).
,n;e /\, JierKO rrepeBipHTH (3po6iTh n;e CaMOCTiMHO), m;o
b -a
127
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH~

g (a) = g (b). Tenep o"tJeBH,n;Ho, rri;o <l>YHKIJ;iH g 3a,n;oBOJibH.ae Bci yMo-

BH TeopeMH PoJIJIH.
TaKHM qHHOM, icHye ToqKa x 0 E (a; b) TaKa, rri;o g' (x 0 ) = 0.
OcKiJihKH g' (x) = f' (x) - A. TO f' (x 0 ) - A. = 0. 3Bi,n;cH

f' (Xo ) = f (b) - f (a) • ...

b-a
3ayaamHMO rri;o TeopeMa JiarpaHma e y3ara.rrhHeHHRM TeopeMH
Ponn.a. CnpaB,n;i, .aKm;o f (a) = f (b), TO 3a TeopeMoro JiarpaHma

f' (xo) = f (b)- f (a) = O.

b-a
3BepHeMo yBary, m;o TeopeMH PoJIJIH i Jlarpaifma He BKa3yroTh, .HK
3HaHTH ToqKy x 0 • BoHH JIHme rapaHTYIOTb, m;o icHye TOqKa 3 rreBHOIO
BJiaCTHBlCTIO.
1 1 1
nPHKnAA 2 ,lJ;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTh cos- cos-<-.
4 3 36
Po 3 B' a3 an nR. CKopHcTaeMoc.a TeopeMoro Jlarpa.Hma ,n;JI.a cl>YHK-
···
II;ll f (X ) = 11]
. .
COS X Ha Bl,D;pl3Ky [ '
4 3
.

1 1 . ° (1 1)
T O,D;l. COS--COS-= -s1nx • - - - ',n;e x E -;- .
3 4 3 4 °
(1 1) 43
1 1 sinx0
3Bi,D;CH COS - - COS - = .
4 3 12
1 1 1 1
OcKiJihKH sin x 0 < x 0 < - TO cos - - cos - < - . •
3 4 3 36

ct>paHII;Y3bKHH MaTeMaTHK, MexaHiK

i acTpOHOM, npe3H,n;eHT BepJiiHCbKOl
aKa,n;eMil HayK, qJieH IlapH3bKOl aKa-
,n;eMil HayK. OcHOBHi npau;i - y rany3i
MaTeMaTH"t!HOrO aHa.Jii3y, Bapian;iHHOrO
"tJHCJieHH.a, anre6pH, Teopil l!Hcen, ,n;.H-
<t>epeHn;i:HHHX piBHHHh, MexaHiKH. Ka-
Banep op,n;eHa IloqecHoro nerioHy.
iKo3ecp Jly1 JlarpaHm
(1736- 1813)

128
 12. TeopeMV! CDepMa, Ponm~, narpaH>Ka

BnpasM
0

12.1. Bi,n;OMO, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f y TO"ll:o;i XO Ha6yBa€ Ha:t1:6iJihIIIOrO a6o

HaHMeHIIIoro 3Ha'tleHH.H. IIepeBipTe piBHiCTh f' (x 0 ) = 0, HKm;o:

1) f (x) = x 6 , x 0 = O; 2) f (x) =sin x, x 0 = n.

2
Bi,n;oMo, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f y TO"ll:o;i x 0 Ha6yBae Hali6iJihmoro a6o
0
.

HaiIMeHrnoro 3Ha"l!eHH.H. IIepeBipTe piBHiCTh f' (x 0 ) = 0, HKru;o:

1) f (x) = 5 - x 2 , x 0 = 0; 2) f (x) = cos x, x 0 = n.
0

12.3. IIpoiJIIOCTpyiITe rpacpi"llHO (3o6pa3iTh rpacpiK cpyHK:o;i1 f) TaKe

TBep,n;meHH.H: ,ZJ;JI.H KOJK.HOI'O "llHCJia Xo E (a; b) icHye TaKa Herre-
pepBHa Ha [a; b] i ,n;:ttcpepeH:o;ilioBHa Ha (a; b) <l>YHK:o;isr f, ru;o
f(a)=f(b) i f'(x)=O JIMIIIe rrpH X=Xo·
0
1 . . IIpoiJirocTpyiITe rpacpi "l!HO ( 306paai Tb rpacpiK cpyHK:o;il f) TaKe
TBep,n;meHH.H: ,ZJ;JI.H KOJK.HOI'O "lJHCJia Xo E (a; b) icHye TaKa HerrepepB-
Ha Ha [a; b] i ,n;:ttcpepeH:o;ilioBHa Ha (a; b) cpyHKD;i.H f, m;o
f(b)-f(a)
f' (x) = JIHIIIe rrpH x = x 0 •
b-a
12.5: 3arrHrniTh TeopeMy JiarpaHma ,n;JIH cpyHK:o;il f i Bi,n;pi3Ka [l; 2].
Ha iHTepBaJii (l; 2) 3Hali,n;iTb TaKy TO"l!KY XO, ,ZJ;JI.H .HKOl BMKOHy-
€TbC.H piBHiCTh f (2)- f (1) = f' (Xo ), .HKrn;o:

1) f (x) = x 3 ; 2) f (x) = .!.;

3) f (x) =sin nx.
x 2
1 ..· 3arrHIIIiTh TeopeMy JiarpaHma ,ZJ;JI.H cpyHK:o;il f i Bi,n;piaKa [l; 3].
Ha iHTepBaJii (1; 3) 3Hali,n;iTh TaKy TO"l!KY XO, ,ZJ;JI.H .HKOl BHKOHy-

€TbC.H plBHlCTh
f (3) - f (1) _- f I ( )
X0 , HKIIJ;O.
,

2
2 1tX
1) f (x) = x ; · 2) f(x)=..Jx; 3) f(x)=cos-.
4
12.1: BHKOPHCTOBYIO"l!H TeopeMy <l>epMa, ,n;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o cpyHKD;i.H f He
Ha6yBa€ B TO"ll:o;i XO Hi Hali6iJihIIIOrO, Hi HaHMeHmoro 3Ha"l!eHH.H,
.HKID;O:
1) f (x)=x 4 +x+l, x 0 =-0,5;
1 1
2) f(x)=--x--, D (f) = (l; 3), x 0 =2;
1-x x
1t
3) f (x)=sinx+cosx 2 , D (f) = [1; 2], Xo =-.
2

129
§ 2. noxiAHa ra ·1·1 3aaocysaHH5l

1 . . ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, rn;o <l>YHKD;iH f He Ha6yBae B TO't!IJ;i XO Hi HaH6iJibillOro,

Hi Ha:HMeHmoro 3Hal!eHHH, HKrn;o:
1) f (x)=(x 2 +6x+8)(x 2 +14x+48), x 0 =-3;
2 2 1
2) f (x)=-+X + - , D (f) = (O; +oo), x 0 =1;
x x+3

3) f (x) =cos x -sin x'. D (f) = [O; 2], x 0 =~.

12.9: <l>yHKn;isr f, D (f) =[a; b], HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] I ,n;H-
cpepeHn;ilioBHa Ha iHTepBaJii (a; b), rrplil!OMY f' (x)-::f: 0 ,ZJ;JIH BClX
x E (a; b). ,il;oBe,n;iTb, rn;o <l>YHKD;iH f e o6opOTHOIO.
1 to: <l>yHKD;iH f ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; l], rrpHlIOMY
f' (x) * 1 ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E [O; 1]. ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, ID;O f (1) * f (0) + 1.
12.11: BHKOpHCTOBYIOlIH TeopeMy JiarpaHma, ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb
n (b - a) an - l ~ bn - an ~ n (b - a) bn - 1 , ,n;e 0 < a < b, n E N.

12.1 : ,D;ose11iTh HepiBHiCTb 0

n x
< efX -efY < ~, 11e 0 < y < x,
n y
nEN,n~2.

12.13: ,il;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) I cos x - cos y I~ I x - Y I;
2) I tg x - tg y I ;;. I x - y 1, x E ( - ; ; ; ), y E ( - ; ; ; ).

1 : ,il;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) Isin x - sin y I~ I x - y I;
2) I ctg x - ctg y I~ Ix - y I, x E (O; n), y E (O; n).
• TT • . 6 . 7 1
12•15 • ~OBe,ZJ;lTb, ID;O sin - -sin-<-.
5 6 60
5 4 1
12.16 ,il;oBe,n;iTb, ID;O tg- -tg- > - .
6 5 15
12.17: II po ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHY Ha [1; 3] <l>YHKD;iIO f Bi,ZJ;OMO, ID;O
f (1) = 2, f (2) = 3, f (3) = 1. )J;oBe,n;iTb icHyBaHHH TaKoro x 0 , rn;o
f' (x0 ) = 0.
12.18.· <l>yHKD;iH f ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHa Ha JR. ,il;JIH ,ZJ;OBiJibHOro x ,n;oBe,n;iTb
icHyBaHHH TaKoro c, rn;o f (x) = f (0) + xf' (c).

12.19:· Hexali f (x) =sin x. ,il;JIH ,n;oBiJibHOro x-::/= 0 ,n;oBe,n;iTh icHyBaH-

x
HH TaKoro c, rn;o f(x)=l+xf'(c).

130
 12. TeopeMvi cDepMa, Ponn~. JlarpaH>Ka

12.20:· Hexali f (x) = x ctg x. ,Il;JuI ,n;oBiJihHoro x E (O; n) ,n;oBe,n;iTh

icHyBaHH.H TaKoro c, m;o f (x) = 1 + xf' (c).
12.21:· 11HCJia a i b TaKi, m;o piBH.HHH.H sin x =ax+ b Mae rrpHHaMMHi
1
,n;Ba p03B .H3KH. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H cos x =a Mae 6e3Jiiq
p03B '.H3KiB.

12.22:• ,lJ;oBe,D;iTh, ID;O piBH.HHH.H Xn + ax + b = 0 Mae He 6iJihIIIe Hi.ii<

TPH KopeHL

12.2 . 11HCJia a i b TaKi, m;o piBH.HHH.H tg x =ax+ b Mae rrpHHaMMHi

,!IBa p03B' .H3KH Ha iHTepBaJii ( - ; ; ; ). )J;oBe,lliTL, II10 piBH.HHHSI

cos x 1
= J";, Mae 6e3Jilq
. p03B ' .H3KlB.
.

12.24. •· <l>YHKu;i.H f ,n;Hcl>epeHu;iiioBHa Ha ~. CKopHcTaBIIIHCh TeopeMoIO

Ponn.a ,n;JI.H cPYHKu;il g (x) = f (x) sin x, ,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H
f'(x)sinx + f(x)cosx = 0 Mae rrpHHaMMHi 0,ZJ;HH KOpiHb Ha Bi,n;pi3KY
[O; n].

12 2a <l>yHKIJ;i.H f ,n;Hcl>epeHIJ;iMOBHa Ha ~- ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H

f' (x) = f (x) tg x Mae rrpHHaMMHi O,D;HH KOpiHh Ha rrpoMi.iKKY

(-;;;).
12.26. ·· BacHJih 3arrJiyTaiiKo xoqe ,n;oBeCTH, m;o rroxi,n;Ha cPYHKII;il
f (x) =I x I y Toqn;i x 0 =0 ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO. BiH MipKye TaK. Ma-
eMo: f (-1) = f (1). ToMY 3a TeopeMoIO PoJIJI.H icHye ToqKa x 0 E (-1; 1)
TaKa, m;o f' (xo) = 0. A.Jie Ha iHTepBaJii (O; 1) TaKOl TOqKH Xo He
icHye, 60 Ha IJ;hOMY rrpoMi.iKKY f (x) = x i f' (x) = 1. TaK caMo
H HeMae Ha iHTepBani (-1; 0). BHxo,n;HTh, m;o x 0 = 0. OT.iKe,
f' (x0 ) = f' (0) = 0. 11H rrpaBHM BacHJih?

12.27.* 11H icHye TaKa ,n;Hcl>epeHn;iiiOBHa Ha~ cPYHKu;i.a f, m;o f' (x) ~ 1
,lI,JI.H Bcix x > 0 i f' (x) ~ -1 ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x < O?

12.28. * ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH ao + lli + ... + ~ = 0, TO plBH.HHH.H

2 n+l
2
a0 + a 1X + a 2 X + ... + a nXn = 0 Mae m;oHaMMeHIIIe O,D;HH KOpiHh.

12 9 .. ,lJ;oBe,ZJ;iTh, m;o IIpH 6y,n;h-.HKHX ,n;iMCHHX a 1 , a 2 , ... , an piBH.HHH.H

an COS nx +an _ 1 COS (n - 1) X + ... + a 1 COS X = 0 Mae m;oHaMMeH-
me O,D;HH KOpiHh.

131
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHfl

12.30.* HaTypaJihHe 11HcJio n Hee TOl'.!HHM KBa,n;paToM. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o

1
{.Fn} > , ' ,n;e 11epe3 {a} . II03Hal'.!eHO ,n;po6oBy 11aCTHHY 1'.!HCJia a.
2 "\Jn
12.31. * Iloc;ri,n;OBHiCTh (xn) 3a,n;OBOJihH.He YMOBH: xl E [O; 1] i
xn r 1 =cos xn ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix n E N. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh 36i)KHiCTh u;ie! IIOCJii,ZJ;OB-
HOCTl.
12.32.* <I>yHKII,i.H f ,n;HQ;>epeHII,iMOBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [-2; 2]. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh

iCHYBaHH.H TaKoro 3Ha11eHH.H x E [-2; 2], m;o f' ~x) < 1.

.. 1+ f (x)
12.33.* Ilpo ,n;11Q;>epeHII,IBOBHY Ha [1; 3] Q;>yHKII,iIO f Bi,n;OMO, m;o f (1) = 2,

f (2) = 3, f (3) = 1. ,ll;JIH ,llOBiJihHOro a E [ - ~; 1 J ,llOBe,11iTh icHyBaH-

HJI TaKoro x E [1; 3], m;o f' (x) =a.

1 . . ·. Ilpo ,n;HQ;>epeHII,iHOBHY Ha [1; 3] Q;>yHKII,iIO f Bi,n;OMO, m;o f (1) = 2,
f (2) =3, f (3) =1. ,ll;JIH ,llOBiJihHOro a E [-2; - ~] ,llOBe,lliTh icHyBaH-

HJI TaKoro x E [1; 3], m;o f' (x) =a.

12.35. * <I>yHKII,i.H f ,n;HQ;>epeHII,iMOBHa Ha [0; 1], f (0) = 0 i f (x) > 0
,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E (O; 1). ,Il;oBe,n;iTh icHyBaHHJI TaKoro x E (O; 1), m;o
f (x) < f' (x).

BM 3HaeTe, m;o KOJIH Q;>yHKII,i.H e KOHCTaHTOIO, TO 11 rroxi,n;Ha ,n;o-

piBHIOe HYJIIO. BHHHKae 3aIIHTaHH.H: .HKIIJ;O 4>YHKII,i.a f TaKa, m;o ,n;n.H
Bcix x 3 rrpoMi)KKY I BHKOHyeThC.H piBHiCTh f' (x) = 0, To 11H e Q;>yHK-
II,iJI f KOHCTaHTOIO Ha rrpoMi)KKY I?
3BepHeMOCJI ,n;o MexaHil:!HOl iHTeprrpeTaII,il.
. Hexa:H y = s (t) - 3aKOH pyxy MaTepiaJibHOl TOl'.!KH no KOOp,n;H-
HaTHiM rrp.HMiM . .HKm;o B 6y,n;h-.HKHM MOMeHT 11acy t Bi,n; tl ,n;o t2 BHKO-
lfYeTbCR piBHiCTh s' (t) = 0, TO rrpOT.HI'OM po3rJI.H,ZJ;yBaHoro rrpoMi)KKY
qacy MHTTeBa lIIBH,n;KiCTb ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO, T06TO TOl'.!Ka He pyxaeTbCR
i H Koop,n;HHaTa He 3MiHIO€ThCJL IJ;e 03Ha11ae, m;o Ha po3rJIH,n;yBaHoMy
rrpoMi)KKY Q;>yHKII,iJI y = s (t) € KOHCTaHTOIO.
IJ;i MipKyBaHHJI rri,n;Ka3yIOTh, m;o crrpaBe,n;JIHBOIO € TaKa TeopeMa.

132
---
13. 03HaKVI 3pOCTaHHs:! i cna,D,aHHs:! cpyHKLJ,i°I

Te op Ma 13 . 1 ( o 3H a Ka <l>YHKD;i 1) . HKU'10 01ui

c Ta JIO CT i
Bcix x 3 npoMi:HCKY I 6UKonyembCR pi6nicmb f' (x) = 0, mo <J>ynKl.fiR f
€ Koncmanmo10 na l.fbOMY npoMi:HCKY.

/I, 0 Be ae 1-l 1-l .fl. Hexali xl i x2 - ,ZJ;OBiJihHi 3Ha"CJ:eHH5I apryMeHTY

<PYHKII,il f, y3.aTi 3 npoMiJKKY I, rrpHqoMy x 1 < x 2 •
OcKiJihKH [x 1 ; x 2 ] c I i <PYHKII,i.a f .n;:acpepeHII,ilioBHa Ha I, TO .n;JI.a
Bi.n;pi3Ka [xl; x2] BHKOHyJOTbC5I BCi YMOBH TeopeMH JlarpaHJKa. To.n;i
icHye TOqKa XO E (xl; x) TaKa, m;o
f (X2 ) - f (Xl )
1 ( ) _
f Xo - •
X2 -Xl

·
0 CKlJlbKH X E I , TO f' (X ) = 0 . 0 TJKe, f (x 2 ) - f (x 1 ) = 0. 3B1· ,._.,
rrcTxn
0 0
X2 -Xl

f (x2 ) = f (x1 ). YpaxoByroq:a, m;o qHcJia x 1 i x2 BH6paHo .n;oBiJihHHM

qHHOM, MOJKeMO spo6HTH BHCHOBOK: <PYHKII,iH f e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha
rrpoMiJKKY I . .A
Ha p:acyHKY 13 .1 so6paJKeHo rpacpiK .n;eHKo1 cPYHKII,il f, HK a
e ,ZJ;HcpepeHII,ilioBHOIO Ha rrpoMi:>KKY [a; b]. ~eii rpa<l>iK Mae TaKY
BJiacTHBiCTh: 6y.n;h-.aKa .n;oT:aqHa .n;o rpacpiKa yTBoproe rocTpHli KYT
3 .n;o.n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6CII,HC.
OcKiJihKH TaHreHc rocTporo KyTa e .n;o.n;aTHHM q:acJioM, TO KYTOBHli
Koe¢iII,ieHT 6y.n;h-.HK01 .n;oT:aqHo1 TaKO:>K e .n;o.n;aTHHM . To.n;i, BHXO.ZI;.H"t!H
3 reoMeTpHqHoro 3MiCTY noxi.n;Hol, MO:>KHa 3p06HTH TaKHH BHCHOBOK:
,ZJ;J15I 6y.n;h-.HKoro x E [a; b] BHKOHyeTbC.H HepiBHiCTb f I (x) > 0.
3 pHCYHKa 13 .1 BH,ZI;HO' m;o cpyHKII,i.H f 3pOCTae Ha posrJIH.n;YBaHOMY
npoMi:>KKY.

0 a b x 0 a b x
P:ac. 13.1 PHc. 13.2

Ha p:acyHKY 13.2 306pa:>1<eHo rpa<l>iK .n;e.HK01 cPYHKII,il f, .HKa

e .n;:a<t>epeHn;ilioBHOIO Ha rrpoMi:>KKY [a; b ]. By.n;h-HKa .n;oT:aqHa .n;o
rpa¢iKa yTBoproe Tyrr:ali KYT 3 .n;o.n;aTHHM Harrp.HMOM oci a6cn;:ac.
OcKiJihKH TaHreHc Tynoro KyTa e Bi.n;'eMHHM qJJcJioM, TO KYTOBHli
Koe<Pin;ieHT 6y.n;b-m<o1 .n;oTH"CJ:Ho1 TaKo:>K e Bi.n;'eMHHM. To.n;i .ZI;JIH 6y.n;h-
HKoro x E [a; b] BHKOHyeTbC.H HepiBHiCTb f' (x) < 0.

133
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta '1'1· 3aCTOCyBaHHH

3 PHCYHKa 13. 2 BH,D;HO' m;o cpyHKII;iH f crra,n;ae Ha posrJIH,D;YBaHOMY

rrpoMbKKy.
IJ;i rrpHKJia,D;H IIOKa3yroTb, m;o 3HaK rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKII;il Ha ,n;e.flKO-
MY rrpoMimKy I rroB' .fl3aHHH 3 THM, qH e n;a cpyHKII;i.fl 3pocTaroqoro
( crra,n;Horo) Ha rrpoMimKy I.
3B'5130K MiJK 3HaKOM rroxi,n;HOl Ta 3pOCTaHHRM (crra,n;aHH.flM) cpyHK-
u;il MOJKHa BHHBHTH i sa ,n;orroMororo MexaHiqHoY iHTeprrpeTan;iL HKm;o
illBH,n;KiCTb, T06To rroxi,n;Ha ciJYHKII;il y = s (t), € ,n;o,n;aTHOIO, TO ToqKa
0 s(t) v(t) > 0 Ha KOOp,n;HHaTHiH IIp51MiH pyxa€TbC51
-1t====:::::::==..._-~----t...
~ BrrpaBo (p:ac. 13.3). IJ;e 03Haqae, m;o 3 He-
piBHocTi tl < t2 BHIIJIHBa€ HepiBHiCTb
:P:ac. 13.3
S (t1 ) < S (t2 ), T06TO cpyHKII;i.fl y =S (t)
€ 3pOCTaIO"t!OIO. A.HaJiori"t!HO, HKID;O IDBH,n;KiCTb € Bi,n;'€MHOIO, TO TO"t!-
Ka pyxa€TbC51 BJiiBO, T06TO cpyHKII;iR y = s (t) € crra,n;HOIO.
3B'H30K MiJK 3HaKOM rroxi,n;HOl Ta 3pOCTaHH51M (cna,n;aHHHM) cpyHK-
u;il ycTaHOBJIIOIOTb TaKi TeopeMH.

TeopeMa 13 . 2 (o3HaKa 3pocTaHHJ1 <l>YHKn;fi) . HKUfO

iJna 6cix x a npoMimKy I 6UKonyembca nepiBnicmb f' (x) > 0, mo
<jJynKtfiR f 3pocmae na tf bOMY npoMimKy.
TeopeMa 13. 3 ( 03HaKa cna.zi;aHHJI <l>YHKn;il). HKUfO iJna
Bcix x a npoMimKy I 6UKonyembca nepi6nicmb f' (x) < 0, mo <jJynK-
tfiR f cnaiJae na tf bOMY npoMimKy.

,D;oBe,n;eMO TeopeMy 13.2 (TeopeMy 13.3 ,D;OBO,D;RTb aHaJiorilIHO).

/( 0 8 ea e 1i 1i JI,. Hexa:H: XI i x2 - ,n;oBiJibHi 3HaqeHH51 apryMeHTY
cpyHK:u;il f, y3HTi 3 rrpoMimKy I, npHqoMy x 2 > x 1 •
OcKiJibKH [x 1 ; x 2 ] c I i cpyHKD;i.fl f ,n;:acpepeHu;ilioBHa Ha I, TO ,n;JIR
Bi,n;pi3Ka [xl; x2] BHKOHYIOTbC.fl BCi YMOBH TeopeMH JiarpaHma. To,n;i
icHye TO"t!Ka XO E (xl; x2) TaKa, m;o
'( )_f(x2 ) - f(x 1 )
f Xo - •
X2 -XI

f(x 2 )-f(x)
1
Oc:KiJibKH x0 E I, TO f' (x0 ) > 0. OT.me, > 0. To,n;i 3 He-
X2 -Xl

piBHOCTi x2 > xl BHIIJIBBae HepiBHicTb f (x2) > f (xl), T06TO cpyHKII;iH f

spocTae Ha I. A
1
Harrp:aKJia,n;, posrJIRHeMo <PYHKn;iro f (x) = fx. OcKiJibKH f' (x) = r
2....; x
x E (O; +oo), TO 3 TeopeMH 13.2 BHIIJIHBae, m;o cpyHKII;iH
,D;JI.fl Bcix
f (x) =f-; 3pOCTa€ Ha npoMiJKKY (O;+oo).
134
 13. 03HaKV1 3pOCTaHHH i cnaAaHHH cpyHKU,i'i

Bo,n;Ho-ciac TeopeMa 13.2 He ,n;o3BOJu1e CTBep,n;.myBaTH, m;o cpyHKrt;iH

f (x) = £ 3pOCTae Ha rrpoMi.IKKY [O; +oo). ¥3ara.rri, HKm;o cpyHKII;iH f
BH3Ha-cieHa Ha npoMi.IKKY [a;+oo) i ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E (a;+oo) BHKOHY€TbC.H
HepiBHiCTb f' (x) > 0, TO n;e He 03Ha-ciae, m;o BOHa
3pOCTae Ha npoMi.IKKY [a;+oo) (pHC. 13.4). y.
,ll;oBeCTH 3pOCTaHH.H <l>YHKII;il f (x) = Ha £
npoMi.IKKY [O;+oo) MO.IKHa 3a ,ll;OIIOMOI'OIO TaKOI'O
TBep,n;.meHHH: RKU{O <Pyn1C4iR f nenepepena
B mo1l4i a i OJlR Bcix x E (a;+oo) 8U1ConyembcR _____ ! ____________ ~
nepiBnicmb f' (x) > 0, mo <PynK4iJl f 3pocmae na 0: a x
npoMiJtC1CY [a;+oo). Pac. 13.4
BHKop:acToByro-ciH TeopeMy JiarpaH.ma, ,n;o-
Be,n;i Tb n;e TBep,n;.meHH.H caMOCTiHHO.
¥ TaKHH caMHH crroci6 MO.IKHa o6r'pyHTyBaTH 3pOCTaHH.H (crra,n;aH-
H.H) cpyHKD;il f Ha rrpoMi.IKKax iHmoro BH,n;y' HanpHKJIM Ha [a; b ),
( -oo; b], [a; b] .
.HKm;o ,n;HcpepeHn;iiioBHa Ha rrpoMimKy I cpyHKrt;i.H e 3pocTaroqoro
(crra,n;Horo), TO IIOMHJIKOBHM 6yJio 6 BBamaTH, m;o BOHa o6oB'.H3KOBO
Mae ,n;o,n;aTHY (Bi,n;'eMHY) rroxi,n;Hy Ha II;bOMY rrpoMimKy. HarrpHKJIM,
cpyHKrt;i.H y =x 3 e 3pocTaroqoro, a.rre ii rroxi,n;Ha B TO'tlII;i x 0 =0 ,n;opiB-
Hroe HYJIIO.

TeopeMa 13.4 (BJiaCTHBiCTh apocTaro1101 <}>yuKu;i1

i cna.zi;uo1 <}>yu10.1;11). HKUfO iJuijJepeK1.fiuo6na na np0Mi11CKY I
ijJynK1.fiJt f e 3pocmaro'ltoro (cnaiJnoro), mo iJna Bcix x E I 6UKony-
embcJt nepiBnicmb f' (x) ~ 0 (f' (x) ~ 0).
,[{ 0 8 ,Il;oBe,n;eMO TeopeMy ,ZJ;JI.H BHIIa,n;Ky, KOJIH cpyHKII;i.H f
e 0 e 1i 1i Ji.
€ 3pOCTa.IO'tlOIO (,n;JIH BHIIMKY, KOJIH <l>YHKD;i.H f € CIIMHOIO, ,n;oBe,n;eHHJI
aHa.rrori'tlHe).
Hexai1: x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TO'tlKa, HKa HaJie.IKHTb rrpoMimKy I. HMa-
MO apryMeHTY cpyHKII;il f rrpHpicT L).x = x - Xo y TO'tlrt;i XO. YpaxoByIO-
f (x 0 + ~x) - f (x 0 ) O
'tlH 3pocTaHHH cpyHKn;il f, oTpHMyeMo > . To My
~x
f(x 0 +~x)-f(x 0 )~
f
'( X )-l·
0 - lffi
llx-+0 ~X
:P' 0 .
.._
..

xs xa
nPMKnA.Q 1 ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, m;o cpyHKII;i.H f (x) = - + - + X -100 3pOCTa€
5 3
Ha MHOmHHi ,ZJ;IBCHHX 'iHCeJI.
4 2 4 2
Po3e'a3anna. MaeMo: f' (x) = x + x + 1. OcKiJihKH x + x +
+ 1 > 0 npH BCix x E ~' TO <l>YHKD;i.H f 3pOCTae Ha MHO.IKHHi ,n;iHCHHX
'tlHCeJI. e

135
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHfl

nPfllKJlA.Q 2 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMimKli 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H cpyHKD;i!:

2
1) f (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 - 9x + 1; 3 ) f(x)=x +4x-1;
x-1
3
2) f (x)=- x 4 +4x 3 -6x 2 +5;
4
4) f (x) = x 2 -3x. .J
Po36 Jl3annJl. 1) MaeMo: f' (x) = 3x + 6x - 9 = 3 (x
2
1
+ 3) (x - 1).
,IJ;ocJii,ZJ;MBIIIli 3HaK rroxi,n;HOl MeTO,ZJ;OM iHTepBaJiiB (pHC. 13. 5)
i BpaxyBaBIIIH HerrepepBHiCTh cpyHKIJ;il f y TO't!Kax x = -3 i x = 1,
OTpHMY€MO, r:u;o BOHa 3pOcTae Ha KO)KHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB (-oo; -3]
i [1; +oo) Ta crra,n;ae Ha rrpoMimKy [-3; 1].
2) MaeMo: f' (x) = -3x 3 + 12x 2 - 12x = -3x (x 2 - 4x + 4) =
= -3x (x - 2) 2 •
,IJ;ocJii,n;HBIIIH 3HaK rroxi,n;HOl (pHc. 13.6), ,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o
cpyHKIJ;i.H apocTae Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; O] i crra,n;ae Ha KomHoMy 3 rrpo-
MimKiB [O; 2] i [2;+oo), T06To crra,n;ae Ha rrpoMimKy [O; +oo).
3) MaeMo: D (f) = (-oo; 1) U (l; +oo ). 3HRliIIIOBIIIH rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK-
2
:u;il f, OTPHMY€MO: f' (x) = x -2x ~ 3 = (x + l)(x; 3).
(x-1) (x-1)

~
0 2 ~
-1 1 3
~

PHC. 13.5 PHC. 13.6 PHC. 13. 7

,IJ;ocJii,n;HMO 3HaK cpyHK:a;il y = f' (x) (pHc. 13. 7). 0Tme, ,n;aHa <l>YHK-
:u;i.H apocTae Ha KOmHoMy 3 rrpoMimKiB (-oo; -1] i [3; +oo) Ta crra,n;ae
Ha KO)KHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB [-1; 1) i (l; 3].
4) MaeMo D (f) = (-oo; O] U [3; +oo ). 3Haii,n;eMo rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;il f

Ha MHOm1rni (-oo; 0) U (3; +oo): f' (x) =(,.J x

2
-3x )' =
2
;x -
2
x -3x
3
• 3a-

yBamHMO, r:u;o B TO't!Kax x =0 Ta x =3 <l>YHKD;i.H f € HerrepepBHOIO.

HepiBHiCTh .J2x - 3 > 0 piBHOCHJihHa cHcTeMi

{2x - 3 > 0,
2
• 2 x 2 - 3x x - 3x > 0.
PoaB 'H3aBIIIH H, oTpHMyeMo, m;o MHOJK.HHoro poaB '.H3KiB poarJIH,n;y-
BaHo1 HepiBHOCTi € rrpoMimoK (3; +co).
,IJ;arri JierKO BCTaHOBHTH (3po6iTh :u;e CaMOCTiHHO), r:u;o MHOJK.HHOIO
2x-3
p03B'.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi <0 € rrpoMimoK (-oo; 0).
2 .Jx 2 - 3x

136
 13. 03HaKV1 3pocraHHfl i cnaAaHHfl cpyHKU.i'I

0TJKe, HKru;o x < 0, TO f' (x) < O; HKru;o

X > 3, TO f' (X) > 0 (pHC. 13.8). ~ 3
YpaxyBaBmH HerrepepBHiCTb cpyHKa;il f
y TOqKax 0 i 3, MOJKHa 3p06HTH BHCHOBOK:
PHc. 13.8
<l>YHKIJ;i.H f 3pOCTae Ha npoMiJKKY [3; +oo)
i cna,n;ae Ha npoMbKKY (-oo; O]. •
flKru;o <l>YHKIJ;i.H f e 3pOCTaIO't!OIO ( cna,n;HOIO), TO 3 piBHOCTi
f (a) = f (b) BHIIJIHBae, ru;o a = b. Po3rJIHHeMo npHKJia,n;, y HKOMY
BHKOpHCTOBYE:TbC.H u;eli cpaKT.
Po3B'HJKiTh cncTeMy piBHHHh
2
2 (x -y 2 ) =cos 2y-cos 2x,
1 1
Fx+ JY =6.
2 2
2x +cos 2x = 2y +cos 2y,
Po 3 8' Ji 3 an nJl. 3arrnmeMo:

2
Po3rJI.HHeMo <l>YHKu;iro f (t) = 2t + cos 2t. To,n;i rrepme piBH.HHHH
OTpHMaHOl CHCTeMH MOJKHa rro,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i f (x) = f (y).
3 ,n;pyroro piBHHHH.H cncTeMH BHIIJIHBae, ru;o x > 0 i y > 0. ToMy
6y,n;eMO po3rJIH,n;aTH <l>YHKIJ;iIO f Ha MHOJKHHi (O; +oo).
MaeMo: f' (t) = 4t - 2 sin 2t = 2 (2t - sin 2t).
Y nyHKTi 3 6yJio ,n;oBe,n;eHo, m;o t > sin t npn t > 0. To,n;i f' (t) > 0
rrp:a Bcix t E (O; +oo). 0TJKe, <l>YHKIJ;i.H f 3pocTae Ha (O; +oo). ToMy
3 piBHOCTi f (x) = f (y) OTpHMYE:MO, ru;o x = y.
1
x =y, X=-,
9
MaeMo:
1
Y --
- .
9

Bii)noeiiJb: ( ~; ~).
IIi,n; 'tlac ,n;oBe,n;eHHH HepiBHOCTeli 'tlacTo BHKopHCTOByIOTh MipKy-
BaHHH TaKOrO po,n;y: JlKW,O {}u<jJepe1-llltiU081-li 1-lll [a; +oo) </Jy1-lKllti'i fig
3a{}o80JLbHJl10mb yMoBu f (a)= g (a) i f' (x) > g' (x) {jJLJl Bcix x >a,
mo f (x) > g (x) {)JLJl Bcix x >a. CnpaB,n;i, po3rJI.HHeMo <l>YHKIJ;iIO
h (x) = f (x)- g (x), D (h) = [a; +oo). MaeMo: h (a)= f (a)-g (a)= 0.
OcKiJihKH h' (x) = f' (x)- g' (x) > 0 ,n;JIH Bcix x E (a; +oo) i <l>YHKD;i.H h
HerrepepBHa B TO't!IJ;i x 0 =a, To <l>YHKIJ;i.H h e 3pocTaIO't!OIO. ToMy

137
h (x) > h (a)= 0 ,D;JUI Bcix x >a, T06To f (x)- g (x) > 0 ,D;JIH BClX
x >a.
nP~KnA):l ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, ~O ,D;JIH BCiX X <1 BHKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh
9 5
x +4x<3+2x •
p 038'Jl3a1-l1-lJl. ,Il;JI.H ,n;oBe,n;eHHH ,n;aHOl HepiBHOCTi CKOpHCTaeMOCH
TaKHM TBep,n;meHHHM: JlKl40 ou<Pepe1-lijiU081-li 1-la ( -oo; a] <PY1-lKiji'i f
i g 3a0080JLb1-lJl10mb yM08U f (a)= g (a) i f' (x) > g' (x) OJLJl 8Cix x <a,
mo f (x) < g (x) OJLJl 8Cix x <a.
PoarJIHHeMo cpyHKIJ,il f (x) = x 9 + 4x i g (x) = 3 + 2x 5 • MaeMo
f (1) = g. (1). 06"tIHCJIHMO rroxi,n;Hi cpyHKIJ,iH f i g: f' (x) = 9x + 4,
8

g' (x) =10x 4 • PoarJIHHeMo HepiBHiCTh f' (x) > g' (x), T06To HepiBHiCTh
8 4
9x -10x +4>0. 9t 2 -10t+4 Mae Bi,n;'eMHHH
KBa,n;paTHHH TpHqJieH
8 4
,n;:acKpHMiHaHT. ToMy HepiBHiCTh 9x -10x + 4 > 0 BHKOHyeThCH rrpH
Bcix x E JR. 3Bi,n;cH f' (x) > g' (x) ,D;JI.H Bcix x < 1. ToMy npH x < 1 BH-
9 5
KOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh x + 4x < 3 + 2x • •
Y IJ,hOMy IIYHKTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 03HaKOIO CTaJIOCTi cpyHKIJ,il.
IJ;ro TeopeMy MOmHa BHKOPHCTOBYBaTH ,D;JIH ,n;oBe,n;eHHH TOTOmHOC-
TeH. TaK, HK~o B,n;aJiocH BCTaHOBHTH, ~o noxi,n;Ha cpyHKII;il f Ha
rrpoMimKy I ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO i ,D;JIH ,n;eHKoro x0 E I BHKOHyeThC.H
piBHiCTh f (x 0 ) =A, TO THM caMHM ycTaHOBJieHo, ~o f (x) =A ,n;JIH
BCiX X E J.

np~KJ1A.Q ,Il;JIH BCiX XE (-1; 1) ,D;OBe,n;iTh TOTOmHiCTh

. 2x
2 arc t g x = arcs1n 2
•
l+x
1
Po 3 8 .;i3a1-l1-l Jl. Po3rJIHHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO
2
f(x)=2arctgx-arcsin x 2
, D(f)=(-1;1).
l+x
MaeMo:

--;:::==
1
==2={~: 2 )'
2
2 l+x
f' (x) = 2 2
= 1+ x 2 ---;::::===== x
l+x 2 2 2
_ 4x )(1 + x ) -4x
1
(1 + x2)2
2 2 2 2
2 (1 + x ) - 4x 2 1+ x • 2 (1- x ) =
x 2 2
---2 2 2 0•
(1 + x ) 1+ x ~(l - x 2 ) 2 (l+x )
0Tme, cpyHKIJ,iH f (x) e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha (-1; 1). 3HaHTH u;ro KOH-
CTa.HTY MOmHa, o6qHCJIHBillH 3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHKII;il f y «3pyqHiH » TO"t!-
:a;i rrpoMimKy (-1;1). HanpHKJia,n;, f (0) = 0.
138
 13. 03HaKV1 3pOCTaHHH i cnaAaHHH cpyHKU,i°i

Bnpae~
0

13.1. 3HaH,ZJ;iTh npoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH i crra,n;aHHH <l>YHKn;il:

2
1) f (x) = x 2 + 4x - 7; 4) f (x) = x4 - 2x - 3;
2) f (x) = 2x 3 - 3x 2 + 1; 5) f (x) = x 3 + 4x - 8;
1
3) f (x) = -x 3 + 9x 2 + 21x; 6) f(x)=-x 4 -8x+9.
4
• : 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMiJKKH apocTaHHH i crra,n;aHHH <l>YHKn;il:
1) f (x) = -x 2 + 6x - 5;
2) f (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 - 9x;

3) f (x) =.!.x4 -2x 2 +1;

4
4) f (x) = x 4 + 4x - 20.
13.3. 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH i cna,n;aHHH cpyHKn;il:
0

2 9
1) f (x) = x4 - 4x 3 + 4x - 1; 5) f (x)=x+-;
x
2
1 4 1 3 x -3
2) f(X)=-X --X -7; 6) f (x) = ;
4 3 x+2
2
1 10
3) f (x)=-x 5 - - x 3 +9x-6; 7) f (x) = x - 2x + 1 ;
5 3 3-x
2 x
4) f (x) = x 2 + -; 8) f (x) = 2
•
x x -9
: 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH i CIIB.,ZJ;aHHH cpyHKn;il:
1) f (x) = 3x4 - 20x 3 + 36x 2 - 4;
4
2) f (x) =9 + 4x 3 - x ;

3) f (x) = 2x -9;
x-5
2
4) f(x)=x +5x;
x-4
12
5) f(x)=3x+-2 ;
x
x2
6) f (x) = •
x 2 -4
13.5. Ha pHcyHKY 13. 9 ao6pa:>KeHo rpa<PiK rro-
0

xi,n;Ho1 cpyHKn;il f, ,n;HcpepeHn;i:HoBHo1 Ha IR.

YKaJKiTh rrpoMiJKKH crra,n;aHHH <PYHKn;il f. PHc. 13.9

139
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHH5l

13.6.° Ha pMCYHKY 13.10 306paJKeHo rpa<l>iK Y~ y = f(x)

<l>YHKD;il y = f (x), ,n;:a<t>epeHn;ilioBHo1 Ha IR.
Cepe,n; HaBe,n;eHHX Ha pHCYHKY 13 .11 rpa<l>iKiB
yKaJKiTb TOH, .HKHH MOJKe 6yTH rpa<l>iKOM
<l>YHKD;il y = f' (x).
PHC. 13.10

a 6 6 z
PHC. 13.11

1 7 ° Ha pHCYHKY 13 .12 306paJKeHo rpa<l>iK

Yi
noxi,n;Ho1 <l>YHKII;il f, ,n;H<l>epeHn;ilioBHOl Ha IR.
YKaJKiTb rrpoMiJKKH 3pocTaHH.H <l>YHKn;i1 f. 1-

13.8.
0
Ha pHcyHKY 13 .13 3o6paJKeHo rpa<l>iKH I\ u J x
rroxi,n;HHX <l>YHKII;iH f' g i h, ,n;H<l>epeHD;iHOB-
\ ...,,,,,/'
,...
~ !./
y ,... ' UXJ
HHX Ha IR • .HKa 3 <l>YHKn;iM: f, g, h cna,n;ae Ha
Bi,n;pi3Ky ( -1; 1]? PHC. 13.12

IY IY I Y1~
y- UX) Y- n l· i;J II'
~ I /
' \
- 'l""
'l y ~ - ~ ·~
-
"\. u
-- 1!'-._ ,_ v 11
-
I/ -
x / -
J

-
!\ x
~

U\
\
l
r
fl#"!:
-- - ,;{,

l
' ~ ~
\
a 6 6

PHC. 13.13
J Ha pHCYHKY 13.14 306paJKeHo rpa<l>iKH rroxi,n;HHX <l>YHKn;iM: f,
g i h . .HKa 3 <l>YHKII;ili f, g, h crra,n;ae Ha IR?

YI y = h'(x)
/ f = g'(x)
of ~ ~
PHc. 13.14

140
 13. 03HaKV1 3pocraHHS1 i cnagaHHS1 cpyHKU,i°I

0
13.10. ,ZJ;oBe,n;iTb, m;o <l>YHKIJ;iH crra,n;ae Ha MHO)KHHi ,n;iHCHHX lfHCeJI:
1 1
1) f(x)=6 - x+-x 2 --x 3 ;
2 3
2) f (x) = -2x
3
+ 2x 2
- 10x + 80;
3) f (x) = sin 2x - 3x.
,ZJ;oBe,n;iTb, ru;o <l>YHKD;i.H 3pOCTae Ha MHO)KHHi ,n;ii1:CHHX 't!HCeJI:
1) f (x) = 10x3 - 9x 2 + 24x - 90;
2) f (x) = cos 3x + 4x.
13.12: 3Hai1:,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHHH i crra,n;a.HHH cpyHKu;il:
1) f (x) = x .J2. +sin x;
2) f (x) = x - cos x;

3) y =cos x + - -.
x .J3
2
3Hai1:,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H <l>YHKII;il:
1) f (x) = sin x - x;

2) f (x) = x J2 -sin x;
2

3) f (x) = sin 2 x - x .
2
13.14: 3Haii,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOcTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H <l>YHKu;il:
2
1) f(x)=.Jx +4x;
3Hali,n;i Tb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHHH cpyHKu;il

f(x)=.Jx 2 -1.
13.16: Ha pHcyHKY 13.15 306pameHo rpacpiKH cpyHKu;i:H fig, BH3Ha-
't!eHHX Ha JR. BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H u;i rpacpiKH, po3B'HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) f X) ~ 0; 2) g' (X) ~ 0 •
I (

u 1 = c. {'I \ Y.
, '
" j \-
--..... ~ 11 I:= ft tr' -- ~"
I~ .
:;?
v 1.
~ '
~
.,. , ~I
~
~
" I
I
1
\
·~
,. ( ;:;;. ,. I .L
"' ~
~.
\ ..
\\
\
'y
'() ' x
\ I'
H \1
-
' ~d
I '
\
a 6
PRC. 13.15

141
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHHH

1 . .• Ha pRCyHKY 13 .16 306pameHo rpa<}>iKR <}>ynK:a;ili f i g, BR-

3Hat.Ien:ax Ha ~. B:a1<op:acTOBYIO"C£R 1x, po3B'.amiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) f, (x) ~ 0; 2) g' ( x) < 0.
I
u l U,
- .;, /" ~
.........
I'...
71
v I
1 .... •

......
I ' I
I
\
\
71
v
- {fj 1-v ~
"''
,
r\. ,_.,.. ....
~
\ ..
.1.
I l.
J
,_

'\ l/ \O
\~
I 11"

,,
VI /
'.I
¥ /

J I
1
a 6
PRC. 13.16

13.18.• <l>yHK:a;i.a f nerrepepBHa Ha rrpoMimKy I i ,n;:a<}>epen:a;ilioBHa Ha

MHom:ani I \ {x 0 }, ,n;e x 0 - ,n;e.aKa TOt.IKa, HKa Ha.rremRTb rrpoMim-
KY I. Bi,n;oMo, ~o f' (x) = 0 ,n;JIH Bcix x EI\ {x0 }. -crn MOmHa CTBep-
,n;myBaTR, ~o <l>YHKD;i.H f e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha npoMimKy I?
13.19: 3nali,n;iTb rrpoMimKR 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHHH <l>YHK:a;il
f (x) = tg x - 2x.
13.2 3Hali~iTb rrpoMimKR 3pOcTaHH.H i CIIa,ll;aHH.H <l>YHK:U:il
f (x) = ctg x + 4x.
13.21.. IlpH .HKRX 3Hat.IeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a e 3pOCTaIOt.IOIO <}>ym<:a;i.a:
1) y = x 3 - ax; 3) y=-2.Jl-x +ax;
xa
2) y = 3 sin 4x +ax; 4) y=-+2(a+l)x 2 -9x-4?
3
• • IlpH .HKHX 3Hat.IeHHHX rrapaMeTpa a e CIIa,ll;HOIO <}>yHK:a;i.a:
l)y=ax-x 5 ; 3) y=-2.Jx+3+ax;
3 2
x ax
2) y =2 4) y=--+--4x+21?
cos 3x +ax;
3 2
5
13.23:· PoaB'HmiTh piBHHHHH x + 4x +cos x = 1.
1a.24:· PoaB '.amiTb piBHHHH.H x 3 + 6x + 2 .J10 + x = cos nx.
x - y = sin x - sin y,
13.25:· PoaB'.amiTb c:acTeMy piBHHHb {
3x+4y=7.
2x-2y =cosy- cos x,
1 .2 . Po3B'.amiTh c:acTeMy piBHHHb {
x+y=B.
142
13.27:· Po3B'HmiTh HepiBHiCTh x 7 + 3x > 2x4 + 2 .
.2s:· PoaB'HmiTh HepiBHicTh x 5
+ 4x < 2x 3 + 3.
2
13.29:· ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb cos x ~ 1- ~.
2

13.30:· ,[\oBeAiTh HepiBHicTh x < tg x, 11e x E( O; ;).

I

13.31. ,[\oBeAiTh HepiBHiCTh tg x > x + x: l\JISI Bcix x E ( O; ;}

13.32:· ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb arctg x < x ,ZJ;JIH BCix x > 0.
3.33. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb arcsin x > x ,ZJ;JIH BCiX x E (O; 1].
13.34:· ,[\oBeAiTh HepiBHiCTh tg x + sin x > 2x l\JISI Bcix x E ( O; ; ).

3.35 •• ,[\0Be11iTh HepiBHiCTh tg x + 2 sin x > 3x l\JISI Bcix x E ( O; ; ).

13.36:· ,I.l;oBe,n;iTb TOTOmHiCTb:

1) arctg x =arcsin -J x 2
; 2) arccos x = 2 arccos ~.
l+x
13.37 :· ,ll;oBe,n;iTb TOTOmHiCTb:

1) arcsin x = arctg -J x ;
1-x2
13.38.•• IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX napaMeTpa c cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = (c - 12) x 3 + 3 (c - 12) x 2 + 6x + 7
apocTae Ha IR?
13.39 .• IlpH HKHX 3Ha'leHHHX napaMeTpa a <l>YHKD;iH
2
y =(a + 3) x 3 + 3 (a + 3) x - 5x + 12
cna,n;ae Ha IR?
13.40:· 3HaH,ZJ;iTb yci 3Ha'leHHH napaMeTpa b, npH KOJKHOMY 3 HKHX
cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = sin 2x - 8 (b + 2) cos x - ( 4b 2 + 16b + 6) x
cna,n;ae Ha IR.
13.4 .• 3Hali,n;iTb yci 3Ha"tieHH$J napaMeTpa a, npH KOmHOMY 3 HKHX
cpyHKD;iH
f (x) =sin 2x - 8 (a + 1) sin x + (4a 2 + Ba - 14) x
3pocTae Ha IR.
13.42.·· IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX napaMeTpa a <PYHKD;iH
f (x) = sin x - a sin 2x - !. sin 3x + 2ax
3
apocTae Ha IR?

143
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'i'I 3acrocyBaHH5l

13.43 ••• IIpH HKHX 3HaqeHHHX rrapaMeTpa a <l>YHKIJ;iH

f (x) = _!. sin 3 x - sin x (a + cos x) + (1- 2a) x - 2
3
crra,n;ae Ha IR?
13.44.* ,[(oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTb
sin A + sin B + sin C + tg A + tg B + tg C > 2n,
,n;e A, B, C - KYTH rocTpoKyTHoro TpHKYTHHKa .

13.45.* CrrpocTiTh BHpas arccos x-arctg

.J1-x 2
.
x
13.~
J6
. · CrrpocTiTh BHpas arctg x + arctg--. 1-x
l+x

13.47.* IIopiBHHHTe 3Ha'IeHHH BHpasiB _2:_ sin~ i ~sin ___2:_,

100 101 101 100
13.4 • ·. IIopiBHHHTe sHatieHH.H BHpa3iB __!:._ tg __!:._ i __!:._ tg __!:._.
~- 20 21 21 20
13.49.* 3Hali,n;iTb yci TaKi <l>YHKIJ;il f, m;o ,lJ;JI.H BCiX ,n;iliCHHX x i y BH-
KOHY€TbCH HepiBHiCTh If (x)-f (y) I~ (x-y)
2
•

13.50. * 3Haii,n;iTh yci TaKi ,n;H<t>epeHn;ilioBHi Ha IR <l>YHKr:t;il f, m;o ,n;JIH

Bcix ,n;iHCHHX x i y BHKOHY€TbC.H piBHiCTb f (x) + f (y) = f (x + y).
13.51. *IIpo ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHY Ha IR <1>YHKIJ;iIO f BiAOMO, m;o f' (x0 ) > 0.
"CJH o6oB' .H3KOBO 3Hali,n;eThCH TaKHH 8-oKiJI TO"CfKH Xo' m;o <l>YHK-
u;i.H f € 3pOCTaroqoro B D;bOMY OKOJii?

3HaHOMJI.H't!HCh 3 TaKHMH IIOHHTTHMH HK rpaHHIJ;.H i HerrepepBHiCTb

<l>YHKu;il B Toqu;i, MH )J;OCJii,n;myBaJIH IIOBep;iHKY <t>YHKIJ;il rro6JIH3Y u;ie!
TO't!KH a6o, .HK rrpHHHHTO roBOpHTH, B 11 OKOJii.

Oa a 11 HHSI. IHTepBaJI (a; b), HKHil MiCTHT:b TO'llKY x 0 , Ha3HBaIOTL

0 OJIO TO'IKH x 0 •

3posyMirro, m;o 6y,n;h-.HKa ToqKa Mae 6e3Jiiq oKoJiiB. HarrpHKJia,n;,

rrpoMimoK (-1; 3) - o,n;HH s OKOJiiB ToqKH 2,5. PasoM 3 IJ;HM u;eli
rrpoMiJKOK He e OKOJIOM TOqKH 3.
Ha pHCYHKY 14 .1 so6pameHo rpa<t>iKH 't!OTHphox <l>YHKu;ili. Y ci u;i
<l>YHKu;il MaIOTb crriJihHY oco6JIHBiCTb: icHye OKiJI ToqKH XO TaKHH, m;o
,lJ;JIH Bcix x is IJ;bOro OKOJIY BHKOHY€TbCH HepiBHiCTh f (xo) ~ f (x).

144
 14. TOYKV1 eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKU,i'i

a HalleHHH. To11Ky x Haa11BaIOTL T011Koro MaKCHMYMY <}>yHK-

0
u;il f' mcm;o icuy€ OldJI T011Kll XO TaKHH, m;o ,ll;JIH BCix x ia D;LOro OKOJIY
BHKOlfY€TLCH uepiBHiCTL f <xo> ~ f (x ).

Yi I Y+
I
I
I
I
I

____ .._
I I
I I
__ l_
--l--
o: I XO x o: I XO

Pnc. 14.1

7t
HarrpMKJia,n;, TO'tfKa x 0 = -
2 Yi
e TO'tfKOIO MaKCMMYMY <l>YHKD;il
y = Slil X (pMC. 14.2). IlHIDYTb
7t
xmax = -.
2
Pnc. 14.2
Ha pMcyHKY 14.1 x max = x 0 •

03 a 11eHHH. To11Ky XO Ha3HBaIOTL TO'IKOIO MiHiMyMy <}>yu1ui;il f,

HKIIJ;O icHy€ OKiJI TO'IKH XO TaKHH, m;o ,ll;JIH BCix x ia D;LOro OKOJIY BH-
KOHY€TLCH HepiBHiCTL f <xo> ~ f (x).

HarrpMKJia,n;, T01lKa x 0 = - n e TOl!KOro MiHiMyMy <PYHKD;il y =sin x

2
7t
(pMC. 14.2). IlMIDYTb Xmin = --.
2

Ha pMcyHKy 14.3 so6pameHo rpa<PiKM <PYHKII;ili, ,n;JIH HKMX x 0

€ TOlfKOIO MiHiMyMy, T06TO X min
. = X •
0

Yi I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
--l J.:>i--0 ----~ - - l - ...u----o- ~
O',I XO x o: I
x0 x
PHC. 14.3

TollKH MaKCMMYMY i MiHiMyMy MaIOTb crriJibHY HasBy: !x Ha3MBa-

IOTb T011KaMH eKCTpeMyMy <l>YHKD;ll (Bi,n; JiaTMHCbKOro extremum
KpaMHiii).

145
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHH

Ha pHcyHKY 14.4 TO"tJKH x ,

1
x2, x3, x4, x ,
5
x6 e TO"tJKaMH eKcTpe-
MYMY cpyHKD;il f.

y
y

0 0 x
P:ac. 14.4 P:ac. 14.5

3 03Ha"tJeHh TO"tJOK MaKCHMYMY i MiHiMyMy BHllJIHBae' m;o TO"tJKH

eKCTpeMyMy e BHyTpimHiMH TO"tJKaMH 1 o6JiaCTi BH3Ha"tJeHH.H cpyHK:a;iL
ToMy, HanpHKJia.,n;, TOtJKa x = 0 He e TO"tJKOIO MiHiMyMy cpyHK:a;il
0
y = Fx (pHC. 14.5), a TOtJKa XO= 1 Hee TOlJKOIO MaKCHMYMY cpyHK-
:a;il y = arcsin x (pHc. 14.6). PaaoM 3 THM HaliMeHme 3HatJeHH.H

cpyHKD;il y= Fx Ha MHOJKHHi [O; +oo) ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO, T06To

min
[O; +oo)
Fx = JO = 0, a max arcsin
[- 1;1)
x = arcsin 1 = n.
2

Y y= arcsin x

2 0
P:ac. 14.6 P:ac. 14. 7

Ha pHcyHKY 14. 7 306pameHo rpacpiK ,n;e.HK01 cpyHK:a;il f, .HKa Ha

npoMiJKKY [xl; x2] e KOHCTaHTOIO.
To"tJKa x 1 e TO"tJKOIO MaKCHMyMy, TOtJKa x - MiHiMyMy, a 6y,n;h-
2
.H~a TOtJKa iHTepBaJIY (xl; x2) e O,ll;HO"tJaCHO .H.K TO"tJKOIO MaKCHMyMy,
TaK i TOlJKOIO MiHiMyMy cpyHKD;il f.
3ayBaJKHMO, r:a;o TaKOJK 6YBae ,n;o:a;iJihHHM BH,ZJ;iJI.HTH TOtJKY cmpo-
zoeo MaKCUMYMY' T06To TaKY TOtJKY Xo' ,ll;JIB: .HKOl icHye npoKOJIOTHH
8-oKiJI TaKHH, r:a;o ,ll;JI.H BCiX x i3 D;hOro rrpOKOJIOTOro 8-0KOJIY BHKOHY-

ToqKy x0 E M Haa:aBaIOTb Bnympiuu-tb010 T0'1KOIO MHO.iKRHH M, HKm;o

icHye OKiJI T0'1KH XO, .HKliH e IIi.ZJ;MHO»<HHOIO MHO»<HHli M.
146
 14. TOYKVI eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKL.1,i'I

eThCH crrpora HepiBHiCTh f (x0 ) > f (x). A.HaJioriqHo 03HaqruoTh i ToqKy

cmpozozo MiniMyMy. HarrpHKJia,n;, Ha pHcyHKY 14.4 KOJI<Ha ToqKa
MaKCHMyMy (MiHiMyMy) e TaKom ToqKoro CTpororo MaKCHMyMY (Mi-
HiMyMy). Ha pHCYHKY 14. 7 JKO,D;Ha 3 TOlJOK Bi,n;pi3Ka [ xl; X2] He e Toq -
KOlO CTpororo Ma.KCHMYMY a6o CTpororo MiHiMYMY.
I'pacpiKH cpyHK.a;Hi, 306pameHHX Ha pHCYHKaX 14.8 i 14.9, Il0-
Ka3yl0Th, ~o TQqKH eKCTpeMyMy MOJKHa rro,n;iJIHTH Ha ,n;Ba BH,D;H:
Ti, y .HKHX rroxi,n;Ha ,n;opiBHroe HyJiro (Ha pHCYHKY 14.8 ,n;oTHqHa ,n;o
rpacpiKa B TOlID;i 3 a6c.a;Hcoro XO e ropH30HTa.JlhHOlO npHMOIO ), 1 Tl,
y HKHX cpyHKD;i.H He,n;HcpepeH.a;iliOBHa (pHC. 14. 9).

I
y·m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--+------------~
yrv: .
--,------L-------.....
Y•
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

--i------~------- .....
Y•I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•

--~-------L------
I

.....
0: X0 X O: XO x 0: X0 X 0: X0 X

a 6 a 6
PHC. 14.8 PHc. 14.9

,Il;ilicHo, crrpaBe,n;JIHBoro e Ta.Ka TeopeMa.

TeopeMa 14 . 1 . HXUfO x 0 e mo"1£xo10 excmpeMyMy f/Jynx"Uji"i f, mo

a6o f' (x0) = 0, a6o f/Jynx"UjiJt f ne e iJuq,epen"UjiiioBnoro 6 m0"1£1'ji x 0 •

CrrpaBe,n;JIHBiCTh .a;iei TeopeMH BHIIJIHBae 3 TeopeMH cJ>epMa.

BHHHKae rrpHpo,n;He 3arrHTaHHH: qH o6oB' .H3KOBO e TOl!Koro eKc-
TpeMyMy BHyTpiIIIH.H TO"CJKa o6JiacTi BH3HalJeHHH cpyHK.a;il, y .HKili
rroxi,n;Ha ,n;opiBHroe HyJiro a6o He icHye?
Bi,n;rroBi,n;h Ha .a;e aanHTaHHH 3arrepel!Ha.
HanpHKJia,n;, Ha pHcyHKY 14.10 306pameHo rpacpiK <PYHK.a;il, He,n;H-
cpepeH.a;ilioBHoi B TO"CJD;i XO. IlpoTe TO"t!Ka XO He e TOqKOlO eKCTpeMyMy.

Y•
I
I
I
y! I
I
I
Y = x3
I I

---- . _____ ..,..

I I I
I I I
I I
I I
I o: x
--~------~------- .....
I
I
01
I
x0 x I
I

PHc. 14.10 PRC. 14.11

HaBe,n;eMo ~e o,n;HH rrpHKJia,n;. ,I.(JI.H cpyHK.a;i1 f (x) = x MaeMo:

3

f' (x) = 3x 2 • To,n;i f' (0) = 0. IlpoTe ToqKa x 0 = 0 He e TO"CJKoro eKc-

TpeMyMy cpyHKD;il f (pHC. 14.11).

147
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3aCTocysaHHfl

II;i rrpMKJia,n;R IIOKa3yIOTh, m;o piBHiCTh HYJIIO noxi,n;HOl B TOtI:a;i XO

a6o He,n;n<t>epeH:a;iliOBHiCTh cPYHKU.il B u.ili TOtIU.i e Heo6xi,n;HOIO, ane He
,ZJ;OCTaTHhOIO YMOBOIO icHyBaHH.H eKCTpeMyMy B TOtIU.i XO.
0 a Haq e H Ha • BHyrpimHi TO'IKH o6JiacTi BH3Ha'!eHHH fj;>yHKn;fi,
y HKHX noxi,n;ua ,n;opiBH10€ HYJIIO a6o He icHy€, Ha3HBalOTL KpHTHq-
BHMH TOqKaMH fl>YHKIJ;ll.
HanpMKJia,n;, TO"t!Ka x 0 = 0 e KPHTM"t!HOIO TO"t!KOIO cPYHKn;ili y = x 3

i y = Ix I; TO"t!Ka x 0 = rr e KpHTMtIHOIO TOtIKOIO cPYHK:a;ii y = sin x.

2
13 CKa3aHoro BMm;e BHIIJIHBae, m;o KO'JIC1ia
mOl/,Ka eKcmpeMyMy f/JY1iKqii° € fi KpumU1l1i010
mottK010, npome ne KO'JIC1ia Kpumul(,1ia mottKa
€ mOl/,K010 eKcmpeMyMy. IHIIIHMH cnoBaMH,
mol/,KU eKcmpeMyMy CJlio wyKamu cepeo Kpu-
mutt1iux mottoK. IJ;eli <t>aKT rrpoinrocTpoBa.Ho Ha
pHCYHKy 14.12.
Ha pncyHKY 14 .13 306pameHo rpa<t>iKH
PRC. 14.12
cPYHKU.iH, ,ZJ;JI.H .HKHX X 0 e KpHTHtIHOIO TO"t!KOIO.
Ha pncyHKax 14.13, a-i KPliTM"t!Ha TO"t!Ka x 0 e TOtIKOIO eKCTpe-
MyMy, Ha pRCYHKaX 14.13, (, 0 KpMTM"t!Ha TOtIKa x 0 He e TO"t!KOIO
eKCTpeMyMy.

y y

IT\ --.
0 a XO b x

a 6 8

v ..
y y y

I
I
I
-0m-.- o--.
. 0 a XO bx Q a X
0
b X
~---o --.
bx
i r
PHc. 14.13

Ha.HBHiCTh eKcTpeMyMy cPYHK:a;ii B TO"t!U.i x 0 rroB '.H3aHa 3 noBe-

,n;iHKOIO cPYHKU.il B OKOJii :a;ie! TO"t!KH. TaK, ,ZJ;JI.H cPYHKU.ili, rpacpiKH

148
 14. TOYKVI eKcrpeMyMy ¢YHKt..d.i

HKHX so6pa:>KeHo Ha pMcym<ax 14.13, a-z, MaeMo: cpyHKD;i.H .

(cna,z:i;ae ) Ha npoMiJKKY (a; x 0 ] i r {3pocTae ) Ha npoMiJKKY [x 0 ; b).
<l>yHKJ.J,il, rpacpiKH .HKHX 306pameHO Ha pMCYHKaX 14.13, (, O,
TaKOl BJiaCTHBOCTi He MaIOTh: nepIIIa 3 HHX 3pOCTae Ha KOJKHOMY
3 npoMiJKKiB (a; x 0 ] i [x 0 ; b), ,n;pyra cna,n;ae Ha II,HX npoMiJKKax.
¥ saraJii, .HKII~O o6JiaCTh BH3Ha-Y:eHH.H HenepepBHOl <l>YHKII,il po36HTO
Ha CKiH-Y:eHHY KiJihKj CTh npoMiJKKiB 3pOCTaHH.H i cna,n;aHH.H, TO JierKO
3HaHTH BCi TO"t!KH eKCTpeMyMy (pHC. 14.14) .

......
x

PHc. 14.14
BM sHaeTe, ~o sa ,n;orroMororo rroxi,n;Ho1 MOmHa 3Haxo,z:i;MTH npoMiJK-
KH 3pOCTaHH.H ( cna,n;aHHH) ,z:t;McpepeHII,iHOBHOl <l>YHKJ.J,iL ,Il;Bi TeopeMH,
HaBe,n;eHi HHJK"t!e, ITOKa3yIOTh, .HK sa ,l(OllOMOI'OIO IIOXi,l(HOl MO.iKHa
3HaXO,l(HTH TO-Y:KH eKCTpeMyMy <l>YHKII,iL

TeopeMa 14.2 (oaHaKa T0 1 1KH M KCHMYM <l>Y KIJ;ll).

H exau tJ>Y1t'1"1'1iJ£ f € iJutJ>epeu1'1iuo61t01Q na 1'03/CH,OMY 3 npoMi31CXi6
(a; x 0) i (x 0 ; b) i nenepep61t010 6 m01£1'1i x 0 • HKUfO iJna Bcix x E (a; x 0 )
6UX01tY€mbCJL 1tepi61ticmb f' (x) ~ 0, a iJna Bcix x E (x 0 ; b) 6UKony-
€mbCJL 1tepi6nicmb f' (x) ~ 0, mo mo11,xa x 0 e mo11,xo10 MaKcuMyMy
<}Jy1tK1'1i"i f (pMC. 14.13, a, 8).

TeopeMa 14.3 (oaua.Ka TO'IKH MiHiMyMy <l>YHKu;il).

H exau tJ>Y1tX1'1iR f € iJu<]Jepe1t1'1iU06H,01Q H,a 1'03/CH,OMY 3 npoMi31CKi6
(a; x 0 ) i (x 0 ; b) i nenepep61toro 6 mo1£1'1i x 0 • Hx~o iJna Bcix x E (a; x 0 )
6UK01tyembca 1tepiBnicmb f' (x) ~ 0, a iJna Bcix x E (x 0 ; b) 6UK01ty-
embca uepiBnicmb f' (x) ~ 0, mo mo11,xa x 0 e mo11,Ko10 MiftiMYMY
tJ>y1tX1'1i'i f (pHC. 14.13, 6, z).
,Il;oBe,l(eMO TeopeMy 14.2 (TeopeMy 14.3 ,l(OBO,l(.HTh aHa.JIOI'i"tJHO).
l( 0 8 ea e 1-l 1-l JI,. Hexali x - ,l(OBiJihHa TO"t!Ka rrpoMiJKKY (a; Xo). 3a
TeopeMOIO JlarpaHma ,l(JI.H <l>YHKII,il f Ha Bi,z:t;pi3KY [ x; Xo] MOJKHa sa-
IIHCaTH:
f (X 0 ) - f (X) = f' (C)'
x0 - X

,z:i;e c E (x; Xo). 3a YMOBOIO TeopeMH f' (c) ~ 0, TOMY f (xo) ~ f (x).
149
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHH

AHarroriqHo ,n;oBo,n;:aMo, m;o ,n;JI.H ,n;oBiJihHoro x E (x 0 ; b) TaKom BH-

KOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTb f (xo) ~ f (x). 0Tme, ,z:t;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKOrO x E (a; b)
BHKOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTh f (x ) >: f (x). TaKHM qHHOM, x0 - ToqKa
0
MaKCHMyMy . . .
lHKOJIH 3p~HO KOpHCTyBaTHC.H crrpom;eHHMH cpopMyJIIOBaHH.HMH
.flKWp npu nepexo()i 1lepea mo1lKY x 0 , y .flKiu <jJynK4i.fl
:a;Hx ,n;Box TeopeM:
e nenepepeno10, noxi()na 3Min10£ 3naK 3 nJl10ca na Minyc, mo x 0 -
mo1lKa MaKcuMyMy; .flKW;O noxiana 3Min10£ 3naK 3 Min yea na nJl10c,
mo XO - m01l1'a Mi1iiMYMY.
3asHaqHMO, m;o BHMora HerrepepBHOCTi <l>YHKD;il f y Toqu;i XO
B YMOBa~ TeopeM 14.2 i 14.3 € CYTT€BOIO. Ha pHCYHKY 14.15 rroxi,n;-
Ha <l>YHKD;il f IIPH rrepexo,n;i qepe3 KpHTHqHy TO'lKY XO 3MiHIO€ 3HaK
3 MiHyca Ha IIJIIOC, rrpn D;bOMY TQqKa XO € TQqKQIO MaKCHMYMY; Ha
pncyHKY 14 .16 rroxi,n;Ha cpyHK:a;il f IIPH rrepexo,n;i 'lepe3 KPHTHqHy
TO'lKY XO 3MiHIO€ 3HaK 3 IIJIIOCa Ha MiHyc, rrpli D;bOMY TOqKa XO He
€ TQqKoIO eKCTpeMyMy.

ytv'
:
I
:
I
I
y4
I

V
: '
?
I

~
I
I j ~
--i------L-------~ --,-------L------~
0: X0 X O: XO x
PHC. 14.15 PHc. 14 .16

,[(JI.H <l>YHK:a;il f TQqKH eKCTpeMyMy MO:>KHa IIIyKaTH 3a TaKOIO

cxeMoro.
1) 3HaHTH f' (x).
2) ,[(ocJii,z:t;HTli 3HaK noxi,n;HOl B OKOJiax KpHTHqHHX ToqoK.
3) KopHCTyroqncb Bi,n;rroBi,z:t;HHMH TeopeMaMH, CTOCOBHO KO:>KHOl
KPHTHqHOl TO'lKH 3'.HcyBaTH, qH e BOHa TOqKOIO eKCTpeMYMY·

nP"1KflA.Q 1 3Hafr,n;iTh TOqKH eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKD;il:

1) f (x) = 2x 3 - 3x 2
- 12x; 4) f (x) = x;-;2 ;
2) f (x) = 2x 2 - x
4
; 5) f (x) = 3 I x I (x + 2) - 4x 3 •
2
3) f(x)=x -x+4;
x-1
2 2
Poae'.flaannJt. 1) MaeMo: f' (x) = 6x - 6x - 12 = 6 (x - x - 2) =
=6 (x + 1) (x - 2). MeTo,n;oM iHTepBarriB ,n;ocJii,n;nMo sHaK rroxi,n;Ho1
B OKOJiax KpHTHqHHX ToqoK xl = -1 ' X2 =2 (pHC. 14.1 7). 0TpHMY€MO,
m;o x max = -1, x mm. = 2.
150
 PHC. 14.17 PHc. 14.18

2) f' (x) = 4x - 4x 3 = -4x (x 2 1) = -4x (x + 1) (x - 1).

-
,II:ocni.n;HBmH 3HaK rroxi.n;Ho1 (pHc. 14.18), oTpHMyeMo: x max = -1,
x.
nun
=Oixmax =1.
3) MaeMo:
2 2
f'(x)= (x -x+4)'(x-1)-(x-l)'(x -x+4) =
2
(x-1)
(2x-l)(x-1)-(x -x+4)
2
x 2 ·-2x-3 (x+l)(x-3)
- (x-1) 2 - (x-1) 2 - (x-1) 2
,II:ocJii,ZJ;HMO 3Ha.K noxi.n;HOl B OKOJiax KPHTH"t!HHX TO"t!OK X1 = -1,
x 2 = 3 (p11c. 14.19). MaeMo, m;o x max = -1, x nun
. = 3.
4) MaeMo:
I Fx- - 1 - (x+2)
f'(x)=(x+2)'·fx-(J;) ·(x+2)= 2Fx =
(J;)2 x

2x - (x + 2) x- 2
=
2xfx - 2xfx'
HKm;o 0 < x < 2, TO f' (x) < O; HKm;o x > 2, To f' (x) > 0. 0Tme,
KpHTH"t!Ha TO"t!Ka x = 2 e TO"t!KOIO MiHiMYMY' T06TO x nun. = 2.
5) HKm;o x < 0, TO f (x) = -4x3 - 3x 2 - 6x. HKm;o x > 0, TO
f (x) = -4x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x. To,n;i ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro x E (-oo; 0) Mae-
MO f (x) = -12x 2 - 6x - 6, a ,D;JIH 6y.n;h-HKOro x E (O; +oo) MaeMO
I

f' (x) = -12x 2 + 6x + 6.

~
-1 1 3
PRC. 14.19 PHC. 14.20

Ha p11cyHKY 14.20 noKaaaHo peayJihTaT ,n;ocni,n;meHHH 3HaKa rro-

xi,n;Ho1 Ha KOmHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB (-oo; 0) i (O; +oo). <l>yHKI.I;iH f e He-
nepepBHOIO B TO"t!Kax x = 0 ix= 1. Tenep MOmHa apo6HTH BHCHOBOK:
x = 0 - TO"t!Ka MiHiMyMY' x = 1 - TO"t!Ka Ma.KCHMYMY . •

151
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'i'i 3aCTocysaHHs:l

nPVfKJlA.Q 2 3HaM,D;iTb TO'tJKH eKCTpeMyMy <l>YHKD;il

. x r;:; x x-3
f (X) = Slll - + -V 3 COS - - - -•
2 2 2

x + n = 7t + 2nk,
2 3 3
lx =4nk,
47t
x n n 2 k k '71 x = - - + 4 nk.
2 + S= - 3 + 1t ' E /LJ; 3

<I>yHKn;iH f' (x) =cos (x2 + 3nJ _..!:.2 e rrepio,n;H"tJHOIO 3 rrepio,n;oM T = 4n.
MeTo,n;oM iHTepBaJiiB .n;ocJii.ZJ;HMO ii 3HaK Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-2n; 2n] 3a-
B.ZJ;OBJKKH B rrepio.n;. Il;bOMy rrpoMiJKKY HaJieJKaTb .ZJ;Bi KPHTH'tJHi TO'tJKH:

x = 0 1. x = - -
47t
.

-2n ./+"\..
~-
--
3
2n
0 -----
... Ha pHCYHKY 14.21 rroKa3aHo pe3yJib-
TaT .ZJ;OCJii,n;JKeHHH 3HaKa rroxi,n;HOl Ha
3

rrpoMiJKKY [-2n; 2n]. Terrep MOJKHa 3po-

Pac. 14.21 4n
6HTH BHCHOBOK: X
max
= 0, Xn11·11 = - -.
3
Y3aran:bHIOIO"tJH oTpHMaHHM pe3yJihTaT, .n;icTaeMo Bi,n;rroBi,n;b:
4n
X
max
= 4nk, Xnu. 11 = --+4nk,
3 k E Z. •

Bnp 111

14.1. Ha pHCYHKY 14.22 3o6pameHo rpa<t>iK <l>YHKD;il y = f (x), BH-

0

3Ha"tJeHo1 Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-10; 9]. YKaJKiTb: 1) KPHTH'tJHi TO'tJKH

<l>YHKD;il; 2) TO'tJKH MiHiMyMy; 3) TO'tJKH MaKCHMYMY.

J
w I~

\
y.
/
,,
i 'I I\._ ~ \ 17 ~

~ ;:&I'"""
// 1
..L
\. _), \ ,
- 0 0 ' \. ~
'(
j x

Pac. 14.22

152
 14. TOYKV1 eKcrpeMyMy cpyHKLJ,i°I

Ha pHcyHKY 14.23 306paJKeHo rpaQ>iK Q>yHKD;il y = f (x), BH-

3Ha"tfeHo1 Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-7; 7]. YKaJKiTh: 1) KpHTH"tfHi TO"tfKH
cpyHKD;il; 2) TO"tfKH MiHiMyMy; 3) TO-cu<H MaKCHMYMY.
...... yj,
' ~,,,,,,-:; ~1\.

7'
\
\
t
I '\
\
-1
' \. )
1
~

0
'\ J
-
7 x
\ t
' f,

P:ac. 14.23
• ,' Ha p11cyHKY 14.24 yKaJKiTh rpacpiK Q>yHKD;i1, ,Z:l;JIH HKOI TO't!Ka x 0
e TO"tfKOIO MiHiMyMy.

Y1I Y+ Y1
I
yA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I 1
I I I I I I I I

o: X o:
---·-------------~ ---·-----------~-~ ---·-------·-----~---·-------------~
X0 X0 X X0 X X0 X o: 0l
a 6 8

P:ac. 14.24

0
14.4. "l!H Mae KpHTH"tfHi TO"tfKH Q>yHKD;iH:
1) f (x) = x; 3) f (x) = 5; 5) f (x) = tg x;
2) f (x) = x + 1;
5
4) f (x) = sin x; 6) f (x)=£?

, , Ha pncyHKY 14.25 ao6paJKeHo rpaQ>iK cpyHKD;il y = f(x), BH3Ha-

"tfeHo1 Ha MHOJKHHi ,n;iHCHHX "tfHCeJI. "'C.{n e rrpaBHJibHOIO piBHiCTb:
1) f I (-3) = O; 3) f I (0) = O; 5) f I (2) = O;
2) f' (-2) = O; 4) f' (1) = 0; 6) f' (3) = O?

PHC. 14.25

153
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH51

1 .6. <PyHKII;i.H y = f (x) ,n;H<t>epeHII;iHOBHa Ha MHOmHHi ,n;iHCHHX 11H-

ceJI. Ha p11cyHKY 14.26 so6pameHo rpa<t>iK 11 rroxi,n;HoL YKamiTh
TO't!KM MaKCHMYMY i MiHiMyMy cpyHKII;il y = f (X).

j
/"
y
"~
1
~
l

'\.
lJ - f' (x )/ \
I 1
\_; yt J
I \ I
I 0 J\ x y = f'(x)
I '""" ) \
\ 0 x

PMc. 14.26 Pnc. 14.27

1 . <PyHKII;i.H y = f (x) ,n;:acpepeH:a;iHOBHa Ha MHOmHHi ,n;iHCHHX tIMCeJI.

Ha p11cyHKY 14.27 so6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHK:a;il y = f' (x). CKiJihKH
TOtIOK e:KCTpeMyMy Mae <l>YHKII;i.H y = f (x)?
0
14.8. 3Haif,n;iTh TO't!KH MiHiMyMy i MaKCHMYMY cpyHKII;ii::
4
1) f (x) = 0,5x ; 4) f (x) = x 4 - 8x 2 + 5;
2
2) f (x) = x - 6x; 5) f (x) = x 3 - 6x 2 - 15x + 7;
4
3) f (x) = l2x - x 3 ; 6) f (x)=x 2 -~.
2
14.9. 3Haif,n;iTb TO't!KH MiHiMYMY i MaKCHMYMY cpyHKII;i!:
1 3 x3
1) f(x)=-x -x; 4) f(x)=-+3x 2 -7x+4;
3 3
1
2) f(x)=4x--x 3 ; 5) f (x) = 2x 4 - 4x 3 + 2;
3
2
3) f (x) = -x + 4x - 3; 6) f (x) = 2 + x2 + 2x 3 - 2x 4 •
0

14.10. 3Haif,n;iTb npoMimKH 3pOCTaHHJI i cna,n;aHHJI Ta TOtIKH eKC-

TpeMyMy cpyHKII;ii::
4 1 1 4
1) f (x)--x
-4
-2x 3 +7·
' 3) f(x)=-x 6 +-x 5 +x 4 +3.
6 5
2) f (x) = (x - 1)3 (x - 2) 2 ;
1 3Haif,n;iTb npoMimKH 3pOCTa.HHJI i cna,n;aHHJI Ta TQqKH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKII;il:
· 1) f (x) = 3x 4 - 8x 3 + 6x 2 - 9; 2) f (x) = (x + 4)4 (x - 3) 3 •
0
14.12. ,l.l;oBe,n;iTb, m;o ,n;aHa cpyHKII;iJI He Mae TO't!OK eKCTpeMyMy:
1 2
1) f(x)=-x 3 -2x +4x-10; 2)f(x)=sinx-x.
3
1 ,l.l;oBe,n;iTb, m;o ,n;aHa cpyHKII;iJI He Mae TQqQK eKCTpeMyMy:
4
1) f (x) = 6x 5 - 15x + 10x3 - 20; 2) f (x) = cos x + x.

154
 14. TOYKV1 eKcrpeMyMy cpyHKU.i'i

14.14: 3Haii,n;iTb rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH 1 crra,n;aHHH Ta TOt:[KH eI<C-

TpeMyMy ci>YHKilJi::
4 x2 9 x2
1) f(x)=x+-2 ; 4) f(x)=-+-; 7) f (x) = ,
x 4 x2 2
x -16
x 2 -3 x-1
2) f (x) = ; 5) f(x)=- 2
; 8) f (x) = 2fx - x.
x-2 x
1 1
3) f(x)= ; 6) f(x)=- ;
2
x +1 (x-3) 2
3Hali,n;iTb rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH 1 CII8..,D;aHHH Ta TOt:[KH eKC-
TpeMyMy ci>YHKD;il:
2 x2
1) f (x) = x -6x; 1
3) f (x) = 2
; 5) f (x) = ;
x+2 x +3 16-x 2
9 1
2) f(x)=x+-; 4) f (x) = 2
; 6) f (x)=2x-fx.
x (x + 1)
14.16: 3HaH,D;iTb rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH i crra,n;aHHH Ta TOt:[KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKD;il:

1) f(x)=x ~1-x;
2
3) f (x)=-;
.Jx
x+l

2) f(x)=(l-x)fx; 4) f (x) = 2x-7 .

~3-x
,., 3Hali,n;i Tb rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH 1 crra,n;aHHH Ta TOt:[KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKD;il:

1) f(x)=x ~x+2;
2
2) f (x)=(x-2) 2 fx; 3) f (x) = 3x + 1 .
~x-1
14.18." qH e rrpaBHJibHHM TBep,n;.meHHH:
1) 3Hat:[eHHH cpyHKD;il B Toqu;i MaKCHMYMY MOJKe 6yTH MeHlllHM
Bi,n; 3HaqeHHH cpyHKD;il B Toqn;i MiHiMyMy;
2) cpyHKD;iH B Toqn;i eKCTpeMyMy MOJKe 6yTH He,n;HcpepeHn;ilioB-
HOIO;
3) HKI.ll;O rroxi,n;Ha B ,n;eHKiH TO"t!D;i ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO, TO D;H TO"t!Ka
e TOt:[KOIO eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKn;il?

qH e rrpaBHJibHHM TBep,n;.meHHH:
1) y Toqn;i eKcTpeMyMy rroxi,n;Ha cpyHKn;il ,n;opiBHIOe Hynro;
2) HKI.ll;O cpyHKD;iH B ,n;eHKiH Toq:u;i He,n;HcpepeH:u;iliOBHa, TO D;H TOt:[Ka
e TOt:[KOIO eKCTpeMyMy cpyHK:a;il?

14.20: ToqKa XO - KPHTHt:[Ha TOt:[Ka cpyHK:a;il f. ,l.J;JIH Bcix x < Xo BH-

KOHyeTI>CH HepiBHiCTb f' (x) > 0, a ,D;JIH BCiX x > Xo BRKOHyeTI>CH
HepiBHiCTb f' (x) < 0. qH MOJKe TOt:[Ka XO 6yTH TO"t!KOIO MiHiMyMy?

155
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHs:I

14.21: To'1Ka XO - KpHTH'1Ha T0'1Ka cpyHKII,ii: f. ,Zl;JIH BCix u i v TaKHX,

rn;o u < XO i v > XO, BHKOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTb f' (u) f' (v) < 0. 1-JH
o6oB'.H3KOBO T0'1Ka XO€ T0'1KOIO eKCTpeMyMy?
l To'1Ka x0 - KPHTH'1Ha T0'1Ka cpyHKu;il f. ,Zl;JIH Bcix u i v TaKHX,
I:QO u < XO i v > XO, BHKOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTh f' (u) f' (v) > 0. 1-JH
MO:>Ke T0'1Ka XO 6yTH T0'1KOIO eKCTpeMyMy?
14.23: ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o MHoro'1JieH CTerreHH n Mae He 6iJihme Hi:>K (n -1)
T0'1KY eKCTpeMyMy.
14.24:· ,D;n.H KO:>KHoro n E N ,n;oBe,n;iTh icHyBaHHH MHoro'1JieHa cTerre-
HH n, m;o Mae (n -1) T0'1KY eKCTpeMyMy.
1 -,Zl;OBe,n;iTh, I:QO Mim ,n;oBiJihHHMH ,Zl;BOMa T0'1KaMH MiHiMyMy
(MaKCHMYMY) HerrepepBHOl Ha JR cpyHKII,ll € T0'1Ka MaKCHMYMY
( MiHiMyMy).
14.26.·· 3Haii,n;iTh rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H Ta T0'1KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:

1) f(x)=x-sinx; 2) f(x)=cos2x-x.J3.
2
1 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMimKH 3pOCTa.HH.H i crra,n;aHH.H Ta TOl!KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:

1) f(x)=cosx+ x; 2) f(x)=sin2x-xJ2..
2
14.2s.·· 3Haii,n;iTb T0'1KH eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:

1) f (x) = x Ix - 1 I- 5x 3 ; 2) f (x) = if;2 (x -1).

3Hali,n;iTh T0'1KH eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:

1) f (x) =3 I x I (x - 3) - x 3 ; 2) f (x) = x ~~(x-+-2)-2 •

14.30... IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'1eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKII,i.H
3 2
y =x - 3ax + 2 7x - 5
Mae TiJihKH o,n;Hy KPHTH'1HY T0'1Ky?
• IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'1eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKII,i.H
1 3 2
y=-x -2ax +4x-l5
3
Mae TiJihKH o,n;Hy KPHTH'1HY T0'1Ky?
14.32:· 1-JH e rrpaBHJihHHM TBep,n;meHH.H: .HKI:QO max f (x) = f (xo),
M
· x 0 EM, i cpyHKII,i.H f ,n;McpepeHII,iHOBHa B T0'1II,i x0 , TO f' (x0 ) = O?

14.33:· 1-JH MO:>Ke MaTH TiJihKH O,n;Hy T0'1KY eKCTpeMyMY: 1) rrapHa

cpyHKII,iH; 2) HerrapHa cpyHKII,iH; 3) rrepio,n;H'1Ha cpyHKII,i.H?

14.34:· ,Zl;JIH Bcix x E D (f) BHKOHY€ThC.H HepiBHiCTh f (x) ~ f (xo).

1) 1-JH € rrpaBHJihHHM TBep,n;:>KeHH.H, m;o XO - T0'1Ka MiHiMyMy
cpyHKII,il f? 2) 1-JH 3MiHHThCH Bi,n;rroBi,n;:h, HKID;O D ("{) =JR?
156
 14. TOYKV1 eKCTpeMyMy cpyHK~i "I

14.35:• 3 Ha:R,ZJ;iTh TOqKH MiHiMyMy i MaKCHMYMY cpyHK:u;il:

. . ( n:)
1) f(x) = s1nxs1n x - - ; 3) f(x) = -cos2x-
.J3 sin 2x 1 - .J3x
- ;
4 4 4 2
2
2) f (x) = sin x - cos x + x; 4) f (x) = sin x - cos x.
1 . 6. 3Ha:li.n;iTh ToqKH MiHiMyMy i MaKCHMYMY cpyHK:u;i1:

1) f (x) = cosxcos ( x-;} 3) f (x) = 5 sin x+ 12 cos x- 13x.

2) f (x) = .J3 cosx-sinx - x;
14.37 :· IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKI.J;i.H
3
x 3a + 1
x 2 +(2a +2a)x - 17
2
y=- -
3 2
Mae .n;o.n;aTHY TOqKy MiHiMy-My?
• IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKIJ;i.H
x3 3a - 1
y=- - x 2 + (2a 2 - a) x + 19
3 2
Mae .n;o.n;aTHY TQqKy MiHiMyMy?
14.39:· IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a TOqKa XO= 1 e TOqKOIO
3
MiHiMYMY cpyHKn;il y = ~+ax 2 +(a 2 - 4)x+7?
3
. o: IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a TQqKa XO= 0 e TOqKQIO
3
MaKCHMYMY cpyHKJJ;il y=~ - ax 2 +(a 2 - l)x - 9?
3
14.41:· IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a ToqKa XO= 1 e ToqKOIO
2
eKcTpeMyMy <PYHKn;i1 y = x
3
- ax + (a 2 - 2a) x - 7?
1 IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a TOlJKa XO= 2 e TOqKOIO
3 2 2
eKcTpeMyMy cpyHKTI;il y = x - 2ax + (2a - 2a) x + 9?
14.43:· 3Hali,ZJ;iTh yci 3HaqeHH.H rrapaMeTpa p, rrpH .HKHX piBH.HHH.H
2
x 3 - 3px + p = 0 Mae TPH pi3HHX KOpeHi.
IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a HepiBHiCTb 2 (x - a) ~
4

~ 1 - x Mae xoqa 6 O,ZJ;HH p03B '.H30K?

14.45.* IlpH .HKliX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a cpyHKI.J;i.H
3 2
f (x) = x(l -
a) + 3(1 - 2a)sin x + sin x
3 2 3
Mae He 6iJibIIIe ,ZJ;BOX ToqoK eKCTpeMYMY Ha rrpoMiJK.KY (n; 5n)?
14.46.* Ilpo .n;HcpepeHn;ifroBHY Ha ~ cpyHK:u;iro f Bi.n;oMo, IIJ;O x 0 - IT
ToqKa MiHiMyMy. qH o6oB 'H3KOBO 3Hali.n;eThCH TaKHM oKin I ToqKH
x , m;o .n;n.a scix x < x 0 , x E I BHKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh f' ( x) ~ 0,
0
a ,ZJ;JI.H BCiX x > Xo' x E I BHKOHyeTbC.H HepiBHiCTb f' (x) ~ 0?
157
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'i'l 3aCTocysaHHs:!

. '1 qH MOJKHa CTBep,n;.mysaTH, m;o Xo - TO"CIKa MlHlMYMY BH3Ha-

"tJeHOl Ha JR <l>YHKD;il f' .HKID;O y 6y,n;b-.HKOMY iHTepBa.rri KOop,n;HHaT-
HOl rrp.HMOl 3Haii,n;eTbC.H TaKa TO"tJKa x' m;o f (Xo) < f (x)?
14.48.* qH icHye BH3Ha"tleHa Ha (-1; 1) <l>YHKD;i.H TaKa, m;o KOJKHa
TO"tJKa lHTepBaJiy (-1; 1) e TO"tJKOIO CTpororo MaKCHMYMY u;ie1
<J>YHKD;il?

~•1!11!!, Hafil6inbwe i HafilMeHwe 3HalfeHHSI <l>YHKL\iI

~ Ha BiApi3KY

.HKy KiJibKiCTb npo,n;yKu;il Mae BHIIYCTHTH rri,n;rrpHeMCTBO, m;o6

OTpHMaTH Haii6iJibIIIHH rrpH6yTOK? .HK, MaIO"tJH o6Me.meHi pecypcH,
BHKOHaTH BHpo6HH"tJe 3aB,n;aHH.H B HaHKOpOTIIIHH qac? .HK opraHiay-
BaTH ,ZJ;OCTaBKY TOBapy no TOproBeJibHHX TOqKaX TaK, m;o6 BHTpaTH
rraJIHBa 6yJIH HaiiMeHIIIHMH?
TaKi ii rro,n;i6Hi aa,n;aqi Ha nomyK Haii-
y Kparu;oro a6o, .HK rOBOp.HTb, OIITHMaJibHOrO
p03B' .H3KY 3aHMaIOTb 3HaqHe Micu;e B rrpaK-
TH"CIHiH ,n;i.HJihHOCTi JIIO,ZJ;HHH.
Y.aBiMo, m;o B~OMO <PYHKn;iro, HKa orrH-
cye, HarrpHKJia,n;, 3aJieJKHiCTh rrpH6yTKY
0 b x
rr~rrpHeMCTBa Bi,n; KiJibKOCTi BHrOTOBJieHOl
PRC. 15.1
rrpo,n;yKu;il. To,n;i 3a,n;a-qa aBeJiac.a ,n;o rrornyKy
apryMeHTY' rrpH .HKOMY <l>YHKD;i.H Ha6yBae Haii6iJibIIIOro 3Ha'tleHH.H.
y D;bOMY IIYHKTi MH 3'.acyeMO, .HK MOJKHa 3HaHTH Haii6iJihIIIe
i HaiiMeHme 3HaqeHH.H <l>YHKD;il Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [a; b]. 06MeJKHMOC.H
poarJI.H,ZJ;OM JIHIIIe HenepepBHHX <l>YHKD;iii.
3ayBaJKHMO, ru;o TOqKa, y .HKiH <l>YHKD;i.H Ha6yBae CBOro HaHMeH-
IIIOro 3HaqeHH.H, He o6oB'.H3KOBo e TO"tJKOIO MiHiMyMy. HarrpHKJia,n;,
Ha pHCYHKY 15 .1 min f (x) = f (a)' a TOqOK MiHiMYMY <l>YHKD;i.H f He
[a;b]

Mae. TaKo.m ToqKa MiHiMYMY He o6oB'.H3KOBO e TO"CIKOIO, y HKiii <l>YHK-

u;i.a Ha6ysae HaiiMeHmoro aHaqeHH.H. Ha pHCYHKY 15.2, a TO't!Ka x 2 -
eAHHa ToqKa MiHiMyMy, a HaHMeHme 3HaqeHH.H min f (x) ,n;oc.araeTb-
[a;bJ
CH B TO"tJD;i a.
AHa.rroriqHe 3aysa.meHH.H cTocyeTbC.H i ToqoK MaKCHMYMY Ta TO"CIOK,
y .HKHX <l>YHKD;i.H ,n;oc.arae HaH6iJibIDOro 3Ha"tJeHH.H.
Ha pHcyHKY 15.2 no,n;aHo pi3Hi BHna,n;KH po3TarnyBaHH.H TO"tJOK
eKCTpeMyMiB i TO"tJOK, y .HKHX <l>YHKD;i.H Ha6yBae Haii6iJibIIIOro Ta
HaiiMeHmoro 3Ha"tJeHb.

158
 15. Hail16iJlbWe i Hail!MeHwe 3HaYeHHR cpyHKU,i'I Ha BiApi3KY

YA Y'- I Yi I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

i
I

:
I I
I
f'u ,'/
I

:
I
'
I
I I I I l I
1
-o:_,_. . ,___x____ x
I
b ~ --1-'a __ , . . .
I
--~-~---
I I I
--~

1 2
O', x1 x2 x o: ' x1 x2 x
min f (x) = f (a) min
[a;b]
f (x) = f (a) min f (x) = f (x2 )
[a;b] (a; b]

max f (x) = f (b) max f (x) = f (x 1 ) max f (x) = f (x1 )

[a;b] [a;b] [a;b]

a 6 8
PRC. 15.2

TyT BaJKJIHBO 3po3yMiTH, m;o BJiacTHBiCTh cpyHKI.J,il MaTH TO"t!KY

eKCTpeMyMy XO 03Hal:!a€ TaKe: cpyHKI.J,iH Ha6yBa€ B TO"t!I.J,i XO Hali6iJih-
rnoro (Ha:aMeHIIIOro) 3Ha"t!eHHH rropiBHHHO 3i 3Hat.JeHHHMH cpyHKI.J,il
B ycix TQqKaX ,n;eHKOrO, MOJKJIHBO, ,n;yJKe Ma.rroro OKOJIY TOl.JKH XO.
ToMy, HKII.J,O XOt.JYTh HarOJIOCHTH Ha I.J,bOMY cpaKTi, TO TOl.JKH eKCTpe-
MYMY m;e Ha3HBaIOTh ToqKaMH JIOKaJThHoro MaKCHMYMY a6o TO'IKaMH
JIOKaJILHOro MiHiMYMY (Bi,n; JiaTHHChKOro locus - MiCI.J,e).
HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] cpyHKI.J,iH Ha6yBae Ha D;hOMY rrpo-
1
MiJKKY CBOlX HaH6iJihlllOrO i HaliMeHIIIOro 3Hat.JeHh a6o Ha KiHD;HX
Bi,n;pi3Ka, a6o B TO"t!Kax eKCTpeMyMy (pHC. 15.2).
To,n;i ,ZJ;JIH TaKo1 <l>YHKu;il rrolllyK Ha:0:6inhIIIoro i HaliMeHIIIoro 3Ha-
t.JeHh Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] MOJKHa rrpOBO,ZJ;HTM, KOpHCTYIOt.JHCh TaKOIO
cxeMoro.
1. 3HaHTH KpHTHt.JHi TOl.JKH <l>YHKI.J,il f, HKi HaJieJKaTh Bi,n;pi3KY
[a; b].
2. 06t.JHCJIHTH 3Ha'tleHHH cpyHKI.J,ll B 3Hali,n;eHHX KpHTHl.JHHX TOt.JKaX
. . . .
1 Ha KlHD;HX po3r JIH,ZJ;yBaHoro Bl,ZJ;pl3Ka.
3. 3 ycix 3Hali,n;eHHX 3Hat.JeHh o6paTH Hali6inhme i HaHMeHllle.
3p03yMiJIO, m;o u;eli anropHTM MOJKHa pea.rri3yBaTH JIHllle TO,ZJ;i,
KOJIH po3rJIH,ZJ;yBaHa cpyHKI.J,iH f Mae CKiHt.JeHHY KiJihKiCTb KPHTH"t!HHX
TO'C!OK Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b].
3a3Hat.JHMO, m;o KOJIH Bli3Ha"t!HTH, HKi 3 KpHTH'C!HHX TO'C!OK e TO'C!-
KaMH eKCTpeMyMy' TO KiJihKiCTh TOl.JOK, y HKHX cni,n; IIIyKaTH 3Ha-
t.JeHHH <l>YHKu;il, MOJKe 6yTH 3MeHllleHa. IIpoTe BHHBJieHHH TO'C!OK
eKCTpeMyMy' HK rrpaBHJIO, Il0Tpe6ye 6iJibIIIOl TexHil:!HOl po60TH, HiJK
IIOIIIYK 3Hat.JeHh cpyHKI.J,ll B KPHTH'C!HHX TO'C!Kax.

1 Hara,n;aeMo, rn;o icayBaHHJI Hali6iJihmoro Ta aa:liMeHmoro 3Ha-qeab He-

rrepepBHO'i aa Bi,n;piaKy <PYHKn;ii: rapaHTye .n;pyra TeopeMa BeliepmTpacca
(TeopeMa 5.4).

159
§ 2. noxiAHa ra ·1·13acrocysaHH~

nP"1KnAA 3HaH,n;iTh Hali6iJihllle i HaHMeHme 3HatieHHH cpyHKD;il

f (x) = 4x 3 - 9x - 12x + 6 Ha Bi,n;pi3KY (-2; O].
2

p 0 3 e' Jl, 3 a Ji Ji Jl. 3Hali,n;eMO KpHTM'CJHi TO'CJKM ,n;aHOl cpyHKD;il:

f' (x) = 12x2 - 18x - 12;
2x 2 - 3x - 2 = O;
1
x = 2 a6o x=--.
2
0Tme, cpyHKD;iH f Mae ,n;Bi KpMTMtIHi TOl!KM, a rrpoMiJKKy (-2; O]
1
HaJieJKMTh o,n;Ha: x =- - .
2
~
MaeMo: f ( - 1) = 37 , f (-2) = -38, f (0) = 6.
2 4
37
0Tme, max f (x) =
[-2;0]
f (-_!_)
2
= 4
, min f (x) =
[- 2;0)
f (-2) = -38.
37
BiiJnoeiiJb: ; -38.
4
nP"1KnAA 3aali,n;iTh Hali6iJihllle i HaRMeHme 3HatieHHH cpyHKD;ii:
f (x) = 4 sin 2x - 2 sin 4x Ha rrpoMiJKKY [O; n].
Po 3 e'{R.3 au ua. MaeMo:
f' (x) = 8 cos 2x - 8 cos 4x = 8 (cos 2x - cos 4x) = 16 sin 3x sin x.
3Hali,n;eMO KPMTMl!Hi TOl!KM ,n;aHOl cpyHKn;i1:
sin 3x sin x = O;
nk
x=- a6o x = nk, k E Z.
3

3Bi,ZJ;CH X =a'
nk
k E Z.

0 TJKe, TOl!KM BM,ZJ;Y x =nk ... f

- e KPMTMl!HMMM TO'CJKaMM cpyHKD;ll '
3
2
3 HMX rrpoMimKy [O; n] HaJieJKaTh tIOTMpM TOl!KM: O; n; n; n. Ma-
3 3
eMo:

f (0) = f (1t) = 0. f ( ; ) = 3 ,J3; f (

23") =-3 ,J3.
TaKMM tIMHOM,

max f (x) =
[O;n)
f (n)
3
= 3 .J3,

min f (x) = f
[O; n)
(
2
3
n J= -3 .J3.
BiiJnoeiiJb: 3 .J3, -3 .J3.
160
 15. Hai116inbwe i HaillMeHwe 3HaYeHHfl cpyHKU/i' Ha BiApi3KY

nPMKnAA 3 Ilo,n;aliTe l:!MCJIO 8 y BHI'JUI,n;i CYMH ,D;BOX HeBi,n;'eMHHX

qMcen TaK, m;o6 cyMa Ky6a rreprnoro llMCJia i KBa,n;paTa .n;pyroro 6yna
HaliMeHllIOIO.
Po 3 8' Jl3 an n.fl. Hexali rrepme l:!HCJIO .n;opiBHIOe x, To,n;i ,n;pyre .n;o-
piBHIO€ 8 - x. 3 YMOBH BHIIJIMBae, m;o 0 ~ x ~ 8.
3 2
Po3rJI.HHeMo cpyHKII;iIO f (x) = x + (8 - x) , BH3HalleHy Ha Bi,n;-
pi3KY [0; 8], i 3Hali,n;eMo, rrpH .HKOMY 3HalleHHi x BOHa Ha6yBa€ Hali-
MeHrnoro 3Ha11eHH.H.
MaeMo: f' (x) = 3x
2
- 2 (8 - x) = 3x 2 + 2x - 16. 3Hali,n;eMo KpH-
TMl:!Hi TOl:!KH p;aHOl cpyHKII;il:
3x 2 + 2x - 16 = O;
8
x =2 a6o x = --.
3
Cepe.n; 3Hali,n;eHHX l:£Hcen rrpoMbKKY [O; 8] HaJieJKMTb TiJioKH l:£HC-
no 2. MaeMo:
f (2) = 44, f (0) = 64, f (8) = 512.
0TJKe, <l>YHKD;i.H f Ha6yBa€ HaliMeHrnoro 3Ha1leHH.H rrpH x = 2.
Biono8iob: 8 = 2 + 6.
nPMKJlA.Q 4 3Hali,n;iTb CTOpOHH np.HMOKYTHHKa, BIIHCaHOI'O B KOJIO
pa.n;iyca R, .HKm;o nnom;a np.HMOKYTHHKa Ha6yBae Hali6in1>moro 3Ha-
l:!eHH.H.
1
Po 3 8 Ji 3 an 1-l .fl. Po3rJI.HHeMo rrp.HMOKYTHHK
ABCD, BIIHCaHHH y Kono pa,n;iyca R (pHc. 15.3).
Hexali AB = x, To,n;i BC = .JAC 2
- AB
2
=
= .J4R 2 - x
2
• 3Bi,D;CM rrnom;a rrp.HMOKYTHHKa
ABCD .n;opiBHIOe x .J4R 2
- x2 • 3 yMOBH 3a,n;alli
BHIIJIHBae, m;o 3Hal:£eHH.H 3MiHHOl x 3a,D;OBOJib-
H.HIOTb HepiBHiCTb 0 < x < 2R, T06TO HaJieJKaTb
rrpoMiJKKY (O; 2R). TaKHM l:!HHOM, 3a,n;al:£a 3Be-
PRC. 15.3
nac.H .n;o 3Haxo,n;JKeHH.H Hali6in1>rnoro 3Hal:!eHH.H

cpyHKII;il S (x) = x .J4R 2 - x 2 Ha iHTepBaJii (O; 2R). Po3rJI.HHeMo He-

nepepBHY <l>YHKII;iIO f (x) = x .J4R 2 - x 2 , D (f) = [O; 2R], i 6y,n;eMo
lllyKaTH H Hali6iJihllle 3HalleHH.H Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; 2R].
3Hali,n;eMO KPHTHllHi T01IKH <l>YHKII;il f:
1
f'(x) =(x)'·.J4R 2 -x 2 + x· ·(4R 2 -x 2 )'=
2 2
2 .J4R -x
2 2 2 2 2 2
= .J4 R 2 - x 2 _ x _ (4R - x ) - x - 4R - 2x
2
.J4R - x
2
.J4R 2 - x 2 .J4R 2 - x 2 •

161
§ 2. noxip,Ha Ta .l..l 3aCTOCyBaHH~ ..
<PyHKIJ,hI f Mae o,n;Hy KPHTH'tIHY TO'tIKY x =R ../2.
MaeMo: f (R ..f2) = 2R 2 , f (0) = f (2R) = 0. 0Tme,
max f (x) = f (R ..f2) =2R 2 •
[0;2R]

3Bi,n;CH OTpHMyeMO' m;o cpyHKIJ,i.H s (x) = x .J4R 2 - x 2 Ha iHTepBa-

Jil (0; 2R) Ha6yBae Hali6iJihIUoro sHa'tleHH.H npH x = R ../2. To,n;i
AB= R ../2, BC= .J4R 2 -2R 2 =R ../2.
0Tme, cepe,n; np.HMOKYTHHKiB, BITHCaHHX y KOJIO pa,n;iyca R, Hali-
6iJihIUY IIJIOID;y Mae KBa,n;paT 3i CTOpOHOIO R ..f2. •
nPrAKllAA PosB'.H:>KiTh piBH.HHH.H tlx-2 +ti4-x =2.
Po3B'Jl3ann.fl. PosrJI.aHeMo cpyHKIJ,iro f(x)=tix-2+V4-x,
D (f) = [2; 4]. ,lJ;JI.a Bcix x E (2; 4) MaeMo:
f' (x) = 1 _ 1 .
4~(x - 2) 3
4~(4 - x) 3

PosB'.ameMo piBH.HHH.H f' (x) = 0. 3anHrneMo:

1 - 1 = 0.
4~(x-2) 3
4~(4-x) 3

3Bi,n;cH JieI'KO 3HaMTH, ru;o x = 3. 0TpHMa.JIH,

ru;o cpyHKII;i.H f Ha
Bi,n;pi3KY [2; 4] Mae e,n;HHY KPHTH'tIHY TO'tIKY x = 3.
OcKiJihKH cpyHKIJ,i.H f e HenepepBHOIO Ha Bi,n;pisKy [2; 4], To :Ci Hai1-
6iJihUie i HaliMeHUie 3Ha'tleHH.H 3HaXO,D;.HTbC.H cepe,n; 'tIHCeJI f (3), f (2),
f (4). MaeMo: f (3) = 2, f (2)=f (4)=W..
0T:>Ke, max f (x) = f (3) = 2, rrpH'tlOMY Hai16iJihlIIOI'O 3HaqeHH.H
[2;4]

cpyHKII;i.H f Ha6yBae JIHlIIe rrpH x = 3.

OcKiJihKH HaM noTpi6Ho posB' .asaTH piBH.HHH.H f (x) = 2, TO oTpH-
MyeMo, ru;o x = 3 e lioro e,n;HHHM KopeHeM.
Bionoeiob: 3.
nPrAKllAA 6 IlyHKTH A, B i c p03Miru;eHi
y BepIIIHHax rrp.HMOKYT-
HOI'O TPHKYTHHKa (L ACB = 90°), BC= 3 KM, AC= 5 KM. 3 rryHK-
TY A B rryHKT C Be,n;e UioceliHa ,n;opora. TypHCT noqHHae pyxaTHC.H
3··rryHKTY A no Uioce. Ha .HKili Bi,n;cTaHi Bi,n; nyHKTY A TYPHCT Mae
3BepHyTH s rnoce, ru;o6 sa HaiiMeHUIHH qac ,n;iliTH s rryHKTY A ,n;o
nyHKTY B, .aKru;o IUBH,n;KiCTh TypHcTa no Uioce ,n;opiBHroe 5 KM/ro,n;,
a nosa UIOCe - 4 KM/ro,n;?
Po 3 e' Jl3 an 'Ii.fl. IIosHa'tIHMO qepes D TOqKy, y .aKili TYPHCT Mae
3BepHyTH 3 lIIOCe, ru;o6 HaHllIBH,n;me no,n;oJiaTH IIIJI.HX (pHC. 15.4).

162
 15. HaL'.16inbwe i HaL'.1MeHwe 3HaYeHHfl cpyHKu,i'I Ha sigpi3KY

HexaM: AD =
DB = .JDC 2 +BC 2 = ~(5 - x) 2 +9.
x KM. MaeMo: DC = 5 - x,

3a .HKHH TYPHCT no,n;onae IIIJI.HX, ,n;opiBHIOe

To,n;i -qac, LJB
A
x ~(5 - x) 2
+9 .
D C
- + . Tenep 3po3yM1Jio, ~o ,n;JI.H Pnc. 15.4
5 4
p03B' .H3aHH.H 3a,n;aqi ,ll;OCTaTHbO 3HaHTH HaH-
/ 2
MeHIIIe 3HaqeHH.H
... f (x ) = -x + \f(5 -
<l>YHK~ll
x) + 9 ..
' sa,n;aHOl Ha Bl,n;pi3-
.
5 4
KY [O; 5]. MaeMo: f' (x) = .!:_ _ ~ 5
- x
2
. PoaB' aaaBnni: piBHJIHHJI
5 4 (5 - x) + 9

-1 - 5- x
2
= 0 (3p0 6lTb
. ~e
. ., )
caMOCTlHHO ' ycTaHOBJIIO€MO, ~o

5 4~(5 - x) +9

"t:fHCJIO x = 1 e :Moro €,ll;HHHM KOpeHeM. IlopiBHIOIO"t:fH q11cna f (0) = J34'

4
29 . 7 29 v
f (1) = - 1 f (5) =- , ycTaHOBJII0€MO, ~o f (1) = - - Ha.MMeHrne 3Ha-
20 4 20
qeHH.H Q>yHK~il f Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; 5].
Bionoeiob: 1 KM.

Bnpae11
0
15.1. 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihllle i HaliMeHIIIe 3HaqeHH.H cPYHK~i1 f Ha
BKa3aHOMY Bl,ll;pl3Ky:
1) f (x) = 3x2 - x 3 , [-1; 3];
2) f (x) = x4 - 2x 2 + 5, [O; 2];
3) f (x) = x 2x 3
-
2
+ Bx - 3, [1; 3];
3
4) f (x) = 2x - 9x 2 - 3, [-1; 4];
5) f (x) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 - 60x - 7, [- 1; 3];
2
x +8
6) f (x) = , [- 3; O].
x-1
1~ '} 3HaH,ll;iTh Hali6iJibllle 1 HaliMeHIJJe 3Ha"t:feHHSI Q>yHK~il f Ha
BKa3aHOMY Bi,n;pi3Ky:
1 3
1) f (x) = - x - 4x, [O; 3]; 3) f (x) = 2x 4 - Bx, [- 2; 1];
3
·1
2) f (x) = x - 1- x 3 - x 2 , [- 2· O]; 4) f (x)=~ - 8x 2 , [- 1; 2].
4
15.3: ,I(oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTb - 20 < x3 - 3x2 < 16, ,n;e x E [- 2; 4].

163
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH5l

,il;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh 0 ~ x -2x + x ~ 2, ,n;e x E [O; 2].

3 2

15.5." 3Hali.n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaMMeHIIIe 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKD;il f Ha

BKa3aHOMY Bi,n;pi3Ky:

1) f(x)=.JlOO-x 2 , [-6; 8]; 3) f (x) = (x + l) 2(x - 2) 2 , (-2; 4];

I 2 2 x
2) f(x)=-v0,5x +3x+5, [2;4]; 4) f(x)=-+-, [-4; -1].
x 2
3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaMMeHIIIe 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKD;il f Ha
BKa3aHOMY Bi,n;pisKy:

1) f (x)=.J9+8x-x 2 , [O; 7]; 3) f (x) = (x - 1)2 (x + 5)2 , [-3; 2];

4x 9
2) f (x)= 2
, [-2; 4]; 4) f(x)=-x--, [-6; -1].
x +l x
15.7." 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe 1 HaMMeHIIIe 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKa;il f Ha
BKa3aHoMy Bi,n;pi3Ky:

1) f (x) =sin x - cos x, [O; n]; 3) f (x)=x..J3-cos2x, [-;; ;].

2) f(x)=sin(4x-;} [o;:J
1 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaMM8HIIIe 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKD;il f Ha
BKa3aHOMy Bl,Z1;p13Ky:
1) f (x) = .J3 sin x +cos x, [O; n];
2) f (x)=2cos( 4x+ :), [- " ; ;].
12
15.9: IIo,n;aliTe -crHcJio 8 y BHrJIH,n;i cyMH ,n;Box HeBi,n;'eMHHX -cr11:ceJI
TaK, m;o6 ,n;o6yTOK Ky6a o,n;Horo 3 D;HX "CfHCeJI Ha ,n;pyre "CfHCJIO 6yB
HaM6iJihllIHM.

IIo,n;aliTe -crHCJIO 12 y BHrJIH,n;i cyMH ,n;Box HeBi,n;'eMHHx -crHceJI

TaK, m;o6 ,n;o6yTOK KBa,n;paTa o,n;Horo 3 D;HX "Cf:HCeJI Ha IIO,l1;BO€He
,n;pyre "Cf:HCJIO 6yB Hali6iJihillHM.

15.11:· 3Hali,n;iTh HaM6iJihIIIe i HaMMeHme 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKD;il f Ha

BKa3aHOMY Bi,n;pisKy:
0

1) f (x) = 2 sin 2x + cos 4x, [ O; ;}

2) f (x) = ..J3 sin 2x+ cos 2x-5, [ O; ;}

3) f (x) = 2 sin x + sin 2x,

[o'.327t].
164
 15. Hai116inbwe i Hail!MeHwe 3HaYeHHH cpyHKu,i'I Ha Bi,D,pi3KY

1 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaHMeHrne 3HatreHHSI <PYHKD;il f Ha

BKa3aHOMY Bl,D;pl3Ky:

1) f (x) = 2 cos x - sin 2x, [ - ; ; ; }

2) f (x)=2"'3 cosx+2sinx, [- ;; ;].

15.13:· Pos6:aliTe q:acno 180 Ha TPH HeBi,n;'eMHHX ,n;o,n;aHRH TaK, m;o6
,n;Ba 3 HHX Bi,D;HOCHJIHCh SIR 1 : 2' a ,n;o6yTOK ycix TphOX ,n;o,n;aHRiB
6yB Hali6iJihIIIHM.

1 . IIo,n;aliTe "tJHCJIO 18 y BHI'JISI,n;i cyMH Tphox HeBi,n;'eMHHX q:acen

TaK, ru;o6 ,n;Ba 3 HHX Bi,D;HOCHJIHCh SIR 8 : 3' a cyMa Ry6iB Il;HX TphOX
"tJHCeJI 6yJia Ha:liMeHIIIOIO.

15.15.·· Y TpHRYTHHR ABC BIIHCaHo np.HMORYTHHR TaK, m;o ,n;Bi lioro

BepIIIHHH JiemaTh Ha cTopoHi AC, a ,n;Bi iHrni - Ha CTopoHax AB
i BC. 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe sHa"lleHH.H nJioru;i TaKoro rrpSIMORYT-
HHRa, SIRm;o AC = 12 CM, BD = 10 CM, ,n;e BD - BHCOTa TpHRYT-
HHRa ABC.

1 6. · Y rrp.HMORYTHHH TPHKYTHHK s rirroTeHyso10 16 CM i rocTpHM

KYTOM 30° BITHCaHO rrp.HMORYTHHR, ,n;Bi BepIIIHHH SIROI'O nemaTh Ha
riIIOTeHysi, a ,n;Bi iHmi - Ha RaTeTax . .HRHMH MaIOTh 6yTH CTOpOHH
rrpSIMORYTHHRa, ru;o6 lioro rrnoru;a 6yna Hali6inhrno10?

15.11:· y rriBROJIO pa,n;iyca 20 CM BITHCaHO rrp.HMOKYTHHR Hali6iJihllIOl

IIJIOm;i. 3Hali,n;iTh CTOpOHH rrp.HMORYTHHRa.

l y rriBROJIO pa,n;iyca 6 CM BITHCaHO rrp.HMOKYTHHK Hali6iJihllIOI'O

rrepHMeTpa. 3Hali,n;i Th CTOpOHH rrp.HMORYTHHKa.

15.19:· ,il;Bi BeprnHHH rrp.HMOKYTHHRa HaJiemaTh rpaQ.JiRy cPYHRD;il

y = 12 - x 2 , D (y) = [ - 2 .,/3; 2 .J3], a ,n;Bi iHrni - oci a6c:a;:ac . .HRy
HaH6iJihIIIY rrnoru;y MOJKe MaTH TaRHH rrp.HMORYTHHR?

,il;Bi BepIIIHHH rrp.HMORYTHHRa HaJiemaTh rpacl>iKy cpyHRD;ll

y = O, 5x 2 , D (y) =[ - 3 .J2; 3 .J2], a ,n;Bi iHrni - np.HMili y = 9 . .HRy
HaH6iJihIIIY rrnom;y MOJKe MaTH TaKHH rrp.HMOKYTHHK?

15.21.·· IIepHMeTp piBHo6e,n;peHoro TpHRYTHHRa ,n;opiBHIOe 48 CM .

.HRoIO Mae 6yTH ,n;oBJKHHa ocHOBH TPHRYTHHRa, m;o6 lioro rrnoru;a
Ha6yBaJia Hali6iJihllIOI'O MOJKJIHBOI'O 3HaB:eHH.H?

165
§ 2. noxigHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH51

15.22:· BacHJib 3anJiyTa:liKo BHpirnHB 3HaMTH Hali6iJihme i HaMMeH-

rne 3Ha"CieHHH cpyHKII;il f(x) = _!_ Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [-1; 1]. BiH 3HaMIIIOB
x
.
IlOXl,D;HY f' (x ) =- -12 1. BCTaHOBHB, n.:i;o plBH.HHH.H
. 1
--2 =0 He Mae
x x
po3B' .H3KiB. IIopiBH.HBIIIH 3HatieHHH f (-1) = -1 i f (1) = l, BacMJib
CTBep,n;mye, n.:i;o Hai16iJiblll€ 3HatieHH.H ¢YHKD;il f Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [-1; 1]
,n;opiBHIOe l, a HaMM€HIIIe ,n;opiBHIOe -1. "llH npaBHJibHO MipKye
BacMJib?

15.23.·· ¥ Tpaneu;il MeHIIIa OCHOBa i 6itIHi CTOpOHH ,n;opiBHIOIOTb a.

3Hai1,n;i Tb 6iJihlIIY OCH OBY Tpane:a;il, npM .HKiM 11 IlJIOIIJ;a Ha6yBae
Hai16iJihmoro 3HatieHH.H.
15.24:· y piBH06e,n;peHHM TpMKYTHHK BilHCaHO KOJIO pa,n;iyca r. 5IKHM
Mae 6yTH KYT npH ocHoBi TpMKYTHHKa, n.:i;o6 noro nJion.:i;a 6yJia
HaMMeHIIIOIO?

'> 5IKHM Mae 6yTH KYT npM BepmMHi piBHo6e,n;peHoro TPHKYT-

HMKa 3a,n;aHOl TIJiom;i, n.:i;o6 pa,n;iyc BTIHCaHoro B u;ei1 TpMKYTHMK
KOJia 6yB Han6iJibllIMM?
15.26. •• Ha KOJii pa,n;iyca R no3HatieHo TO"C{Ky A. Ha .HKii1 Bi,n;cTaHi
Bi,n; TOtIKH A Tpe6a npoBeCTH xop,n;y BC, napaJieJibHY ,n;oTHtIHiM
y TOtIII;i A, n.:i;o6 nJion.:i;a TpMKYTHHKa ABC 6yJia Hai16iJibrnoro?

15.21:· <I>irypy o6MemeHO rpacpiKOM cpyHKII;il y = £, np.HMOIO

y = 2 i BiCCIO op,n;MHaT. y .HKiM TOtIIJ;i rpacpiKa cpyHKIJ;il y = ..[;,
(0 ~ x ~ 4) Tpe6a npoBeCTH ,I.1;0THtIHy, m;o6 BOHa Bi,n;TMHaJia Bi,n;
BKa3aHOl cpirypH TPHKYTHMK Hai16iJibllIOl ITJiom;i?
1 '> · Ha Koop,n;MHaTHiM nJIOIII;HHi po3Mim;eHo np.HMOKYTHHM TpH-
KYTHMKABC (L ABC= 90°). BepI.IIMHaA Mae Koop,n;HHaTH (-2; 0),
BeprnHHa B HaJiemHTb Bi,n;pi3Ky [2; 3] oci a6c:a;11c, a BepIIIMHa C -
2
napa6oJii y = x - 4x + 1. 5IKHMH MaIOTb 6yTH KOOp,D;MHaTH TOtI-
KM C, m;o6 nJiom;a TPHKYTHHKa ABC 6yJia Hai16iJihIIIOIO?
15.29. •• IlyHKTli A, B i C 3Haxo,n;.HTbC.H y BepmHHax np.HMOKYTHoro
TpMKYTHHKa ABC (L ACB = 90°), AC= 285 KM, BC= 60 KM.
IlyHKTH A i C 3B '.H3ye 3aJii3HMIJ;.H. Y HKY TOtIKY Bi,n;pi3Ka AC cJii,n;
rrpoBeCTH r'pyHTOBY ,n;opory 3 nyHKTY B, m;o6 qac rrepe6yBaHH.H
B ,n;opo3i Bi,n; rryHKTY A ,n;o rryHKTY B 6yB Hai1MeHIIIHM, .HKIIJ;O
Bi,D;OMO, m;o IllBH,D;KiCTb pyxy 3aJii3HHu;ero ,n;opiBHIOe 52 KM/ro,n;,
a r'pyHTOBoro ,n;opororo - 20 KM/ro,n;?

166
 16. ,Upyra noxi,o.Ha. noHHTIH onyKflOCTi ¢YHKU,i°I

1 3aBO,ZJ; A p03Mim;eHO Ha Bi,n;cTaHi 50 KM Bi,n; rrp.HMOJiiHiHHOl

,n;iJIHHKH aaJii3HHI1,i, .HKa :0:,n;e B MicTo B, i Ha Bi,n;cTaHi 130 KM Bi,n;
MicTa B. Ili,n; .HKHM KYTOM ,n;o aa.rriaHHI1,i cJii,n; npoBeCTH rnoce Bi,n;
aaBo,n;y A, m;o6 ,n;ocTaBKa BaHTaJKiB a A ,n;o B 6yJia Hali,n;emeBmo10,
HKm;o BapTiCTh nepeBeaeHH.H no moce y 2 paaH 6iJihIIIa, Him aa-
Jii3HHIJ,eIO?
15.31:· 3Ha:H,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaliMeHme 3Ha"tleHH.H tPYHKIJ,il f (x) =
= -5x 3 + x I x - 1 I Ha npoMiJKKY [O; 2].
15. •.
3Hali,n;iTh HRli6iJihIIIe i HaHMBHIIIe 3Ha"tleHH.H tPYHKIJ,il f (x) =
3
I I
= 4x - x x - 2 Ha npoMiJKKY [0; 3].
15.33:· PoaB'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H .J5-x +.Jx-3 =x 2 -8x+18 .
.Jx+1 +.JI-x =x 2 +6x+13.
• PoaB'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H
15.35.* 3Hali,n;iTh yci TaKi 3Ha-qeHH.H rrapaMeTpa a, npH .HKHX HaH-
3 2 2
MBHIIIe 3Ha"tleHH.H
... f (x ) = -x 4 + -
cpyHKIJ,11
2ax- + -
a x- .
Ha Bl,D;pl3KY
.
9 3
[-1; O] ,n;oc.HraeThC.H B TO"tIIJ,i x = -1.
3Hali,n;iTh yci 3Ha"tieHH.H napaMeTpa a, npH HKHX HaliMeHme
3 2
3Ha"tleHH.H cpyHKIJ,il y = x - 2ax + 1 Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; l] ,ZJ;OC.Hra-
eThC.H B TO"lIIJ,i X = 1.

_......, ,l\pyra noxiAHa. noHSITTSI onyKnOCTi <l>YHKL\ri

Hexali MaTepia.rrbHa ToqKa pyxaeThC.H aa aaKOHOM y = s (t) no KO-
op,n;HHaTHili rrp.HMili. To,n;i MHTTE:Ba llIBH,ZJ;KiCTh v (t) y MOMBHT -qacy t
BH3Ha"tlaeThC.H aa cpopMyJIOIO
v (t) = s' (t).
PoarJI.HHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO y = v (t). I1 noxi.n;HY B MoMeHT -qacy t Ha-
3HBaIOTh rrpHCKOpeHH.HM pyxy i II03HaqaIOTh a (t), T06TO
a (t) = v' (t).
TaKRM qRHOM, cpyHKIJ,i.H npHcKopeHH.H pyxy - IJ,e rroxi,n;Ha cpyHK-
u;il IIIBH,ZJ;KiCTh pyxy' .HKa y CBOIO -qepry e noxi,n;HOIO cpyHKD;il 3aKOH
pyxy, T06To
a (t) = v' (t) = (s' (t))'.
yTaKRX BHIIa,ZJ;Kax rOBOp.HTh, m;o cpyHKIJ,i.H rrpHCKOpeHH.H pyxy
e .u;pyroro noxi,ll;HOJO cpyimn;il y = s (t). IlHIIIYTh:
a (t) = s" (t)
(aanHC s" (t) "tlHTaIOTh: «ec ,n;Ba IIITPHXH Bi,n; Te»).

167
 HarrpHKJia,n;, RKIIJ;O 3aKOH pyxy MaTepiaJihHo1 TOt:IKH 3a,n;aHo cpop-
2
MyJioro s (t) = t - 4t, TO MaeMo:
s' (t) = v (t) = 2t - 4;
s" (t) = v' (t) = a (t) = 2.
Mn oTpHMaJIH, ru;o MaTepiaJihHa TOt:IKa pyxaeThCR 3i cTaJIHM rrpn-
CKopeHHRM. HR BM 3HaeTe 3 Rypcy cpi3HRH, TaKn:H pyx Ha3HBaIOTh
plBHOIIpHCROpeHHM.
y 3araJihHHMO CKa3aHe.
Po3rJI.aHeMo cpyHK:u;iro y = f (x), ,n;ncpepeHu;ilioBHY Ha ,n;eRKili MHO-
mnHi M. To,n;i 11 rroxi,n;Ha TaKOJK e ,n;eRKOIO cl>YHK:u;iero, 3a,n;aH010 Ha
:u;i:H MHomnHi. HKru;o cpyHKu;iR f' e ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHoro y ,n;eRRili Tot:I-
:u;i x 0 EM, TO rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:u;il f' y T0'1u;i x 0 Ha3HBaIOTh )l;pyroro
IIOX~OIO <f>y111ni;il y = f (x) y Toqu;i XO i II03Ha'1al0Th f" (xo). CaMy
cpyHRIJ;ilO f Ha3HBalOTh ,z:i;Bi'lli ,z:i;H<f>epeHn;iHOBHOIO B TO'lln;i XO.
<l>yHK:a;iro, RKa t:IHCJIY XO CTaBHTh y Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTh '1HCJIO f" (Xo ),
Ha3HBalOTh ,z:i;pyroro rroxi,z:i;HOIO <l>YHKIJ;il y = f (x) i II03Ha'1al0Th f,, a6o
y" = f"(x) .
HarrpHKJia,n;, RKID;O y = sin x, TO y" = -sin x.
HKIIJ;O cpyHKII,iR f e ,n;Bit:Ii ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B KOJKHiH T0'1D;i MHO-
JKHHH M, TO 11 Ha3HBaIOTh ,z:i;Bi'li lJ:H<f>epeHn;iiioBHoro Ha MHOJKHHi M.
HKm;o cpyHKu;i.a f ,n;Billi ,n;ncpepeH:u;ilioBHa Ha D (f), TO 11 Ha3HBaIOTh
,z:i;Bi'lli lJ:H<f>epeHn;iiioBHOIO.
BH 3HaeTe, rn;o cpyHKn;iro xapaKTepH3YIOTh TaKi BJiaCTHBOCTi RK
rrapHiCTh (HerrapHiCTh), rrepio,n;Ht:IHiCTh, 3pOCTaHHR (crra,n;aHH.H) TOIIJ;O.
III;e o,n;Hiero BaJKJIHBOIO xapaKTepHCTHKOIO cpyHKIJ;il e OIIYKJiiCTh yropy
a6o BHH3.
3BepHeMOCR ,n;o rrpliKJia,n;iB.
Ilpo cpyHKn;i1 y = x2, y = I x I KamyTh, ru;o BOHM e orryKJIHMH BHH3
2
(pnc. 16.1), a cpyHKIJ;ll y = - X ' y = j;_ e OIIYKJIHMH Bropy (pHC. 16.2).
<l>yHKD;i.H y = sinx e OIIYKJIOIO Bropy Ha rrpoMiJKKY [O; n:] i OIIYKJIOIO
BHH3 Ha npoMiJKKY [n:; 2n:] (pHC. 16.3).

Y Y= lxl
0 x

0 x 0 x
P:ac. 16.1 Pnc. 16.2

168
 16. ,LJ,pyra noxiAHa. noHs:ins:i onyKiloCTi cpyHKL\i.i

Ha,n;a.rri, BHB"t!aIO"tJH IIOH.HTT.H OIIYKJIOCTi y

cpyHKD;il Ha rrpoMiJKKY I, o6MemHMOC.H
BHIHl,ZJ;KOM' KOJIH cpyHKD;i.H f ,n;HcpepeHni-
HOBHa1 Ha D;bOMY rrpoMimKy.
P:ac. 16.3
Hexali cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;HcpepeH:o;ilioBHa Ha
rrpoMimKy I. To,n;i B 6y,n;h-HKili TO"t!D;i 11 rpacpiKa 3 a6c:o;Hcoro x E I
MOJKHa rrpoBeCTH HeBepTHKaJibHY ,ZJ;OTH"t!HY. 5!Km;o rrpH D;bOMy rpacpiK
cpyHKD;ll Ha rrpoMiJKKY I p03Mim;eHHH He BHm;e 6y,n;b-.HKOl TaKOl ,ZJ;OTH"t!-
HOl (pHC. 16.4), TO cpyHKIJ;iro f Ha3HBaIOTb OilyK.11010 Bropy Ha npoMijK-
KY I; .HKID;O m rpacpiK Ha rrpoMimKy I po3Mim;eHo He HHJK"t!e Bi,n; KOJKH01
TaKo1 ,n;oT:a-qHo1 (pHc. 16.5) - onyKJIOIO BHH3 na npoMijKKY I.
Yi
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

_.I ______ .._

I
I I I
-+-- !.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_1_ - . .
I

a b x X
0
X

PRC. 16.4 PRC. 16.5 PRC. 16.6

2
HarrpHKJia,n;, ,n;oBe,n;eMo, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) = x e orryKJIOIO BHH3
Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; +oo). IlpoBe,n;eMO ,ZJ;OTH"t!HY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII;ll
f (x) = x 2 y TO'lID;i 3 a6cu;Hcoro x 0 (pHc. 16.6). PiBH.HHH.H u;ie1 ,n;oTH'tl-
HOl Mae BHI'JI.H,n;:
y = 2x0 ( x - x 0 ) + x~.
Po3rJI.HHeMo pi3HHD;IO
f (x)-(2x0 (x - x 0 ) + x~) = x 2 - (2x 0 (x - x 0 ) + x~) =
2 2 2
=X -2XoX+Xo =(X-Xo) .
OcKiJibKH n.a pi3HHD;.H Ha6yBae JIHllie HeBi,n;' eMHMX 3Ha'tleHb, TO
u;e 03Ha"t!ae, m;o rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f JieJKHTb He HHJK"t!e 6y,n;b-.HK01 ,n;o-
2
TH"t!HOL 0TJKe, f (x) = x e orryKJIOIO BHH3 Ha rrpo-
MiJKKY ( -oo; +oo).
3
AHaJiori"t!Ho MOJKHa ,n;oBeCTM, m;o cpyHKIJ;i.H y = x
e orryKJIOIO Bropy Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; O] i orryKJIOIO
BHH3 Ha rrpoMimKy [O; +oo) (pHC. 16. 7).
KomHa JiiHiliHa cpyHK:o;i.a e HK orryKJioro Bropy,
TaK i orryKJIO:EO BHH3 Ha JR .
3ayBaJKHMO, m;o TaKOJK 6yBae ,n;ou;iJibHHM BH,n;i-
JI.HTH CTporo orryKJii cpyHKIJ;il.
PRC. 16.7

l y BHm;ili IIIKOJii IIOH.HTT.H orryKJIOCTi y3araJibHIOIOTb 1 Ha 6iJihIII

IInrpoKi KJiaCR c}:>yHKI~Hi, HanpHKJia,n; HerrepepBHi.

169
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fl 3aCTocysaHH~

Po3r JUIHeMo rpacpiK cpyHKn;ii f, orryKJIOl Bropy Ha rrpoMimKy I.

IIpoBe,n;eMo ,n;oTMqHy ,n;o Hhoro B Toqn;i 3 a6cn;:acoro x EI . .HK~o rpa-
cpiK Ha rrpoMimKy I Mae s KO:>KHOIO TaKoro ,n;oTMqHoro JIMIIIe o,n;Hy
crriJihHY ToqKy, TO roBopsrTh, ~o cpyHKn;isr f e cmpoio ony1CJio10 aiopy
na npoMiJ1C1CY I. AHanoriqHo 03HaqaIOTh cpyHKn;iro, cmpoio ony1CJiY
anu3 na npoMiJICKY I.
HarrpMKJia,n;, cpyHKn;isr y = x 2 e cTporo orryKJIOIO BHM3 Ha JR.. JKo,n;-
Ha JiiHiMHa cpyHKD;iH He € CTporo OIIYKJIOIO.
Ha pMCYHKY 16.8 so6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKn;il y = f (x), HKa e orry-
KJIOIO BHM3 Ha rrpoMi:>KKY [a; b]. 3 pHCYHKa BM,ll;HO, ~o si a6iJihIIIeHHHM
apryMeHTY x KYT HaXMJIY Bi,n;noBi,D;HOl ,ll;OTMqHol 36iJihIIIyeThCH. :Qe
osHaqae, ~o cpyHKn;isr f' apocTae Ha rrpoMi:>KKY [a; b].

I
I
I I
I I

- -·- - - - - - - - . - .....
U11 I

x a bx
a1 < a2 < aa < ... a1 > a2 > aa >
Pnc. 16.8 Pnc. 16.9

Hexaii cpyHKu;isr y = f (x) e orryKJIOIO Bropy Ha npoMimKy [a; b]

(pMc. 16.9). 3 PMCyHKa BM,ZJ;HO, ~o 3i s6iJihIIIeHHHM apryMeHTY x
KYT HaXMJIY Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho1 ,n;oTMqHo1 sMeHIIIyeThCH. :Qe osHaqae, ~o
cpyHKn;isr f' crra,n;ae Ha npoMi:>KKY [a; b].
:Qi IIpMKJia,n;M IIOKa3yIOTh, ~o xapaKTep onyKJIOCTi cpyHKD;il f Ha
,n;esrKoMy rrpoMi:>KKY I rroB' sr3aHHM si 3pocTaHHHM ( crra,n;aHHHM) cpyHK-
u;il f' Ha D;hOMY rrpoMimKy.
,Il;Jisr ,n;Biqi ,n;:acpepeHu;iiioBHOI Ha rrpoMi:>KKY I cpyHKn;il f 3pocTaHHH
( crra,n;aHHH) cpyHKII;ll f' BH3Ha1.JaeThCH 3HaKOM ,n;pyro! rroxi,n;HOl cpyHK-
u;il f Ha npoMimKy I. TaKHM llHHOM, xapaKTep onyKJIOCTi ,n;Billi ,n;:a-
cpepeHu;iiioBHo1 cpyHKD;il ITOB' SI3aHMM 3i 3HaKOM 11 ,n;pyro! noxi,n;Hol.
:Qeii 3B'H30K ycTaHOBJIIOIOTh TaKi ,n;Bi TeopeMH.

· Teope a 16.1 (oaBaKa orryKJIOCTi Q:>yH1cu_il BHHa). HK.UfO

01ui ecix x E I euK-onyem11cJi nepienicmb f" (x) ~ 0, mo <]JynK-1.fiJi f
c onyK-no10 enua na npoMfateK-y I.

TeopeMa 16.2 (o3ua a onyKJIOCTi Q:>yHKu;il Bropy).

HK.UfO onJi ecix x E I euK.onyem11cJi nepienicmb f" (x) < 0, mo
<]JynK-1.fiJi f c onyK-no10 eiopy Ka npoMi:»eK-y I.

170
 16. ,Qpyra noxi,o.Ha. noHs:ins:i onyKJlocri cj:>yHKu.i'I

,ll;oBe,n;eMo TeopeMy 16.1 (TeopeMy 16.2 ,n;oBO,ZJ;.HTh aHa.rroriqHo).

;a 0 6 ea e 1i 1i .fl. y ToqnJ 3 a6cu;HCOIO XO E I rrpoBe,n;eMo ,Z1;0Tli"t£HY ,n;o
rpa<PiKa <l>YHKIJ;il f. PiBH.HHHH u;ie1 ,n;oTHqHo1 Mae BM:rJI.H,n;
y = f' (x 0 ) (x - x 0 ) + f (x 0 ).
PosrJI.HHeMo cPYHKIJ.iIO r (x) = f (x) - (f' (x 0 ) (x - x 0 ) + f (x 0 )).
3Hai:reHH.fI u;ie1 cPYHKII,il IIOKa3yIOTb, Ha-
cKiJibKli Bi,n;pi3H.H€TbC.fI op,n;liHaTa TO't!Kli rpa-
y
cpiKa cPYHKIJ;il f Bi,n; op,n;HHaTli Bi,n;rroBi,n;HOl r(x)
TO"'C!Kli' HKa JieJRHTb Ha rrpoBe,n;eHiM ,ZJ;OTli"t£HiH
(pliC. 16.10).
HKrn;o Mli rroKameMo, m;o r (x) ~ 0 ,n;JIH
Bcix x E I, TO TaKHM i:rHHOM ,n;oBe,n;eMo, m;o x
...
Ha rrpoMi.mKy I rpa<PiK cpyHKIJ;il f JiemHTh He
PHC. 16.10
HliJR"CJe rrpoBe,n;eHOl .n;o HhOro ,ZJ;OTHqHoL
Hexa.H x E I i x > x 0 (BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH x ~ x 0 , poarJI.HHhTe caMo-
cTiliHo ).
MaeMo: r (x) = f (x) - f (x 0) - f' (x 0 ) (x - x 0 ).
,ll;JIH cpyHKn;il f i Bi,n;pisKa [x 0 ; x] sacTocyeMo TeopeMy JiarpaHma:
f (x) - f (x0 ) = f' (c 1) (x - x 0 ), .n;e c 1 E (x 0 ; x).
3Bi,n;cH r (x) = f' (c 1 ) (x - x 0 ) - f' (x 0 ) (x - x 0 );
r (x) = (f' (c 1 ) - f' (x 0 )) (x - x 0 ).
OcKiJihKH cpyHKD;iH y = f' (x) e ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHOIO Ha Bi,n;pi3KY
[x 0 ; c1 ] , TO MOmHa 3acTocyBaTH TeopeMy JlarpaH.ma: f' (c 1) - f' (x 0 ) =
= f"(c 2 ) (c 1 - x 0 ), ,n;e c 2 E (x 0 ; c 1 ).
3Bi,n;cH r (x) = f" (c 2 ) (c 1 - x 0 ) (x - x 0 ).
Ha pHcyHKY 16 .10 rroKa3aHo posMirn;eHHH TO't!OK c1 i c2 •
3 HepiBHOCTeH XO < c2 < cl < x BliITJIHBae, m;o (cl - XO) (x - xo) > 0.
OcKiJihKH c2 E J, TO 3 ypaxyBaHHHM yMOBH TeopeMH oTpHMyeMo:
f 11 (c 2 ) ~ 0. 3Bi,n;cH ,n;JI.H Bcix x E I BHKOHyeTbCH HepiBHicTb r (x) ~ 0.
ToMy cpyHKD;iH f e orryKJIOIO BHH3 Ha rrpoMimKy I. •
TaKom MOmHa ,n;oBecTn, m;o 1COJLU <jJynJCzti.fl f e ony1CJL010 6HU3
(yzopy) i oBi1li ou<jJepeHztiuoBno10 na npo.Mi:J1C1CY I, mo OJL.fl Bcix x EI
6U1Conyembc.fl nepieHicmb f" (x) ~ 0 (f" (x) ~ 0 ).
nPVIKJlAA 1 ,IJ;ocni,n;iTh Ha orryKJiiCTb cPYHKIJ;iIO f (x) = tg x Ha rrpo-

•
MlJRKY ( TC 7tJ .
-2; 2
1
Po36'.fl3a n n.fl. MaeMo: f' (x) = - -
cos2 x

3Bi,n;cli f" (x) = ( 1

2
J =(cos_x)' = -2 (cos x)
I

2 _3
(cos x)' =
2 sin x
3
•
cos x cos x
171
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH5l

HepiBHicTb f" (x) ;. 0 Ha npoMi»CKY ( - ; ; ; ) BHKOHyeTbCH npH

y
0 ~ x < 1t. OT.me, cpyHKD;iH y = tg x e orryKJIOIO
2

BHH3 Ha npoMimKy [ O; ;) (pHc. 16.11).

7t
0 7t x HepiBHicTh f" (x) .;; 0 Ha npoMimKy (-;; ;)
2 2

BHKOHyeThCH rrpH - n < x ~ 0. OT.me, cpyHKD;iH

I Pnc. 16.11
2

y = tg x e onyKJIOIO Bropy Ha npoMi»CKY (- ; ; 0 J

(pHC. 16.11). e
Hara.,n;aeMo, ru;o cpyHK:a;iH TaHreHc e rrepio,n;HtIHOIO s rrepio,n;oM
T = n. MH ,n;ocJii,n;HJIH 11 Ha orryKJiiCTh Ha rrpoMimKy, ,n;oB:>KHHa HKoro
,n;opiBHIOe rrepio,n;y :a;iei: <PYHK:a;iL OT.me, MO.mHa 3p06HTH BHCHOBOK,
ru;o cpyHKD;i.H y = tg x e orryKJIOIO BHH3 Ha K0.'1<HOMY 3 rrpoMhKKiB

BHAY [ nn; ; + nn) i onyKJIOIO Bropy Ha KO»CHOMy 3 npoMilKKiB BHAY

(-; + nn; nn J n E Z.
Ha pHCYHKY 16.12 so6pa.meHo rpacpiKH cpyHKu;ili Ta ,n;oTHtIHi, rrpo-
Be,D;eHi ,n;o HHX y TO"t!KaX 3 a6c:a;HCOIO Xo • 1.t;i cpyHKD;il Ha npoMimKax
(a; x 0 ] i [x 0 ; b) MaIOTh pi3HHM xapaKTep onyKJIOCTi. ToMy Ha :a;Hx
npoMimKax rpa<t>iK <l>YHKD;il p03TaIIIOBaHHM y pi3HHX niBIIJIOID;HHax
Bi,n;HOCHO ,ZJ;OTH"t!HOL y D;hOMY pa3i rOBOpHTh, ru;o TO"t!Ka XO e TO'IKOIO
neperHHY <l>YHK:a;iL

Y4 I
YA I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I I I j I I
I I I I I I I I
- -~ -L-- - --'-- - - _...!__. --~-~-----!------~-.
:a X0 b X :a X0 b X
a 6
PHc. 16.12
HanpHKJia,n;, TOi:iKa x 0 = 0 e TO"t!KOIO rreperHHY cpyHK:a;il y = x 3
1t
(pHC. 16. 7); TO"t!KH BH,n;y -+ nn, n E z, e TO"t!KaMH rreperHHY cpyHK-
2
:a;il y = COS X (pHC. 16.13).

172
 16. ,LJ,pyra noxiAHa. noH~n~ onyKJlocri cpyHK~fl

y y
y=x

x
PHC. 16.13 PHc. 16.14

TeopeM a 16. 3 . HKUfO x 0 e mo?£Ko10 nepezuny tPYKKlfi'i f i 6 lfiU

mO?£lfi t]JynKq.ia iJ6il£i iJut]JepenlfiUoBna, mo f" (x 0) = 0.

HaBe,n;eMo i,n;e10 ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H n;iei: TeopeMH ( 3a 6aJKaHH.H BH 3MOJKeTe

Bi,ZJ;HOBHTH BCi nponym;eHi KPOKH ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H caMOCTiHHO ).
Po3rJI.HHeMo BHna,n;oK, KOJHI Ha npoMimKy [x0 ; b) rpa«l>iK «l>YHKD;ll f
p03TalllOBaHHH He HHJKl!e ,ZJ;OTHl!HOl, a Ha npoMiJKKY (a; Xo] - He
BHII.I;e ,ZJ;OTHl!HOl (pHC. 16.12, a). To,n;i, BRKOpHCTOBYI0'1H piBH.HHH.H
,ZJ;OTHl!HOl, MOJKHa IlOKa3aTH, m;o ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E (xo; b) BHKOHY€TbC.H
HeplBHlCTb
f (X) - f (XO ) ~ f1( )
9' Xo •
X-X
0

3B~CH 3a TeopeMOIO JlarpaHJKa f' (c) ~ f' (x 0). To,n;i f' (c) - f' (Xo) ~ O.
C-X 0

Tenep HeBamKo BcTaHOBHTH, m;o f" (x 0 ) ~ 0. Po3rJI.H,ZJ;aIOl!H npoMiJKoK

(a; x 0 ), aHaJioritIHO BCTaHOBJIIOeMo, m;o f" (x0 ) ~ 0. ToMY f" (x0 ) = 0. A
3a3Hal!HMO, m;o KOJIH B TOlID;i XO ,n;pyra noxi,n;Ha ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO,
TO He o6oB '.H3KOBO n;H TOtIKa e TOl!KOIO neperHHY «l>YHRn;il. HanpH-
4
Kna,n;, ,n;n.H cpyHKn;il f (x) = x MaeMo: f" (x) = 12x • To,n;i f" (0) = 0.
2

IlpoTe XO = 0 He e TOl!KOIO neperHHY (pHC. 16.14).

nPlf1KJ1A.fl ,IJ;ocni,n;iTh xapaKTep OIIYKJIOCTi i 3HaH,n;iTb TOTIKH nepe-
5 4
... f( X ) = -x
I'HHY cpyHKD;ll - -x .
20 12
4 3
Po38'Jl3annJl. MaeMo: f'(x)=~-~;
4 3
2
f" (x) = x 3 - x = x 2 (x - 1).
BHKOpHCTOByID'1R MeTo,n; iHTepBaJiiB, ,n;o-
~o 3HaK cpymcrrjl y = f" (x) (pHc. 16.15).
MaeMo, m;o cpyHKn;i.H f onyKna Bropy Ha
0 1
npoMiJKKY (-oo; 1] i OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha rrpo-
MiJKKY (1; +oo). PHC. 16.15

173
§ 2. noxi,D.Ha Ta 'i'i 3aCTOCyBaHHfl

<l>yHKD;i.H f Ha rrpoMiJKKax (-oo; 1] i [1; +oo) Mae pi3HHli xapaKTep

orryKJIOCTi. Y TOlln;i 3 a6cn;:acoro x 0 = 1 ,n;o rpa<J>iKa cpyHI<.u;il f MOJKHa
rrpoBeCTH ,ZJ;OTl-ItIHy. 0TJKe, XO = 1 e TOllKOIO rreperHHY cpyHKD;il f. •
- BiiJnoeiiJb: 1.

Bnpa M
0

16.1. 3Ha.H,n;iTb ,n;pyry rroxi,n;Hy <J>yHKu;il:

1) y = x 3; 5) y =cos x; 9) y =sin x;
~ 4
2) y =x2 - 2x + 5; 6) y = (2x - 1)5 ; 10) y = x sin x.
1
3) y=-; 7) y =sin 3x;
x
4) y=../x; 8) y = cos 2 x;
1 3Hali,n;iTb ,n;pyry rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKn;il:
1) y = x6; 4) y = ~; 7) y = sin 2 x;
2) y = 3 - 5x + x 3 ; 5) y = (1 - 3x) 3 ; 8) y = x cos x.
1
3) y=-; 6) y =cos 2x;
x-1
16.3. t' Ha pHCYHKY 16.16 so6pameHo rpacpiK <l>YHKu;il f. YKamiTb
KiJibKa 3HaqeHb apryMeHTY x, ,ZJ;JI.H .HKHX:
1) f" (x) ~ O; 2) f" (x) ~ 0.
y

,. r\
f
' \
,
)
I \ ..
...
I \
I
\ J 0
,/
1 '\ --
x
\ ..I \
'" "'
_,/

PHC. 16.16
0
16:4. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, ra;o cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x) e orryKJIOIO BHH3 (yropy) Ha
rrpoMiJKKY I To,n;i i JilUile To,n;i, KOJIH <l>YHKD;i.H y = - f (x) e OIIYKJIOIO
Bropy (yHH3) Ha rrpoMimKy I.
16.5. ,Il;Billi ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHi Ha rrpoMiJKKy I cpyHKD;il y = f (x) i
0

y = g (x) e orryKJIHMH BHH3 (yropy) Ha rrpoMiJKKY I. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, rn;o

cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x)+ g (x) e orryKnoro BHH3 (yropy) Ha rrpoMiJKKY I.

174
 16. ,lJ,pyra noxi,o.Ha. noHflTifl onyKnocri cpyHKU.i'I

16.6. l:JoMy AOPlBHIOe 3Ha"CieHHH Apyro! IIOXiAHOl

7t 7t
= 5 sin x - 3 cos 4x y TO"t!u;i: 1) X=-; 2) X=--?
6 2
0

16.7. MaTepia.rrbHa TO"t!Ka pyxaeTbCH no KOOPAMHaTHili npHMili 3a

3
3aKOHOM s (t) = 2t - 5t + 4 (nepeMim;eHHH BMMiproeTbCH B MeT-
2

pax, -qac - y ceKYHAax). 3HaliAiTb 11 npMCKOpeHH.H B MOMeHT

-qacy t 0 = 2 c.
16. 0AHe TiJio pyxaeTbCH no KOOPAMHaTHili npHMili 3a 3aKOHOM
t3 t2
s1 (t) = t 3 - t 2 + 3t - 2, a Apyre - 3a 33.KOHOM s2 (t) = -+-+ 5t -8
3 2
(rrepeMim;eHH.H BMMiproeTbCH B MeTpax, qac - y ceKYHAaX). 3Ha-
lip;iTb npMCKOpeHH.H KO)KHOI'O TiJia B MOMeHT qacy' KOJIM !x IllBM,ll;-
. . .
KOC Tl plBHl.
16.9.° TiJio Macoro 5 Kr pyxaeTbCH no Koopp;HHaTHili rrp.HMili 3a 3a-
KOHOM s (t) = t 3 - 6t + 4 (rrepeMim;eHHH BMMiproeTbCH B MeTpax,
-qac - y ceKyHp;ax). 3HaliAiTb c11ny F (t) =ma (t), m;o p;ie Ha TiJio
qepe3 3 c niCJI.H TIO"t!aTKY pyxy.
0
16.10. 3HaHAiTb rrpoMimKM onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KM neperMHY cpyHKII;i1:
1) y = x 3 - 3x + 2; 2) y = x 4 - 8x 3 + 18x2 - x + 1.
6 3HaHAiTb npoMimKM onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KM neperMHY <l>YHKrt;il:
1) y = x 3 - 2x 2 + x - 2· 2) y = x 4 - 6x 3 + l2x 2 - 3x + 4.
0

16.12. 3HaliAiTb TO"t!KM neperMHY <l>YliKII;il

y = 3x 5 - l0x 4 + l0x 3 + l2x + 3.
16 . .3 3Halip;iTb TO"t!KM neperMHY <l>YHKIJJ!
y= 3x 5 + l0x 4 + l0x 3 - 5x - 4.
4 3 2
m;o cpyHKrt;i.H f (x) = x - 4x + 12x
0

16.14. ,II;oBep;iTb, - llx - 7

e onyKJIOIO BHH3 Ha JR.
,II;oBep;iTb, m;o <l>YHKn;i.H f (x) = sin2x - 2x2 e onyKJIOIO Bropy Ha JR.
16.16: 3Halip;iTb npoMimKH onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KH neperMHY <l>YHKIJ;il:
x 2) -
1) y = 2
; x
Y- (x-1)2 ·
l+x
6. 7 3HaHAi Tb npoMimKM onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KM rreper:aHy <l>YHKIJ;il:
2
1- x ) _ x
1) y = ; 2 y
1+ x 2 - (x + 1) 2 •

16.18: 3Halip;iTb npoMimKH onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KM neperHHY cpyHKrt;il

y = x 2 + 4 sin x.
1 3HaliAi Tb npoMiJKKH onyKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KH neper:aHy cpyHKIJ;il
y = x 2 - 4 cos x.
175
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta 'i1 3acrocyBaHHfl

sin X, .HKID;O x ~ 0,
16.20: 3Ha:0:,n;iTb ,n;pyry noxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;il f (x) - {
x, .HKID;O X < 0.

cos x HKm;o x ~ 0,
• 3Hai1:,n;iTb ,n;pyry rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;ii f (x) -
{ 1, .HKiqO X < 0.

16.22: cl>yHKII;i.H f ,n;Biqi ,n;11cpepeHn;ilioBHa Ha IR . Ha pHCYffKY 16.17

so6pameHo rpacpiK noxi,n;Ho1 cpyHKn;ii f. 'YKamiTb npoMiJKKH orry-
KJIOCTi Ta TO"<!Kli neperHHY cpyHKII;ll f.

I, fy,. I

'1
.....

0
-
l
v
.1 x
\ _, ~
"""- I/
'II = f ,~ IX)
a 6
PHC. 16.17
cl>yHKIJ.i.H f ,n;Billi ,n;11cpepeHn;i:0:0BH Ha R. Ha pHCYHKY 16.18
so6pameHO rpacpiK IIOXi,n;HOl cpyHKn;il f. 'YKaJKiTb npoMiJKKH OIIYR-
JIOCTi Ta TO"tiKli neperHHY cpyHKII;ll f.

:
y ~

r
} - '( ~) ,/
:..,,,,,.
'\ -x
-
~

I
"' ,,
LQ
~
......-
------
I

r
_.)
'
a 6
PHc. 16.18

16."24:· Ha pHCYHKY 16.19 so6pameHo rpacpiK ,n;pyro1 noxi,n;Ho1 cpyHK -

n;ii f. Bi,n;oMo, rqo f' (x0 ) = 0. 3'.acyliTe, q11 e x 0 TOqKoro eKcTpe-
MYMY <PYHKD;il f, .HKm;o: 1) x 0 = - 1,5; 2) x 0 = O; 3) x 0 = 1.

Ha pHcyHKY 16. 20 3 6pameHo rpacpiK ,n;pyro1 noxi,n;Ho1 cpyHK-

n;ii f. Bi,n;oMo, m;o f' (x 0 ) = 0. 3 .HcyliTe 'CJH e x 0 Toq Koro eKcTp e-
MYMY cpyHKII;ll f, HKiqO: 1) Xo - - 1; 2) X o = 1; 3) Xo - 0.

176
 16. ,Upyra nOXIAHa. noHHTTH onyKJlOCTi cpyHK!4i'I

PHc. 16.19 PHc. 16.20

16.26:· Ha p11cyHKY 16.21 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKn;il

f (x)=x 4 +ax 2 +bx+c.
3Haii,n;iTb 3HaKH "t!HCeJI a, b i c.
y

PHC. 16.21 PHc. 16.22

.27:· Ha p11cyHKY 16.22 3o6pameHo rpacpiK <PYHRI.J;il

f (x) = x 3 + ax 2 +bx+ c.
3Hali,n;iTb 3HaKH q11ceJI a, b i c.
x2 x1
16.28:· ,Il;JIH Bcix x E JR ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb co x ~ 1- - +-.
2 24
2
• ,Il;JIH Bcix x ~ 0 ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb .J1 + x ~ 1 + x - ~.
2 8
0-.16.30:· Ilpo cpyHR:a;iro f Bi,n;OMO n.:i;o f" (x) > 0 x E JR
,n;JIH BCiX
(f" (x) < 0 ,D;JIH BCix x E JR). ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb ~o ,ZJ;OBiJibHa rrpHMa Mae
3 rpacpiKOM cpyHKI.J;il f He 6iJibIIIe ,D;BOX crriJibHHX TOl-IOK.
2 1tX
16.31 :· Po3B 'SimiTb piBHHHHSI 2x + cos - =x + 1.
2
:· Po3B amiTb piBHHHHSI .Ji+ x = 2x 4 + 3x + 1.
16.33.* 06"tJHCJiiTb CyMy
=60-59·2 58 +59·58·2 57 +58-57 ·2 56 + ... +3·2·2 1 +2·1·2°.

177
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHH

16.35.* ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;i.H y = x sin x He e nepio,n;KCIHOIO.

,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o <PYHKD;i.H y = cos x +sin 12.x Hee nepio,n;I·PIHOIO.
16.37.* KomHe 3 tIHCeJI x, y, z HaJiemHTh Bi,n;pi3KY [1; 2]. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh
HepiBHiCTh x + y + z - 3xyz ~ 5.
3 3 3

1 . . · KomHe 3 tIHCeJI x, y, z HaJiemHTh Bi,n;pi3KY [1; 2]. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh

HepiBHiCTh ( X+ y + Z) ·(.!. + .!_ +

x y
!J ~
z
10.

KOJllll 3P0611EHO YPOKl-1

'

HepieHiCTb €HceHa
TeopeMa 16.4. HK~o <jJyKKlfi11, f onyKna Biopy na npoMi:HCKY I,
mo on11, 6yiJb-JtKUX a i b 3 npoMi:HCKY I 6UKonyembcJt nepiBnicmb
f (a; }J (a); f
b (b).

11;.H TeopeMa Mae rrpocTy reoMeTpHtIHY iHTeprrpeTan;iro (pHc. 16.23) .

.HKm;o cpyHKII;i.H f e OIIYKJIOIO Bropy Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b], TO op,n;HHaTa
TOtIKH M e He MeHIIIOIO, Him op,n;HHaTa TO't!KH M 1 •
!{ 0 8 ea e 1-l 1-l .flo IIpoBe,n;eMO ,ZJ;OTHtIHY ,n;o
rpacpiKa <PYHKD;il f y Toi:ru;i M (pHc. 16.23).
y OcKiJihKH cpyHKII;i.H f orryKJia Bropy, TO
I
I
I
1 TOi:rKa A JiemHTh He HHm't!e Bi,n; TO't.JKH ~ ,
I
I
I a TO't.!Ka B - He HHm't.!e Bi,n; TO't.!KH B1 •
I
I
I
I
ToMy cepe,n;HHa Bi,n;pi3Ka AB ( TOtIKa M)
I
I
I
JiemHTh He HHm't.Je Bi,n; cepe,n;HHH Bi,n;pi3Ka
I
~B1 (TO't.!Ka M 1 ). IJ;e li 03Hatiae, m;o
x
op,n;HHaTa TOtIKH M e He MeHnroro, Him
PHc. 16.23 op,n;HHaTa TO't!KH M 1 • £.
TeopeMa 16.4 Mae TaKe y3araJihHeHHH.

Teo p e Ma 16. 5. HK~o <jJynKlfiR f onyKna Biopy na npoMi:HC-

KY 1; mo 01£J1, 6yob-JtKUX xl, x2, ... , xn 3 npoMi:HCKY I 6UKOnyembCJI,
11,epiBnicmb
t(x 1 + x2 : ... + x. );;. f(x,) + f(x~ + ... + f(x.>. (l)

HepiBHiCTh ( 1) Ha3HBaIOTh HepiBHicTIO €uceua ,IJ;JUI OJIYKJIOI Bropy

cpy111n~ii'.

178
 HepisHiCTb EHceHa

,[I;oBe.n;eMo TeopeMy 16. 5.

!{ 0 8 e 0 en UJl. )l;oBe.n;eHH.H rrpOBe.n;eMO MeTO.ZI;OM MaTeMaTH't!HOl
iH.n;yKr~il.
3 TeopeMH 16.4 BHIIJIHBae, m;o HepiBHiCTh (1) e rrpaBHJihHOID rrpH
n = 2. ,[I;oBe.n;eMO, m;o KOJili HepiBHiCTh (1) e rrpaBHJihHOIO .ZI;JI.51 n = k,
k > 2' TO BOHa e rrpa.BHJihHOIO .ZI;JI.51 n = 2k.
Po3rJI.HHeMo 2k 't!Hcen x 1 , x 2 , ••• , x 2k, .HKi HaJieJKaTh rrpoMiJKKY I.
X1 +xz
O't!eBH.n;Ho, m;o KOJKHe 3 't!Hcen - - -
2 2
' ... ' 2
Ha-

neJKHTh rrpoMiJKKY I.

xl +Xz X3 +X4
+- - + ... + Xzk - 1 +Xzk J
+xz ;~·-+xzk >
MaeMo: f (Xi
J =f ( 2 2 k 2

f ( XI + Xz ) + f ( X3 + x 4 ) + ... + f ( Xzk - 1 + X211 J

> 2 2 2 >
k
f (XI) + f (X2) f (X3 ) + f ( X4 )
f ( X2h - I) + f (Xzk )
+
- - + ... + - - - - - -
---=--------"'----

> - -2- - - - - -2- - - - - - - - - 2 --- -

k
f (x1) + f (xz) + · · · + f (xzk)
=----------
2k
Terrep MOJKeMO 3p06HTH BHCHOBOK' m;o HepiBHiCTb ( 1) e rrpaBHJih-
HOID .ZI;JI.H n = 2' n = 4' n = 8 i T. .n;. ' T06TO .ZI;JI.H Bcix Ha TypaJibHHX
CTerreHiB q:acna 2.
Hexali m - TaKHH cTerriHh 't!HCJia 2, m;o m > n.
Po3rJI.HHeMo m q:acen:
XI + Xz + , . , + Xn
XI' Xz' ... ' xn ' A, A, ... ' A ' .n;e A = .
n
n qHcen m- 11 'iHCeJJ

,[I;JI.51 II.RX m 't!HCeJI sacTocyeMO .n;oBe.n;eHy HepiBHiCTh (1):

f ( x 1 + x 2 + ... + x,~ A+ A+ ... + A) ; .
~ f (XI)+ f (X 2 ) + ... + f (xn) + f(A) + f(A) + ... + f(A)
:?' •
m

3 Bi,z\CH f ( nA+(:-n) A J;;. f (x )+ f (x

1 2) + ... +~ (x.)+ (m-n) f (A);

mf (A) > f (x 1 ) + f (x 2 ) + ... + f (xn) + mf (A) - nf (A);

nf (A) > f (xI) + f (x 2) + ... + f (x);
f ( x, + x 2 : ••. + x. J;;.
f (x.) + f (x2~ + ... + f (x.) . .A.

179
§ 2. noxi,o.Ha Ta Tl 3acrocysaHHH

3ayBaJKHMO, m;o ,D;JI.H orryKJIOl BHH3 cpyHKD;il f 3HaK HepiBHOCTi (1)

3MiHIO€TbC.H Ha IIpOTHJieJKHHH, T06TO iJJlJi 6yiJb-JiKUX X 1 , X2 , ... , Xn
3 npo.MiJJCKY I eux;onyembcJi nepienicmb

f ( x1 + x2 : ••• + x.),.; f (x1 ) + f (x2~ + ... + f (x. }_

IJ;ro HepiBHiCTb Ha3HBaIOTb HepiBHiCTIO €HCeHa ,Z:J;JUI onyKJIOI BHH3

cl>YJIB:n;ii'..

nPMKJlAJJ, 1 ,Il;JI.H KyTiB A, B i c TpHKYTHRKa ABC ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiB-

HiCTb tg A, +tg B +tg c ~ .J3.

2 2 2

Po 3e'J/.3an1-tJ/.. PoarmrneMo <!JyHKu;iro f (x) = tg x, D (f) = ( O; ; ).

OcKiJihKH AaHa <lJYHKD;ilI orryKna BHH3 Ha rrpoMimKy ( O; ; ), TO

A B C A B C
tg - + tg - + tg - - + +-
2 2 2 ~ tg 2 2 2
3 3

A B C n r;::
tg - + tg - + tg - ~ 3 tg - = '\/ 3. •
2 2 2 6

nPMKJlAA Bi,n;oMo, m;o a> 0, b > 0, c > 0 i a + b + c = 1. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb

HeplBHlCTb
1
2
+ 1
2
+ -1-2 ~~ 27.
3+a 3+b 3+c 28
1
1
Po36 Ji3annJi. PosrJI.HHeMo cpyHKu;iro f (x) = , D (f) = (0; 1).
3+x 2
2
-2x 6(x -1)
MaeMo: f' (x) = 2 2
, f" (x) = 2 3
• 0TPHMY€MO, m;o f" (x) <0
(3 + x ) (3+x )
,n;JI.H 6y,n;I>-.HKoro x E ( 0; 1). To My cpyHKI.J;i.H f e orryKJIOIO Bropy. 3a-
3Ha-qHMO, rn;o a E (O; 1), b E (O; 1), c E (O; 1). ,Il;JI.H cpyHKD;il f MOJK-
Ha 3aCTOCyBaTH HepiBHiCTb (1):

1( 1
3 3+a + 3+b + 3+c
2
1
2
1
2
)~---1
~ 3 +( a+:+c )'.
___
1 1 1 3 27 •
3Bi,n;CH + + ~ -
3 +(~)'
2 2 2
3+a 3+b 3+c 28

180
 17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKLJ,iiil

BnpaeM

16.39. ,[(JI.a KyTiB A, B i C TPIIKYTHHKa ABC ,n;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh:

3)3
1) sin A + sinB + sinC ~
2
A B c
2) cos- +cos- +cos- ~ 3)3.
2 ,
2 2 2
A B c
3) ctg- + ctg- + ctg- ~3.J3.
2 2 2

16.40. ,[(oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh

( x1 +x2 : ••• +x, J < x: +x: : ... +x:,

,n;e Xi ~ 0, X2 ~ 0, ... , xn ~ 0, k E N' n E N.

16.41. Bi,n;OMO, m;o X1 >0 ' X2 > 0 ' ... , xn >0 1 xl + x2 + ... + x n = n.
,[(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
1
+
1
+ ... +
1
~ n.
l+x1 l+x2 l+xn 2

16.42. Bi,n;oMo, ~o x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 i x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. ,[(oBe,n;iTh,

m;o x + y + z
2 2 2
~ 3 J3 .
1+ x 1+ y 1+z 4

KoJIII B MOJIO,ZJ;IIIIIX KJiacax BaM ,n;oBO,ZJ;IIJIOC.H 6y,n;yBaTII rpa<}liKII,

BII, .HK rrpaBIIJIO, IIOCTyrraJIH TaK: II03HaqaJIIf Ha KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH IIJI0-

•'•
1.IJ;IIHi ,n;e.HKY KiJibKiCTh ToqoK, .HKi Ha-
y
JieJKaTb rpacpiKy, a IIOTiM 3, e,n;HYBaJIH I
••
• ••
I
I
1x. ToqHiCTh rro6y,n;oBII saJie.maJia Bi,n; I
• •
I

KiJibKOCTi II03HaqeHHX ToqoK.

Ha pHCYHKY 1 7 .1 306pa.meHo KiJihKa
I

I
I
I
•
I
I •
X3 x
ToqoK, .HKi HaJiemaTb rpacpiKy ,n;e.aKo1 x1 x2 x4

cpyHKII,il y = f (x). I.l;i TOqKH MOJKHa P1w. 17.1

181
§ 2. noxi,o.Ha Ta 'i'°I. 3aCTocysaHHfl

a'e,n;HaTH no-pi3HOMy, HanpHKJia,n; TaK, JIK IIOKa3aHO Ha PHCYHKax

1 7 .2 i 1 7 .3.

x x
PMC. 17.2 P11c. 17.3

IlpoTe J,IKID;O 3HaTH, m;o cpyHKIJ;i.H f 3pocTae Ha KO:>KHOMY 3 rrpoMi:>K-

KiB [x 1 ; x 2] Ta [x 3; x 4], crra,n;ae Ha rrpoMi:>KKY [x 2; x 3] i e ,n;HcpepeHn;ilioB-
HOIO, TO, CKOpime aa BCe, 6y,n;e rro6y,n;oBa-
y HO rpacpiK' IIOKa3aHHil Ha PHCYHKY 17.4.
BH 3HaeTe, .HKi oco6nHBocTi rrpH-
TaMaHHi rpacpiKaM rrapHOl, HerrapHOl,
rrepio,n;H"Y:HOl cpyHKn;ili TOID;O. y 3arani'
xl x2 x3 x4 x 'Y:HM 6iJihille BJiaCTHBOCTeli cpyHKn;il B,n;a-
JIOC.H 3' .HCyBaTH, THM TO'Y:Hirne MO:>KHa
P11c. 17.4 rro6y,n;yBaTH 11 rpacpiK.
,ll;ocni,n;:>KeHH.H BJiaCTHBOCTeli cpyHKII;ll 6y,n;eMO npOBO,lJ;HTH 3a TaKHM
IIJiaHOM.
1. 3HallTH o6naCTb BH3Ha'Y:eHH.H cpyHKn;il.
2. ,ll;ocni,n;HTH cpyHKII;iIO Ha napHiCTb.
3. 3HaHTH HyJii cpyHKn;il.
4. 3HaHTH rrpoMi:>KKH 3HaKOCTaJIOCTi.
5. ,ll;ocni,n;HTH cpyHKJJ;iIO Ha HerrepepBHiCTb, 3Ha:RTH BepTHKaJihHi
aCHMIITOTH.
6. 3HaHTH IIOXHJii aCHMIITOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKJJ;il.
7. 3HaHTH rrpoMi:>KKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H.
8. 3HaHTH TO'Y:KH eKCTpeMyMy i 3Hal!eHH.H cpyHKIJ;il B TOl!Kax eKC-
TpeMyMy.
9. 3HaHTH npoMi:>KKH orryKJIOCTi cpyHKII;il i TOl!KH rreperHHY.
10. BH.HBHTH iHrni oco5JIHBOCTi cpyHKJJ;il (rrepio,n;HtIHiCTh cpyHK-
. u;il, IIOBe,n;iHKY cpyHKJJ;il B OKOJiax OKpeMHX Ba:>KJIHBHX TO't!OK
TOID;O).
3ayBa:>KHMO, m;o HaBe,n;eHHil IIJiaH ,n;ocni,n;:>KeHH.H HOCHTb peKO-
MeH,n;au;iliHHil xapaKTep Ta He e cTaJIHM i BH'Y:epnHHM. Ba:>KJIHBO rrpH
,n;ocni,n;meHHi cpyHKIJ;il BH.HBHTH TaKi 11 BJiaCTHBOCTi, .HKi ,l1;03BOJI.HTb
KOpeKTHO rro6y,n;yBaTH rpacpiK.

182
 17. no6ygosa rpacpiKiB cpyHKLJ,i~

• 3 2 1 3
nPMK.nA.Q ,IJ;ocni,n;iTh cpyHKn;iro f (x) = -x -- x i rro6y,n;yifTe 11
2 4
rpacpiK.

p e' Jl3 a H HJl. 1. <t>yHKll,i.H BH3HaqeHa Ha MHO.iKHHl ,n;iliCHHX

0 3
qHcen, T06To D (f) = ~-
3 3
2. f( - x)= (-x) 2 -_!_(-x) 3 = x 2 +.!.x 3 •
3Bi,n;cH f (-x) -:t f (x)
2 4 2 4
i f (-x) *
-f (x), T06To <PYHKll,i.H y = f (-x) He 36iraeThC.H Hi 3 cpyHK-
u,iero y = f (x), Hi 3 cpyHKu,iero y = -f (x). TaKHM T.IHHOM, ,n;aHa <l>YHK-
. . .
II;l.H He e Hl rrapHOIO, Hl HerrapHOIO.
2
3 1
3-4. MaeMo: f (x) = -x 2 - -x 3 = ~ (6- x). "l!Hcna 0 Ta 6 e HYJI.HMH
2 4 4
cpyHKll,il f. 3acTOCyBaBillH MeTo,n; iHTepBaJiiB (pHC. 17.5)' 3Haxo,n;HMO
rrpoMi)KKH 3HaKOCTaJIOCTi cpyHKII;il f' a CaMe: ycTaHOBJIIOeMO, m;o
f (x) > 0 rrpH x E (-oo; 0) u (O; 6) i f(x) < 0 IIPH x E (6; +oo).

+~
~
0 6

P11c. 17.5 PHC. 17.6 P11c. 17.7

5. <t>yHKII;i.H f HerrepepBHa Ha ~' TOMY 11 rpacpiK He Mae BepTH-

KaJibHHX acHMIITOT.

6. MaeMo: f (x) = 3 x-.!.x 2 • OcKiJihKH cpyHKll,i.H y = f (x) He Mae

x 2 4 x
rpaHHII;i Hi rrpH x ---+ +oo ' Hi rrpH x ---+ -00 ' TO rpacpiK cpyHKll,il f He Mae
IIOXHJIHX aCHMIITOT.
2
7-8. MaeMo: f'(x)=3x- ax =ax (4-x). ,IJ;ocni,n;HBIIIH 3HaK rro-
4 4
xi,n;HOl (pHC. 17.6)' ,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o cpyHKll,i.H f 3pOCTae Ha
rrpoMi)KKY [O; 4], crra,n;ae Ha KO)KHOMY 3 rrpoMi)KKiB (-oo; O] i [4; +oo),
. = 0. MaeMo: f (4) = 8, f (0) = 0.
x max = 4, x nun

9. MaeMo: f" (x) = 3- ax. ,IJ;ocni,n;HBIIIH 3HaK ,n;pyro1 rroxi,n;Ho1

2
(pHC. 17. 7), ,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o cpyHKll,i.H f e OIIYKJIOIO BHH3 Ha
rrpoMi)KKY (-oo; 2], orryKJIOIO Bropy Ha rrpoMi)KKY [2; +oo). OT)Ke,
XO = 2 e TOqKQIO neperHHY i f (2) = 4.

183
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH5l

YpaxoByrotIM 0TpMMaH1 pe3yJihTaTM, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK cpyHK:a;il

(pMC. 17.8). 8
y.
8 r----------- I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I

4 ~- -- -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
--------0 ----L------~----- --~
2 4 6 x
PHC. 17.8

4
nPIAKJlA.Q ,IJ;ocJii,n;iTh cpyHK:a;iro f (x) = 2
i rro6y,n;yiiTe Li
x + 4x
rpacpiK.

P038'Jl3aJiflJl. 1. <l>yHKD;iH BM3HalleHa Ha MHOJKMHi (-oo; - 4) u

U (-4; 0) U (O; + oo).
2. 06JiaCTh BM3HatieHHH <l>YHKD;il HeCMMeTpWIHa Bi,ZJ;HOCHO IIOtiaTKY
KOOp,ZJ;HHaT, OTJKe, ,n;aHa cpyHK:a;i.a He e Hi rrapHOIO, Hi HerrapHOIO.

3. <l>yHK:a;i.a He Mae HyJiiB.

4
4. f (x) = . 3Bi,D;CM f (x) > 0 rrpM x E (-oo; -4) u (O; +oo),
x (x +4)
f (x) < 0 rrpM x E (- 4; 0) (pMC. 17.9).
5. <l>YHK:a;i.a f HerrepepBHa Ha MHOJKMHi (-oo; -4) u (- 4; 0) u (O; + oo).
ToMy BepTMKaJihHHMM acMMIITOTaMM rpacpiKa cpyHK:a;il f MOJKYTh 6yTM
JIHIIIe rrpHMi x = -4 ix= 0. 3'HcyeMO, tIM e :u;i rrpHMi BepTHKaJihHMMH

ni.· •.. f (x ) = 4 M aeMo i·im 4

acHMIITOTaMH rpa'*'1Ka cpyHK:a;u • = +oo,
x 2 + 4x x ..... -4- x 2 + 4x
.
1im 4 = -oo, i·im 4 = -oo, i·im 2 4 = +oo. 0 Tme, rrp.aM1.
2 2
x ..... - 4 + X + 4X x ..... o- X + 4X x O+ X + 4X

x = - 4 i x = 0 e BepTMKaJibHMMH aCHMIITOTaMM rpacpiKa cpyHK:a;i1 f.

TotIKH - 4 i 0 e TOtIKaMM po3pMBY ,n;pyroro po,n;y cpyHK:a;il f.

6. ,IJ;ocJii,ZJ;MMO rpacpiK cpyHK:a;il f Ha HaHBHiCTh IIOXHJIMX acHMIITOT

y = kx+b.

184
 17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKU,iili

. -f (x) 4 0 . T OMY k = 0 . T errep po3rJI.H-

MaeMo: 1im - = i·im =
x >00 X X->:.ox(X 2 +4X)
4
HeMo rpaHHII.ro lim(f(x)-O·x)=lim =0. 0Tme, b=O. 2
x +:c x ~ x + 4x
TaKHM "t!HHOM, rrp.HMa y = 0 e ropH30HTaJihHoro acHMIITOToro rpa-
cpiKa cpyHKII.il f rrpH x ~ +OJ i npH x ~ -OJ .
7-8. MaeMo:
2 2
f'(x)=(4)'-(x +4x)-4·(x +4x)' =- 4(2x+4) _ 8(x+2)
x 2 (x+4) 2 x 2 (x+4) 2 x 2 (x+4)2.
,n:ocJii,ZJ;HBIIIH 3HaK f' (pHC. 1 7 .10), ,ZJ;OXO,ZJ;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o cl>YHK-
II.i.H f crra,n;ae Ha KOmHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB [-2; 0) i (O; +OJ), 3pOCTa€ Ha
KOmHOMy 3 rrpoMimKiB (-OJ; -4) i (-4; -2), Xmax = -2, f (-2) = -1.

P:ac. 17.9 PHc. 17.10 PHC. 17.11

. f" ( ) __ 8x 2 (x + 4)
2 2 2
- 8 (x + 2) (2x (x + 4) + 2x (x + 4))
9 . M a€MO. X - 4 4 •
x (x +4)
2
. ,, 8 (3x + 12x + 16)
CnpocTHBIIIH ,n;p16, oTpMMaeMo f (x) = 3 3
•
x (x + 4)
,n:ocJii,ZJ;HBIIIH 3HaK f" (pHC. 17.11), ,ZJ;OXO,ZJ;HMO BHCHOBKy, m;o cpyHK-
IJ.i.H f € OIIYKJIOro BHH3 Ha KOmHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB (-OJ; -4) i (O; +OJ),
€ OIIYKJIOro Bropy Ha rrpoMimKy (-4; 0), TO'lOK rrepeI'HHY He Mae.
YpaxoByrol.!H oTpHMaHi pe3yJihTaTH, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK cpyHKIJ.il f
(pMC. 17.12).

-2 0
-4 x

PHc. 17.12

185
•

§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13aCTocysaHHH

KopHCTYIO'tlHCh rpacpiKOM <PYHKD;il f (x) = x - 4x + 3,

4 2
P
ycTaHOBlTh, CKiJihKH KopeHiB Mae piBHHHHH f (x) = a 3aJieJKHO Bi,n;
3Ha'tleHHH rrapaMeTpa a.
p 0 3 8' Jl3a1i 1i .fl. <I>yHKil;iH BH3HaqeHa Ha MHOJKHHi ,n;iHCHHX 'tJHCeJI,
T06TO D (f) = ~.
MaeMo: f'(x)=4x 3 -8x=4x(x 2 -2)=4x(x+f2)(x-.J2}
0TJKe, <PYHKD;iH f Mae TPH KpHTH'tIHi
TO't{KH: -J2.; O; J2.. ,ll;ocJii,n;HBIIIH 3HaK
rroxi,n;HOl (plic. 17.13), OTPHMyeMo: <PYHK-
u;hr f 3pOCTae Ha KOJKHOMY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB
PHC. 17.13 [-J2; 0] i [ J2.; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha KOJKHO-

MY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB (-oo; -f2] i [ O; J2.],

xmin = -J2.' xnun = J2.' x max = 0. MaeMO
t(-J2.)=t(F2)=-1, f (0) = 3.
Ypax0By10-q11 oTpHMaHi pe3yJihTaTH, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK 4>YHKD;il f
(pHC. 1 7 .14).
y,~
y
3 y= ia . Q =3
3. I/ ~
- ,,
'\
~
,__
J
,

-
,-
'1 I \I
-
r--

- .\ , I
I\
\
'
- yt. J -
....; Gi
- \ x-
I
l 0 l\ I
\
•
I
0 ]\ I
I x 1J \. I
, .:J '1 \ •I ~1 y = a. a I= - 1
.L

PHc. 17.14 PHC. 17.15

KopHcTyIO'tlHCh rro6y,n;oBaHHM rpacpiKoM, ycTaHOBJIIOeMo KiJihKiCTh

KopeHiB piBHHHHH f (x) = a 3aJieJKHO Bi,n; 3Ha'tleHHH rrapaMeTpa a
(p11c. 17.15):
HKID;O a < -1, TO KOpeHiB HeMae;
'HKID;O a= -1 a6o a> 3, TO 2 KOpeHi;
HKID;O a = 3, TO 3 KOpeHi;
HKID;O -1 < a < 3' TO 4 KOpeHi.
3ayBaJKeHHH. IIi,n; 'tJaC p03B'H3YBaHHH ,l.l;aHOl 3a,n;a'tli 6yJIO BHJiy-qeHO
rryHKTH 2-6, 9, 10 IIJiaHy ,n;ocJii.n;meHHH BJiaCTHBOCTeli cpyHKn;iL BJiac-
THBOCTi <PYHKD;IB, HKi ,ll;OCJii,n;myIOTbCH B D;HX IIYHKTax, He BHKOpHCTO-
ByIOTb IIpli 3' HCyBaHHi KiJihKOCTi KOpeHi.B ,n;aHoro piBHfilIHH f (x) = a . •

186
 17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKUiiil

4
npi.1KJ1AA 4 ,Il;ocni,n;iTh cpyHKII;iIO f (x) = : i no6y,n;yiiTe il rpacpiK.
x -2
p 0 3 e' Jl3 a Ji }iJl. 1. <I>yHKIJ;iH BH3HatieHa Ha MHOmHHi (-oo; ~) u
U (~; +oo).
2. <I>yHKIJ;iH He e Hi rrapHOIO, Hi HenapHOIO.
4
x
3. Po3B' H3aBmH piBHHHHH = 0, ycTaHOBJIIOeMo, m;o x = 0 -
x 3 -2
e,n;HHHH HYJih ,n;aHo1 cpyHKu;iL
4. f(x)>OrrpH XE(~;+oo), f(x)<OnpH XE(-oo;O)U(O;~).
5. <l>yHKu;iH f HenepepBHa Ha MHOmHHi (-oo; ~) u (~; +oo ). ToMy
BepTHKaJihHOIO acHMilTOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKIJ;ll f MOme 6yTH JIHme
4 4
npHMa x = ~- MaeMo: lim : = -oo, liffi : = +oo. 0Tme, npH-
x W.- x -2 x - H12 + x -2
Ma x = ~ - BepTHKaJihHa acHMnToTa rpacpiKa ,n;aHo1 cpyHKu;iL Toq-
Ka ~ e T0'1KOIO po3pHBY ,n;pyroro po,n;y cpyHKII;il f.
6. ,Il;ocJii,n;HMO rpacpiK cpyHKIJ;il f Ha HaHBHiCTb IlOXHJIHX acHMilTOT
y =kx+b.
. f (x) l'lffi
1lID--= xa
= l'l I D1- - -1
x x x oo x3 -2 x-..+ oo 2 - .
1- -
x3
4
ToMY k=l. MaeMo: lim( : -l·xJ=lim ;x =0. 0Tme, b=O.
x x -2 x 00 x -2

TaKMM '1HHOM, npHMa y = x - rroxHJia acHMTITOTa rpacpiKa ,n;aHo1

cpyHKII;il rrpH x ~ +oo Ta rrpH x ~ -00.
7-8. MaeMo:
3 3
f' (x) = x (x -8).
(xa -2)2
,Il;ocni,n;HBIIIH 3HaK f' (pHc. 17 .16), ,n;o-
xo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o cpyHKII;iH f cna,n;ae P:ac. 17.16

Ha KomHOMY 3 npoMimKiB [ O; ~) i ( ~; 2 J, 3pOCTae Ha KOmHOMY

8
3 rrpoMimKiB (-oo; O] i [2; +oo), x mm. = 2, f (2) = , x max = 0, f (0) = 0.
3
2 3
,, 12x (x + 4)
9. MaeMo: f (x) = 3 3
•
(x -2)
,Il;ocni,n;HBIIIH 3HaK f" (pHC. 1 7 .1 7), ,n;o-
P:ac. 17.17 XO,D;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o cpyHKII;iH f e ony-

187
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta 'j'j 3aCTocysaHHH

KJIOIO BHH3 Ha KOmHOMY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB (-oo; -.v4] i ( if'i.; +oo ), OIIYJ<JIOIO

2~
Bropy Ha [ -.v4; ~), X-o = -.v4 - T0'1Ka rreperHHY i f (-if4) = ---.
3
YpaxoByIO'IH 0TpHMaH1 pesyJihTaTH, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK cpyHK:u;i1
(pHC. 1 7 .18) . •
y I
I
8 -----'- /-:!';..
3 I I / //

I /r' ~
VI
/
/I II

/ /"\J~!
3 ~2 1 :2
I

// 0 x
-,r---
.,,/ 2V4
/ --3

P:ac. 17.18

nPMKJ1A.Q ,IJ;ocJii,D;iTb cpyHKI.I,iIO f (x) = ~ x (x -3) 2 Ta rro6y,n;yliTe 11

rpacpiK.
Po3e'.H3ann.H. 1. <l>yHKI.I,i.a BH3Ha"l£eHa Ha MHOJKHHi D (f) = ~.
2. <l>yHKI.I,iH He e Hi rrapHOIO, Hi HerrapHOIO.
3. HyJIHMH ,n;aHo1 cpyHKI.I,il e 'IHCJia 0 i 3.
4. MaeMo: f (x) > 0 rrpH x E (0; 3) U (3; +oo), f (x) < 0 rrpH
X E (-oo; 0).
5. <l>yHKD;iH f
HerrepepBHa Ha ~' TOMY 11 rpacpiK He Mae BepTH-
KaJibHHX aCHMIITOT.
6. ,IJ;ocJii,D;HMO rpacpiK cpyHKI.I,il f Ha HaHBHiCTb IIOXHJIHX aCHMilTOT
y=kx+b.

.
hm--= lim
X--+00
~x(x-3)
f (x)
x
2
.
x-..+oo x
• 89
=hm 3 l - - + -
X-HO
2
=1. ToMy k = 1.
x x
MaeMo:

Jim (4x (x- 3 )2 -x) =Jim (4x (x-3) -x )(4x' (x-3) +x 4x (x-3)
2 4 2
+x
2
) =
X-..+&I X-?OO ~X 2 (x-3) 4 +X~X(X-3) 2 +X
2

x
2
(~-6 J

188
 17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHK~iiil

TaKMM 'IMHOM, np.HMa y = x - 2 -· noxMJia acMMIITOTa rpa<PiKa

,n;aHOl <l>YHK~ll rrpM x ---7 +oo Ta rrpH x ---7 -oo.
7-8. <PyHK~i.H f e He,n;M<PepeH~iHOBHOIO B TQqKax x = 0 i x = 3
(rrepeKOHa:fiTeC.H B ~hOMY caMOCTiHHO).
,[(JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKOrO x E (-oo; 0) u (O; 3) u (3; +oo) MaeMo:
2
f'(x)= (x-3) +2x(x-3) = x-1
3 ~ x (x - 3) ~x 2 (x -3)
2 4

,[(ocJii,D;HBIIHI 3HaK f' (pMC. 17 .19) i BpaxyBaBilIH HerrepepBHiCTh

cpyHK~il f' )J;OXO)J;MMO BHCHOBKY' m;o <l>YHK~i.H f 3pOCTae Ha KOJKHOMY
3 rrpoMiJKKiB (-oo; 1] i [3; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha rrpoMi.mKy [1; 3], x max = 1,
f(l)=if.i:, x.
mrn
=3, f(3)=0.

PRC. 17.19 PRC. 17.20

2
9. MaeMo: f" (x) =- x . ,[(ocJii,n;MBmM 3HaK f" (pMc. 17.20),
~x (x-3) 8 4

)J;OXO)J;MMO BMCHOBKY' m;o <l>YHK~i.H f e orryKJIOIO BHM3 Ha rrpoMiJK-

Ky (-oo; 0) i OIIYKJIOIO Bropy Ha KOJKHOMY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB (0; 3) i (3; +oo),
XO = 0 - TO"t!Ka neperMHY.
YpaxoByroqM oTpHMaHi pe3yJihTaTM, 6y,n;yeMo rpa<PiK cpyHK~il
(pMC. 1 7 .21). •

I
I

v-4~-----.-,- I I
I
I
I
I /
I /

--------- ----~----,,.!----
I /
______ ..,...
1 ,,/ /
3 x
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
I /
_,(
_, I
_,-' I
_, I
/
/
/
/
/
/

PRC. 17.21

189
§ 2. noxiJJ,Ha Ta Ti 3aaocysaHH5l

Bnpae~

17.1: IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <PYHK:o;il:

3
1) f (x) = 3x - x 3 - 2; 5) f (x) =-x 2 -x 3 ;
2
2) f (x) = 2x 3
- 3x 2
+ 5; 6) f (x) = x 4 - 2x
2
+ 1;
xa
3) f(x)=3x--; 7) f (x) = (x + 3) 2 (x - 1) 2 •
9
4) f (x) = x - 3x 2
3
+ 2;
l 1. • IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;i1:
2
x4
1) f (x) = x 3 + 3x ; 4) f(x)=--4x 2 ;
2
1
2) f(x)=4x--x 3 ; 5) f (x) = 8x 2 - 7 - x4•
3
3) f (x) = x - x 3 ;
17.a:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <PYHKu;il:
4-x
1) f (x) = - ;
x+2
x 2 -9
4) f (x) = 2
x -4
; 7) f (x) = 2 ( x;
x
1) ;

2
2 x
2) f (x) = 2
; 5) f (x) = ; 8) f(x)=x2 +4.
x -1 4-x 2 x -4
6x-6 2x
3) f (x) = ; 6) f (x) = ;
x 2 +3 x 2 +1
7. :· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKu;i1:
x-3 l+x 2 3x
1) f (x) =- ; 3) f (x) = ; 5) f (x) = ;
x-1 1-x 2 2
x -9
1 1 2x
2) f (x) = ; 4) f (x) = ; 6) f (x) = •
x 2 -2x x 2 +1 (x+l) 2
17.s:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;il f (x) = x 2 (2x - 3) i BcTruroBiTh,
KOpHCTYIO"t!HCb HHM, KiJibKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH.HHH.H f (x) = a aa-
Jie»<HO Bi,n; aHa"t.J:eHH.H rrapaMeTpa a.
IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKI..I;il f (x) = -x 2 (x 2 - 4) i BCTaHoBiTh,
KOpHCTYIOllHCb HHM, KiJII>KiCTb KOpeHiB piBH.HHH.H f (x) = a aa-
JiemHO Bi,n; aHatieHH.H rrapaMeTpa a.
17. 7. •• IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;il:
1 xa
1) f(x)=x+-; 3) f (x) = 2 ;
x x -4
2 4
x -8
2) f(x)=x +3x; 4) f (x) = •
x- 1 (x+l) 4
190
 17. no6yAOBa rpacj:>iKiB cj:>yHKU,iii1

7 .8 ... IIo6y,n;yifTe rpacpiK cpyHK:u;il:

3
1 x2 - 2x + 2 x - 4
1) f (x)=x+ 2 ; 2) f (x)= ; 3) f (x)= 3 •
x x-1 (x-1)
17.9. ·· IIo6y,L(yifTe rpacpiK cpyHK:u;il:
1) f(x)=~(x+l)(x-2) 2 ; 2) f(x)=:Vl-x
3
•

. IIo6y,n;yifTe rpacpiK <PYHK:a;il f (x) = 2 + ~ x-4.

17.11:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHK:u;il:
1) f (x) =sin 2x - x; 2) f (x) = 2 sin x - cos 2x.
7. . IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHK:u;il:
1) f (x)=sinx+~x; 2) f (x) =2 cos x - cos 2x.
2
17 .13:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH x 3 + ax + 2 = 0
Mae TpH KOpeHi?
l 1. . IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
x 3 -ax+2a+32 =0
Mae TpH KOpeHi?

191
 - -

§3. no A3HV1KOBA
In r l!lCD I HA

CTeniHb 3 AOB.nbHPAM AiMCHPA noKa3HPAKOM.

OKa3HMKOBa <l>YHKl4iH
y 10 KJiaCl BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 IIOH.HTTHM CTerreHH ,n;o,n;aTHOro
"tlHCJia 3 pan,ioHaJihHMM rroKa3HHKOM. Terrep MM 3' .acyeMo, rn;o HBJIH€
co6oro CTeniHh ,n;o,n;aTHOI'O "tlHCJia 3 ,n;iHCHMM IIOKa3HMKOM.
CTpore 03Ha"tleHHH cTerreH.a 3 ,n;ilicHMM rroKa3HMKOM Ta ,n;oBe,n;eHHH
lioro BJiaCTHBOCTeH BMXO,D;MTb 3a MeJKi IIIKiJihHOI'O Kypcy. TeKCT IJ,bOI'O
nyHKTY MiCTMTb JIHIIIe 3ara.JihHi IIOHCHeHHH Toro, HK MOJKHa rrpoBeCTH
Heo6xi,n;Hi o6r'pYHTYBaHHH.
Ilo"tJ:HeMO 3 OKpeMoro BHrra,n;Ky. 3'.acyeMO, rn;o po3yMiIOTb ni,n;
CTeneHeM "tlHCJia 2 3 IIOKa3HHKOM rt.
Ippan,ioHaJihHe "tIMCJIO rt MOJKHa no,n;aTM y BHrJI.a,n;i HecKiH"tleHHoro
Herrepio,n;H"tIHOrO ,n;eCHTKOBOrO ,n;po6y:

TC = 3, 1415 ....
Po3rJI.aHeMo nocJii,n;oBHiCTh (a II ) pau;ioHaJihHMX "tIHCeJI:

3; 3,1· 3,14; 3,141; 3,1415; ... . (1)

3po3yMiJIO, rn;o IJ,H IlOCJii,n;OBHiCTb 36iraeTbCH ,n;o "tlHCJia rt.

Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho ,n;o IIOCJii,n;oBHOCTi (1) rro6y,n;yeMO IIOCJii,Zl;OBHiCTb (2(1" )

CTeneHiB 3 pan,ioHaJihH1'1MH IIOKa3HMKaMM:
3 23,l 23,1 4 2 3.141 2 3,1 415
2 ' ' ' , ' ... . (2)
• ,[(oBe,n;eMo 36iJKHiCTh n,ie! rrocJii,n;oBHOCTi. Po3r JIHHeMo Bi,n;HoIIIeH-
2a,,.1
HH CTeneHiB 3 pan,ioHaJibHMMH IIOKa3HHKaMH: - - = 2un I CJ.
11
• 0cKiJih-
2a,,
KH a n+1 - an - ,n;o,n;aTHe pan,ioHaJihHe "tIMCJIO, TO lioro MOJKHa no,n;aTH

y BHI'JIH,n;i ,n;po6y: an l - a n = ~' ,n;e p E N, q E N, q > 1. MaeMO

192
 18. CTeniHb 3 gosinbHll1M giiltcH111M noKa3Hll1KOM . noKa3Hl!1Kosa cpyHKU.ifl

20.n I p
-- = 2q =
2an
ef2P" > 1. OcKiJihKM 20.n > 0 ,ll;JI.H Bcix n E N, TO rrocJii,n;oB-

HiCTh (2an) e 3pocTaIO"t!OIO. Bo,n;Hoqac 2 3 ~ 20.n ~ 2 4 • ToMy rrocJii,n;oB-

HiCTh (2an) e o6MeJKeHOIO. 3a TeopeMOIO BelieplllTpacca rrocJii,n;OBHiCTh

(2o.n) € 36i.iKHOIO. rpa.HMD;IO n;iel IIOCJii,ll;OBHOCTi Ha3MBaIOTb CTeIIeHeM
qMCJia 2 3 IIOKa3HMKOM 1t i II03HaqaJOTb 21[.
A.Harrori"CIHO MOJKHa ,n;i.HTM B 3araIThHOMY BHIIa,n;Ky' 03Ha-craroqM 3MiCT
BMpa3y bn, ,n;e b > 0, a - ,D;OBLlihHe ,n;ilicHe qMCJIO. ,[(JI.H qMCJia a 6y,n;y-
IOTb 36i.mHy ,n;o HbOro IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTb pan;iOHaJibHMX qMceJI (an ). ,[(aJii
po3rJI.H,D;aIOTb IIOCJii,D;OBHiCTb (bO.n) CTeneHiB 3 pan;ioHaJibHMMM IIOKa3-
HMKaMM (Hara,n;aeMo, r.u;o CTeIIiHh ,n;o,n;aTHOrO "t!HCJia 3 pan;ioHaJibHMM
rroKa3HMKOM e BM3Ha"tleHMM). Mo.mHa ,n;oBeCTM, r.u;o n;.a rrocJii,n;oBHiCTh
36iraeThC.H ,n;o "C!HCJia c, .HKe He 3aJieJKMTb Bi,n; BM6opy 36bKHOl ,n;o a IIO-
CJii,n;OBHOCTi pan;ioHaJibHMX "t!MCeJI (a1l ) . "lJMCJIO c Ha3HBaIOTb CTeIIeHeM
p;o,n;aTHOro qMcna b 3 ,n;ilicHMM IIOKa3HMKOM a i II03Ha-craIOTb ba..
5IKr.u;o OCHOBa b ,n;opiBHIO€ O,D;MHMD;i, TO 1Ct =1 ,ll;Jl.H Bcix ,n;ilicHMX a.
CrrpaB,n;i, .aKm;o rrocJii,n;OBHiCTh pan;ioHaJihHMX qHceJI (a) 36iraeThC.H
,n;o "t!MCJia a, TO 1a. = lim 1o.n = nlim
n-7 o:> - >•
1 = 1.
5IKm;o OCHOBa b ,n;opiBH10€ HYJIIO, TO CTerriHh oo. 03Ha-craIOTb TiJihKH

,ll;Jl.H a > 0i BBaJKaIOTh, m;o ou = 0. HarrpMKJia,n;, oJ2 = 0, on = 0, a BH-

pa3 o-J3 He Mae 3MiCTY.

IIpM b < 0 BMpa3 be\ ,n;e a - ippan;ioHaJihHe 'tfHCJio, He Mae 3MicTy.
CTerriHh 3 ,n;ilicHHM noKa3HMKOM Mae Ti caMi BJiaCTHBOCTi, r.u;o
li CTerriHh 3 pau;iOHaJibHHM IIOKa3HHKOM.
3oKpeMa, ,ll;Jl.H x > 0, y > 0 i 6y,n;h-.HKMX ,n;iliCHHX a i p crrpaBe,n;-
JIMBi TaKi piBHOCTi:
1) XaXP = Xa + P;
2) Xo. : Xp = Xo. - p;
3) (xa)P = xo.13;
4) (xy)°" = xayo.;

,[(oBe,n;eMo, HarrpMKJia,n;, BJiaCTHBiCTb 1.

Hexali a i p- ,n;ilicHi "C!HCJia, IIpM"t!OMY a= lim an,
n--t -xi
p= lim
n--t cc
Pn' ,n;e

(a ) i
n
(p n ) - rrocni,n;oBHOcTi pau;ioHaJihHHX qHceJI. MaeMo:
a + p= lim
n
an + lim pn = lim (an + pn).
n--t oo
:io n -x

193
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cj:>M iYHa cj:>yHK~i "I

,IJ;n.H ,n;o,n;aTHoro q::acna x posrJI.HHeMo TPH rrocni,n;oBHOCTi; (x an ),

(x Pn ) i (x an. x Pn ).
MaeMo: lim x <ln = x a' lim xPn = x 13 .
n co n co

OcKiJibKH ,ZJ;JI.H pan.ioHaJibHHX IIOKa3HHKiB an i ~n BJiaCTHBiCTb 1

Mae Micn.e (MH ,n;isHaJIHC.H rrpo n.e B 10 KJiaci, KOJIH BHBqaJIH BJiaCTH-
BOCTi CTerreH.H 3 pan;ioHaJibHHM IIOKa3HHKOM), TO x CLn . x Pn = X C]. 11 +Pn.
ToMy MOJKHa sarr::acaT::a:
Xa• x 13 = lim x an • lim x 13 n = lim (x an • xPn) = lim x an+Pn = X n p
11 ~co n co n ~co 11 -1-00

TaKHM q::aHoM, BJiaCTHBiCTb 1 ,n;oBe,n;eHo.

Po 3 e'Jla an nJl. MaeMo:

(a J7 + i)(a 3 J7 - a 2 J7 +aJ7 ) (a J1 + i)(a 2 J7 - aJ7 + l)aJ7 a 3 J7 +1
a 4 ·./7 + a J7 (a 3 J7+ 1)aJ7 - a 3 J7+ 1=1. •
06epeMo ,n;e.HKe ,n;o,n;aTHe q:acno a, Bi,n;MiHHe Bi,n; 1. KoJKHOMY ,n;i:.0:-
CHOMY l!HCJIY x MOJKHa IIOCTaBHTH y Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTb q::acJIO ax. THM
caMHM sa,n;aHO <PYHKII;ilO f (x) = aX, ,n;e a > 0, a =/; l, 3 o6JiaCTIO BH-
3HatieHH.H JR .
11;10 <PYHKII;iIO Ha3HBaJOTb IlOKa3HHKOB010 <l>YHKD;i€10.
3' .HCY€MO ,n;e.HKi BJiaCTHBOCTi IIOKa3HHKOBOl cpyHKn;il.
IlpH a > 0 i 6y,n;h-.HKOMY X BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTb ax > 0.
,IJ;oBe,n;eMO n;ro BJiaCTHBiCTb ,ZJ;JI.H a> 1 (BHIIa,ZJ;OK 0<a<1 posrJI.H-
,n;aeTbC.H aHanoriqHo). PosrJI.HHeMo s6iJKHY ,n;o tIHcna x nocni,n;oBHiCTb
pan.ioHaJibHHX t.JHCeJI (x 11 ). OcKiJibKH rrocJii,n;oBHiCTb (x 11 ) e s6iJKHOIO,
TO BOHa e 06MeJKeH010. ToMy icHye TaKe pan;ioHaJibHe q::acno r, in;o
xn ~ r ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix n E N. BHKOPHCTOBYIOt.JH BJiaCTHBOCTi CTeIIeH.H 3 pa-
n;ioHaJibHHM IIOKa3HHKOM, Ma€MO, in;o aXn~ ar > 0 ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix n E N.
To,n;i ax = lim
n co
a Xn ~ ar > 0 (,n;HB. TeopeMy 45.4 ni,n;pyqHHKa «Arrre-
6pa-10» ).
~aKHM t.JHHOM, o6JiaCTb 3Hat.JeHb IIOKa3HHKOBOl <PYHKD;il CKJia,n;a-
€TbC.H TiJibKH 3 ,n;o,n;aTHHX t.JHCeJI.
MoJKHa rroKasaTH, m;o ,n;JI.H ,n;aHoro q::acna a, ,n;e a > 0 i a =t 1, i ,n;n.H
6y,n;h-.HKOro ,n;o,n;aTHOrO q::acna b icHye TaKe t.JHCJIO X, ~o BHKOHY€TbC.H
piBHiCTb ax = b.
CKasaHe osHatiae, m;o 06JLacm10 ana1lenb noJCaanuKoeo'i cpynKl{iL
e MliOJICU1ia (O; +oo).
194
 18. CreniHb 3 ,D,OBiJlbHlllM .o,iiitcHVIM noKa3H111KOM. noKa3H111KOBa cpyHKLJ,iH

II O'Ka3HUJC08a rjJynJCU,i.fl ne Mae nyJLiB, i npoMi:HCOJC (-oo; +CXJ) € iT

npoMi:HC'KOM 3naKocmaJLocmi.
IloKameMo, :ru;o npu a > 1 noKa3nuKo6a rpynKU,iJl € 3pocma101lo10.
,Il;JIH ll,bOrO CKOpHCTaeMOCH JieMOIO.
JleMa. HKUfO a> 1 ix > 0, mo ax> 1; JUCUfO 0 <a< 1 ix > 0,
mo 0 <ax< 1.
JI,08eoenliJl rrpoBe,n;eMO BHIIa,D;KY' KOJIH a > 1 i x > 0 (,n;oBe,n;eH-
)J;JIH
HH ,n;pyro1 tiaCTHHH JieMH po3rJIHHbTe caMOCTiHHO).
OcKiJihKH x > 0, TO icHye Ta Ke pan,ioHaJibHe tIHCJIO r, :ru;o
x > r > 0. Po3rJIHHeMo 36i.mHy ,n;o tIHCJia x rrocni,n;OBHiCTb pan,ioHanh-
HHX tIHCeJI (Xn ). 3 YMOBH lim Xn = X > r BHIIJIHBae, Ill,O, IIOtIHHaIOtIH
fl~~

3 ,n;eHKOro HOMepa no' BHKOHYE:TbC.H HepiBHiCTb xn > r (,n;HB. Teope-

. .
MY 45.3, «Arrre6pa-10» ). OcKiJibKH a> 1 i "tIHCJia xn i r e pan,10-
HaJihHHMH, TO axn >a' > 1 ,D;JIH Bcix n ~ n0 • To,n;i
ax = lim axn ~a,. > 1. ...
n - >cO

Hanp:imnaA, 2~ > 1, 0< G) J2 < 1.

Po3rJIHHeMo ,n;oBiJibHi qncna x 1 i x 2 TaK1, :m;o x 2 > x 1 , i cpyHK-

n,i10 f (x) = aX, ,n;e a > 1.
3arrnmeMO pi3HHll,IO f (x 2 )-f(x1 )=ax2 - ax1 =ax' (ax 2 -x1 -1).
OcKiJihKHx 2 > x 1, To x 2 - x 1 > 0. To,u;i 3a neMoIO MaeMo: ax2 -x1 > 1.
OcKiJibKH ax' > 0, TO ax (ax -x -1) > 0. 3Bi,n;cn f (x2) > f (xl).
1 2 1

0TJKe, MH IIOKa3aJIH, Ill,O 3 HepiBHOCTi x2 > xl BHIIJIHBae HepiBHiCTb

f (x) > f (xl). ll,e 03Hatiae, Ill,O cpyHKll,iH f e 3pOCTaIOtIOIO.
AHanoritIHO MOJKHa rroKa3aTH, :ru;o npu 0 < a < 1 noKa3nuKoea
qJyli'KU,iJl € cna01-l010.
OcKiJihKH rroKa3HHKOBa cpyHKll,iH e a6o 3pocTaIOtIOIO (rrpn a > 1),
a6o crra,n;HoIO (rrpn 0 < a < 1), TO BOHa ne Mae mottoK eKcmpe-
MyMy.
II 0Ka3nuJC06a rpynKu,iJl € nenepep8no10.
IloKaJKeMO, HK MOJKHa ,u;oBeCTH HerrepepBHiCTb IIOKa3HHKOBOl
cpyHKll,il f (x) = ax y 6y,n;b-HKiH TOtill,i XO E IR. Po3rJI.HH8MO BHrra,u;oK
a > 1 (BHIIa,D;OK, KOJIH 0 < a < 1, po3rJIH,n;aeTbC51 aHanoritIHO).
Hexali (x) - ,u;oBiJibHa 36imHa ,n;o x 0 rrocni,n;oBHiCTb apryMeHTiB
IIOKa3HHKOBOl cpyHKll,iL 06epeMO ,u;Bi IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi pan;ioHaJibHHX
tIHcen (y n ) i (z n ), 36imHHX ,n;o x 0 i Ta.KHX, :ru;o y n < x n < z n . OcKiJihKH
a > 1, TO MOJKHa 3arrncaTH aYn < axn < az 11
• 3 03HatieHH.H tIHCJia ax0
195
BHIIJIHBae, m;o lim aYn = lim a 2n = ax
0
• BHKOPHCTOBYIO"'C{H T~opeMy npo
ri oo n -~ a::

,ll;BOX KOHBOlpiB, MOJKHa 3p06MTH BMCHOBOK, ill;O lim axn = a xo . 3Bi,ll;CM

n

BMTIJIHBae HenepepBHiCTb <lJYHKJJ;il f (x) = ax y TOtn.i;i X •

0
II 01Ca3nUK08a cpynK4iJl € aucpepen4iuoeno10. ,Il;eTaJihHiIIIe rrpo IIO-
xi,n;Hy IlOKa3HMKOBOl cpyHKJJ;il BM ,n;i3HaeTeCH B II. 25.
Ha pMcyHKax 18.1 i 18.2 cxeMaTM1:1HO 306pa.JKeHo rpacpiK noKa3-
HMKOBo1 <PYHKJJ;il ,ll;JIH BMIIa,n;KiB a > 1 i 0 < a < 1 Bi,n;noBi,n;HO.

y =ax,
O< a < l

0 1 x 0 1 x
Plic. 18.1 Plic. 18.2

3oKpeMa, Ha pHCYHKax 18.3 i 18.4 306pameHo rpacpiKH cpyHKJJ;iM

y = 2'i y=Gr.
Y'•
, YJ,
y - ,' , )X
l
I \ , ~

I \ 1 = 1- \
I \~ J
J '\
I
1/ ' -
'
1
,,/ ........
--- -
0 ~ 0 x
Pnc. 18.3 PRC. 18.4

.Il:JIH IlOKa3HHKOBOl cpyHKJJ;il HeBaa<KO ,n;oBeCTH TaKi TBep,n;JKeHHH:

HKm;o a > 1, TO lim ax= O; HKIIJ;O 0 < a < 1, TO lim ax= 0. ToMy
x -4 -c.c x rr,

npH a > 1 rpacpiK IIOKa3HMKOBOl cpyHKJJ;il Mae ropM30HTaJibHY

acHMIITOTY y = 0 npH X-+ -oo. AHa.Jiori1:1Ho npH 0 < a < 1 rpacpiK
TIOKa3HMKOBOl cpyHKJJ;il Mae ropH30HTaJihHY acHMIITOTY y = 0 npM
x-+ +oo.
196
 18. CreniHb 3 ,o.os inbHV1M ,o.iL71CHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKU,iH

y 10 KJiaci BM ,n;i3HaJIMC.H, ~o cpyHKDJi MOmHa 03Ha"CiaTM, OIIMCY-

IO"CIM 1x xapaKTepMCTM"CIHi BJiaCTMBOCTi. HarrpRKJI~, yci rroKa3HMKO-
Bi cpyHKII,il f (x) =ax MaIOTh TaKy BJiaCTMBiCTh:
ax+y =ax• aY, ,n;e X, y E JR ,
T06To BJiaCTMBiCTh
f(x + y)=f(x)f(y), ,n;e x, y E JR .
Hara,n;aeMo, ~o OCTaHHIO piBHiCTh Ha3MBaIOTh cpyHK11,ioHaJihHHM
piBH.HHH.HM Korni (,n;MB. «Arrre6pa-10», c. 46). MomHa ,n;oBeCTH (,n;MB.
3~aqi 18.53, 18.54), ~o cepe,n; HerrepepBHHX cpyHKII,ili, Bi,n;MiHHMX
Bi,n; HYJihOBOl KOHCTaHTH, 3aIIHCaHe piBH.HHH.H 3a,n;OBOJihH.HIOTh JIHIIIe
cpyHKII,il BM,n;y f(x) =ax. ToMy piBH.HHH.H Korni MOmHa BMKOPHCTOBy-
BaTM ,ZJ;JI.H 03Ha"CieHH.H IIOKa3H.HKOBOl cpyHKII,il.
IloKa3HHKOBa cpyHKII,i.H e MaTeMaTH"CIHOIO MO,n;eJIJIIO 6araThOX rrpo-
11,eciB, .HKi Bi,n;6yBaIOThC.H B rrpMpo,n;i Ta B ,n;i.HJihHOCTi JIIO,ZI;MHH.
HarrpMKJia,n;, 6ioJioraM Bi,n;oMo, m;o KOJIOHi.H 6aKTepili y rreBHMX
YMOBax 3a piBHi rrpoMimKH -qacy 36iJihIIIye CBOIO Macy B o,n;Hy li TY
caMy KiJihKiCTh pa3iB.
Hexali Maca KOJioHil 6aKTepili y MoMeHT qacy t = x ,n;opiBHIOe
f (x). To,n;i 3a rrpoMimoK Bi,n; t = x ,n;o t = x + y Maca KOJIOHil 6aKTepili
36iJihIIIMThCSI B TaKy caMy KiJihKiCTh pa3iB, .HK 3a rrpoMimoK qacy Bi,n;
t = 0 ,n;o t = y, T06To
f (x + y) f (y)
f (x) f (0)
flK~O B MOMeHT qacy t = 0 Maca KOJIOHll 6aKTepili ,n;opiBHIOBaJia 1,
TO OCTaHHIO piBHiCTh MOmHa rrepeIIHCaTM TaK:
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y).
IlpMpo,n;Ho BBamaTM, m;o cpyHKII,i.H, .HKa OllHcye 3aJiemHiCTh MaCH
KOJIOHil 6aKTepili Bi,n; -qacy, e HerrepepBHOIO.
ToMy Maca KOJIOHil 6aKTepili y MOMeHT qacy t ,n;opiBHIOe f (t) = a 1 •
3 cpi3MKM Bi,n;oMo, ~o
rri,n; -qac p~ioaKTMBHoro po311a,n;y Maca pa-
,n;ioaKTMBH01 pe"tIOBHHM 3a piBHi rrpoMimKH qacy 3MeHrnyeThCSI B o,n;Hy
H TY CaMY KiJihKiCTh pa3iB.
flK~O IIOKJiaCTH rporni B 6aHK rri,n; rreBHHH rrpo11,eHT' TO KOmHoro
poKy KiJihKiCTh rporneli Ha paxyHKY 6y,n;e 36iJihIIIyBaTMC.H B o,n;Hy li TY
caMy KiJihKiCTh pa3iB.
ToMy noKa3HHKOBa cpyHKII,i.H orrHcye i 11,i rrpo11,ecM.

y Ta6JIHII,i HaBe,n;eHO BJiaCTMBOCTi cpyHKII,il y = aX, ,n;e a > 0, a-:/;; l,

BHBt.IeHi B II;hOMY IIYHKTi.

197
§ 3. noKa3Hlt1KOBa i noraplt1cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i

06JiaCTb BH3Ha't.!eHH.H JR
06JiaCTb 3Ha't.!eHh {O; +co)
HyJii cpyHK:a;ii -
IIpoMiJKKH 3HaKo-
y > 0 Ha JR
CTaJIOCTi

.HKr:u;o a > 1, TO cpyHKD;i.H

3pocTaHH.H I e 3pOCTaIO't.!OIO,
crra,n;aHH.H .HKil.l;O 0 < a < l, TO cpyHKD;i.H
e crra,n;Horo
HerrepepBHiCTh HerrepepBHa
,[(McpepeHu;ilioBHiCTb ,[(McpepeHu;ilioBHa
.HKm;o a > 1, TO rpacpiK cpyHKD;il
Mae ropM30HTaJibHY aCHMIITOTY y = 0
rrpM x -t -co;
AcHMIITOTH
.HKm;o 0 < a < 1, TO rpacpiK cpyHKD;il
Mae ropM30HTaJibHY aCHMIITOTY y = 0
rrpM x-t+co

nPMKJlA,11 2 3Hai1,n;iTb HaMMeHIIIe i Hai16iJibIIIe 3Ha't.!eHH.H cpyHK:a;i!

f (x) = 3x Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [-4; 3].
Po3B'Jl3aHH.fl. OcKiJihKH cpyHKu;i.a f 3pocTae Ha Bi,n;pisKy (-4; 3],
TO Hai1MeHIIIOro 3Ha't.!eHH.H BOHa Ha6yBae IIPH x = -4, a Hai16iJibIIIO-
ro - rrpM x = 3. 0Tme,
minf (x)=f {-4)=3
[-4;3]
4
=~,
81
maxf {x)=f{3)=3 3 =27.
[- 4;3]

Bi8noBi8b: ~; 27.
81
1 1
nPMKnA,113 PoaB'.HmiTb piBH.HHH.H (v'2-1) x =sin 2 x+l.

Po3B'Jl3aHHJl. OcKiJihKH 0 < v'2 -1 < l, a I x I~ 0, TO

sin 2 x+1~1.
0
( v'2 L-l)'x ' <. (v'2-1) =1. Bo,n;Ho't.£ac TaKHM 't.!HHOM, ,n;rurn
piBH.HHH.H piBHOCHJibHe CHCTeMi

( v'2 -l) x = l, 3Bi,ZJ;CM X = 0.

{ 2
sin x+1=1.
Bi8noei8b: 0.

198
 18. CreniHb 3 AOBinbHV1M Aiil1CHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKU,ifl

Bnpae1;1
0

18.1. 06l!HCJiiTh 3Hal!eHHH BHpaay:

3) ~6(J5+d. 36-JS;

2) ( (3if7)
J3 )J3
; 4> ((~fr·.
18.2 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha1leHHH BHpa3y:

1) 5(J3-i)' t )',/3; 2) ( ( .J2) J6) J6; 3) ( (~)

J5
5
)-25 •

0
18.3. IIopiBHHHTe 3 l!HCJIOM 1 cTerriHh:

1) (~f; 3) 0,6
2 5
; 5) (:)';
- 16
2) (; )'; 4) ( !)
3

;
6) ( 7t:l . )

8. 51:Ed 3 ,n;aHHX llHCeJI 6iJihIIIi 3a 1, a HKi MeHllli Bi,n; 1?

JlO
2) 7t • 3) 7 .J2;
( 6) '
18.5 . f pyHTYIO'lf!Cb
0

Ha HKiH BJiaCTHBOCTi ITOKa3HHKOBOl cpyHKII,il

MO.iKHa CTBep,n;.myBaTH, ~o:

7 )3,2 < (-7 ) 2,9. 4)l,8 > (4)1,6

1) ( -
9 9 '
2) (-
3
-
3
?
0
18.6. IIopiBHHHTe:
1

1) 5 3·4 i 53.26; 3) 1 i (!)'; 5) (-12)

6
i (.J2)J7;

8.7 .
2) 0,3°.4 i 0,3°· 3;
0
IIopiBHHHTe 3 'lHCJIOM
4) 0,17- 3 i 1;
1 3Ha'leHHH BHpasy:
6) (r, (r·
7t
-
4
•
1
7t
-
4
.

3) (~T;
1

4) GT;
18.8. IIopiBHHHTe a 'lHCJIOM 1 ,n;o,n;aTHe 'lHCJIO a, HK~o:

199
§ 3. noKa3Hll1KOBa i norapvHpMiYHa cpyHKWi 'I

1 .9 IIopiBHHMTe "t!HCJia m i n, HK~o:

3) (:r >(:r
4) (l~r <(l~r.

2)
a 2 J7 -a,fi a W24 -1 a m +l
r
4,fi 3,fi'
•
4) ~
a -a a -l a~ + 1
. CnpocTi Tb BHpa3:
(a 2 J6 - 1)(aJ6 +a 2 J6 +a 3 J6) 1
1) J6 J6 ; 2) ((a n+ bn)2-(an-bn)2)n.
4
a -a
0

18.12. 'llH e npaBHJibHHM TBep,Z:i;:>KeHHH:

1) Hali6iJibI.IIe 3Ha1IeHHH <PYHKI.I;il y = 0,2x Ha npoMi:>KKY [-1; 2]
,ZJ;OpiBHIOE: 5;
2) o6JiaCTIO BH3Ha"t£eHHH cpyHKI.I;il y = 4 - 7x e MHO:>KHHa ,ZJ;IBCHHX
"t!HCeJI;
3) o6JiaCTIO 3Ha1IeHb cpyHKD;il y = 6x + 5 e npoMi:>KOK [5; +oo);

4) HaliMeHme 3Ha•rnHH.a: <PYHKIIil y =GJ na npoMi»rny [-2; 2]

,n;opiBHIOe 16?
0
18.13. 3HaH,ZJ;iTb o6JiaCTb 3Ha"t£eHb cpyHKn;il:
l):c
2) y = 5 ( + 1; 3) y = 7x - 4;

18.14.° 3Halil(iTb Hali6iJibllie 3Ha'!eHH.fl <lJYHKII;il y =

KY (-2; 3].
( ~ r
Ha IIpOMDK-

18.15. Ha HKOM.Y npoMi:>KKY Hali6inbme 3Ha"t£eHHH cpyHKI.I;il y = 2x

0

,n;opiBHIOe 16' a HaMMeHIIIe - ~?

!r
4

. Ha >IKOMY npoMiJRKY Hali6iJibme 3Ha'IeHH>I <PYHKIIil y =(

,n;opiBHIOE: 2 7' a HaMMeHIIIe - ~?
0

18.17. Po3B'H:>KiTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) 2x > -1; 2) 2-rx >-2.

200
 18. CreniHb 3 .o.osinbHV1M ,o,itl1CHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKLJ,ifl

Po3B' .amiTh HepiBHiCTh 2x > 0.

18.19: I'pacpiK 51KOl 3 cpyHKIJ;iM, 306pameHHX Ha pHCYHKY 18.5, rrepe-
THHae rpa<:PiK <l>YHKD;il y = 5x 6iJibIIIe Him B 0,D;HiM T0'1D;i?
y y y

x
0

x x
-51
a 6 8
PHc. 18.5

in)-5,2 ( r;:;)S,6
18.20 .. IlopiBH51HTe: ( 7 + 4....; 3 i 7 -4....; 3 .
18.21.. "Y CTaHOBiTh rpacpi'1HO KiJihKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH51HH.a:
1) 2x = x; 2) 2x = x 2 ; 3) 2x = sin x; 4) 2-x = 2 - x 2 •
"YcTaHOBiTh rpacpi'1HO KiJihKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH51HH51:

2) GJ =cosx; 3) (3l)x =4- 3x.

18.23. · IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;li:
2 xi -1
1) y = I 2x - 1 I; 4) y = 2' x + 11- 2; 7) y= I
2x -1 1·

2) Y = I 2x t 1 - 2 I;
3) y = 21x I + l;
1 ' Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpa<:PiK cpyHKn;i1:
1) y = I 3x - 2 I; 3) y = 31x " 1 1- 1;

2) y = 31 x I - l;

18.25: IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <l>YHKD;il y = .J2cosx -2.

IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKD;il y = .J2sin x - 2.
18.27: 3HaM,D;iTh Hali6iJibIIIe i HaMMeHllie 3Ha'1eHH51 <l>YHKn;il:
1 )SUlX
1) y =( - ; 2) Y = 31 sin x I _ 2.
4

201
1 .2 3Ha:li,n;iTh Haii6irrbme i HaHMeHme 3HatieHH.H cpyHKn;ii:
l ) lcosx I
1) Y = 6cos x; 2) y = ( - +5.
5
18.29: Po3B'RmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 2tg x > O; 2) 2arcsinx > - : ; 3) 2arcco x > arccos x - n.
8. Po3B'RmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 2x >sin x - l; 2) 2x >arcsinx- 7t; 3) 2ctgx >cos x - 1.
2
2
18.31: 3Hali,n;iTb 06JiaCTb 3HatieHb cpyHKD;il f (x) =2(sinx +cosx) •

SHali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HatieHb cpyHKD;il f (x) = 31sin x cos x 1.

18.33: Po3B'RmiTo piBHRHH.H:
1) 2cosx = x2 + 2; 2) 2JX =cos x.
Po3B' RmiTh piBHRHH.H:
l)lxl 2
1) ( = x +1; 2) 2lxl =cosx.
2
18.35: Po3B'RmiTh HepiBHiCTo:
2 2 r
1) 2x ~sin x; 2) 2-x ~I sin x I+ 1; 3) 2"x ~ 1- x 2 •
1 Po3B 'RmiTh HepiBHiCTo:
2 2
1) 2x > cos x; 2) 2-x ~ x 2 + 1.
2x - 1
18.37: ,Il;ocJii,n;iTh Ha rrapHiCTh cpyHKD;iIO y = 2x + 1.
2x _ 3x
,JJ;ocJii,n;iTh Ha napHiCTh cpyHKD;iIO y- - - -
- 2x + 3x •

18.39: ,lJ;ocJii,n;iTh Ha rrapHiCTb cpyHKD;iIO y = (2 +Far+ (2-Faf.

,lJ;ocJii,ZJ;iTh Ha rrapHiCTh cpyHKD;iIO y = ( j2, + lr -( j2, -lr.
18.41: ,JJ;ocJii,n;iTo Ha HerrepepBHlCTh Ta 3' .HcyliTe xapaKTep TOtIOK
p03pMBY cpyHKn;ii:

1
1) y=2~; 2) y=(:f''
,Il;ocJii,n;iTb Ha HerrepepBHiCTh Ta 3' .HcyliTe xapaKTep TOt{OK
po3pMBY cpyHKD;ll:
1
---
2 ctg x
1) Y = 5 (x-1) ;
2) y= ( ; )

2x -1
18.43 ... 3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh 3Ha"t!eHb <l>YHKD;il y = 2x - 4 .

202
 18. CreniHb 3 ,o.osinbHV1M ,o.iilKHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKU,ifl

• 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3Ha"t!eHb c):>yHKD;il y= ax .

3x -9
25
18.45:· ,Il;aHO <i>YHKa;iIO y = f (x), .n;e f (x) = 5x + . IlpH .HKOMY 3Ha-
5x
"t!eHHi rrapaMeTpa a <i>YHKU;i.H y =f (x + a) 6y.n;e rrapHoIO?

27
,Il;aHO <i>YHKD;iIO y = f (x), .n;e f (x) = 3x - . IlpH .HKOMY 3Ha-
3x
"tieHHi rrapaMeTpa a <i>YHKD;i.H y = f (x + a) 6y.n;e HerrapHoIO?
18.47:· IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'C!eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a Haii6iJihme 3HalJeHH.H

.pymu~il f (x) = -( ~ J~ + · 3-x -3a 2 Ha Bi.o;piaKy [-1; O] e Bi.o;'eM-

HHM 'C!HCJIOM?
. IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'C!eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a <i>YHKD;i.H
_ -x (l)x+l ·5a- +a-+12
f( x ) - 4 + - --
2

2 2 6
Ha6yBae y Bcix TO'C!Kax Bi,n;pi3Ka [-1; 1] 3HalleHh, 6iJibIDHX 3a 2?

z
18.49:· Po3B' .fDKiTh y .n;o,n;aTHHX q11:cnax cHcTeMy y =X,
z x =y.
1
Xy =Z,
1
. Po3B'HmiTh y .n;o,n;aTHHX 'C!HCJiax CHCTeMy yz = x,
1
zx =y.
18.51:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rroxi,n;Ha IIOKa3HHKOBOl <i>YHKD;ll f (x) =ax )J;JIH

BCix x E IR 3a,ZJ;OBOJibH.He piBHiCTb f' (x) =ax. f' (0).

18.52.* "l.111: icHyIOTh TaKi ippa:a;ioHaJihHi 'C!HCJia a i b, m;o ab - pa-
n;ioHaJihHe lJHCJIO?
18.53.* Ilpo <PYHKD;iIO f Bi,n;oMo, m;o f (1) = 3 i ,ZJ;JIH Bcix· x, y E IR BH-
KoHyeTbCH piBHiCTb f (x + y) = f (x) f (y). 3Ha:li,n;iTb:

1) f (O); 2)f(-1); 3) f (2); 4) f (20);

18.54. * IIpo HerrepepBHY <i>YHKD;iIO f Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o f (1) = 3 i ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix
X, y E IR BHKOHyeTbC.H piBHiCTb f (x + y) = f (x) f (y). ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o

f (x) =3x.
203
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKLJ,i'i

PoarJUIHeMo piBH.HHH.H 2x = 8,
3x.3x-l = 4,
0, 3x-4 = 0, 3x2 •
y
Bcix D;MX piBH.HHH.HX 3MiHHa MiCTMThC.H TiJihKM B TIOKa3HMKY CTe-
neH.H. HaBe,n;eHi piBH.HHH.H e rrpMKJia,n;aMM rroKa3HHKOBHX piBHHHb.
T
opeM 19 .1. Ilpu a > 0 i a 1 pi6KiCmb * ax1 = ax2 6UKOKy-
embCJ£ moiJi i minbKU moiJi, Konu x = x .
1 2
l(oeeaenna. 011eBM,n;Ho, m;o KOJIM x 1 = x2, To aXi =ax2•
,IJ;oBe,n;eMO, m;o 3 piBHOCTi a Xi = a -~2 BMIIJIMBae piBHiCTh xl = x2.
IlpMrrycTHMo, m;o x 1 =F- x 2 , To6To x 1 < x 2 a6o x 1 > x 2 • Hexali, HanpH-
KJia,n;, x 1 < x 2 •
PoarJI.HHeMO IIOKa3HHKOBY cpyHKD;iIO y = ax. BoHa e a6o 3pOCTaIO-
'tJOIO, a6o cna,n;HOIO. To,n;i 3 HepiBHOCTi xl < x2 BMTIJIHBae, m;o ax1 < ax2
(rrpH a > 1) a6o aXi > ax2 (rrpH 0 < a < 1). IlpoTe aa YMOBOIO BMKO-
HY€ThC.H piBHiCTh a xl = a x2 • 0TpMMaJIM cynepe11HiCTh.
AHanori11Ho po3rJI.a,n;aIOTh BMrra,n;oK, KOJIM x 1 > x 2 • .._

H cJii,n;o . HKUfO a > 0 i a* 1, mo pi6KJ£KKJ£

a' (x) = ag (x) (1)
pi61tOCUlLb1£e pi61£J£H,H,1()
f
(x) = g (x). (2)
TT
M 0 8 eve 1-l 1-l.fl.
..::l H exaM" xl - KOplHb
. plBH.HHH.H
. (1) ' TO6TO a f(xl) = a g(xl) .
To,n;i aa TeopeMoro 19.1 oTpMMyeMo, m;o f (x 1 ) = g (x 1 ). 0Tme, x 1 -
KOpiHh piBHHHH.H (2).
Hexali x 2 - KopiHh piBH.HHH.H (2), T06To f (x 2) = g (x 2 ). 3Bi,n;cM
f(x ) g(x )
2 2
a =a .
MM TIOKa3aJIH, m;o KOJKHMH KopiHh piBH.HHH.H (1) e KOpeHeM
piBH.HHH.H (2) i, HaBIIaKH, KOJKHHH KOpiHh piBH.HHH.H (2) e KOpeHeM
piBH.HHH.H (1). 0Tme, piBH.HHH.H (1) i (2) piBHOCHJibHi. ...
PoarJI.HHeMo rrpHKJia,n;H posB' H3yBaHH.H rroKa3HHKOBHX piBH.HHh.

PMKJl Po3B'.amiTh piBH.HHH.H (0,125Y = 128.

Po a e' a a an n a. ITo,n;aMo KOJKHY 3 qacTHH piBH.HHH.H y BHr JI.a,n;i

CTeIIeH.H 3 OCHOBOIO 2. MaeMo: 0,125=~=2-3 i 128 = 2 7 • 3arrHmeMo:

8
c2-sy = 21; 2-sx = 21.
7
ll;e piBH.HHHH piBHOCHJihHe piBH.HHHIO -3x = 7. 3Bi,n;cM x = --. •
3
204
 19. noKa3Hl!1KOBi piBHHHH~

nPMKnAJl 2 Po3B'.HJKiTh piBH.HHH.H 2.3x+2 _3x+l =5x+l +4·5x.

P038'Jl3ll1iHJl. MaeMo: 3x (2·3 2 -3)=5x (5+4); 3x·15=5x·9;
9 35)x - 3 . x = 1.
15' ( 5'
Bi8noei8b: 1.

nPMKnAJl 3 Po3B'.HJKiTh piBH.HHH.H 25x + 4. 5x - 5 = 0.

Po38'.fl3llHHJl. OcKiJihKH r
25x = (5 2 = 5 2x = (5x) 2 , TO ,n;aHe piBH.HH-
H.H 3pycIHO p03B'.H3yBaTH MeTO,ll;OM 3aMiHH 3MiHHOL
Hexali 5x = t. To,n;i 3a,n;aHe piBH.HHH.H MOJKHa rreperrHcaTH TaK:
t 2 + 4t - 5 = 0.
3Bi,n;cH t = 1 a6o t = -5.
Hinu;o t = 1, TO 5x = 1. 3Bi,n;cH 5x = 5°; X = 0.
HK~O t = -5, TO 5x = -5. OcidJihKH 5x > 0 rrpH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY x, TO
piBH.HHH.H 5x = -5 He Mae KOpeHiB.

Bi8noai8b: 0.

nPMKnA.Q 4 Po3B'.HJKiTh piBH.HHH.H 3. 4x + 2. gx = 5. 6x.

Po38'Jl3aun.fl. MaeMo:

3 • 2 2x - 5 • 2x • 3x + 2 • 3 2x = 0. (3)
HK~O 3po6HTH 3aMiHy u, 3x = v,
2x = TO piBH.HHH.H (3) Ha6y,n;e

TaKoro BHrJI.H,n;y: 3u 2 - 5uv + 2v 2 = 0.

OcKiJihKH v = 3x ':f: 0, TO, rro,n;iJIHBIIIH o6H,n;Bi 11acTHHH ~horo piB-
2
H.HHH.H Ha v ' OTpHMaeMo:

,D;ani 3a ,n;orroMororo 3aMiHH u =t OTpHMyeMO KBa,n;paTHe piBH.HH-

v
2 U 2x
H.H 3t 2 - 5t + 2 = 0. 3Bi,n;cH t 1 = -, t 2 = 1. OcKiJihKH t =- = - , To
3 V 3x
rro11aTKOBe piBH.HHH.H piBHOCHJihHe CYKYIIHOCTi:

(23)x 3'2 [x = 1,

(:J =l.
3Bi,ll;CH

x=O.

Bi8noei8b: O; 1.

205
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKl_\i'I

nPMKJlAA PosB'HmiTb piBHHHHH 2x + 5x = 1x.

Po36'.fl3ann.fl. OtJeBM'AHO, m;o x = 1 - KopiHh 'AaHoro piBHHHHH.
IloKameMO, m;o n;eli KOpiHh - 8'AMHMH.
Ilo'AiJIMBIIIM o6M'ABi tJaCTMHM rro-craTKOBOro piBHHHHH Ha 7X, OTpM-
MaeMo:

Poar JISlHeMO <jJyHKn;iro f (x) = ( ~ rr+( ~ OcKiJibKH <jJyHKD;il

Y=( ~ r r
'i Y=( ~ e Cnap;HHMH, TO <jJyIIKD;iH

a OT.me, KO.mHoro CBOI'O 3HatJeHHH BOHa Ha6yBae TiJihKM O'AMH pa3.

f TaKO;K € cna,n;HOIO,

ToMy piBHHHHH f (x) = 1 Mae E:'AMHMH KopiHh.

BiiJnoBiiJb: 1.
nP"1KJ1AA IlpM HKMX 3Ha"tJeHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
4x - (a+ 3) 2x + 4a - 4 = 0 Mae E:'AMHMH KopiHh?
Po36'.fl3ann.fl. Hexali 2x = t. MaeMo: t 2 - (a+ 3) t + 4a - 4 = 0.
3Bi'ACH tl = 4, t2 = a - 1. 0Tme, IIO'tJaTKOBe piBHHHHH piBHOCMJihHe
CYKYIIHOCTi:
2x = 4,
[ 2x = a-1.
IIepIIIe piBHHHHH cyKyrrHocTi Mae E:'AMHMH KopiHh x = 2. ,ll;pyre
piBHHHHH cyKynHOCTi rrpM KO.mHOMY 3Ha'tleHHi rrapaMeTpa a a6o Mae
O'AMH KopiHh, a6o B3arani He Mae KOpeHiB.
,il;JIH BMKOHaHHH YMOBM 3a'Aa"'C!i 'APYre piBHHHHH CYKYIIHOCTi a6o
IIOBMHHO He MaTM KopeHiB, a6o IIOBMHHO MaTM e'AMHMH KopiHh, HKMH
'AOPiBHIOe 2.
PiBHHHHH 2x = a - 1 He Mae KopeHiB npM a - 1 ~ 0, T06To npM
a~ 1.
l.JHCJIO 2 e KopeHeM 'APYI'OI'O piBHHHHH Cy:KynHOCTi, HKID;O 2 2 = a - 1.
3Bi'ACH a = 5.
BiiJnoBiiJb: a ~ 1 a6o a= 5.

BnpaeM
0
19.1. PosB'HmiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 0, 6 2x - 3
= 1; 3) 0,16x = ~;

2) gx = 16; 4) Jfi =25;

206
 19. noKa3HV1KOBi piBHs:IHHs:I

2-x
8) 36x =( _l_ ) '
216 ,

6)
4)x-l (27)x-l
(9 . 8 - 3' _2.

7) 2x • 5x = 0,1 • (lOx - 1 ) 5 ;
..... Po3B'H.miTh piBHHHHH:

1) 0,4x2 -x 6 =1; 6) 2x-1 .3x -l =_..!:._•62x+5,

36 '
2 3 3
2) fr =8- 3; 7) 325x-2 = 4 6-2x;

3) ( !r+• = 4,sx - 2; 8) 3x2 - 9 =7x2-9;

4) 1oox = 0,01 Jlo; 9) 16 5 - ax = 0, 12 5 5x - 6•

S) ( 2 )x •(2 5 )x = 12 5 .
5 8 64'
0
19.3. P03B'HJKiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 3x -r 2 + 3x = 30; 4) 7x + 1 + 4 • 7x = 77;
2) 4x + 1
+ 4x - 2
260;
= 5) 5x + 7 • 5x - 2 = 160;
3) 2x +4 - 2x = 120; 6) 6x +l - 4•6x -l = 192.
Po3B 'HJKi Th piBHHHHH:
1) 5x + 1 + 5x = 150; 3) 7x + 2 + 4 • 7x 1 = 34 7;
2) 2x + 2x - 3 = 18; 4) 4x - 3 • 4x 2 = 52.
0

19.5. Po3B' HJKiTh piBHHHHH:

1) 2 2 x - 6 • 2x + 8 = O; 3) 25x - 5x - 20 = O;
2) 9x - 6 • 3x - 27 = O; 4) 100. 0,3 2 x + 91. 0,3x - 9 = 0.
Po3B' HJKiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 6 2 x - 3 • 6x - 18 = 0;
0
19.7. Po3B'H.miTh piBHHHHH:
3 2
1) ~ .~33x-1 =81-4; 4) 0,25•2x =~0,25•4 2 x;
2) 4x.3x +l = 0,25•12 3x- l; 5) 5x - 1 = lOx • 2-x • 5x + 1;

3) 4 • 2cosx =JS; 6) ~92x +l = ~.

if3
9.8 Po3B'H.miTh piBHHHHH:

1) ~ =83x;
16x
2) 9. 3sin x = J27; 4) ~7" 1 = ~-
207
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa I norapV1cpMIYHa cpyHKWi"i

19.9. P03B'H:>KiTh piBHHHHH:

1) 2x + 2x 1 + 2x 2 = 56; 5) 4' gt.Sx - 1 - 27x 1 = 33;
2) 6 • 5x - 5'l' . 1 - 3 • 5x 1 = 10; 6) 0' 5 5 - 2·l' + 3 • 0' 2 5 3 x = 5;

3) 2 • 7x + 7x 2
-
1
3 • 7x - = 354; 7) 22x I +4x -c 16 )
I O'x
' = 4 7;
4) 4x - 2 - 3 • 22x - 1 + 5 • 22x = 228; 8) 4 • 3.r - 5 ' 3.r - I - 6 • 3x 2 = 15 • 9A 2 I

• Po3B'H:>KiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 5x. 1 + 5x + 5x 1 = 31;
2) 3x . 1 - 2 • 3x 1 - 4 • 3x 2 = 1 7;
3) 2x 2 _ 2x -t 1 + 2x 1 _ 2x 2 = 9;
4) 2 • 32x . 1 + 32x - I - 5 • 32x = 36;

5) w-· -GJ r +36'," =246;

6) 5·2x l-6•2x - 2_7,2x 3=8x2 - 1•

0

19.11. P03B'Sl:>KiTb piBHHHH.a:

1) 2 .x 2 1
- 5 · 2x + 2 = O· 4) gx 6 • 3x - 1 = 3 •
2) 4x 1
+ 4 1 x = 10· 5) 3x-! I + 3 2 - x = 28;
3) 5 2x 3 - 2 • 5x 2 = 3; 6) 9 - 21 =2.
2x -1 2x + 1
• Po:::rn'H:>KiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 3 2x . 1 - 10 • 3x + 3 = O; 4) 4·" 0 · 5 + 7. 2·" = 4;
2) 2 3 2 x - 3 • 2 1 - x + 1 = 0; 5) 3 • 5 2 x - l - 2 • 5 x I = 0, 2;
3) 5'" - 0 2x - 1 = 4; 6) 5 + 5 -2
3x 6 3x + 6 - .
19.13: P03B Sl:>KiTb piBHHHHH:
1) 2x + 2x 1 + 2x 2 = 3x _ 3x 1 + 3-l' - 2,
2) 3x2•2 _5x2 - 1 =5x2+1 +3x2 -1;
3) T' - 5x 1 2 = 2 • 7x - 1 - 118 • 5x - 1 •
• Poaa'H:>KiTh piBHHHHH:

1) 6x + 6x 1 - fr'' 2 =re - 8. 7x - 2, 3) 2"·-c l -3"x =3"'.; - 1 -2 x.

2) 5x - 2 • 5x 1 = 3x . 1 - 2 • 3x 2;

19.15: Poaa RmiTh piBHHHH.H:

2 x 3
1) 2 7 x - 2 . 3 x - 2 7 0; = 5) 5 • 2cos2 x 2sin2 :r = 3·

2) 149x -50 V7x- 3 +1 =0; 6) 4 CO 2x + 4 C'OS2 X _ 3;

3) 2 x 1 = 3. 2 2 .Jx+l + 1;
4) 3 x 5+32 .r 5=6·

208
 19. noKa3HV1KOBI piBHHHHH

. p 03B' .HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:

2 2x · 3
1) 8 x - 2 x - 3 2 = O; 3) 2cos 2x _ 3 . 2cos2 x +4 = Q.
2) 5Jx - 2 _51- x- 2 -4 =0;
19 .17: P03B '.H)Ki Tb piBHHHH.H:
1) 3 • 2 2 x - 5 • 6x + 2 • 3 2 x = O· 3) 7 · 49x + 3 • 28x = 4 • 16x;
2) 22x 1 - 7 • lOx + 25x + O,S = O· 4) gx + 4 x = 2 • 6x.
Po3B' .HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
x
1) 4 • gx - 7 • l2x + 3 • lfr~ = O· 2) 5 • 2x + 2 • 5x = 7·10 2 •
19.19: PosB' .HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H .J4x -2x -3 = ~4 · 2x -7 .
PoaB' HmiTb piBH.HHH.H .J1+3x - gx = ~4 - 3 · 3x .

19.21:· PoaB'.HmiTb piBH.HHHH (~2+Faf + ~2-Far =4.

• PosB'.HmiTb piBHHHHR (~4+Jl5 x +(~4-Jl5r =8 .
19.23:· PoaB'HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:

2 +14=9 ( 2x +-
1) 4 X-+ 2l +-. 1 )·
4x 2x
19.24.·· IlpH .HKUX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a piBH.HHHH
gx - (a + 1) • 3x + 3a - 6 =0
Mae €.D;HHHH KOpiHb?

19.25:· IlpH HKMX 3HaqeHHRX napaMeTpa a piBH.HHHSI

25x + 5x ) - a + a + 6
2
=0
He Mae KOpeHiB?

• IlpH RKUX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a piBHHHHR

4x - (a + 1) • 2x + 2a - 2 =0
Mae ,n;Ba pi3HHX KOpeHi?

19.27:· Po3B' RJKiTb piBHHHHR:

1) 2x = 3-x; 3) (2-Faf +(2+J3f =4%;

2) 3x + 4 x = 5x; 4) 3x 1 +5x-l =34.
P03B, H)Ki Tb piBHRHH.H:
1) 3x = 11 - x; 3) 4x- 2 + 6x- 3 = 100;
2) 3x -2 =~; 4) (4-.J7 x +(3+.f7r =7% .
x
9.29:· IlpH .HKHX 3HaqeHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a piBHRHH.H
(Fx - a) (32 x -4. 3x + 3) = 0

209
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1QJMiYHa QJYHKU/1'
•
19.ao:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX napaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
(Fx - a) (22x -10 . 2x + 16) = 0
Mae ,n;Ba pi3HHX KOpeHi?
19.31:· Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH 4x -(19-3x) · 2x + 34-6x = 0.
Po3B' HmiTh piBHHHHH gx -(14-x) • 3x + 33-3x = 0.
19.33:• Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH 4tgx +4ctgx =8.
1
J2
9 P03B 'HmiTb piBHHHHH 2cos x + 2sin x = 2 - 2.

19.35.* IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX napaMeTpa a piBHHHHH 2lx1=ax 2 +a 2

Mae e,n;HHHH p03B' Sl30K?

er =(a+~)x'+a
1 . 6 .... IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHSI
2
Mae e,n;HHHH p03B 'Sl30K?
19.37. * IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
2
(a-2F2f +(3+2v'2f =(3a+l)I x l+2a
Mae e,n;HHHH p03B' Sl30K?
1 . IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBH.HHHSI
(2+.J3r +(2 - .J3f =2(a-l)x 2 +~a 2
2
Mae e,n;HHHM p03B 'Sl30K?
19.39. * IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX napaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
4x +1+2x+4=2x +2+16 i la-9l·3x - 2+a·9x - 1=1
piBHOCHJihHi?
. IlpH.HKHX3Ha'tleHH.HXIlapaMerrpaapiBHSIHHSI 3x +ax +a =3x +l +25
i I a - 4 I 2x + a · 4x = 4 piBHOCHJihHi?
19.41. * 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3Ha'tleHHSI rrapaMeTpa p, npH HKHX piBH.HHHSI
(p - 4) gx + (p + 1) 3x + 2p - 1 = 0 He Mae p03B' SI3KiB.
1 . .... IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX napaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
(a - 1) • 3 2 x - (2a - 1) • 3x - 1 = 0
Mae ,n;Ba pi3HHX KOpeHi?

210
 20. noKa3HV1KOBi HepiBHOCTi

2
HepiBHOCTi o,2x < 25, 2x + 5x > 1, 7x > 2x € rrpHKJia,ZJ;aMH no-
Ka3HHKOBHX uepiBHOCTeH.
IlpH p03B' .H3YBaHHi 6araTbOX IlOKa3HHKOBHX HepiBHOCTe:H: 3aCTO-
COBYIOTh TaKy TeopeMy.

TeopeMa 20.1. llpu a> 1 nepi6nicmb ax1 > ax2 6uxonyembca

moiJi i minbxu moiJi, xonu x 1 > x 2; npu 0 < a < 1 nepienicmo
ax1 > ax2 6UKonyembca moiJi i minoxu moiJi, xonu x 1 < x 2 •
CrrpaBe,n;JIHBiCTh u;ie1 TeopeMH BHITJIHBae 3 Toro, :rn;o np11 a > 1 rro-
Ka3HHKoBa cpyHKD;i.H y = ax€ 3pOCTaI0'10IO, a Ilpli 0 < a < 1€ CIIa,ZJ;HOIO.

HacJii,UoK. HKUfO a> 1, mo nepiBnicmb at<x> > ag<x> pi6no-

cunona nepi6nocmi f (x) > g (x); J£1CUfO 0 <a < 1, mo nepienicmb
a 1Cx> > ag <x> pi6nocunona nepi6nocmi f (x) < g (x).
CKop11cTaBIIIHCh i,n;eero ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H HacJii,n;Ky 3 TeopeMH 19 .1, ,n;o-
Be,n;iTh u;e:0: HaCJii,ZJ;OK caMOCTiHHO.

Posr JI.HHeMo npHKJia,n;H posB' .H3yBaHH.H rroKa3HHKOBHX Hep1BHO-

cTe:0:.

nPL-1KJ1AA 1 PosB'.HmiTh HepiBHiCTh 8. 23 x - 1 < (0,5f 1 •

Po38'Jl3annJL. MaeMo: 2 3 ·2 3 x - l < (2- 1 f 1; 23 x + 2 < 2 1 •
3 2 1
OcKiJihKli OCHOBa CTeneHiB 2 x ' 2 6iJihIIIa 3a O,ZJ;HHHD;IO, TO
OCTaHH.H HepiBHiCTh piBHOCHJibHa TaKili:
3x + 2 < 1.
1
3Bi,ZI;CH 3x < -1; X < --.
3

BiiJnoBiiJb: (-oo; - ~).

nPL-1KnAA 2 PosB' .HmiTh HepiBHiCTh (
27 )2x •( 12407 )x : : ; ( 68215 )x •
,?

Po3e'JL3annJL. MaeMo:

( ~)x·( (~ • 147)x ~ (~)x;

147
)x ~(~)x;
49 20 625 49 20 625

211
§ 3. noKa3Hll1KOBa i norap1t1¢MiYHa ¢YHKLJ,i°I

3
OcKiJihKH 0 < - < 1, TO ocTaIIH.H HepiBHiCTh piBHOCHJihHa TaKili:
5
x ~ 4x; x ~ 0.
Bianoeiab: [O; +co).
1
- x +-
2
nPMK.nAA 3 Po3B' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb 4 -7. 2-x -4 < 0.
1
Po38 Jl3annJl. MaeMo:
1
(2 2 )-x Z -7 • 2-x -4 < O; 2- 2 x + 1 - 7 • 2-x - 4 < O;
2 • 2- 2x - 7 • 2-x - 4 < 0.
Hexali.. 2-x = t. To'Ai 2t - 7t - 4 < 0.
2

1
Po3B '.H3aBIIIH n;ro Hep1BHlCTh, oTpHMaeMo -- < t < 4. 3Bi'ACH
2
1 2-x < 4 .
--<
2
OcKiJihKH 2 x > 0, To HepiBHiCTh 2 x > _ _.!:. BHKOHyeThC.H npH Bcix x.
2
ToMy 'AOCTaTHhO po3B'.H3aTH HepiBHiCTh 2-x < 4.
2
MaeMo: 2-x < 2 ; -x < 2; x > -2.
Bionoeiob: (-2; +co).
nPMKJl~ 4 Po3B'.HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb 4x -2. 52 x + 1ox > 0.
1
P038 Jl3annJl. MaeMo: 2 2 x-2·5 2 x +2x.5x >0. OcKiJihKH 5 2 x>0
npH 6y'Ah-.HKOMY x, TO, IIO'AiJIHBIIIH o6H'ABi qacTHHH OCTaHHbOl He-
2
piBHOCTi Ha 5 x ' OTpHMY€MO piBHOCHJibHY HepiBHiCTh

2 )2x -2+ ( 52 )x >0.

( 5

HexaH Gr = t. To,11i t 2 + t - 2 > 0. Poas '.irnasum 1:(10 HepiBHiCTh'

t > 1,
0TpHMY€MO 3Bi'ACH:
[ t <-2.

(:r >l,

(:r
r r
<-2.

3 HepiBHOCTi (: > 1 3HaxOllHMO, II:(O x < 0. HepiBHicTh (: < -2

He Mae p03B '.H3KiB.
BionoeiiJb: (-co; 0).

212
 20. noKa3HlllKOBi HepiBHOCTi

nPMKnAA 5 Po3B'5DKiTb HepiBHiCTb 3x + 4x > 5x,

Poae'.Raann.R. MaeMo: (!J +(:J >1.

PoarmrneMO ipymrn;llo

OcKiJibKH cpyHK~.H
f (x) =(:
f -- crra,n;Ha,
J + (:
x < 2 BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTb
TO rrpH
r.3aYJl8.lRHMO, ~o f (2) = 1.
f (x) > f (2), a rrpH x > 2 BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTh f (x) < f (2). OT.me,
MHOJKHHOIO p03B'.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi f (x) > f (2), T06To HepiBHOCTi
f (x) > 1, e rrpoMi.moK (-oo; 2). •

p M
0, , "lJH piBHOCHJibHi HepiBHOCTi:
1) 7 2x + 4 > 7x - 1 i 2x +4> X - 1;
2
2) o,gx - 4 < o,gx 2
i x2 - 4 < x + 2;
3) ax> a 5, ,n;e a>l, i x > 5;
4)ax<a- 3 ,,n;e0<a<l, i x<-3?
0
20.2. Po3B'.a.miTh HepiBHiCTb:

4) o,46x + 1 > o,42x + 5; 7) 0,34x - 8 > 1;

1 2
2) 5x < ; 5) 2x - l <8; 8) 0,1 3 x - l < 1000;
5

3) 11 x- 5 < 11 3x + 1 ; 6) 27 2x+l > ( ~ )x+'; 9) ( :6 )'-x< 216x+ 1

•

0. Po3B' .a.miTb HepiBHiCTh:

1) 67x - 1 > 6;

2 1
2) lOx < 0,001; 4) 32x - 6 >-; 6) o,22x - 9 < 1.
81
20.4.° CKiJihKH u;inHx po3B'.H3KiB Mae HepiBHiCTh:
1) 0,2 ~ 5x + 4 < 125; 3) 2 < 0,5x - 1 < 32?
2) ~<6 3 - x <6;
36
0. 3Ha:li,n;iTh cyMy n;iJIHX p03B' .H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1 1
1) - < 3x + 3 < 9; 2) - < 22 - x ~ 16.
3 8
213
§ 3. noKa3HV1Kosa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHKu,i'i

3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh BH3HaqeHHH cpyHK~il:

0

20.6.

1) f(x)=~l-cr 3
2) f(x)=-;:=== =
.J3x+2 -27
20.7 ° 3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh BH3HaqeHHH cpyHK~il:

1) r(x) = ~(~r -16; 2) f (x)=.J1-6x - 4 •

0

20.8. Po3B' HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:

(sin: J
2
x - 0,5
1) (
lJ6x -
- ,
x
>
( lJ5
- ; 4) > .J2.;
4 4
2
(-2J;- <-·9
3

2) 125. (
l
5
J3x ( l J-4x ;
~ 25 5)
3 4'
x~ 5
2
3) 0,6x _g < 1; 6) 4 • 0, 5 x (x 3
>~ 0, 2 5 2x.
20 .. Po3B'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
2
3Jx -x<-;
1) (-
9
3) 0,3 x-l > 1;
7 49

20.10.
2 4
l
0
·Gr <Gr;
Po3B'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:

1) 7x + 2 - 14 • 7x > 5; 4) ( 5
1 Jx - 1
+ 5
( 1 Jx 1
~ 26;
2) 9 • 3x - 1 + 3x < 36; 5) 2 • 6x + 3 • 6"~ + 3 < 650;
3Jx (3Jx+l 3
6) (-4 - -4 >-. 16
20. . Po3B' HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) 3x + 2 - 4 • 3x < 45; 3) 5"~ + 5x - 1 - 5x - 2 > 145;

a) er· -Gr
20.12: PoaB'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
<3; 4) (32Jx + (2Jx-l
3
2
< 1 3.

1) 3 2x - 4 • 3x - 45 > 0; 4) 0,25x - 12 • 0,5x + 32 ~ O;

2) 4x + 2x + 3 - 20 < O; 5) 6 2 x- i_.!_,6x-4<0;
3
3) 4 gx - 8 • 7 x + 7 < 0; 6) 25x + 5x - 30 ~ 0.
214
 20. noKa3HV1KOBi HepiBHOCTi

20.13 PoaB'HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) gx + 1 -

x
2 • 3x - 7 ~ O; 3) GJ-3-GJ +2>0;

2) 2x +2 2 -72>0; 4) 25x - 26 • 5x + 25 ~ 0.
20.14: PoaB' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb:
l) 5x -125 ~ O· 2x -1
2 '<::: '
2) > 0.
x -4x+4 x-1
20.lr:: PoaB'HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 16-4x ~ O· 2 ) 5x-0,04>0.
2
9x +12x+4
9' '
5-x
20.16: PoaB'.HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1- 3x 3x
1) 23x+l +0,25_ 2_ _ 42>192;
2) 22x - 1 + 22x - 3 _ 22x - 5 > 27 - x + 25 - x _ 23 - x.
PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb:
! !. +a
1) 3x + 3x > 84; 2) 2•16x - 3•24x- l + 7•42x- 2 ~ 120.
20.1s: 3Hali,n;iTb MHOJKHHY p03B'.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1) 3x - 9 • 3-x - 8 > 0; 3) 6x + 2 + 5-x - 37 > O;

2) 2x + 3 + 21 - x < 17;
3 )x+l
4) ( - + -
(3)l-x 6 ~-.
5 5 5
20 ' 3Hali,n;iTb MHOJKHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1) 3x +l - 2.31 - x > 7; 2) 41 - x - o,51 - 2x > 1.

20.20: PoaB' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb 2.rx -21- fx ~ 1.

. PoaB' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb 3fx -3 2- fx ~ 8.

20.22: PoaB'.HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
-1 1
- -1
1) 3 • 4 x + 2 • gx - 5 • 6 x < 0; 2) 5·25x +3·10x >2·4x.
2 .._ . PoaB' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb:
l 1 1
- -
1) 3·16x +2·81x -5·36x <0; 2) 2.49x -9•14x +7 .4x >O.

20.24:· PoaB' .HmiTb HepiBHicTb (5-.J24f + (5 + .J24f > 98.

0 r
P03B '.HJKi Tb HepiBHiCTb ( ~ 4 + .J15 + ( ~ 4 -.J15 < 8. r
20.26:· PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) X 2 • 2x + 1 > X 2 + 2x; 2) 25 • 2x - l0x + 5x > 25.

215
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norapvicpM iY Ha cpyHKU/i

Po3B' J.OKiTh HepiBHiCTb x 2 • 3x + 9 < x 2 + 3x 2

20.2s:· Po3B'.H)KiTh piBH.HHH.H j ax- 1 l+l ax- 9 1= 8.

P03B '.H)Ki Tb piBH.HHH.H I 2x - 1 I+ I 2x - 2 j = 1.
20.30:· Po3B'.H)KiTh HepiBHicTb:
1) 5x > 6 - x; 2) s-T+ 12X < 13X,
O. . Po3B'.H)KiTh HepiBHiCTh 104 - x > 7 + x.
20.32:· Po3B'.H)KiTh HepiBHicTh (2·1: - 2).Jx 2 -x-6 ~ O.
• Po3B'.H)KiTh HepiBHiCTh
,
(3x -9).Jx 2 - 2x - 8 ~ 0.
20.34:· ,Il;JI.H KO)KHOrO 3Ha'1eHH.H rrapaMeTpa a p03B '.H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb
(x - a)~3·2x - 2.3x ~O.
,Il;JI.H KO)KHOro 3Ha'1eHH.H rrapaMeTpa a p03B '.H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb
(x-a)~6·5x- 5.5x ~ O.
20.36. * IIpH .HKHX 3Ha'1eHH.HX napaMeTpa a HepiBHiCTh
4COS X - 2 (a - 3) • 2 COS X +a+ 3 > 0
BHKOHyeThC.H rrpH Bcix ,n;iHCHHX x?
' IlpH .HKHX 3Ha"t!eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa m HepiBHiCTb
(m+2)·41x - l l _ 2m·2lx - l + 3m+1 > 0
BHKOHyeThC.H rrpH Bcix ,n;iHCHHX x?

216
BIAnOBIAI TA BKA318Ktll AO BnPAB
5 1 1
1.5. 2) -; 3) 6; 4) --. 1.6. 3) -4; 4) 1.7. Hi. BKa3ie-
4 5 2

Ka. PosrJIHHbTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKn;iro f (x)

--{0, HKID;O X 0, *
1, HKID;O X = 0.
1.10. 1) BKa3iBKa. PosrJIHHbTe HanpHKJia,n;, cpyHKn;iro f (x) = -3.
1.12. 1) 2; 2) 1. 1.13. 1) 3. BKa3i8Ka. CKopHcTaliTeCH TeopeMoro 45.9
s ni,n;pyqHHKa «Arrre6pa-10»; 2) 2. 1.18. BKa3ieKa. PosrJIHHhTe ,n;Bi
IlOCJii,ZJ;OBHOCTi: pau;ioHaJihHHX Ta ippan;ioHaJihHHX l.J:HCeJI, KO.»<Ha
s HKHX s6iraeThCH ,n;o l.J:HCJia x 0 • 1.21. 1) TaK; 2) Ta:E<. 1.22. 1. BKa-
3i8Ka. Hexali (xn) - ,n;oBiJihHa s6i.mHa ,n;o HYJIH rrocni,n;oBHiCTh, ,n;e
xn :;t 0 ,ZJ;JIH BCix n E N. IloKJia,n;eMO tn = x2 . To,n;i IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb ( tJ
TaKo.m 36iraeTbCH ,n;o HYJIH i tn *0 ,n;JIH Bcix n E N. 3 yMOBH MaeMo,

m;o lim f (tn) = 1, T06TO lim f ( xn ) = 1. 1.23. 1. 1.24. lcHye. BKa3i8-

" n ..:: 2
1t, HKID;O X E Q,
Ka. Po3rJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKu;iro f (x) =
{ 0, HKID;O X EJR \ Q.
1.25. Hi. 1.26. TaK. BKa3ieKa. PosrnHHbTe, HanpHKJia,n;, cpyHKn;iro f

TaRy, 1110 D (f) = {i, ~, ~, ...} i f (~) = :. , 11e n E N. 1.27. Hi. Bn:a-
3ieKa. PosrJIHHbTe, Hanp::aKna,n;, qJyHKu;iro, aa,n;aHy TaKHM l.J:HHOM:

f (x) =1, HRIIIO x = )p, 11e p - rrpocTe l.J:HCJIO, i f (x) = 0 B iHIIlHX

BHrra,n;Kax. ,IJ;oBe,n;eMo, m;o cepe,n; l.J:JieHiB nocni,n;oBHOCTi (Yn) He MO.me

6yTH 6iJibIIIe o,n;Hie! O,ZJ;HHHil;i . .HKm;o x = 0, TO u;e TBep,n;.meHHH Ol.J:e-

BH)1He. HRIIIO npn x *0 npm1ycTHTH icHyBaHHH )1BOX 'iJieHiB f (:}

f( m x)
-
. . x 1
' plBHHX 0,ZJ;HHHI.I;l, TO - = '-
n ....; p
.
1 -
m
x
=
1
c'
....;q
,n;e p, q -
.
npOCTl

. n flio .. n
TIRCJia. 3 Bl,ZJ;CH - = c. TPHMaJIH cynepel.J:HlCTb, OCKlJibKH - - pa-
m ....;q m

n;ioHaJihHe 'iHCJio, a ~ - ippau;ioHaJibHe.

2.2. 1) 10; 2) 2; 3) -22; 4) 1,5; 5) 1; 6) 28. 2.3. 1) 4; 2) 0, 75;

3) 16; 4) 5. 2.4. 1) 0,5; 2) 1; 3) 6. BKa3i8Ka. PosKpHHTe ,n;y.»<KH
217
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa31BKV1 ,o,o snpas

• 5 1 5
y B11pas1 (1 + x) 4 ; . 2.5. 1) -1; 2) 0,5. 2.6. 1) - ; 2) . 2.7. 9.
4)
3 6 9
2.8. - ~. 2.9. 2. 2.10. 0. 2.15. 1) f (x) =
4
;x;
2) BJCa3i8Ka. 06epiTh
<PYHKD;ilO g TaKy, m;o g (x) i= 0 ,ll;JIH Bcix x E ~ \ {2}, np11q0My

lim g ( x) = 0. 3Hafr,n;iTb cpyHKD;ilO f 3 piBHHHHH

2
f (x) - 3x = 2 + g ( x).
x -2 x + f (x)

2.17. m. 2.18. m. 2.19. 1) Hi. BKa3i8Ka. HKm;o cpyHKn;ia h Mae

n n
rpaHHD;IO B Toqn;i XO, TO H <PYHKD;iH g (x) = h (x) - f (x) TaKO:>K 6y,n;e
MaTH rpaHHD;IO B Toqn;i x 0 ; 2) TaK. BKaaiaKa. PoarJIHHhTe, Hanp11-
KJia,n;, BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH g (x) = -f (x). 2.20. 1) TaK. BKa3i8JCa.
PoarJIHHhTe <PYHKn;iro f TaKy, m;o f (x) = 0 ,n;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro x E ~;
2) TaK.

3.7. 1) TaK; 2) Hi. 3.8. 1) Hi; 2) TaK. 3.9. 1) -1; 2) !;

4
3) -3.

3.10. 1) 2 ; 2) -2; 3) 2 B1Caaie1Ca. ~ - l_ (~-l)(~+l) .

3 3 x -1 ( ef; - 1) (if;+ if;+ 1)
.J6-x-1
3.11. 1) 2; 2) ~; 4) 3. BKa3i8Ka. =
3-.J4+x
= (~-1)(~+1)(3+~). 5) 4·
(3-.J4+x)(3+.J4+x)(.J6 - x + 1)' '

x ( ~(x+1)
2
_ +~ +1) 1 1
_ ( ) . 3.12. 1) 4; 2) - - ; 3) O; 4) ;
(~x+l - 1) ~(x+1) 2 +~x+l+l 56 2

1 5 1
5) 0; 6) - . 3.14. -. 3.15. --. 3.16. a
144 3 4
= 0. 3.17. a = 0. 3.18. a = -1.
BJCa3i8Ka. rpaHHD;H ,n;aHOl <PYHKD;il B Toqn;i XO= 0 icHye JIHIIIe rrpM
a = 1 a6o a = -1. IIpoTe np11 a = 1 aaaHaqeHa rpaHHD;H He a6iraeThC.H
ai 3HaqeHHHM f (0). 3.19. a = 0 a6o a = -3. 3.20. a = 0 a6o a = 2.
3.21. 1) Hi. BKa3i8Ka. HKm;o <PYHKn;ia h e HenepepBHOIO B Toqn;i x 0 ,
TO H <PYHKD;iH g (x) = h (x) - f (x) TaKO:>K 6y,n;e HenepepBHOIO B TO"tl-
n;i" x 0 ; 2) TaK. BKa3i8Ka. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpMKJia,n;, BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH
g (x) = -f (x). 3.22. 1) TaK. BJCa3i8Ka. Po3rJIHHhTe cpyHKn;iro f TaKy,
m;o f (x) = 0 ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E ~; 2) TaK. 3.23. BJCa3i8Ka. CKopMCTaH-
Teca JieMoro 3.1. 3.25. f (x) = x 2 ,n;JIH Bcix x E ~. BKa3i8Ka. Hexafr
Xo E ~ \ Q i (xn) - 36i:>KHa ,n;o Xo IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb pan;ioHaJibHHX
'llHCeJI. To,n;i f(x0 )=limf(xn)=limx!=x~. 3.26. (-oo;+oo). BJCa3i8Ka.
n co n

218
 BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

Po3rJI.HHbTe cpyHKII.iIO y = f (x)-g (x). 3.28. TaK. BKa3iBKa.

x, SIKm;o x E Q \ {O}'
f (x) = -x, .HKID;O x E IR\ Q,
!{X,
Po3rJI.HHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKn;iro
1, .HKm;O X = 0.
2 .HKill;O XE Q,
3.30. f (x) = x '.HKID;O x E Q, 3.31. f (x) = 1
{
1, .HKID;O x E IR \ Q. - x ' .HKID;O x E IR\ Q.
3.32. f (x) = c, ,n;e c - ,n;oBiJihHa KOHCTaHTa. BKa3i8Ka. ,11;oBe,n;iTh, m;o
,11m1 6y,11h->IKOro x E IR
BHKOHyeTbC>I piBHiCTb f (x) = f ( x2:
1
-1).
3.33. Hi. BKa3i81Ca. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKn;iro f (x) =

X, .HKill;O X ~ 0,
= i o6epHeHy ,n;o He1 cpyHKIJ.iIO g. 3.34. BKa3i8Ka.
{ 1 + X, .HKID;O X < - 1,

CKop:acTa:liTec.H THM, m;o max{a;b} = a + b +Ja - bl, min{a;b}=

= a + b - I a - b 1. 3.35. O. BKa3i8Ka. Hexali sinx1 ~O (B:arra,n;oK

2
sin X1 < 0 po3rJISI,Zl;aIOTb aHa.Jiori"t!HO ). ,11;oBe,n;iTh, m;o "t!JieHH IIOCJii,n;OB-
HOCTi (Xn) 3a,D;OBOJihH.HIOTb HepiBHOCTi 0 ~ Xn +l ~ Xn ,ll;JI.H BCiX n > 1.
To,n;i 3a TeopeMOIO BeliepmTpacca iCHYe rpa.HHD;SI lim xn = a. Ilepe-
n -+co

XO,ll;Sl"t!li ,ll;O rpaHHD;i B piBHOCTi Xn +l = Sin Xn i BliKOpliCTOBYIO"t!li He-

nepepBHiCTh <PYHKII.il y = sin x, OTpHMyeMO a = sin a. 3Bi,n;c:a a = 0.
3.36. -1. BKa3i8Ka. CKop:acTaHTec.H THM, ru;o xn =cos ( 2n (.Jn 2 + n- n))

i lim (.Jn 2 + n- n) = ~.
n -+CO 2
3
4. 3. 1 ) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = - 6; 2) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = •
X-+-3- X ~) 3+ X-t l - X-t l + 2
. (ef; - 1) (~ + t'x + 1) . .
BKa3i8Ka. f (x) = (Fil ) (Fil ) ; 4) hm f (x) = 0, hm f (x) = 2;
~X -1 ~X +1 x -+ 0- x-+ O+

5) Hi JiiBOl, Hi npaBOl rpaHHD;i He iCHYe; 6) JiiBOl rpaHHD;i He icHye,

lim f (x) = O; 7) lim f (x) = - 1, lim f (x) = 1; 8) Hi JiiBo1, Hi rrpaBo1
x -+ O+ x -+ 0- x -+ 0

7
rpaHHII.i He icHye. 4.4. 2) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = ; 3) lim f (x) = 0,
X-t-1- X -1- 9 X -t lt-

219
Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 .o.o snpas

lim f (x) = 2; 4) Jri.Bo1 rpa.HMu;i He icaye, lim f (x) = 0. 4.5. 1) YcYBHMH

X-4 7t+ x O+

poapHB; 2) poapMB I po,n;y; 3) po3pMB I po,n;y; 4) po3pHB II po,n;y;

5) po3pMB I po,n;y. 4.6. 1) YcyBHMH po3pHB; 2) po3pMB I po,n;y; 3) po3-
pMB II po,n;y. 4.7. 1) a = O; 2) a = -2. 4.8. 1) a = 2; 2) a= 0, a6o
a = -2, a6o a = 2. 4.9. TaK. BKa3i8Ka. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HarrpMKJia,n;,

.
<l>YHKn;110 f (x ) = {~'x .HKIIJ;O > 0, 4 •10 • TaK. BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHhTe,
X

0, .HKIIJ;O X ~ 0.
0, .HKID;O X ~ 0 a6o X E Q,
HarrpHKJI,a,n;, <l>YHKn;iro f (x) ={ 4.11. TaK.
X, .HKn:t;O X >0i X E JR\ Q.
-1, .HKIIJ;O X ~ 0,
BKa3i81Ca. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HanpMKJia,n;, <l>YHKu;iro f (x) ={
1, .HKIIJ;O X > 0.
5.5. 1) [1; 3]; 2) [-4; -2]; 3) [O; n]. 5.6. 1) [-5; -3]; 2) [2; 4];
3) [O; 7t]. 5.7. 1) [ O; ~} 2) [O; 1]. 5.8. 1) [ O; ~]. BKa3iB1ca. CKopHC·

Ta:iiTecH HepiBHiCTIO 4 x' 2 .;; ) x' ; 2) [O; 2]. 5.9. [~; 1].
4x + 3x + 1 2 4x4 · 1+3x2 2

5.10. [ ~; 1]. 5.11. Hi. BKa3iBKa. MaeMo: E (f) = (-5; 3]. 3a ,11pyroro
TeopeMoro BeliepmTpacca HerrepepBHa Ha [O; 1] <l>YHKIJ;i.H Mae ,n;oc.Hra-
TH cBoro HaHMeHIIIoro 3Hat.IeHH.H. 5.12. Hi. BKa3i8Ka. CKopHCTaBIIIMCh
TeopeMOIO rrpo rrpoMimHe 3Hat.IeHH.H, ,ZJ;OBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H f (x) =a
Mae KopiHh rrpM a= 3. 5.14. Hi. BKa3i8Ka.
,ll;HB. pHcyHoK. 5.16. BKa3iBKa. IloKamiTh,
m;o ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro M > 0 3Hali,n;eThC.H
XO E JR TaKe, m;o f (xo) > M. 3a XO Bi3hMiTh

t.IMCJIO BH,n;y ; + 2nk, k E Z. 5.17. B1Ca3i8Ka.

a b x IlpMnyCTMMO, m;o cpyHKu;i.H f e rrepiO,ZJ;Mt.IHOIO
3 rrepio,n;oM T > 0. Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [O; T] <l>YHK-
PHc. ,n;o aa,n;aqi 5.14
n;i.H f e HerrepepBHOIO, a TOMY BOHa e 06-
MemeHOIO Ha IJ;bOMY Bi,n;pi3Ky. 3Bi,ZJ;CM BM-
IIJIHBae, m;o <l>YHKIJ;i.H f e o6MemeHOIO Ha JR. A.Jie 11 3Hat.IeHH.H rrpM

x = 1t + 2nnyTBoproIOTh Heo6MemeHy rrocJii,n;oBHiCTh. 5.19. Hi. BlCa-

2
3i81Ca. IlpHilYCTMMO, m;o TaKa <l>YHKD;i.H f icHye. 3 YMOBH BHIIJIMBae,
m;o <l>YHKIJ;i.H f Ha6yBae .HK ,n;o,n;aTHHX, TaK i Bi,n;'eMHMX 3Hat.IeHb.

220
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBK"1 AO snpas

To My sa rreprnoro TeopeMoro BoJibII;aHo-Korni icHye HYJih n;i£1 <l>YHK-

u;il. 5.20. BKa3i8Ka. IIp1u1ycTHMO rrpoTHJiejKHe. Hexali, HarrpHKJia,n;,
3Ha:HIIIJIHCH TaKi "llHCJia xl < x2 < X3, m;o f (xl) < f (x3) < f (x2) (iHmi
BHIIa,D;KH posrJIH,ZJ;aJOThCH aHaJioritIHO). To,n;i 3a ,n;pyroro TeopeMoro
BoJibIJ;aHo-Korni Ha rrpoMijKKY [ x 1 ; x 2 ] 3Hali,z;i;eTbCH TO"tJ:Ka c TaKa, m;o
f (c) = f (x 3 ). OcKiJihKH c :t- x 3 , TO cpyHKII;iH f He e o6opoTHOIO.
5.22. Hi. BKa3i8Ka. Hexaii x 0 - KopiHb piBHHHHH f (x) = 3. Pos-
rJIHHeMo sHa-creHHH a 1 = f (x 0 -1), a2 = f (x0 +1). To,n;i ~ < 3 i a 2 < 3.
HKm;o rrpHnycTHTH, m;o f - HenepepBHa <l>YHK:u;ia, TO Ha Bi,n;pisKy
[x 0 -1; x 0 ] <l>YHKD;iH f Ha6yBae Bcix 3Ha"lleHh Bi,n; a 1 ,n;o 3. AHaJiori-crHo
Ha Bi,n;pisKy [xo; Xo + l] <l>YHKII;iH f Ha6YBa€ BCiX 3Ha"lleHh Bi,n; a2 ,n;o 3.
,Il;aJii IIOKajKiTh icHyBaHHH TaKoro 3Ha"lleHHH a E (2; 3), m;o piBHHHHH
f (x) =a Mae rrpHHaHMHi ,n;Ba KopeHi. 5.23. TaK. BKa3i8Ka. Pos-
2-x, HKID;O XE (0; 1),
rJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, f (x) =
{ 3X -2, HKID;O XE (l; 2). 5.24. BKa3i8Ka.
lcHyIOTb TO"llKH xl i x2 TaKi, m;o f (g (xl)) = 0 i f (g (x2)) = 1. ,Il;aJii
po3rJIHHhTe cpyHK:u;iro <p (x) = f (g (x)) - g (f (x)). 5.25. BKa3i8Ka.
,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o HerrepepBHa cpyHKn;iH g (x) = f (x) - x 36epirae sHaK
Ha BCiH o6JiaCTi BH3Ha-creHHH. HKm;o, HarrpHKJia,n;, g (x) > 0, TO 3 He-
piBHOCTi f (x) > x BHIIJIHBae, m;o f (f (x)) > f (x) > x ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E JR.
5.26. Hi. BKa3i8Ka. HKm;o TaKa <l>YHKD;iH f icHye, TO cpyHKn;iH
<p (x) = f (x) - x Ha6YBae TiJihKH ippa:u;ioHaJihHHX sHa-creHh. Hexali a 1
i a2 - ,n;Ba 6y,n;h-HKHX 3Ha-creHHH <l>YHKII;il <p. IlpHIIYCTHMO, m;o :u;i
sHa"lleHHH pisHi (a 1 < a 2). OcKiJihKH <l>YHKD;iH <p e HerrepepBHoro Ha JR,
TO BOHa Ha6yBa€ Bcix 3Ha"tJ:eHh 3 rrpoMi:>KKY [al; a2], a OTjKe, cepe,n; iI
3Ha-creHh € pa:u;ioHaJibHi "llHCJia. IJ;e cyrrepe-crHTb OIIHCaHiH BHm;e BJiac-
THBOCTi <l>YHKII;il <p. 0TjKe, al = a2. 5.27. BKa3i8Ka. IlpH x = 3 OTpH-

MY€MO f (f (3)) • f (3) = 1. 3Bi,11CH f (!} !=1; f (!) =3. OcKiJibKH

qiy1rnn;isi f e HerrepepBHOIO Ha Bi11pi3KY [!; 3], TO BOHa Ha6yBa€ BCix

3Ha•rnHh 3 Bi11pi3KY [ !;3]. To11i icHye TaKe x 0 E IR!, IIJ;O f (x0 ) = 2.

MaeMo: f (f (x 0)) • f (x 0 ) = 1. 3Bi,n;cH f (2) • 2 = 1; f (2) = ~. 5.28. 1) Hi.
BKa3i8Ka. Po3rJIHHeMo Bi,n;pi30K [a; b] TaKHH, m;o f (a)= f (b). IIo-
3Ha"llMMO A= f (a)= f (b). III;oHaliMeHrne o,n;He s tI"HCeJI max f (x) a6o
[a; b]

min f (x) He ,n;opiBHroe "llHCJIY A. Hexa:M, HanpMKJia,n;, max f (x) :t- A -

[a;b] [a;b]

221
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBK111 AO snpas

i max f (x)
[a;b]
= f (x1 ), Ae x 1 E (a; b). ,IJ;ani posrJIHHbTe TO'l!KY x 2 TaKy,

m;o f (x1 ) = f (x2 ); 2) TaK. Bx:a3i8x:a. PosrJIHHhTe, HarrpMKJI~, cpyHK-

.
:u;uo
f ( x ) = {1 x 1, HKID;O x E IR\ N, 3) TaK.
11 x -1, HKID;O x E N;
/ I~ I/ BKa3iBx:a. ,Il;MB. pMcyHoK. 5.29. Bx:a3i8x:a.
/ 11'I/
~
I/
'' He o6Mem.yro'l!M 3araJibHOCTi, 6yAeMo BBa-
I/ I/
./ ' I/ "' 'Y
m.aTM, m;o f (x 1 ) <, f (x 2 ) <, ... <, f (x,). ToAi
I/
f (X1 ) ~ f (X1) + f (X2) + ... + f (X n ) <, f (X ) • ,IJ;a.rri
n n
PHc. ,n;o 3aAat:Ii 5.28 (3)
CKOpMCTaliTeC.H TMM, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f Ha6y-
Bae Bcix 3Ha'l!eHb BiA f (x1 ) AO f (xn ).
5.30. B1eaaie1ea. Po3rJIHHhTe cjlyHKr(iIO g (x) = ( x + ~)-t (x). Il;R

cjlyHKr(iH BH3Ha'IeHa i HenepepBHa Ha Bi11pi3KY [ O; !]. MaeMo, 11\0

g(!)+g C)+ g (0) =(r (1)-r (!))+(r (!)-r (~))+(r (!)-r (0)) =
=f (1)-f (0)=0. g(!)• gC). g(O)
JJ;e 03Ha'Iae, 11\0 cepe11 '!Hcen e

rrpMHaHMHi OAHe HeBiA'eMHe Ta rrpMHaRMHi OAHe HeAOAaTHe 'tJMCJIO.

ToMy 3a rreprnoro TeopeMoIO BoJihD;aHo-Korni icHye TaKa TO'l!Ka x 0 , m;o
g (x0 ) = 0. ToAi BiApi30K, KiH:u;i .HKoro MaIOTb KOOPAMHaTM (x 0 ; f (x 0 ))

1
~
1 f ( Xo + 31 )) ' rrapaJieJibHMM... OCl. a6c:u;Mc
. ( Xo + 3; . 1
1 Mae AOBJKMHY 3.

2 1 5 5 1 3
6.1. 1) 2; 2) 9; 3) 3; 4) 8. 6.2. 1) 6; 2) 8; 3) 4; 4) 81. 6.3. 1) 2;
4 4 4 9 99
2) 8; 3) 4; 4) -10; 5) 84; 6) 3. 6.4. 1) 25; 2) 9; 3) - 10; 4) -8;
5) : ; 6) -: . 6.5. Sin 1. 6.6. I'paHMD;i He iCHye. 6.7. 1. 6.8. 0.
2 7 2 4 4 1
6 .11.. 1) 3 ; 2) 3 ; 3) 2. 6 .12. 1) 5 ; 2) 3 ; 3) 3 . 6 .13. 1) - 1 ; 2) 50 ;
2 4 2 2
3) -. 6.14. 1) -2; 2) 1; 3) --. 6.15. 1) a=- a6o a=--; 2) a = -1
7t 7t 3 3

a6o a=~. 6.16. a = 2 a6o a = -2. 6.17. 1. 6.18. 0. 6.19. 0. Bx:a3iBx:a.

CKopMcTaliTeca JieMoIO 6.1. 6.20. n. Bx:a3i8x:a. nsin(2n.Jn 2 +l)=

222
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKVI AO snpas

= n sin (2it ( ,/n2 +1-n)) = n ·sin ( 2(

27t
y,n' +l-)n)) ·
n + 1-n
2it ( ,/n2 +1-n) =

2
=n· sin(2n(.Jn +1-n)) . 2 n· 1 6 21 2 BJ<:a3iBKa. IIo-
27t(.Jn 2 +1-n) .Jn 2+1+n° " " 7t
1t
~ COS -4
TC 1
3HatIJiMO To,n;i a2 = ctg - + ctg 2 - + 1 = + -
4 4 .7t ,TC
sin - s1n -
4 4
2 1t
2 cos 8 1t
- ------''--- =ctg - . B:aKopncToByIOTIH MeTo,n; MaTeMaTHTIHo1 IH-
1t TC 8
2 sin - cos -
8 8
TC
,n;yKI.I,ii:, MO./KHa ,Zl;OBeCTli, ~O an = ctg - -
2n +1 •

1 3
7.3. 4) 4; 5) 3; 6) 2. 7.4. 4) 2; 5) 0,5; 6) . 7.5. 1) y = IIpli
3 4

x ~ -oo l. np:a x ~ +oo; 2) y = 1 npH x ~ -oo l. npM x ~ +oo;

2

3) y = 0 npn x~-oo i npn x~+oo. 7.6. 1) y=-~ np:a x~-oo i npn

3
x~+oo; 2) y = 1 npM x~-oo i rrpH x~+oo; 3) y = 0 npM
1
x ~ -oo i rrpH x ~ +oo. 7.11. BKa3i6Ka. lim (.Jx 2 +x-x)=
2 x +oo

2 2
-1·
- im (.Jx +x-x)(.Jx
I • • 0 . 714
+x+x) . 712 • • 1) y -- x np:a x ~ -oo
x - Hoo v x2 +x +x
i rrpn x ~ +oo; 2) y = x + 4 rrp:a x ~ -oo i rrpH x ~ +oo; 3) y = -x
npn x~-oo i npH x~+oo; 4) y = 1 rrpn x~-oo i rrpH x~+oo.
7.15. 1) y = x npn x ~ -oo i npH x ~ +oo; 2) y = x - 1 rrpn x ~ -oo
i rrpn x ~ +oo; 3) y = x npH x ~ -oo i rrpH x ~ +oo. 7.16. TaK. BKa-

3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKlI,iIO f (x) =sin x. 7.17. Hi.

x

BKa3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHbTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, <PYHKlI,iIO f (x) = £. 7.18. y = - ~

1 . .Jx 2+x+l
npM X~-00 1 y=- rrpn x ~ +oo. BKa3iBKa. 1lffi = 3x + 2
3 x -. -<:(>

223
Bi,o,nosi,o,i r a BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas

lxl ~i.~
+ -;+7
-~1+1x + x1 2 1
= lim = lim - 7.19. y = 1 rrpH x --* -oo
X -4 -<0 3x+2 X -oo +2 3
3
x

i y = -1 rrpH x---"* +oo. 7.20. 1) y = -~ rrpH x --*-oo; 2) y=-

5
npH
2 2
5
x --*-oo i y = rrpH x---"* +oo. 7.21. 1) y = ~ npH x ---"* +oo; 2) y = 1
2 2
1
rrpH x---"* - oo i y = -1 rrpH x---"* +oo. 7.22. y = x -- rrpH x---"* - oo 1
2
1
y = 3x + npH x ---"* +oo. 7 .23. y = - 2x rrpH x ---"* -oo 1 y = 0 rrpH
2
x---"* +oo. 7.24. Hi. BKa3iBKa. BacHJih rro,n;a.B <PYHKn;iro f y BHrJIH,n;i
f (x) = x · g (x), ,n;e lim g (x) =1. Arre 3 piBHOCTi f (x) = x · g (x), y3a-
x +oo

rani KaJKyqH, He BHIIJIHBae, m;o lim (f (x) - x) = 0. ToMy y BacHJI.H

x +<lO

HeMaE: rriACTa.B CTBep,n;JKYBaTH, m;o rrp.HMa y = x e IIOXHJIOlO aCHMIITOTOlO

rpa<PiKa <PYHKn;il f rrpH x ---"* +oo . HacrrpaB,n;i rpa<PiK <PYHKn;il f Mae
1
noxHJIY acHMIITOTY y =x + (rrepeBipTe n;e caMocTiliHo ). 7.25. Hi.
2
1
- , .HKID;O X E <Q,
x
BKa3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, <PYHKn;iro y =
1
- - ' .HKID;O x E IR \ <Q,
x
1
. -, .HK 0 XE ,
a6o <PYHKD;llO y = x m; <Q 1 TO"t!KY x 0 = 0. 7.26. Hi. BKa-
{
0, .HKID;O X E~ \ <Q,
1
x, .HKI.I~o x = - , n E N,
n
3iBKa. Po3rJIHHI>Te, HarrpHKJia,n;, <PYHKD;iID f (x) =
_!, .HKID;O x > l i x ~ N,
x
i <PYHKn;iro g, o6epHeHy ,n;o <PYHKD;i1 f. 7.27. Hi. BKa3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHh-
T~, HarrpHKJia,n;, <PYHKD;ilO f TaKY' m;o f (JP) =1, ,n;e p - rrpocTe "t!HC-
JIO, f (x) = 0 npH Bcix iHmHx 3Ha"t!eHH.HX x. To,n;i nerKo ,n;oBeCTH, ro;o
rrpH 6y,n;I>-.HKOMY x 0 > 0 cepe,n; 11neHiB noc.rri,n;oBHOCTi (x 0 n) -cnrcna
BH,n;y JP, ,n;e p - npocTe, 3ycTpiHYThC.H He 6iJII>llle o,n;Horo pa3y.
2
7.28. BKa3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHeMo <PYHKn;iro f(x) = {/ax + bx + c. To,n;i

224
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKll1 AO BnpaB

lim (f (x + 1)- f (x)) = 0. IJ;e 03Haqae, ~o ct>YHKD;i.H f Ha6yBae o,n,Ha-

x~+oc

KOBHX 3HaqeHb rrpH Bcix HaTypaJibHHX 3Ha"tfeHH.HX x = n, ,n;e n > no.

8.7. 8 M/C. 8.8. 1) 20 M/c; 2) 10 M/c. 8.14. 1) 2,6; 2) 2.
8.15. 1) 7; 2) 12.
J2, 1 .J3
9.6. 1) - ; 2) -. 9.7. 1) - ; 2) - . 9.8. 1) 13,5; 2) - ; 3) -;
J2, 13 3
2 2 2 2 4 8

4)
176
3
. 9.9. 1) 5; 2) ~. 9.10. 1) f' (x)
16 x
=--;; 2) f'(x) = -2x.

2 1 1
9.11. 1) f' (x) = - 3 ; 2) f' (x) = 2x + 3. 9.12. 1) 3; 2) -; 3) --; 4) 1.
x 4 4
1 1 n
9.13. 1) -32; 2) ; 3) - ; 4) 1. 9.22. 1) -1; 1; 2) 4; 3) 2; 4) + nk,
27 27 2

k E Z. 9. 23. 1) - 2; 2) - 2 7; 2 7; 3) -3; 3; 4) -2n + 2nk, k E Z.

9.24. 1. Benwnrna s' ( ~) = 1 3a,ZJ,ae MHTTeBy IIIBH,llKiCTh MaTepillJihHOl

1
TO"t{KHBMOMeHTqacy to =2C. 9.25.12. 9.34. k=l, b=-7. 9.35. k=-1,

b = 3. 9.40. 0. 9.42. ~. 9.44. BKaaie1ea. PoarJIHHbTe, HarrpHKJia,n;,

x 2(x -1) 2 , .HK~o x E Q, ,

ct>YHKD;iio f (x) = { -x2 (x -1)2' .HK~O x
9.45. 1) f (x0 ). BKa3i8-
E ~\ Q.

Ka. 3 a 03HaqeHHHM r eHHe, .HKIII;D

v 1·
lffi Xn
0
= , TO
1·
lffi
f (Xo + x n) - f (Xo) =
n~m n~ ~

= f' (x0 ). .II:ani p03I'JI.HHbTe TaKy IIOCJii,D;OBHiCTb (Xn), m;o X 11 = ..!_;

n
2) f' (x0 ). 9.46. 2 f' (x0 ). 9.47. BKa3iBKa. CKopHcTaHTec.a JieMoro 6.1.
1
10.12. ; M/c. 10.13. 105 M/C. 10.16. 2) (l; 5); 4) yci "t{HC-

Jia, KpiM "t{HCeJI BH,n;y ; + nk, k E z. 10.17. 4) - ; + 2nk, k E z.

2
y'=~- ~0 ; 4 20 3 , 8x +3x+2
10.18. 1) 2)
1
y =-3 --2 - 6 ; 3) y = .
x x x x x .J 2
2 2x + x + 1 '

4) y' =cos x cos 2x - 2 sin x sin 2x; 5) y' =sin (

2
~ + 5) + 2 tg xcos (2x + 5);
cos x

6 ) y '= 3(1-x)sin3x-cos3x; 7) y' = (x + l)2 (x _ 2 )a ( 7x _ 2 ); S) y'=

(x-1)2

225
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas

=
x2
'./
x2 +1
.10.19.1) y'=-4-~;
x x
2) y'=
3
x
?--1,-
x
1
x
~; 3) y'= y+ 3
x2 + 3
;

4) y' = 2 cos 2x cos x - sin 2x sin x; 5) y' = (x - 3) 3 (x + 2) 4 (9x - 7);

x 1 x
2 sin - - - (2x-3) cos
6) y' = 4 4 4 . 10.20. 1) (-oo; -2) U (-2; +oo); 2) [-2; 1) U
. 2 x
sin -
4
4 l 5n n
U (l; 4]; 3) [ - ;2j; 4) [-1; 0) U (O; 1]; 5) - +nk<x< +nk,
3 8 8
n lln
6) ~
k E Z;
12 +nk<x<
12
+nk, k E Z. 10.21.1) (-oo; 1) U (l; +oo);

2) (-3; -2) U (-2; -1); 3) (--oo; -J2) U ( J2; +oo ); 4) (-oo; -2) U (:; +oo):
1t n nk 7n nk
5) + nk < x < n + nk, k E Z; 6) --+-<X<-+- k E Z.
2 24 2 24 2 '
10.22. B1Ca3i81Ca. Po3B'.H3aIIH.H BacHJI.H e rroMHJIKOBHM, a oTpHMaHa
Bi,z:(IIOBi,z:(b - rrpaBHJihHa. y TO"t!Kax x = -1 i x = 1 <}JyHKD;ll y = arcsin x
i y = arccos x He € ,n;H<}JepeHn;iHOBHHMH, TOMY rrepexip; Bi,n; BHpa3y
(arcsin x + arccos x)' ,n;o BHpa3y (arcsin x)' + (arccos x)' He e KopeKT-

HHM. 0TpHMa.Ha Bi,n;rroBi,D;h € rrpaBHJibHOIO, OCKiJihKH f (x) = arcsin x +

+ arccos x =; ,n;JI.H Bcix x ED (f). ToMy f' (x) 0 = ,n;n.H Bcix x ED (f).

10.23. y' = 0. 10.24. 16 Kr• M/C. 10.25. 400 ,il;JK. 10.26. 7 M.

2
cos{ x - ")4
10.27. 1) y' = -6 cos 2x sin 2x; 2) y' = 5 ; 3) y' =
10J2+sin{~ -~)
=2cos; (sin ;-5 )'.10.28. 1) !; 2)
J3
4; 3) 0. 10.29. 1) y-
2
3X .
6
I

- l+x '

1
2
) , ~l-x 2 -2x arccos x 3
)
y , -- -
2x
. 4) y' --
2arctg -
x
y = (x2 -1)2 ; 4
x -2x +2
2 '
l+x
2 •

x
2
) ,= ~x - x
2
+ 2 (2x -1) arcsin .J; ,·
10.30. 1) y' = 2x arcctg x - +x 2; 2 Y (x2 -x)2
1 2
2
3) y' = 2x arctg ~- :
6 arctg 3x
; 4) y' = - -- .
2
10.31. 1) 2; O; 2) -6; 0.
x x +1 1+9x
10.32. 1) 2; -2; 2) -10; 2. 10.33. 1) 3; 2) KOpeHiB HeMae.
226
 BtAnOBiAi Ta BKa31BKV1 AO snpas

2 9
10.34. 1) 2; 2) 3. 10.35. 1) 4; 2) 6; 3) O· 4) 8. 10.36. 3) •
2
10.37. 1. BKa3i8Ka. Ilpo,n;:mpepeHu;iroliTe o6M,u;Bi qacTMHi piBHOCTi
f 3 (x) + x 2 f (x) + 1 = x. 10.38. 1. 10.42. 1) He ,u;McpepeHu;ilioBHa;
2) MOJKe 6yTM .HK ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO, TaK i He ,ZJ;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO.
BKa3i8Ka. Po3rJI.HHbTe, HanpMKJia,u;, cpyHKu;li f (x) = x g (x) = x j. I I, -I
10.43. 1) MoJKe 6yTM .HK ,u;McpepeHu;iliOBHOIO, TaK i He ,u;McpepeHD;llioBHOIO.
BKa3i8Ka. PosrJI.HHbTe, HarrpMKJia,u;, cpyHKu;ii f (x) = 0, g (x) = I x 1-
I,
10.44. 1) f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = Ix x 0 = 0; 2) g (x) = x 2 , f (x) = j, x 0 = O; Ix
-1, .HKI.:qO X < 0,
3) f (x) = I x j, g (x) = { x = 0. 10.45. Hi. BKa3iBKa.
1, .HKI.IJ;O X ~ 0, 0
OcKiJibKM cpyHKD;i.H f (t) = ifi He e ,n;McpepeHo;ilioBHOIO B Toqu;i t = 0,
TO ,lJ;JI.H o6qMcJieHH.H noxi,u;HOl ,n;aHOl <l>YHKu;i1 B Toqu;i x = 0 (3a-
3HaqMMO, m;o g (0) = 0) BMKOpMCTOByBaTH TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy
CKJia,u;eHOl cpyHKo;il He MOJKHa. HacrrpaB,u;i cpym<o;i.H y = ef;5 e ,u;McpepeH-

o;ilioBHOIO B Toqo;i x =0 i noxi,u;Ha cpyHKD;il y = ef;5 B u;ili Toqu;i ,u;o-

2 tg
:J.lx + ~2 '.HKI.:qO x E ( - -7t; 0 ) u ( O; -7t)
piBHroe Hynro. 10.46. f' (x) = 3 -v x cos x 2 2 ,

0, .HKI.IJ;O X = 0.

_ 4 (cos x sin 3 x + x 3 )
, • , _ ,
10.47. f (x)- :J.l , ,u;e x:;t=O, f (0)-0. 10.48. 10.. BKa-
3 ~ (sin x x )
4 4 2

3ieKa. 3arrn:rniTb f (x) =sin x • g (x), ,u;e g (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) ... (x + 10).

T o,u;1. f x
I ( )
= cos x •g x + g ( ) I (
x · sin x. 10 .49 . 798. 3101+6 . B Ka3iB-
) • .
64
102 1
Ka. PosrJI.HHbTe cpyHKu;iro f (x) = x 100 + x 98 + ... + x 2 +1 = x 2
- • To,n;i
x -1
4 32 - 616
S = f' (3). 10.50. . BKa3i8Ka. Po3rJI.HHbTe cpyHKu;iro f (x) = -1 +
25
+ 1 . To,n;1. 8=4 30 · f' ( -1 ) . 10.51. P(x)=x 10 .
+x-x 2 +x 3 - ... -x 30 =- x
31
x+l 4
BKa3iBKa. JierKo 3posyMiTM, m;o cTerriHb MHoroqneHa P ,u;opiBHIOe
1 O, a cTerriHh MHoroqneHa P' ,u;opiBHIOe 9. I1 po,n;McpepeHu;iroeMo o6M-
100 99
,u;Bi qacTMHM piBHOCTi P (P (x)) = x • MaeMo: P' (P (x)). P' (x) = 100x .
9
3Bi,u;cM MHoroqneHM P' (x) i P' (P (x)) MaIOTb BHrn.H,u; P' (x) = ax ,

P' (P (x)) = bx 90 , ,u;e a i b - ,n;e.HKi cTani. Ili,u;cTaBJI.HroqM t = P (x) ,u;o

227
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKlt1 AO snpas

piBHOCTi P' (t) = at 9 , oTpnMyeMo P' (P (x)) =a (P (x)) 9 = bx 90 • 3Bi,n;cn

P (x) = cx 10 , ,n;e ,n;e.HKa cTaJia. 10.52. BKa3i8Ka. Ha pncyHKY 30-
c -
6pa.meHo rpacpiK cpyHKIJ;il f. 06"tIHCJiiTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ;il f i ,ZJ;OBe,n;iTb,
r:u;o cpyHKIJ;i.H f' He Mae rpaHn:u;i B TO"lln;i x 0 = 0. 10.53. Hi. BKaaieKa.
,I(oBe,n;iTb, r:u;o ,ZJ;JI.H KOJKHOl 38IIMCaHOl Ha ,n;ornu;i cpyHKIJ;ii f BHKOHy-
€TbC.H piBHiCTb f' (1) = 0.
y
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I

'
'
x

/
/ '
/
'
I
I
''
I
' \
I

I
I ' \
\
I \
/ \
/ \
I \
I \
I \

PRc. ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 10.52

2
11.1. 1) y = x - l; 2) y = 12x - 43; 3) y = -4x + 4; 4) y=-x+3;
3
1 7
5)y=x; 6)y=-1; 7)y=2x-n+l; 8)y=x+4; 9)y=-x+-.
3 3
1t
11.2. 1) y = 3x - 4; 2) y = -2x + 2; 3) y = -x + ; 4) y = l; 5) y =
2
= -2x - n - 1; 6) y = -2,5x - 1,5; 7) y = 5x - 18. 11.3. 1) y = -3x - 3;
J3 1
2) y=-x+-.11.4.l)y=-5x+2;2) y=-x--.11.5.l)y=6x-3;
3 .J2 .J2
4 2 2 2
1 1
2) y := 2x - 2, y = 2x + 2. 11.6. 1) y = x - ; 2) y = -3x + 9, y = 3x.
2 2
11.7. (2; 7). 11.8. (1; 1), (-1; -1). 11.9. ,I(OTM"t!Hi nepeTHHaIOTbC.H.

11.10. 1) (4; -9); 2) (Fs ;- J; 6

5
4
3) (~; 3
12 2
); 4) (5; 4), (-1; -2).
4 23
11.11. 1) (0; O); 2) (O; -1), ( ; - ). 11.14. 1) y = -1, y = 3; 2) y = l,
3 27

228
 BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

17
y = -7. 11.15. y = -5, y = -. 11.16. 1) y = -x - 4; 2) y = 3x - 3;
3
1
3) y = 2x - 8, y = 2x + 19. 11.17. 1) y = -1x - 9; 2) y=x+ .
4
11.18. Hi. 11.19. TaK, x 0 = 0. 11.20. TaK, x 0 = 1. 11.21. 8. 11.22. 2.
25
11.23. . 11.24. 12. 11.25. Hi. BlCa3iBlCa. IIo,n;i6Hi MipKyBaHHH
12
MO.iKYTb rrpHBeCTH, HaIIpHKJia,.u;, ,n;o BHCHOBKY' m;o i rrp.aMa y = -1
6y,n;e ,ZJ;OTH'1HOIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKU;il f, OCKiJibKH lim(3x+sinx)=0.
x-+0

3 piBHOCTi lim (f (x)-(kx + b)) = 0, Ha HKY crrHpaeThCH BacHJih, BH-

x--> x 0

IlJIHBae JIHIIIe Te, m;o lim f (x) = kx 0 +b. 11.26. (1,5; -2). BlCa3iBlCa.
X >Xo

CKop1-icTaliTec,a THM, m;o rrp.aMi y = k 1 x + b1 i y = k 2 x + b2 rreprreH-

,n;HKyn.apHi TO,n;i i TiJibKH TO,n;i, KOJIH BHKOHYE:TbC.H piBHiCTb k 1k 2 = -1.

11.27. Hi. 11.28. b = c = 2. 11.29. a= 3, b = 1. 11.30. y = ~ (x+2)

2
•

11.31. y =-8x+ 7, y =64x+97. 11.32. y = 6x-2. 11.33. (!; 2).

x+5 x-1
11.34. (l; 4). 11.35. y = -- . 11.36. y = - - . 11.37 . .HKm;o a <-32
8 9
a6o a > 4, TO ,n;Ba p03B 'H3KH; .HKID;O a = -32 a6o a = 4, TO o,n;HH
p03B'.H30K; .HKID;O -32 <a< 4, TO p03B'.H3KiB HeMae. 11.38. .HKm;O
a< 3, TO O,Zl;lfH p03B' H30K; .HKII..J;O a= 3, TO ,n;Ba p03B' .H3KH; .HKID;O a> 3,

TO TPH poas'.>I3KH. 11.39. ( O; ~). B1Ca3ie1ca. CKop:ircTaiiTec.>I THM, ~o

y rreprreH,n;HKYJI.HpHHX rrp.HMHX ,n;o6yTOK KYTOBHX KOecpiu;ieHTiB ,n;opiB-
1
--, .HKID;O X < 2,
HIOe -1. 11.40. (O; -3). 11.41. HarrpHKJia,.u;, f (x) = x-3
{
-x+l, .HKID;O X ~ 2.
1
BlCa3iBlCa. Po3rJIHHbTe ,n;oTH'1HY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHK:a;il y = - - B T0'1-
x-3
3
X-.!_, .HKIIJ;O X < 3,
u;1 x 0 = 2. 11.42. HarrpHKJia,n;, f (x) = 4 4 11.43. 2.
{
'13x-5, HKID;O X ~ 3.
11.44. 0. 11.45. y = Bx
- 20. BlCa3iBlCa. 3arrHI1IiTh piBHHHHH ,n;oTH'1-
HHX ,n;o rpacpiKiB cpyHKu;ili f i g y T0'1Kax A (x 1 ; f (x 1 )) i B (x 2 ; g (x 2 ))
Bi,n;rroB~HO,
a IIOTiM YCTaHOBiTh, 3a HKHX YMOB u;i ,ZJ;OTH'1Hi 36iraIOTbC.H.
11.46. y =Bx + 4. 11.47. BlCa3iBKa. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH ToqKaA Mae

229
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas

Koop,n;HHaTH (x 0 ; y 0 ), TO rrp.aMa, HKa rrpoxo,n;HTh -crepe3 TO"tIKH M (x ; 0)

0
i N (O; y 0 ), rrapaneJihHa rnyKaHili ,n;oTH-crHiH. 11.48. BKa3iBKa. ,Il;o-
Be,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH TO-crKa A Mae Koop,n;HHaTH (x ; y ), To myKaHa ,n;o-
0 0

TWIHa rrpoxo)(HTh '!epea TO'IBH M ( ~ ; 0) i N (O; -y0). 11.49. y = x -1.

BKa3iBKa. 5IKm;o rrp.aMa y = kx + b ,n;oTHKaeThCH ,n;o rpaQ:>iKa MHO-

rO"t!JieHa p y To-cru;i Xo, TO MHOrO-crJieH p (x)-(kx+b) MO:tKHa rro,n;aTH
2
y BHI'JIH,n;i P(x)-(kx+b)=(X-Xo) Q(x), ,n;e Q-,n;e.HKHH MHOI'O"CIJieH.

3Bi,n;cH BHIIJIHBae, m;o f (x)-(kx+b)=(x-x 1 ) 2 (x-x 2 ) 2 , ,n;e xl' x2 -

TO"tIKH ,n;OTHKY rrpHMOl y = kx + b ,n;o rpacpiKa MHOI'O"CIJieHa f. 3Ha-creH-

HH k i b MO:tKHa 3HaHTH, rrpHpiBHHBillH Koe¢in;ieHTH IIPH o,n;HaKOBHX
2 2
CTerreHHX MHOro-crJieHiB f (x)-(kx+b) i (x-x1) (X-X2) • 11.50. BKa-
3i8Ka. PiBHHHHH ,n;oTH"t!Ho1 ,n;o rpacpiKa MHoroqneHa P y TO"t!D;i 3 a6-
cn;Hcoro x· Mae BMrJIH,n; y = P' (x·) (x-x ) + P (x*). II;.a ,n;oTH-crHa rrpoxo-

,n;HTh qepe3 TO-crKy A ( x 0 ; y 0) TO,n;i i JIHIIIe To,n;i, KOJIH y 0 = P' ( x .. ) ( x 0 - x' ) +

+P(x·). OcKiJihKH Q(t)=P'(t)(x0 -t)+P(t)-y0 - HeHyJihOBHH

MHoroqneH n-ro cTerreHH, TO piBHHHHH y0 = P' (x*) (x 0 - x*) + P (x*), ,n;e

x· - rnyKaHa 3MiHHa, Mae He 6inhme Hi:tK n KopeHiB. 11.51. Hi.
2-X, HKID;O X < 1,
BKa3iBKa. Po3rJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, <PYHKu;iro f= 1
{ -, HKID;OX~l.
x
3ayBa:tKHMO, m;o rrp.HMa y = 2- x e ,D;OTH"tIHOIO ,n;o rpaQ:>iKa <PYHKD;il

y = .!._ y To"t!u;i x 0 = 1. 11.52. Hi. BKa3iBKa. Po3rJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;,

x

¢YHKu;1ro
. f (x) ={X, HKID;O 0 < X < 1,
ro-crKy A (2; 0) i cpyHKu;iro,
X-2, HKID;O 1~X~2,
o6epHeHy ,n;o cpyHKu;il f.

12.5. 1) Ji: In 2 2
2) v'2; 3) 2--arccos-. 12.6. 1) 2; 2) 1+-;
n 7t
J3
2
4 . 2J2
3) - arcs1n - - . 12.17. BKa3iBKa. Ha rrpoMi:tKKY (2; 3) icHye TaKa
TC n
TO"t!Ka c, m;o f (c) =2. ,Il;ani CKOpHCTaHTeCH TeopeMOIO PoJIJIH ,D;JIH
<PYHKu;il f Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [1; c]. 12.19. BKa3iBKa. PoarJIHHhTe HerrepepB-

230
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBK~ AO snpas

HY Ha IR cpyHKu;iro f (x) =
sin x' HKII.J;O x
x
* 0, 22 .
1 . 1. BKa3iB1'a. CKo-
{
0. 1, HKII.J;O X =
pHcTaifTecH KJIIO"CJOBOIO s~a"CJeIO rryHKTY 12. 12.22. BKa3i61'a. Pos-
rJIHHeMo MHOrO"CJJieH f (X) = Xn + ax + b, ,n;e n > 3. IlpHrryCTHMO, IlI;O
BiH Mae He MeHrne Him "CJOTHPH KopeHi. To,n;i sa KJIIO"CJOBOIO 3a,n;a-qero
IIYHKTY 12 cpyHKI.J;iJI y = f' (x), T06TO cpyHKIJ;iH y = nxn - l + a, Mae
He MeHrne Tpbox HyniB. 12.25. B1'a3i61'a. Po3rJI.HHbTe cpyHKn;iro
g (x) = f (x) cos x. 12.26. Hi. B1'a3i61'a. <l>yHKI.J;iH f (x) =I x I He e ,n;H-
cpepeHu;iifoBHOIO B TO"CII.J;i x 0 = 0. ToMy sacTocyBaHHH TeopeMH PoJIJIH
,n;nH cpyHKI.J;il f i Bi,n;pi3Ka (-1; 1] Hee KopeKTHHM. 12.27. Hi. BJCa3i61~a.

m · lCHye.
IIpHIIYCTHMO, rrr;o TaKa '±'YHKI.J;lH · M aeMO f' (O) = 1lffi
. f (x) - f (0) =
x~o x

.
= 1lffi m ··· f Ha Bl,D;pl3KY
f (x)- f (0) . 3 a TeopeMOIO JIarpaHma ,D;JIH '±'YHKI.J;ll · ·
x~O+ X

[O;x], ,n;e x>O, 3Haif,n;eTbCHTaKe x 0 , ru;o f(x) - f(O) = f'(x0 ) ~ 1. To,n;i

x

f' (0) = lim f (x)- f (O) ~ 1. AHanori"CJHO ,n;oBo,n;HMO, ru;o f' (0) ~ - 1. 3a-
x O+ X

yBa.IB:HMO, rrr;o, CKOpHCTaBIIIHCb i,n;eero p03B' .H3yBaHHH u;ie! 3~a"CJi,

MO.IB:Ha ,n;oBeCTH TaKe TBep,n;meHHH: rroxi,n;Ha ,n;HcpepeHu;iifoBHo1 Ha IR
<PYHKI.J;il He Mome MaTH pospHBiB rrepmoro po,n;y. 12.28. BJCa3i61Ca.
a1 x 2 a2 x 3 a x" +l
Po3rJI.HHeMO cpyHKI.J;iIO F (x) = aox + - - + - - + ... + n • 3ayBa-
2 4 n+l
.IB:HMO, ru;o F (0) = F (1) = 0. To,n;i 3a TeopeMoro PonnH icHye "CJHC-
no x 0 E (O; 1) TaKe, rrr;o F' (x 0 ) = 0. 12.29. B1'a3i61Ca. Po3rJIHHbTe
a sin nx an 1 sin (n-1) x
Ha Bi,n;pi3KY (O; 2n] cpyHKI.J;iIO F (x) = n + + ... +
n n- 1

+ a 1 sin x. 12.30. BJCa3i61'a. Hexaif k

2
< n < (k + 1)2 , k E .N . CKopHc-

TaHTeCH TeopeMOIO JiarpaHJKa ,ll;JIH cpyHKI.J;il f (x) = £ Ha Bi,n;pi3-

KY [k ;n].
2 12.31. B1'a3i61'a. 3a3Ha"CJHMO, ru;o xn E (O; 1]. Hexali

x 0 E [ O; ;] - KopiHb piBHHHHH x =cos x, T06To x 0 =cos x 0• ,Il,oBe-

,n;eMo, m;o lim x,, = Xo· OcKiJibKH I xn +l -Xo I= I cos x,, -cos Xo 1, TO,
n~ :xi

BHKOpHCTOBYIO"CJH TeopeMy JiarpaHma, OTpHMaeMO Ixn +l -Xo I=

=I sin c I· I xn -Xo 1, ,n;e c E (O; x,,) c (O; 1). ToMy HepiBHicTb I -Xo I~
xn +l

231
BiAnOBiAi ra BKa3iBKll1 AO snpas

~sin 1 ·I xn - Xo I Mae Micu;e ,D;JUI BCiX n E N. 3Bi.D;CH Ixn Xo I~ l -

~sin 1 ·I xn -Xo I~ sin l ·I x,1-l -Xo I~ ... ~ sinn 1 ·I Xo I·

2
Oc1dJibRH
xl

sin" 1 ·I X1 -Xo I~ 0 TO lim xn = Xo· 12.32. B1Ca3i81Ca. Po3rJIHHbTe

n->

cpyHKII;hO g (x) = arctg f (x) i CKOpHCTaHTeCH ,D;JIH Hel TeopeMOIO Jla-

rpfillma Ha Bifq>i3Ky [-2; 2]. 12.33. BKa3i81ca. Hexail g (x) = f (x)- f (l),
x-1

D (g) = [2; 3]. OcKiJihKH g (2) = f < 2~=i (l) = 1, g (3) = f < 3~=i (l) =- ~,
TO HenepepBHa cpyHKII;iH g Ha6yaae BCix 3HatieHb Bi,n; _.!:_ ,n;o 1. 0Tme,
~ 2

i(JIH i(OBiJihHOro aE[- ~; 1J 3HaHl(eTbCH TaKe 'IHCJIO c E [2; 3), II\O

f (c)-f (1)
g ( c) = c -1 =a. S!Kw;o CKOpHCTaTHCH TeopeMOIO JI rpaHma ,D;JIH
cpyHKII;il f Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [1; c], TO MO)KH ,ZJ;OBeCTH iCHyBaHHH TaKoro

x 0 , II.\O f'(x 0 )=a, 11e ae[-~;1]. 12.34. Bn:aJiBKa. PoarJIHHhTe

cpyHKn;iro h (x) = f < 3~=: (x), D (h) = [1; 2]. 12.35. BKaaieKa. Po3rJIJ:r-
HeMo cpyHKn;i10 g (x) = (1-x) f (x). BoHa 38,ZJ;OBOJihHHe yMOBH TeopeMH
PoJIJIH Ha Bi,n;piaKy [0;1]. ToMy icHye TaKe x 0 E(O;l), ~o g'(x0 )=0.
3Bi,n;cH (1-x 0 )f'(x0 )=f(x0 ). OcKiJihKH f(x 0 )>0, TO i f'(x 0 )>0.
0Tme, f' (x 0 ) > (1-x0 ) f' (x 0 ) =f (x0 ).
13.1. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-2· +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; -2]; 2) 3pocTae Ha
(-oo; O] i [1; +oo) crra.n;ae Ha [O; 1]; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-1; 7], crra.n;ae Ha
(-oo; -1] i [7·. + ); 4) 3pocTae Ha [-1; O] i [1; +oo) crra,n;ae Ha (-oo· -1]
i [O; l]; 5) 3pocTae Ha JR; 6) 3pocTae Ha [2; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; 2].
13.2. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 3], crra,n;ae Ha [3; +oo); 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3]
i [1· +oo), crra,n;ae Ha [-3· 1]; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-2· O] i [2· +oo), cna,n;a
Ha (-oo; - 2] i [O; 2]; 4) 3pocTae Ha [-1; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; -1].
13.3. 1) 3pocTae Ha [O; 1] i [2; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; O] i [1; 2];
2) 3pocTae Ha [1; + ), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo· 1]· 3) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3]
[-1; 1] i [3; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-3· -1] i [1; 3]; 4) 3pOCTae Ha [1; +oo)
cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 0) i (O; 1]; 5) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3] i [3; +oo), cna,n;ae
Ha [-3; 0 i (O· 3]; 6) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3] i [-1· +oo), crra,n;ae Ha
[-3; -2) i (-2; -1]; 7) 3pocTae Ha [1; 3) i (3; 5], crra,n;ae Ha (-oo· 1]
i [5; +oo); 8) cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; -3), (-3; 3) i (3; +oo). 13.4. 1) 3pocTae
Ha [O; 2] i [3· + ) cna,n;ae Ha (-oc; O] i [2· 3]; 2) 3pOcTae Ha (-oo; 3]

232
 BiAnosiAi Ta BKa3iBKVI AO Bnpas

cna,n;ae Ha [3; +oc ); 3) cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 5) i (5; +oo); 4) 3pocTae Ha

(-oo; - 2] i [10· +cc), crra,n;ae Ha [- 2· 4) i (4; 10]· 5) 3pocTae Ha (-oo· 0)
i [2; +oo ), cna,n;ae Ha (O· 2]; 6) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; - 2) i (-2; O], cna,n;ae
Ha [O; 2) i (2; +oo). 13.5. (-oo· x 1 ] i [x 2 ; x 3 ] . 13.7. (-oo; -3] i [3; + oo) .
13.12. 1) 3po Tae Ha R: 2) apocTae Ha R: 3) apocTae Ha npoMi)KKax
2
BHJJ.Y [ 3"
7
21tk" 3" + 21th J Cll8,llae Ha rrpoMilKKaX BHJJ.Y [ ; + 2itk" 2; + 2itk J
k e Z. 13.13. 1 Cna,n;ae Ha ; 2) apocTae Ha rrpoMi)KKax BH,n;y

[: ~ 2itk; 74" + 2itk], cna,n;ae Ha npoMiJKKax BH.zlY [ - : + 21tk; : + 21tk].

k E Z ; 3) apocTae Ha npoMiJKKax BH.zlY [ " + itk;

12
~;
+ itk]. cna,11ae Ha

7
npoMimKax Bu,n;y [- rr. + rtk·
12 12
~
+ rck] k e Z. 13.14. 1) 3pocTae Ha

[O; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha -"-oo; - 4]· 2) 3pocTae Ha [O; 3 , crra,n;ae Ha [3; 6] .

13.15. 3pocTae Ha [1; +ex-), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; - 1]. 13.16. 1) (-oo; - 3) U
U [2; +oo); 2) (-oo; - 4) U [2; 5). 13.17. 1) (O; 7) U (7; + oo); 2) [- 3; O] U

U (2; +oo). 13.18. Trut. 13.19. 3poorae Ha rrpoMilKKaX BHJJ.Y [ : + Jtk; ; + itk J
3
J cn8,llae Ha npoMilKKax BHJJ.Y [ - : + itk; : + itk]. k E Z.
i ( ; + "k" " + itk

13.20. 3pocTae Ha npoMbKKax nn,11y [ ; +itk; " + itkJ. cna,11ae Ha npo-

5
6
MiJKKax BH,!IY [- ; + 1tk; itk ) i ( 1tk·; + itk]. k E Z . 13.21. 1) (-co; O];

2) [12; + ); 3) [O; + ); 4) [- ~; ~]. 13.22. ) (-co; O]; 2) (-co; - 6];

3) (- ; 0]; 4) [- 4; 4]. 13.23 0. 13.24. - 1. 13.25. (l; 1). 13.26. (4; 4).
1
13.27. x > 1. 13.28. x < 1. 13.38. [12; 14]. 13.39. [- ;; - 3].

13.40. b ~ - 3 .J3 a6o b ~ .J3 - 1. BKa3iBKa. MaeMo: f' (x) = 2 cos 2x +

+ 8 (b + 2) sin x - (4b 2 + 16b + 6). Po3B'HmeMo TaKy HepiBHiCTb
2 (1 - 2 sin 2 x) + 8 (b + 2) sin x - (4b 2 + 16b + 6) ~ 0. IIicnH O't!e-
BH,ZJ;HHX rrepeTBOpeHb OTpMMY€MO (sin x - ( b + 2 + .J3)) . (sin x - b+2-

- .J3)) ~ 0. Terrep 3po3yMiJio, ~o myi<aHi aHa't!eHHH b - poa-

B' Si3KH CYKYIIHOCTi

b+2+ .J3 ~ - 1, 13.41. a < - 2 - .J5 a6o a > .J5.
[ b +2 .J3 ~ 1.

233
Bi,o,nosi,o,i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o,o snpas

13.42. a ~ 1. 13.43. a ~ 1. 13.44. BKa3ieKa. CKopHcTaiiTecH peayJibTa-

37t
0, HKIIJ;O 0 < X ~ 1, - - HKTTTQ x <-1
4' ~ '
TOM aa,n;alli 13.34. 13.45. { 13.46.
1t, HKIIJ;O -1 <X < 0. 7t
HKID;O X>-1.
4'
13 •47 • - 7t Slil
• TC 1t . 1t B p .
- > - Slil - . 1Ca3i8Ka. 03rJIHHbTe cpyHKII;lIO
100 101 101 100
~nx .
f (x) = - - . 13.49. f - 6yAh-HKa CTa.Jia <PYHKil;lH. BKa3i8Ka. 3 YMOBH
x

aaAaqi BMIIJIHBae HepiBHiCTh f (x)- f (y) <I x-y I, To6To -I x -y I<

- x-y
~ f (x)- f (y) ~I
~ ~ X-
I ,n· .
y . 3 a'i-'lKCyeMO 3HaqeHHH y 1 IIOKJia,ZJ;eMO X = y + uy.A

x-y

MaeMo -I 1:1y I~ 1 (y+6.y)-f

6.y
(y) <I t1y I· OcKiJibKM lim t1y
y-+0
I I= 0, To icHye

rpaHMI.l;H lim f (y + 6.y)- f (y) = 0, T06To f' (y) = 0 AJIH Bcix y E IR.
~y-+0 6.y
3BiACM f - CTaJia cpyHKI.l;iH. 3a AOIIOMOroro rrepeBipKM rrepeKOHyeMO-
CH, :rn;o KO)l{,Ha cpyHKI.l;iH, HKa e KOHCTaHTOIO, 3a,D;OBOJibHHe YMOBY
aa,n;aqi. 13.50. f (x) = kx, Ae k - 6YAh-HKa CTa.Jia. B1ea3ieKa. Po3-
r JIHHeMO JiiBy i rrpaBy qacTMHH piBHOCTi f ( x) + f (y) = f (x + y) HK
cpyHKI.l;il 3MiHHOl x (aacpiKcyeMO 3HaqeHHH y). 06lJHCJIHBIIIH IIOXiAHi
Il;HX cpyHKI.l;IB, OTpMMaeMO, :rn;o AJIH BCix xi y BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb
f' (x) = f' (x + y). lIOKJiaBIIIR B OCTaHHiH piBHOCTi y =-X, MaeMo, m;o
f' (x) = f' (0) AJIH Bcix x E IR, T06To f' (x) - cpyHKI.l;iH-KOHCTaHTa.
OcKiJibKR f' (x) =k AJIH BCix X, TO HeB~KO IIOKa3aTR, ru;o f (x) =kx + b,
Ae k i b - ,ZJ;eHKi CTaJii. CrrpaBAi, HKI.IJ;O poar JIHHYTH AOIIOMi)l{,HY
I
cpyHKn;iro g (x) = f (x)-kx, TO oTpRMaeMo, m;o g' (x) = (f (x)-kx) =
= f' (x)-k = 0. 3BiACR g (x) = b AJIH Bcix x. 3a AOIIOMororo rrepeBipKR
nepeKOHyeMOCH, :rn;o cepeA cpyHKII;iH BRAY f (x) = kx +b YMOBY 3a,D;aqi
3a,D;OBOJihHHIOTh yci cpyHK:a;il BRAY f (x) = kx. 13.51. Hi. BKa3i8Ka.

.
PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJiaA, cpyHKI.l;lIO
. f (x) ={x + 2x
2
cos ~'
x
HKID;O x ;;C 0,
0, HKID;O X = 0,
i TOqKy Xo = 0. ,IJ;oBeAiTh, :rn;o f' (0) = 1. IlpHIIYCTHMO, ru;o icHye TaKRH
OKiJI TO"t!KH Xo = 0, y HKOMY <l>YHKII;iH f 3pOcTae. ToMy f' (x) ~ 0 AJIH

234
 BiAnOBiAI Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

1
BCix x 3 ~bOI'O OKOJiy. ,Il;arri IIOKaJKiTb, m;o B TO"t!Kax Bli,D;Y x = 7t '
2 + 2rtk
k E z, <PYHK~i.H y= f' (x) Ha6yBa€ Bi,n;'eMHHX 3Ha"t!eHb.
14.7. JKo,n;HoL 14.8. 1) x nun. = O; 2) x mm . = 3; 3) x mm . = -2, x max = 2;
4) xrrun = -2, xrrun = 2, xmax = O; 5) xmin = 5, xmax = -1; 6) xmin = 0,
x max = -1 ' x max = 1. 14.9. 1) x mm = 1 ' x max = -1 '· 2) x nun
. = -2 ' x max = 2·'
3 1
3)x max =2·4)x
' .
nun =1 x
' max =-7·5)x.
' rrun
= . =0 ' x max -
·6)x nun
2 ' 4'
x max = 1. 14.10. 1) 3pocTae Ha [6; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 6], x mm
. = 6;
2) apocTae Ha ( -oo; !] i [2; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha [!; 2]. xmin =2, xm., =:;
3) 3pocTae Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x rrun . = 0. 14.11. 1) 3pocTae
Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x nun. = O; 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -4] i [O; +oo),
cna,n;ae Ha [-4; O], x nun. = 0, x max = -4 . 14.14. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 0)
. = 2; ?.) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 1] i [3; +oo),
i [2; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (O; 2], x 11110
cna,n;ae Ha [1; 2) i (2; 3], x mm . = 3, x max = l; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; O],
cna,n;ae Ha [O; +oo), xrnax = O; --16; 0) i [ -16; +oo ), cna-
4) 3pOCTae Ha [
,n;ae Ha ( -oo; - -16]
i ( O; -16]' xmin = --16' xmin = -16; 5) 3pOCTae Ha
(O; 2], cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 0) i [2; +oo), x max = 2; 6) 3pocTae Ha (3; +oo),
cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 3), TO'tIOK eKCTpeMyMy HeMae; 7) 3pOCTae Ha (-oo; -4)
i (-4; O], cna,n;ae Ha [O; 4) i ( 4; +oo ), x max = O; 8) 3pocTae Ha [O; 1],
cna,n;ae Ha [1; +oo), x max = 1. 14.15. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -6] i [2; +oo),
cni:irrae Ha [-6· -2) i (-2· 2] x = -6 x . = 2· 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo· -3]
....,....., ' ' ' max ' nun ' '
i [3; +oo ), cna,n;ae Ha [-3; 0) i (O; 3], x max = -3, x nun
. = 3; 3) 3pocTae
Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x mm. = O; 4) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -1), cna-
,n;ae Ha (-1; +oo) TO'tIOK eKCTpeMyMy HeMae; 5) 3pOCTae Ha [O; 4)

i (4; +ro), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; -4) i (-4; O], x .

mm
= 0; 6) 3pocTae Ha [_2_;
16
+oo),

cnatiae Ha [ O;
1~]. xm;"
1
= 16 • 14.16. 1) 3pocTae Ha [ O; :J. cnap;ae

Ha (-oo; O] i [:; 1]. xm., =:' xmin =O; 2) 3pOCTae Ha [ O; !]. cnap;ae

Ha [ !; +oo ), Xmnx = !; 3) 3pOCTae Ha [0; 1), cnatiae Ha [1; +oo},

x max = 1; 4) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 2,5], cna,n;ae Ha [2,5; 3), x max = 2,5.
14.17. 1) 3pocTae Ha [-2; - : Ji [0; +oo}, cnap;ae Ha [-:; 0]. Xmnx =- : ,

235
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBK"1 AO snpas

xmin =O; 2) apocTae Ha [ O;: Ji [2; +oo), crr3,11ae Ha [:; 2]. xm~ =:,
Xmin = 2; 3) 3pOCTa€ Ha [~; + 00), CIT3J1ae Ha ( 1; ~]. Xmin =~.
14.20. Mome. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB. pHcyHoK. 14.21. Hi. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB.
pHCYHOK. 14.22. TaK. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB. pHcyHoK.

y
I
I
I
•
I

I
I I
I I
---~--- ----- _,_-- --- - __ _..
0 x o:I
x0 x
PHc. lJ.O a~atii 14.20 PHc. lJ.O aal1,atii 14.22

14.24. B1Ca3iB1Ca. Hexali x 1 , x 2 (x1 < x 2 ) - cyc~Hi KopeHi MHO-

ro"llJieHa. ,lI;aJii, CKOpHcTaBIIIHCh ,n;pyroro TeopeMoro Be:liepIIITpacca
,ZJ;JI.H Bi,n;pi3Ka [xl; X2], ,ZJ;OBe,ZJ;iTh, m;o MHOrOqJieH Mae TO"l!KY eKCT-
peMyMy Ha iHTepBaJii (x1 ; x 2 ). 14.25. B1Ca3iB1Ca. Hexali x 1 , x2
(xl < X2) - TO"l!KH MiHiMyMy cpyHKD;ll f. To,n;i Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [xl; X2]
cpyHKD;i.H f ,n;oc.arae Hali6iJibIIIOrO 3Ha"l!eHH.H B Toqn;i, Bi,n;MiHHiH Bi,ZJ;

x 1, x 2 • 14.26. 1) Crr3,11ae Ha rrpoMimKax BH!W [ - ; + 2nk; ; + 2nk].

5
3pOCTae Ha rrpOMiJKKaX BH,ZJ;Y [ 7t + 2nk; 7t + 2nk], Xmax =- 7t + 2nk,
3 3 3

xmin = 7t + 2nk, k E Z; 2) apocTae Ha rrpoMimKax BH,n;y [- n + nk; - n: + nk],

3 3 6

c113,11ae Ha rrpoMimKax BH.llY [ - : + nk; "

2
3
+ nk]. xm~ =- : + nk, x.u. =
=- 3n: + nk, . [ 7n
k E Z. 14.27. 1) 3pocTae Ha npoMimKax BH,n;y - + 2nk; n +
6 6

+ 2nk]. crr3,11ae Ha npoMimKax BH.llY

5
[ : + 2nk; "
6
+ 2nk]. xm~ =
7t 5n:
= -T 2nk, xmin =6 + 2nk, k E Z; 2) apocTae Ha npoMiJKKax BH,ZJ;Y
6
7
[ - ; + nk; ; + nk]. crr3,11ae Ha rrpoM1mKax BH,!IY [ ; + nk; 8" + nk].

7t 7t 1 1
xmax = 8 + nk, Xmin = - B + nk, k E Z. 14.28. 1) Xmin =- 3 , Xmax =5;

236
 Bi,o.nosi,o.i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o.o snpas

2 6
2) xmin =-,5 x max = 0. 14.29. 1) x mm . = -3, x max = O; 2) x mm. =--,5
x max = -2. 14.30. -3; 3. 14.31. -1; 1. 14.32. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. PoarJUIHh-
Te cl>YHKD;iIO f (x) = x Ha MHOJKHHi M = [O; 1]. 14.33. 1) Ta.K; 2) Hi;
3) Hi. 14.34. 1) Hi; 2) TaK. .HKID;O D (f) = JR, TO xmin = XO.
n 3n 1t
14.35. 1) xmin=g+rtk, xmax=-s+rtk, k E Z; 2) xmin=-2+2nk,

1t 1t
xmax = 1t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) xmin = 4 + nk, xmax = 12 + nk, k E Z;

2n 21t
4) Xmin = nk, Xmax =±3+2nk, k E Z. 14.36. 1) Xmin =3+nk,
1t
xmax = 6 + nk, k E Z; 2) xmin = 1t + 2nk, xmax = -31t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) TOllOK
eKCTpeMyMy HeMa€. 14.37. (-1; 1) u (l; +oo). 14.38. (O; 1) u (1; +oo).

14.39. 1. 14.40. 1. 14.41. 1. 14.42. 2. 14.43. ( --oo; - ~) u G; +oo).

BJCa3i6JCa. PoarJIHHeMo cpyHKn;iro f (x) = x 3 - 3px 2 + p. MaeMo:
f' (x) = 3x 2 - 6px = 3x (x - 2p). 3Bi,n;CH x = 0 i x = 2p - KPHTHllHi
TOllKH . .HKm;o p = 0, TO cpyHKD;iH f Ma€ €,ll;HHHH HYJih • .HKm;o p * 0,
TO cpyHKIJ;iH f Mae ,n;Bi TOllKM eKcTpeMyMy: x = 0 ix = 2p. 0,n;Ha 3 D;HX
TOtIOK e TOllKOIO MaKCHMYMY, ,n;pyra - TOtIKOIO MiHiMyMy. To,n;i ,n;o-
11
CTaTHhO BHMaraTH, m;o6 f (0) f (2p) < 0. 14.44. a~ g· 14.45. a ~ -1,

a6o a=_.!_, a6o a~.!_. BJCa3i6JCa. MaeMo: f' (x) = (1- a)+ (1-2a) cos x +
2 2 3
2
+cos ; ' f' (x) = 2 (cos ; + ~) (cos ; - a). IlpH 6y Ab-.HKOMY 3Ha'l'.eHHi
rrapaMeTpa a KpHTHllHHMH ToqKaMH cpyHKD;ll f Ha rrpoMiJKKY (rt; 5rt)
1
€ 2rt i 4rt. IlpH a * -- I.I;! TOllKH € TOllKaMH eKCTpeMyMy.
2
14.46. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, <t>YHKn;iro

f(x)=
2x 2 + x 2 cos .! ' HKID;O x
x
* 0, .
,IJ;oBe,D;lTh, m;o Xo=O € TOllKOIO
{
0, HKID;O X = 0.
MiHiMYMY cpyHKD;ll f. ,IJ;ani poarJIHHhTe 3HalleHHH <l>YHKD;il y = f' (x)
1 1
y TOtIKax BH,n;y x= ' k ~ l, i B TOllKaX BH,n;y x = '
1t 1t
+ 2nk - - + 2nk
2 2
k ~ -1, k E Z. 14.47. Hi. BKa3iBJCa. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpnKna,n;, <l>YHK-

237
Bi,a,nosi,a,i ra sKa3iBKV1 .a.o snpas

.
~110 f (x) =
{X, .HKI.IJ;O XE Q, i ToqKy x0 = 0. 14.48. Hi. BKaaieKa.
-X, .HKI.IJ;O XE JR\({],
Hexa.H Xo E (-1; 1) - TOqKa CTpororo MaKCRMYMY. To Ai KOJKHili TaKiH
TOq~i Xo E (-1; 1) IIOCTaBRMO y BiAIIOBiAHiCTh AOAaTHe "l!liCJIO 0 TaKe,
m;o f (x0 ) > f (x) AJI.H Bcix x 3 rrpoKOJIOToro 8-0KOJIY ToqKH x 0 • Hexali
x~ i x~ - ABi TOqKiif 3 iHTepBaJiy (-1; 1) TaKi, m;o BiAIIOBiAHi IM

"l!RCJia 8 > ~. ToAi BiACTaHh MiJK TaKRMR TO"l!KaMH x~ i x; He MOJKe

6YTR MeHIIIOIO Bl,Zl; -

. 1 ('lHaKIIIe KOJKHa 3 ~RX ToqoK IIOIIaAe AO BlAIIO-
.
- 2
BiAHOro rrpOKOJIOToro 8-0KOJIY iHIIIOl TOqKH i OAHOqacHO 6YAYTh Bli-
KOHyBaTRC.H HepiBHOCTi f (x~) > f (x;) i f (x;) > f (x~)). IJ;e 03Ha"t.Jae,
m;o Ha iHTepBaJii (-1; 1) icHye He 6iJihIIIe "lJOTHpbOX TO"t.JOK, .HKRM BiA-

IIOBiAaIOTh q11cJia 8 > .!.. AliaJiori"t.JHO Ha iHTepBaJii (-1; 1) icHye He

2
6'lJibIIIe .
BOChMli TO"l!OK, .HKRM Bl,Zl;IIOBl,Zl;a.IOTh "lJHCJia
. 21~8
9'
1 y aaram,
> 4. .

Ha iHTepBa.Jti (-1; 1) iceye He 6iJihIIIe 2n + 1 TO"t.JOK, HKRM BiAIIOBi,n;a.IOTh

"l!HCJia ~1~8
2n -
> ~.
2n
u;e 03Haqae, m;o MHOJKHHY BCiX ToqoK CTpororo

MaKCHMyMy cpyHKWI f MOJKHa IIOAaTR HK 3ID"t.JeHHe o6'eAHaHH.H CKiH"t.JeH-

HHX MHOJKRH. TOMY MHOJKRHa TO"t.JOK CTpororo MaKCHMYMY 3Jii"t.JeHHa.
15.1. 1) 4; O; 2) 13; 4; 3) 30; 4; 4) -3; -30; 5) 60; -75; 6) -4; -8 .
16
15.2. 1) O; - ; 2) 1; -2; 3) 48; -6; 4) O; -28. 15.5. 1) 10; 6;
3
2) 5; .J13; 3) 100; O; 4) -2; -2,5. 15.6. 1) 5; 3; 2) 2; -2; 3) 81; 0;

4) 10· 6 15 7 1) '2· -1· 2) J3. - J3. 3) 2 +rrJ3. 2 -nJ3

' · · · vc., ' 2 ' 2 ' 2 ' 2 ·
15.8. 1) 2; -1; 2) 2; -2. 15.9. 8 = 6 + 2. 15.10. 12 = 8 + 4.
3 3J3 3.J3
15.11. 1) -; l; 2) -3; -4; 3) - ; -2. 15.12. 1) - ; O; 2) 4; -2.
2 2 2
15.13. 180 = 40 + 80 + 60. 15.14. 18 = 8 + 3 + 7. 15.15. 30 2
CM •

15.16. 8 CM i 2 .J3 CM. 15.17. 20 J2 CM i 10 J2 CM. 15.18.

24
/
5 CM,
6/5
- - CM. 15.19. 32. 15.20. 12 .J6. 15.21. 16 CM. 15.23. 2a.
5

15.24. ; 15.25. ; 15.26. 1, 5R. 15.27. ( : ; : ). 15.28.

1
G; - 2
:).

238
 Bignosigi ra BKa3iBKV1 go snpas

15.29. IllyKaHa TO"t!Ka 3HaxO,AHTbCH Ha Bi,ACTaHi 25 KM Bi.A IIYHKTY c.

3
15.30. 60°. 15.31. ; -38. BKa3iBKa. ,II:ocni,AiTh cpyHKa;iro Ha BiA-
25
piaKax [O; 1] i [l; 2]. 15.32. 105; - ~~. 15.33. 4. 15.34. -3.

15.35.
1-58 ~a~ 1+58 . .
BKa3l6Ka . .HKm;o a = 0, TO f (x) = -x
4
•
3 3
0Tme, a = 0 aa;:i;oBOJihHHe yMoBy sa;:i;a-qi. PoarJIHHeMo BHIIa;:I;OK a ~ 0.
2
MaeMo:
2
f' (x) =-4x 3 + a;' + ~ x =-4x ( x + ; ) ( x - ; ). ,IJ;ocJii!IHBIIIH

3HaK rroxi,AHOl (AHB. pHCYHOK), OTpHMyeMO, m;o x =- ; i x =~ - TO"tl-

Kli MaKCHMYMY <PYHKII;ll f' a x = 0 - TO"t!Ka MiHiMYMY. 3Bi,ACH OTpli-

MYeMO, IIIO f (0) < f (-;) f (0) < f (;). ToMy ni,z\ qac 11ocJii,z\meHHH

,AaHOl cpyHKII;ll Ha HaHMeHme 3Ha"tleHHH Ha BKa3aHOMY Bi,Api3KY HeMae

a . a
IIOTpe6li po3rJIH,AaTH TO"t!Kli x =-3 1 x =2' ,AOCTaTHbO JIHme BHMara-

2 a2 3
f (-1) ~ -1-
TH, m;o6 f(O). MaeMo:
9 a+
3 ~o. 15.36. a~
4
•

PHc. AO sa;:i;a-qi 15.35

16.1. 6) 80 (2x - 1)3 ; 7) -9 sin 3x; 8) -2 cos 2x; 10) 2 cos x - x sin x.
16.2. 5) 54 (1 - 3x); 6) -4 cos 2x; 7) 2 cos 2x; 8) -2 sin x - x cos x.
16.6. 1) -26,5; 2) 53. 16.7. 14 M/c2• 16.8. 10 M/c2, 5 M/c 2• 16.9. 90 H.
16.10. 1) 0IIyKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; O], OIIyKJia BHH3 Ha [O; +oo), x = 0 -
TO"t!Ka rreperHHy; 2) orryKJia Bropy Ha [1; 3], OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha (-oo; 1]
i [3; +oo), x = 1 i x = 3 - TO"t!KH rrepernHy. 16.11. 1) OrryKJia Bropy

Ha ( --<X>; !J OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha [!; +oo), x=~ - TO"t!Ka rreperHHy;

2) orryKna Bropy Ha [1; 2], orryKJia BHH3 Ha (-oo; 1] i [2; +oo), x = 1

i x = 2 - TO"t!KH rrepernHy. 16.12. 0. 16.13. 0. 16.16. 1) OrryKna
Bropy Ha KOJKHOMY 3 rrpoMiJKKiB (-oo; -.J3] i [ O; .J3], OIIyKJia BHH3
Ha KO)KHOMY 3 npoMiJKKiB [-.J3;o] i [ .J3;+oo), X=-.J3, x = 0,
x = .J3 -
TO"t!KH rreperHHy; 2) onyKna Bropy Ha (-oo; -2], orryKna
BHH3 Ha [-2; 1) i (l; +oo), x = -2 - TO"t!Ka rrepernHy. 16.17. 1) Orry-

239
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas

KJia Bropy Ha [- ~ ; ~ J, onyKna BHH3 Ha ( --00; - ~] i [ ~; +oo).

x
.J3 . x = -.J3
= -- 1 - TOl!KH neperHHy; 2) OIIYKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; -1)
3 3
i (-1; 2]' onyKJia BHH3 Ha [ 2; +oo)' x = 2 - TO"t!Ka neperHHY.

16.18. 0IIyKJia Bropy Ha KO:>RHOMY 3 npoMi:>RKiB BH)IY [ ~ + 211:n; 6" + 2rm

5
l
. . BH,n;y
onyKJia BHH3 Ha KOmHOMY 3 npOMl)R.KlB 7rr + 2 nn; 67t + 2 nn '
[ -6 J
7t
TOl!KaMH neperHHY e TOl!KH BH,n;y (-lt . - + rcn, n E z. 16.19. 0IIYKJia
6

Bropy Ha KOJKHOMY 3 rrpOMlJKKlB BH,n;y

. . [3 47t + 2 nn ' onyKJia
2rr + 2 nn; 3 J
BHH3 Ha KOmHOMY 3 npOMlJKKlB BH,D;Y
. . [ -3
27t + 2 nn; 3
2rr + 2 nn ' TOl!KaMH J
27t
neperHHY e TOl!KH BH,D;Y ± 3 + 2nn, n E z. 16.22. a) OnyKJia Bropy

Ha KOJKHOMY 3 npoMimKiB (-oo; -2] i [0; 2], onyKJia BHH3 Ha KOJKHO-

My 3 npoMimKiB [-2; O] i [2; +oo ), x = -2, x = 0, x = 2 - TOl!KH

rreperHHy; 6) OIIYKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; O], onyKJia BHH3 Ha [O; +oo ),

x=0 - TOl!Ka rreperHHY. 16.23. 6) OnyKJia Bropy Ha [-1; l], OIIYKJia
BHH3 Ha KOJKHOMy 3 npoMiJKKiB (-oo;-1] i [1; +oo), x = -1, x = 1 -
TOl!KH neper:aHy. 16.24. 1) TaK. B-,ca3ie-,ca. OcKiJihKH f" (x) > 0 ,n;JIH
BCix x E (-oo; -1), TO Ha npoMiJKKY (-oo; -1) cpyHKD;i.H f OIIYKJia BHH3.

ToMy rpacpiK cpyHKu;il f Ha npoMimKy (-oo; -1) po3TaJllOBaHHli He

HHml!e Bi,n; ropH30HTaJihHOl ,D;OTHl!HOl, npoBe,n;eHOl B TOl!ll;i 3 a6CD;HCOIO
x 0 = -1,5; 2) TaK; 3) Hi. 16.26. a< 0, b < 0, c > 0. 16.27. a> 0, b < 0,
2 4
c < 0. 16.28. B-,ca3ie-,ca. Hexali f (x) =cos x, g (x) =1- ~ + ; . <l>yHK-
4
u;il f i g napHi; TOMY HepiBHiCTh 6y,n;eMO ,D;OBO,ZJ;liTH JiliIIIe ,D;JI.H x ~ 0.
OcKiJrhKH f (0) = g (0), TO ,ZJ;JI.H ,D;OBe,n;eHH.H HepiBHOCTi IIOKaJKeMO, m;o

f-' (x) ~ g' (x) ,D;JIH Bcix x ~ 0, T06TO ,n;oBe,n;eMO HepiBHiCTb -sin x ~
3
~ - x +~ ,D;JIH BCix x ~ 0. ,I(JIH ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H OCTaHHbOl HepiBHOCTi 3H0-
6
BY cKop:acTaeMOCH THMH CaMHMH MipKyBaHHHMH. OcKiJihKH
f' (0) = g' (0), Tpe6a ,D;OBeCTH HepiBHiCTb f" (x) ~ g" (x) ,D;JIH BCix x ~ 0.

240
 Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra sKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas

16.30. BKa3i8Ka. IlpMrrycTMMO, m;o piBH.HHH.H f (x) = kx + b Mae rrpM-

HaHMHi TPM KopeHi. To,n;i 3a KJIIO"tfOBoro 3a,n;atiero rryHKTY 12 piBH.HH-
H.H f' (x) = k Mae rrpMHaMMHi ,n;Ba KopeHi. Arre <l>YHKU.i.H y = f' (x)
e 3pocTaro'loro ( crra,n;Horo). To My piBH.HHH.H f' (x) = k Mae He 6iJihIIIe
o,n;Horo KopeH.H. 16.31. O; 1. BKaJieKa. CKopMcTaliTec.H KJIIOtIOBoro
64
3a,n;a-qero 16.30. 16.32. -1; 0. 16.33. 107 · 2 -2. BKa3iBKa. Po3-
61
60
rJI.HHhTe <l:>YHKII,iro f (x) = x + x 59 + ... + x + 1 = x -l. To,n;i S = f" (2).
x-1
2
16.34. 6 · 2n - n -4n-6. BKa3i61Ca. Po3rJI.HHhTe <PYHKu.iro f (x) = 1 + x +
n+l l
+x 2 + ... +x n = X -
.
T o,n;1· 8=2 n1
- (xf 1 (x)) 1 rrpM x= 1 . 16.35. BKa-
x-1 2
3i61'a . .HKm;o rrpMIIYCTMTH rrepio,n;M'IHiCTh ,n;aHOl <l:>YHKU.il 3 rrepio,n;oM
T > 0, TO cpyHKII,i.H y' = x cos x +sin x TaKOJK e rrepio,n;H'IHOIO 3 rrepio-
,n;oM T. 3 aHaJiori"<IHHX MipKyBaHh 3 rrepio,n;HtIHOCTi <l:>YHKU.il y =
= x cos x + sin x BMIIJIMBae rrepio,n;M'IHiCTh ( 3 TMM CaMHM rrepio,n;oM T)
cpyHKII,il y' = -x sin x + 2 cos x . .HKm;o ,n;o,n;aTH ,n;Bi rrepio,n;H'IHi 3 rrepi-
o,n;oM T <PYHKU.il y = x sin x i y = -x sin x + 2 cos x, TO oTpHMaeMo
rrepio,n;11qHy 3 rrepio,n;oM T <PYHKn;iro y = 2 cos x. 3Bi,n;cH T e tIHCJIOM
BH,n;y 2nn, n E . 3aJIMillMJIOC.H rrepeKOHaTHC.H B TOMY' m;o JKU,n;He
3 'IHCeJI BH,n;y 2nn, n E N, He e rrepio,n;oM <PYHKU.il y = x sin x.
16.37. BKa3iBKa. 3a<PiKcyeMo 3MiHHi y i z. Po3rJI.HHeMo <l)YHKU.iro
f (x) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 -3xyz, D (f) = [1; 2]. OcKiJihKM f" (x) = 6x > 0 Ha
[1; 2], TO <l>YHKU.i.H f € OIIYKJIOIO BHM3. ToMy Hali6iJihIIIe 3HaqeHH.H
<l:>YHKU.i1 f ,n;opiBHroe f (0) a6o f (1). AHanoritIHi MipKyBaHH.H MOJK.Ha
rrpoBeCTM i ,n;JI.H 3MiHHHX y i z. Terrep oqeBM,n;Ho, m;o KOJIH 3Ha'leHHH
xoqa 6 o,n;Hie1 3i 3MiHHHX x, y a6o z Bi,n;MiHHe Bi,n; "t.{HCeJI 1 i 2, TO
3 3 3
3Ha'leHH.H BMpa3y x + y + z - 3xyz MOJKHa 36iJihIIIHTM. OcKiJihKH
3MiHHi BXO,ll;.HTh ,n;o ,n;aHOl HepiBHOCTi CHMeTpM'lHHM "t.{MHOM, TO 3a-
JIHIIIHJIOC.H rrepeBipMTM II,IO HepiBHiCTh ,ll;JI.H TaKHX Ha6opiB (x, y, z):
(l; 1; 1), (2; 1; 1), (2; 2; 1) i (2; 2; 2).

17.1. PHcyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 1 7 .1. 17.2. P11cyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 17.2.
17.3. PHCYHOK ,n;o aa,n;a'li 17.3. 17.4. PMCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 17.4.
17.5. HKm;o a < -1 a6o a > 0, To 1 KopiHh; .HKID;O a = -1 a6o a = 0,
TO 2 KOpeHi; .HKID;O -1 < < a < 0, TO 3 KOpeHi. 17.6. .HKm;o a > 4, TO
KopeHiB HeMae; .HKI.I.~O a = 4 a6o a < 0' TO 2 KopeHi; .HKIU.O a = 0' TO
3 KopeHi; .HKID;O 0 < a < 4' TO 4 KOpeHi. 17. 7. PHCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a"lfi 1 7. 7.
17.8. PHCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 17.8. 17.9. PMCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 17.9.

241
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaB

y.
6 t------

I
L-
I
I -3
I
------------r-----
I
I
I
I
-3J3 0 I
I
I I I
I I I
-1 I __________
__ ,L I ._ I
I

o: 1
I
x I
I
I
I
I ----l -6
1) 2) 3)

Y•I

1-J3 _____ .,..

1+J3
------- x
I
I
I -------~
I
I
3 x
I
I 2
-2 :-----------
1

4) 5)
y! I
I

I
· --~
I
16

9,
I
I
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I

/
I
I
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I

__ .,.. o:
-------4--- ----~
1 x -3 -1 : x

6) 7)
PHc. ,n;o aap;a11i 1 7 .1

242
 Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas

y.
y. 16 :----
a:
-------: 4 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ______..,....
-3 x

1) 2)
y.
y.I
-2../2
-2 0;
:
2
- - - -· - --.,- - ---- . - - - - -,- - --
I
--·x
2../2
I

2val
--,-------
va 9 : :
3 : :
--- ----r------~ ------~----
-1 :
I
:0
I
V3
---- - l, -2V3
--
3
' 9
3) 4)

I
I
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I
I
I
I
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I

___ .J ___
I
--L.--
I : 17
__ J. ______ ..,....

-2-1 0 2 x

5)
PHc. p,o 3ap,a-qi 17.2

243
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

-1 1I 0 11 x
I Q X I
-------~--
1
------------
-1
I
I
1- 2
I
I
I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I

1) 2)
I y!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
_____ J I ___ 1 ~ ___ iI ____ _
___ J______ lo____ L_____ . ,. _
:-2 : I
2: 3 x
I I I
I : I
I : I
I I I
I

3) 4)
I
I
y!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I x
---------1-----
-21I 0 I
I I
I
I I
I :
I I
I
I I

I :

5)

I
I
1•
-L------- - -:.-~;;;;;;:;._
2:
--------~------
:
_____ 1 ________ ..,.._
o:I
1 2 x
I
I
I
I

7) 8)
PHc. p;o aap;a-qi 17.3

244
 Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas

I
I
!y
I
I
I I
I I
I
I I
I I
I
I I I
I
1
: 1 I
I ----------~----r---~--------~
------- --~--------· 0: : 12

:
I x

-l~n
-:
I

0 11 : I
I I I
I
: I
I I I
I : I
'

2)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

: 1
I
1 I
I I I
-----------r---.----,---------~
-1, O: ,1 x
-------L--~--~-------
1
I
-1' I
I
I
I I
I I I
I I I
I
I I I
I I
---------------r------------~
I
I
I
I 0 1
I x
3) 4)
I y! I
I
I
I
I
y! I
I I I
I
I I I
I I I

I
I
I
I
1:
-L - -.--
-~:;::=~~
I I I
--------~---- -----... ------~ r -----•--------~
-3, 0 31 x 0 1 x
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I

5) 6)

245
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

YA /'
: /'1"
I ~ ~
2 ~-- ,/~
I I /
I I/
I {
- 1 ://I
---------·--~--~----------~
/I
~/ :o 1
I
x
/ I I

/.
/ --1-2
I
~ I
I
I
I
I

1)
,,y
-U8
2)

: I :
: I
I I I
I I I

: I:
I
1
-------~
__________ J ___
I
,"T----·-=-=-----
I
~---- --------~

-2::0 , ~ x
I I
I :
I I
I I
I
I
I

3) 4)
PHc. p;o 3ap;aqi 17. 7

/
/ / yj /f\
///,, I
I /
".t. /
/ 'l' 2 r----
1 / ' ]"
~
I / ;/'
// I I / "'\
2 I I / I I ~ '()

- 1 I/
I
I
I/
;. : 1,,":
---------r-"1t"-----------~
--------- __ .v..._! __________ ..,... 0:./112 x
/
/
//o: I
I
~ x
/
//
/1

I
2'
,- I
I
/ I ,,_ ,,_ I
/ I
/ I /. I
/ I ~

1) 2)
I
I
___ J __
I
I
I
I I I
11 I 1

--~--1--}--1----
i . -- - - - _I ..! I I I
---~--~-----~~-- __ J __ J ____ ~
.J33 + 1-2 o: I
11 2 ~ - 1 x
I
2 I 2
3)
PHc. p;o 3ap;aqi 17 .8

246
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

...

1) 2)
P:ac. ,n;o sap;aqi 17.9

17.10. PHcyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;aq:i 17.10. 17.11. PncyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;a't!i 17.11.

y
5n 7rr
--
6 6
7rt 5n
----
6 6
...:4 x
... 6
4
01
' ~

P:ac. ,n;o sa,n;aqi 17.10 PHc. ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 17.11 (1)

y.
----------------------
:
I
3
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 7n 3n
I
___ .LI __ _ 62
3rc
--------..
5n x
-2 2

PHc. ,n;o sa,n;aqi 1 7 .11 (2)

247
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

2n 4n 8n X
3 3 3
7t
---- - - - - .J3
3 2

PHc. 11,0 3a,n;a11i 17 .12 (1)

y

1,5

PRc . .n;o aa,n;aqi 17 .12 (2)

17.12. PMcyHoK ~o 3a,n;aqi 17.12. 17.13. a <-3. BKa3i6Ka. ,Il;aHe piBH.HH-

.
H.H plBHOCMJihHe TaKoMy: -
xa +2 II 6 =a. o
v
y~yMTe
•
rpacp1K cpyHKn;n
• ..

x
x 3 +2
f (x) = - . 17.14. a > 48.
x
1 2
18.10.1) -6 a .J5 -13· 2) - - · 3) aJ3 · 4) 2a :W - a 2 :W. 18.11.1) a 16 + 1·
' 2fi' J3 J2' '
a a +b
1
2) 4n ab. 18.12. 1) TaK; 2) TaK; 3) Hi; 4) Hi. 18.13. 3) (-4; +oo);
4) [1; +oo ). 18.14. 36. 18.15. [-2; 4]. 18.17. 1) (-oo; +oo); 2) [O; +oo).
• ( !n)-5,2 ( !n)5,6
18.18. (-oo; 0) U (O; +oo). 18.20. 7 +4 -v3 > 7 -4 -v3 . BKa3itJKa.
qMcJia 7 +4 f3 i 7 -4 f3 e B3aeMHO o6epHeHMMH. 18.21. 1) KopeHiB
HeMae; 2) 3 KOpeHi; 3) 6e3Jii1:1 KopeHiB; 4) 2 KOpeHi. 18.22. 1) 1 KOpiHh;
2) 6e3Jii1:1 KopeHiB; 3) 2 KopeHi. 18.23. 7) ,Il;HB. pMcyHoK. 18.25. BKa-
3i6Ka. 3HaH~iTh o6JiaCTh BM3Hal:leHH.H ~aHOl cpyHKn;iL 18.27. 1) 4;

248
 Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKl.-1 go snpas

1 1 1 Y• l
; 2) 1; -1. 18.28. 1) 6; -; 2) 6; 5-.
4 6 5

18.29.1) {xElRlx;e; +nk,kEZl; 2) [-1; 1]; \ / 1 \X

\ y =t ~J
3) [-1; l]. 18.30. 1) (-oo; +oo); 2) [-1; 1]; \
3) {x E JR I x -:;: nk, k E Z}. 18.33. 1) 0. BKa- \
3iBKa. 2cosx ~ 2, x 2 + 2 ~ 2; 2) 0. 18.34. 1) O;
\.
2) 0. 18.35. 1) IR; 2) {O}; 3) [O; +oo). 18.36. \
(-oo; 0) U (0; +oo); 2) {O}. 18.37. HerrapHa.
18.38. HerrapHa. 18.39. IIapHa. 18.40. He-
rrapHa. 18.41. 1) HerrepepBHa Ha MHO:a<HHi
(-oo; 0) U ( O; +oo), x 0 = 0 - TO"'t!Ka po3pHBY
' .l

0
-

·-
-
x

,n;pyroro po,n;y; 2) HerrepepBHa Ha KO:a<HOMY P:ac. ,n;o 3a,n;a-qi 18.23 (7)

3 rrpoMi:a<KiB (- n + nk; 7t + nk), k E Z, KO:a<Ha TO"'t!Ka BH,n;y x 0 = n + nk -

2 2 2
TO"'t!Ka po3pHBy rrepmoro po,n;y (ycyBHHli po3pHB). 18.42. 1) HerrepepB-
Ha Ha MHO:>I<HHi (-oo; 1) u (1; +oo ), Xo = 1 - TO"'t!Ka po3pHBY rrepmoro
po,n;y (YCYBHHM po3pHB); 2) HerrepepBHa Ha KO:>I<HOMY 3 rrpoMi:>I<KiB
( nk; 1t + nk ), k E z, KO:>I<Ha TO"CJKa BH,n;y Xo = nk - TO"'t!Ka po3pHBY

11pyroro POllY. 18.43. ( --00; ~) u (1; +co). B1eaai61ca. 3' Hcyihe, IIPH HKHX
t-1
3Ha"'lleHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a piBH.HHH.H - - =a Mae xo-qa 6 o,n;HH ,n;o,n;aT-
t- 4
HHM KopiHh. 18.44. (-oo; 0) U (l; +oo). 18.45. a = 1. BKa3i8Ka. ,lJ;JIH
6y,n;h-.f.IKOro x E JR Ma€ BHKOHyBaTHC.H piBHiCTh f (x + a)= f (-x + a).

18.46. a= 1,5. 18.47.

1.J3
Ia I>-. 18.48. a< -
.Ji29+15
a6o
12 2
.Ji29-15 ., .
a> . 18.49. x = y = z = 1. BKa3i8Ka. Hexa:a x > 1. To,n;1
2
3 rrepmoro piBH.f.IHH.f.I CHCTeMH 3Haxo,n;HMO, rn;o z > l, i IIOTiM 3 TpeTbO-
ro piBH.HHH.H c:acTeMH OTPHMY€MO, m;o y > 1. Terrep MaeMo TaKe:
z = xY >x 1
= y 2
>y 1 = zx >z1• BMrra,n;oK 0<x<1 po3rJI.H,n;a€ThC.H aHaJIO-
XO +t:.x XO

ri"'t!HO. 18.50. x = y = z = 1. 18.51. BKa3i8Ka. f' (x 0 ) = lim a -a =

o.x~o D.x
ax o
= axo lim -a = ax0 f' (0). 18.52. TaK. BKa3i8Ka. Mae Micn;e piB-
0.x ~ o D.x

HiCTh ( J2 J2 )J2 = J2 2 = 2. 51Km;o "G

rnJ2
- "'t!HCJIO pan;ioHaJibHe' TO

249
BiAnOBtAI ra BKa3tBKlll AO snpas

In r;; h r;; ./2 In

a = b = v L.. .HKU.~O v 2 - liHCJIO i ppau,ioHaJibHe, TO a = v 2 b = v 2.
18.53. 1) 1. BKa3i8Ka . .HK~o rri,n;cTaBHTH x = y = 0, TO OTPHMaeMo:
f (0) = 0 a6o f (0) = 1. BHIIMOK f (0) = 0 HeMOmJIHBHH. Crrpas,n;i, m<~o
y piBHiCTb f (x + y) =f (x) f (y) rri,n;cTaBHTH y = 0 i x = l, TO OTpHMa-
E:MO TaKe: f (1) = f (1) f (0) = O· 2) ~. BKa3i8Ka. Ili,ncTaBTe x = - y = 1·
3) 9. BKaJieKa. Ili,n;cTaBTe x = y = 1; 4) 320 • BKa3i8Ka. IlocJii,n;oBHO
rri,n;cTaBJI.HIOl!H x = y, x = 2y x = 3y, ... , ,n;oBe,n;iTh, ~o f (nx) = f n (x);

5) 13. BKa3ieKa. IIi,n;cTaBJI.HIOllH x = y = !_ , oTpHMaeMo, ~o f (t) =

' 2
=t 2 G); . o 7J.JI$1 Bcix t E JR • .n;llJri cKopHcTa.HTecH piBHicTro t cx J=r (: )
rrpH n = 4. 18.54. BKa J ieKa. CKopHCTaBmHCb piBHOCT.HMH

f (nx) = r (x) i f ( : ) = f (x) )~ , ,11e n E Z, m E , ,110Be,11iTh, ~O

f (rx) = (f (X) r, ,n;e r E Q . IlpH X = 1 OCTaHH.H piBHiCTb Ha6yBae BH-
rJI.H,l(Y f (r) = 3r ,D;JI.H Bcix r E Q. ,Il;aJii CKOpHCTaHTec.a 03Ha'tleHH.HM
cTerreH.H 3x ,n;JI.a x E IR i HerrepepBHiCTIO cpyHKD;il f.
19.3. 1) 1; 2) 3· 3) 3; 4) 1 · 5) 3· 6) 2. 19.4. 1) 2· 2) 4· 3) 1 · 4) 3.
1
19.5. 1) 1· 2; 2) 2· 3) 1; 4) 2. 19.6. 1) 1· 2) - 1· 2. 19.7. 1) - 3;
2n 2 1 5 1
2) 1 · 3) ±-+ 2rtk k E Z ; 4) -- ; 2; 5) - 2; 6) - . 19.8. 1) --; - ;
3 3 10 2 4
2) (- l)k+ l.; + rtk, k E Z; 3) - ~; 4) 6,5. 19.9. 1) 5; 2) 2; 3) 1; 4) 3;

5) a;4 1
2
3
. 19.10. 1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 2; 4) ; 5) 4; 6) O; .
6) 3; 7) 2; 8) O;
2
1
3
1 1
19.11. 1) - 1; l; 2) - 2; 2; 3) 2; 4) 1; 5) - 1; 2; 6) 1. 19.12. 1) - 1; 1;
2) l; 2; 3) 1; 4) - 1; 5) O; 6) 2. 19.13. 1) 2; 2) -1; 1; 3) 2. 19.14. 1) 2;
3 1t
2) 3; 3) 4. 19.15. 1) ; 2) 3; - 3; 3) 3; 4) 6· 5) +nk, k E Z;
2 2
n. nk n
6) -+-, k E Z; 7) ±- +nk, k E Z. 19.16. 1) 1; 2) 3; 3) nk, k E Z.
4 2 3
19.17. 1) 0; 1; 2) O; - 1; 3) -1; 4) 0. 19.18. 1) O; 1; 2) O; 2. 19.19. 2.
19.20. 0. 19.21. - 2; 2. BKa3ieKa. lIHcJia 2 + .J3 i 2- .J3 e BaaeMHO
o6epHeHHMH. 19.22. - 2; 2. 19.23. 1) - 1; O; 1. Bx:a3iBKa. Hexali

250
 BIAnOBiAI Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaB

~)
2

2x +__!._ = t. To,n;i 4x _!._ =(2x -2 · 2 · __!_ = t 2 2; 2) -1; O· 1.

2x 4x 2x 2x
19.24. (-oo; 2] U {5}. 19.25. (-2· 3]. 19.26. (1; 3) U (3; +oc). 19.27. 1) 1 ·
2) 2; 3) 1; 4) 3. 19.28. 1) 2· 2) 3; 3) 5; 4) 1. 19.29. (-oo; O] u {l}.
In it
19.30. (--oo; 0) J 1 '13 . 19.31. 1; 3. 19.32. 1; 2. 19.33. + rrk, k E Z.
4
BKa3i8Ka . .HKID;O tg x ~ 0, TO piBHHHHH He Mae p03B .H3KiB . .HKm;o
5
> 0, TO 4tgx +4ctgx ~ 2 .J4tgx ~2 1 2
tg X clgx 4 • 19.34. rr 2rrk, k E Z.
4
19.35. a = -1. BKa3ieKa. CKopncTaliTeca THM, m;o KOJIH u.e piBH.HHH.H
Mae KOpiHh XO, TO BOHO Mae KOpiHh -xo. 19.36. a - 1. 19.37. a -: -1.
19.38. a= -2. 19.39. O· 9] lJ { 9}. BKa ieKa. HecKJia,AHO BCTaHOBH-
TH, m;o x = 0 - e,n;HHHH KopiHh rreprnoro piBH.HHH.H. IIi,n;CTaBHMO lioro
I
,n;o ,n;pyroro piBH.HHH.H. Ma MO: a-91·3 i +a ·9 =1; I a - 9 I= 9 - a.
1

3Bi,ACH IIIYKaHi 3HaT.IeHH.H napaMeTpa cJiip; rnyKaTH cepe,n; po3B' .H3-

KiII HepiBHOCTi a .:: 9. 19.40. [O; 4] u {-4}. 19.41. ( --<>0; ~) u [ 4. . 00 ).

BKaaieKa. 3Hali,AiTh yci 3Hat.1eHH.H napaM rrpa p npH .HKHX piB-

H.HHH.H (p - 4) y 2 + (p 1) y 2p - 1 = 0 He Mae p;o,n;aTHHX KOp HiB.

19.42. a<--.
J3
2
20.4. 1) 5; 2) 3; 3) 4. 20.5. 1) -5· 2) 7. 20.6. 1) [O· '.X))'
2) (l · +oo). 20.7. 1) (-oo; 2]; 2) (- ; 4]. 20.8. 1) (-oo; 1) U (5; +oo);

2) [-3; !} 3) ( 5; -3) )- 4) (- ; O); 5) (O; 4]; 6) [-1; 2).

U (3;
rl
20.9.1) (- · - 1) u (2· t-oo)· 2) ( ..o; 2]Ul ;+oo )' 3) (- ; -2) u (l; 2);
5
4) (-1; +oo) . 20.10. 1) (-1; + )· 2) (-x; 2); 3) (5; +oo)· 4) (-oo; -1]'
5) (-oo; O]· 6) (-'Y'; 1). 20.11. 1) (-oo· 2)· 2) [0; + ); 3) (3; Loo) ·
4) (l; +oo). 20.12. 1) (2; +oo); 2) (-oo; l); 3) [O; l]; 4) (-cei; -3] U [-2; +oo);
5) (-oo· 1]; 6 [l· +oc). 20.13. 1) ( J.J' O]; 2) [6;-!- ~)· 3) (- J; -1) U
U (0; +oo); 4) [O· 2]. 20.14. 1) (-oo; 2) U (2; 3]- 2) (-oo; 0) U (l; +oo).

20.15. 1) ( -oo; - ~) U (- ~; 2} 2) [-2; 5). 20.16. 1) C; +oo}

:J.
2) ( :; +oo). 20.17. 1) (O; 1); 2) ( -oo;

3) (-oo; -2) u [O· +oo)- 4) {O}. 20.19. 1) (1 · +oo); 2) ( -oo; a

20.18. 1) (2; +oo); 2) (-3; 1);

20.20. [O; 1).

20.21. [O; 4 ]. 20.22. 1) (O· 1): 2) ( oo; -1] U (0; +,,, ). 20.23. 1) ( O· ~}
251
BiAnosip,i Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas

2) (-oo; 0) U (0; 1]. 20.24. (-oo;-2]U[2;+oo). 20.25. (-3;3).

20.26. 1) (-1; 0) U (l; +co); 2) (O; 2). 20.27. (-oo; -3) u (O; 3). 20.28. [O; 2].
20.29. [O; l]. 20.30. 1) (l; +oo); 2) (2; +oo). 20.31. (-oo; 3).
20.32. [3; +oo) U {-2}. 20.33. (-oo; -2] U {4}. 20.34. H1u~o a ~ 1,
TO x = 1; .HKID;O a < 1, TO x E [a; 1]. 20.35. HKm;o a < 1, TO
19
x E (-oo; a] U {l}; .HKI.D;o a ~ 1, TO x E (-oo; l]. 20.36. a< .
3
20.37. m > -1,5.

252
 Opi€HTOBHe TeMaTWIHe noypoqne nJiaHyBaHH.H

Ki.nb- 11
'
2 3MiCT HaB1J8JibHOrO MaTepiaJiy KiCTb
rO).\HB

I1 2 3
I. l'paHH~H Ta HenepepBBiCTb <l>YBKIW' (15 ro,D;)
1 rpamHJ,H $yHKII;il B TOTIIJ,i 2
2 TeopeMH rrpo apH<PMeTHTIHi ,D,ii: 3 rpaHHIJ,HMH cpyHKIJ,iH y TOTIIJ,i 2
3 HenepepBHiCTb <l>YHKIJ,il B TOTIIJ,i. BJiaCTHBOCTi HenepepBHHX <l>YHKII.iH 2
4 0,D,HOCTOpOHHi rpruum,i <l>YHKI.1,ll B TOTIIJ,i. KJiacH<PiKa.n.iH TOl!OK po3p11BY 2
5 )J;eHKi BJiaCTHBOCTi HenepepBHHX <l>YHKIJ,IB 2
6 Ilepma -qy,u;oBa rpaHHIJ,H 1
7 AcHMIITOTH rpa<PiKa <l>YHKIJ,il 2
KoHTpoJibHa po6oTa .N!! 1 2
II. Iloxi,D;ua Ta iI sacTOCYBaHHH (35 ro,D;)
8 IlpHpicT <l>YHKIJ,ll. 3ap,a11i, .SIKi IIPHBO,D,HTb 11.0 IIOHHTTH rroxi.u;HOl 2
9 IlOH.HTTH noxi,D,HOl 3
10 IIpaB1rna o6"tIHCJieHHH noxi,D,HHX 4
11 PiBHHHHH lJ.OTH'IHOl 3
12 TeopeMH <I>epMa, PoJIJIH, Jlarpaama 2
KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N!! 2 2
13 03HaKli 3pOcTaHHH i CIIa,D,aHHH <l>YHKIJ,il 4
14 To"tlKH eKcTpeMyMy <l>YHKIJ,i! 4
15 Hali6iJibIIIe i HaHMeHirre 3HatieHHH <l>YHKn.i1 Ha Bi11.pi3:r<y 3
16 ,l(pyra rroxi11.Ha. IIOHHTTH OIIy:r<JIOCTi $yHKIJ,ll 3
17 II06y11.0Ba rpa<PiKiB <l>YHKIJ,ili 3
KoHTpOJibHa po6oTa N!! 3 2
III. IloKa3BHKOBa i JiorapH<l>Mi'lllla <l>YBKIW' (25 ro,D;)
18 CTerriHD 3 lJ.OBiJibHHM 11.iHcHHM noKa3HHKOM. IIo:r<a3HHKOBa cpyHKIJ,iH 2
19 IloKa3HHKOBi piBH.R:HH.R: 3
20 IloKa3HHKOBi HepiBHOCTi 3
KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N!! 4 1
21 JiorapH<l>M i :lioro BJiaCTHBOCTi 3
22 JiorapH<l>Mi"t!Ha <l>YHKIJ,iH Ta ri BJiaCTHBOCTi 2
23 Jiorapu<PMi'-IHi piBHHHHH 3
24 JiorapH<PMilJHi aepiBHOCTi 3
25 IIoxi11.Hi noKa3HHKOB01, JiorapH$MitIHo1 Ta CTerreHeBo1 <PYHKII.iH 3
KoaTpOJibHa po6oTa N!! 5 2

253
Op1EHTOBHe reMaTV1YHe noypoYHe nnaHysaHHfl

1 2 3
IV. luTerpaJI Ta iioro aacTOCyBaBBa (25 roA)
26 IIepsicHa 2
27 IIpaBHJia 3Haxo.a.jKeHHH nepBiCHOl 3
.KoHTPOJihHa po6oTa N2 6 1
28 II.110IIW KPHBOJiiHiHHo1 Tparren;iL BH3HatieIDii'I iHTerpa.TI 5
29 06t.JHCJieHHH o6'eMiB Ti.TI 2
IlOBTOpeHHH, y3araJibReHH.H Ta CHCTeManl3an;i.a H8Bl{RJlbHOro
10
MaTepiaJiy, p03B'Sl3yBaHH.!I 38,D,aq 3 rroqaTKiB aHaJii3y
.KoHTPOJihHa po6oTa N2 7 2
- V. EJ1eMeHTH KOM6iuaTopHKH, Teopii HMOBipuocTeH
i MaTeMaTlftlHOl CTaTHCTHKlf (25 ro)];)
30 EJieMeHTH KOM6iHaTopHKH Ta 6iHOM HhIOTOHa 4
31 t.IacToTa Ta HMOBipHiCTb si.ma,n;Koao! no.n;ii: 4
32 .KJiacwrne BH3Ha lJeHHJl HMOBipHOCTi 4
33 Oneparr.il 3 sunap;KOBHMH no.rtiSIMH 4
34 reoMeTpH~IHa HMOBipHiCTb 4
35 CTaTHCTHt.rHHH aHa.ni3 .a.aeHx 3
.KoHTpoJibHa po6oTa N!! 8 2
VI. KoMnJieKcHi t1HcJia i MHOrolIJieHH (25 ro,11;)
36 MHOjKHHa KOMnJieKcH11x t.rHceJI 3
37 .KoMnJieRCHa ITJIO~Hrta. Tpu:roHoMeTpwrna Q:>opMa KoMnJieKcHoro t.rHCJla 4
MaojKeHnSI i ,n;iJieHH.H KOMrr.11eRc1rn:x trnceJI, aanHcaHHx y TpHroHoMeTpHt.r-
38 4
HiH cpopMi. .KopiHh n-ro c·renem1 a KOMnJieKcHoro q11cJia
.KoHTPOJibH8 po6oTa 29 2
39 P03B 'Jl3yB8HH.H aJire6pa'it.fHHX piBH.RHb Ha MHOmHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX tIHCeJI 2
40 KpaTHi KopeHi 4
41 Ky6it£Hi piBHSJHHSl 4
.KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N2 10 2
IloBTopeum1 Kypcy aJire6pH i no1IaTKiB auaniay (20 roJJ;)
IIoBTopeHHSI Rypcy aJire6pH i noqaTKiB aHaJiiay 18
.KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa NQ 11 2

PeaepJ}HIIH qac - 5 ro,11.HH.

254
 3MICT
Bio aemopie .................................................... 3
YMOB Hi no3Ha1leH1-lJl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
§ 1. rpaHliU,SI Ta HenepepBHicTb cpyHKU,i°i
1. I'paHIU.Vl cpyHKII,i'i B Toqu,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
• Oattat.JeHHH rpaHHu,i cpyHKU.i .. a Toq1u aa Komi ............ 15
2. TeopeMH npo apmpMeTH"t!Hi ,n;il a rpaHHlI,SIMH qJyHKU.i:H
y Toq:u;i ............................................... 18
3. HenepepBHiCTh cpyHKU.il B Toq:u;i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 23
4. 0,n;HOCTOpOHHi rpaHHU.i <l>YHKU.il B TO"C{IJ,i.
KJiacHcpiKaIJ,iSI ToqoK po3pHBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5. ,[(eSIKi BJiaCTHBOCTi HerrepepBHHX <l>YHKU.iH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
• ,[(oBe,n;eHHH nepruo1 TeopeMH BoJihU.aHo Koru1 ............• 51
• ,[(oBe,n;eHRSI nepmo1 TeopeMH BeliepmTpacca .............. 52
6. Ilepma qy,n;oBa rpaHHU.SI ..............•................. 53
7. AcHMITTOTH rpa¢iKa <l>YHKII,i'i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
• ,[(HBHi cpyHKI.r,il . · · · · ..... · · · .... · . · · · ... · · · · · · . · · · · · · · 69
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3aCTOCyBaHHSI
8. IlpnpicT <l>YHKU.il.
3a,n;aqi, SIKi npHBO,ll;SITh .n;o IlOHSITTSI noxi,n;HOl ....•......... 73
9. IlOHSITTSI noxi,n;HOl ..................................... 81
10. IlpaBHJia o6qHcJieHHSI rroxi,n;HHX .......................... 97
• ,[(oBe,n;eHHSI TeopeM npo rroxi,n;Hi CKJIOAeHo1
Ta o6epHeHOl <l>YHKU.iH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11. PiBHSIHHSI ,Zl;OTli"C{HOl ................................... 115
12. TeopeMH <l>epMa, PoJIJISI, JiarpaHma .............•....... 124
13. 03HaKH 3pOCTaHHSI i cna,n;aHHJI <l>YHKu,il •................. 132
14. Tot1KH eKcTpeMYMY <l>YHKu,ii: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
15. Hali6iJihme i HaliMeHme 3HatieHHSI <l>YHKU.il Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky .... 158
16. ,[(pyra noxi,n;Ha. IlOHSITTSI onyKJIOCTi <l>YHKU.i'i ............. 167
• HepiBHiCTb €HceHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 78
1 7. Ilo6y,ll;OBa rpa¢iKiB <l>YHKII,iH . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
§ 3. noKa3Hl1KOBa i noraplicpMi4Ha cpyHKu,i'i
18. CTeniHb 3 ,n;oBiJihHHM .n;ilicHHM noKa3HHKOM.
IloKa3HliKOBa <l>YHKU.iSI .............................•. 192
19. IloKa3HliKOBi piBHSIHHSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20. IloKa3HHKOBi HepiBHOCTi. .............................. 211
BionoeiOi ma eKa3iBKU oo enpae ................................ 217
OpieHmOBHe meMamu1l1-le noyp01l1-le nJiaHyBaHUJl . .................. 253

255
 MEP3JI5IK ApKaAili I'pHropoBHtI
HOMIPOBCbEMH ,[(MHTpo AHaToJiilioBHtI
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5IEIP M1i1xa:0:JI0 CeMeHOBHtI

AJirEBPA
11 KJiac

IliAPY"t!HHK
AJI.H saraJihHOOCBi THiX HaB"t!aJibHHX saKJiaAiB
3 rrorJIH6JieHHM BHB"t!eHHHM MaTeMaTHKH

y ABOX qaCTHHax

qaCTHHa 1

ronoBHHH pe.u,aKTOP r.
<1>. BucotfbKa
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KoMn'roTepHe BepcTaHH.H C. I. Ceeepun

<l>opMaT 60x90/16. Ilarrip OcpCeTHHH. rapHiTypa llKinhHa.

,Z:(pyK ocpceTHHH. YM . .u,pyK. apK. 16 00.
THpa* 3 000 npHM. 3aMoBneHH.H 2 L/ 43
TOB TO «riMHa3i.H»,
Byn. BocbMoro Bepe3H.H, 31, M. XapKiB 61052
Ten.: (057) 719-17-26 (057) 719-46-80, cpaKc: (057) 758-83-93
E-mail: [email protected]. ua
www .gymnasia.com. ua
CBi,r(o~TBo cy6'eKTa BH.U,aBHHl.IOi: crrpaBH ,UK N2 644 Bi.U. 25.10.2001

Ha.u.pyRoBa.HO 3 .u,iano3HTHBiB BHroToBneHHx TOB TO «riMHa3i.H»,

y .u.pyKapHi I1I1 «Mo.u,eM»,
Byn. BocbMoro BepeaHH 31, M. XapKiB 61052
Ten. (057) 758-15-80
CBi.u,o~TBO cy6' eKTa BH.U,aBHHl.IOi: cnpaBH XK N2 91 si,u 2 5 .12. 2003
 .
Cl>op3al..\ 3 ~
•

y
y = ax,
O< a < l

0 1 x 0 1 x

BnacTHBOCTi norapH<j>Mie

loga 1 = 0 loga a =1
loga xy = log ax + loga y,
x
log 0 - = loga x - log 0 y,
y

1
Iogab - - -
logb a

y y O < a<l
a>l

0 0
'
<l>op3al..\ 4

p11KyrH'1K nacKallSI
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
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1 6 15 20 15 6 1
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1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1

6iHoM Hbt0T0Ha

Tp11roH0MeTpM~Ha cf>opMa KOMn11eKcHoro ~"1cna

a + bi = r (cos <p + i sin <p)

r= Ja 2
+ b2 , a = r os <p, b = r sin cp

<1>opMy11a Myaepa
z = r (cos cp + i sin <p),
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n n
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 . .
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\ .

ct>op3a~ 1 · . . . ,. . ·"~ . :.

<l>yuK~iH f Iloxmua f'

k (CTa.Jia) 0
x 1
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1
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1
~ n r.dxn 1

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1
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1
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npaet1111 Alll<l>e eH1"itOBaHHS1

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(;)' = f'·g;/·f
p·BHS1 S1 AO ~ oI
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 ~ ~~i·. . . . . ·. . . . ·. . .
·~
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'.:,·: ... " .::
~l'.<t.
· •..· ·.. ·. - · • •
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·. · . .
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Ta6nvn.J.S1 nepeicHMX AestKMX <t>YHKU.i.::1

<l>y111ni;in f 3araJILHHH BHrJISI,ZJ; nepBiCHHX <l>YHKD;il f
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j(f(x) + g(x))dx = Jf (x)dx + f g(x)dx,
f kf ( x) dx = k ff ( x) dx

Cl>opMyna Hbt0T0Ha-.ne.::16Hiu.a
b
ff (x)dx = F(b) - F(a)
a

06L1McneHHS1 nnow.
y

b s
S= f(f(x) - g(x))dx I •
a y=g(x) :
0 a b x
Y,Il;K [373.5 : 372.851]:[512.1 + 517.1]
BBK 22.141H721.6
M52

Pe-,co.MenaoBano
MinicmepcmBOM ocBimu i nay-,cu, .Mo.noai ma cnopmy Y-,cpa~nu
(JIHCT BiA 04.08.2011 N2 1/11-7176)

MeJ>3JUIK A. r.
M52 Anre6pa : ni,n;pyq. AJIH 11 KJI. a rrorJIH6JieHHM BHBtieH~HM
MaTeMaTHKH : y 2 q. I A. r. Mep3JIHK, ,n;. A. HoMipoBCbKHH,
B. B. IloJioHChKHH, M. C. HKip. - X. : I'iMHaaiH, 2011. -
"t!. 2. - 272 c. : irr.
ISBN 978-966-474-165-8.
Y,l(K [373.5 : 372.851):(512.1 + 517.1)
BBK 22.141JI721.6

© A. r. Mep31UIK, JI.. A. HoMipOBCbIGfH,

B. E. IlonoHCbKHH M. C . .5!Kip 2011
© TOB TO «fiMHaJiJi:», op11riHan-Mru<eT,
ISBN 978-966-4 7 4-165-8 xy.AO)l(HE: o<j>opMJieHIDI, 2011
 21. norap1t1cpM i il!oro snacr1-1socri

JlorapM<l>M i ~oro anacrMaocTi

JierKo poaB' H3aTH piBH.HHH.H 2x = 4 i 2x = 8. Ix KopeH.HMH 6YlJ.YTb
BilJ.IIOBilJ.HO "t!HCJia 2 i 3.
IIpoTe 11.JIH piBHHHHH 2x = 5 OlJ.pa3y BKa3aTH lioro KopiHb CKJia,D;HO.
BHHHKae rrpHpOlJ.He 3anHTaHH.H: "t!H e B3araJii KopeHi y :a;Loro
piBH.HHHH?
3BepHeMocsr lJ.O rpacpiqHo1 iHTepnpeT~il. Ha pHCYHKY 21.1 306pa-
meHo rpacpiKH <PYHK~H y = 2x i y = 5. BoHH nepeTHHalOTbCH B lJ.eHKili
Toq:a;i A (x 0 ; 5). 0Tme, piBHHHHH 2x = 5 Mae elJ.HHHH KopiHb x 0 •
IIpoTe rpacpiqHHH MeTOlJ. He lJ.03BOJisre BCTaHOBHTH ToqHe 3Ha-
"tJeHHH X 0 •
3 rro~6H010 CHTY~ero MH 3YCTpiqaJIHCH, p03B'sr3yroqH B 10-MY KJia-
3
ci piBHHHHH X = 5. rpacpi"t!Ha iHTepnpeTaD;iH TaKOm IlOKa3ye, ~O :a;e
piBHHHHH Mae elJ.HHHH KOpiHb (pHc. 21.2). IloTpe6a Ha3HBaTH i 3a-
IIHCyBaTH :a;eli KOpiHb CBoro qacy rrpH3BeJia 11.0 HOBOro IIOHHTTH «Ky-
6iqHHH KOpiHb » i II03Ha"tJeHHH ~.

y=5 y y =5 y

0 1 2 3
PHC. 21.1 PHc. 21.2

KopiHb piBHHHHH 2x = 5 lJ.OMOBHJIHC.H Ha3HBaTH JiorapH~MOM 'IHC·

Jia 5 ·a ocBoBoro 2 i
II03HaqaTH log25. TaKHM l!HHOM, q11cJio log 5 - :a;e
2
IIOKa3HHK CTeIIeHH, 11.0 HKoro Tpe6a rrill.HeCTH qHCJIO 2, ~06 OTpHMaTH
qHcJio 5. MomHa 3an11caTH:

2log25 =5. y
Po3rJIHHeMO piBH.HHHH ax= b, 11.e a > 0, y=b
a =t. 1. OcKiJibKH lJ.JIH Bcix x E JR BHKOHY-
eTbCH HepiBHiCTb ax > 0, TO IIPH b ~ 0
:a;e piBHHHHH He Mae p03B'H3KiB • .HK~O
b > 0' TO :a;e piBH.HHHH Mae elJ.HHHH KopiHb
(pHC. 21.3). lforo Ha3HBa10Tb JIOrapHcpMOM x
qHcJia b 3 OCHOBOlO a i II03HaqaroTb loga b.

3
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK1..ti"I

0 3 Ha "I e H HSI. JI 0 rap H 4> M 0 M ,u;~,u;aTHoro "IHCJia b 3 OCHOBOlO a,

,z:r;e a> 0 i a -:t= 1, uaauBalOTL noKa3HHK cTeneuSI, ,z:r;o HKoro noTpi6uo
ni,z:r;HeCTH "IHCJIO a, m;o6 OTpHMaTH "IHCJIO b.

HarrpHKJIM, log3 9 - ~e IIOKa3HHK CTerreHJr, /1,0 HKoro IIOTpi6-

HO ni/1,HeCTH "t.JHCJIO 3, ~06 OTpHMaTH "tJHCJIO 9. MaeMo: log 3 9 = 2,
2
OCKiJibKH 3 = 9.
IIJ,e KiJibKa npHKJIMiB:
1
log 2 - =-3, OCKlJibKH 2- 3 -- _1.,
8 8
1
1 2
log 25 5 = -, OCKiJibKH 25 = 5;
2
1
log 17 17 = l, OCKiJibKH 17 = 17;
log 100 1 = 0, OCKiJib.KH 100° = 1.
3 oaHa"t.JeHHH Jiorap:acpMa BHIIJIHBae, ~o rrp:a a> 0, a=;: 1 i b > 0
BH.KoHyeThCH p1BHlCTb

I a ..... =b I
Ha3HBaJOTb OCHOBHOlO JIOrapHcj;)Mi11HOlO TOTO~HiCTlO.
Ii:
Ha.npHKJIM, 7Iog73 =3, 0,3logo.s 5 =5.
Ta.Kam a oaHa"t.JeHHJi Jiorap:acpMa BHIIJIHBae, ~o np:a a> 0i a -:t= 1

loga 1 = 0

loga a= 1

PoarJIJrHeMO piBHiCTb ac = b.
B:a 3HaeTe, ~o .n;iio 3Haxo.n;meHHH 't!HCJia baa ,n;aHHMH "tJHCJiaMH a
i c Ha3HBaIOTb IIi/1,HeCeHHHM 'tJHCJia a /1,0 CTeneHJi c.
,IIJro 3Haxo.n;.meHHH "tJHCJia c aa /1,aHHMH "tJHCJiaMH a i b, /1,e a > 0,
a'# 1 i b > 0, Ha3HBaIOTb JIOrapucj;)M)rBaHHHM "IHCJia b 33 OCHOBOlO a.
CnpaB/1,i, c =log ab.
3a3Ha"tJHMO, IIJ;O IIPH a> 0 JiiBa qacTHHa piBHOCTi ac = b e /1,0/1,aT-
HOIO. OT.me, b > 0.
ToMy npH b < 0 BHpaa loga b He Mae aMicTy.
JlorapHcpM 3 OCHOBOIO 10 Ha3HBaIOTb ,u;eCHTKOBHM JiorapHcj;)MOM.
3aMiCTb log 10 b IlHillYTb lg b.
B:a.KopHcToByro-cr:a ~e rroaHa"tJeHHH Ta OCHOBHY ;rorap:acpMi't!HY TO-
1
TOJKHiCTb, /1,JIH KOJKHOro b > 0 MOJKHa aan:acaTH: 10 gb = b.
PoarJIHHeMo ocHOBHi BJiaCTHBOCTi Jiorap:acpMiB.

4
 21. norapvicpM i V!oro snaavisoai

TeopeMa 21.1 (JJorapHcl»M ,IJ;ooyTKy). Hxuto x > 0, y > 0,

a > 0 i a =F 1, mo BuxonyembCR piBnicmb

KopOTKO <l>OPMYJIIOIOTb: JlOZapu</}M iJo6ymKy aopi81t10€ cyMi JlOZa-

pu</}MiB.
!{ 0 8 ea e Ji JiJl. Po3rJI.HHeMO ,n;Ba BHpa3H: a 10g 0
xy i a 10g 0
x +logay. ,II;o-
Be,n;eMO, m;o BOHH piBHi.
BHKOpHcT0By10qH OCHOBHY JiorapH<l>Mi"llHY TOTOJKHiCTb, 3arn1meMo:
aloga xy = xy;
aloga x +loga y = aloga x. alogo y = xy.
10
0TJKe, a log a xy = a g 0 x + loga y. 3Bi,D;CR sa TeopeMOIO 19 .1 OTpHMyeMO,
·m;o loga xy =log a x +loga y. •

TeopeMa 21.2 (JJorapucl»M qacTKH). HKUfO x > 0, y > 0,

a > 0 i a -:t 1, mo Buxony embca piBnicmb

KopOTKO <l>OPMYJIIOIOTb: JlOZapu</}M 11,acmKu aopi81i10€ pi3HU'llti

JlOZapu</}MiB.
CKopHCTaBmHCb i,ZJ;ee10 ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H TeopeMH 21.1, ,n;oBe,n;iTb n;10
TeopeMy caMOCTiHHO.
TeopeMa 21.3. Hxuto x > 0, a> 0ia=F1, mo iJnR 6yiJb-J£1'ozo
13 E JR 6UXOnyembCJ£ piBnicmb

loga xP = PR loga x
10 13
!{ OBe8enna.'Po3rJIHHeMo ,ZJ;Ba BHpa3H: a g0 x i aPlog 0 x. ,Il;oBe,n;eMo,
ID;O BOHH piBHi.
MaeMo: a 10g 0
x ll = xP;
aPiog 0 x = (atog x )p = xP.
0

10
0TJKe, a g 0 xP = aPloga x. 3Bi,ZJ;CH 3a TeopeMOIO 19.1 OTpHMyeMO:
loga x P = R
t-' log a x. •
TeopeMa 21. (nepexi.zi; Bi,?:( O,D;BiE:l OCHOBH JIOrapHcl»Ma
.zi;o iumo1). Hxuto a> 0, a =F 1, b > 0, c > 0, c =F 1, mo BUKonyemb-
CR piBnicmb

5
 ,[{ o 8 e iJ en n JL. Paar JUI He Mo BHpaa loga b • loge a. IIepeTBOPHMO
iioro, CKOpHCTaBm:e:c1> TeopeMoIO 21.3 rrpH ~=log ab. MaeMo:
10
log ab· loge a= loge a ga b =loge b.
OT:me, loga b ·loge a = loge b. OcKirrhKH a-:;:. 1, To JierKo noKaaaTH,
log b
rn;o loge a-:;:. 0. Terrep MO:mHa aarrHcaTH: log b = e • A
a loge a

HacJii,u;oK 1. HJC~o a > 0, a-:;:. 1, b > 0, b-:;:. 1, mo BUJConyembca

pienicmb
1
logab=--
logba
,ll;oBe~iTb n;eli HaCJI~OK caMOCTiHHO.

HacJii,u;oK 2. HJC~o a > 0, a -:;:. 1, b > 0, mo ona 6yiJ&-aJCozo

P -:;:. 0 6UJConyembca pienicmb

,[{ o 8 e iJ en nJL. Y BHpaai log a P b rrepe~eMO ~o OCHOBH a:

log a b log a b _ 1 l b .&

I og P b = - - - og . ...
a log a a 11
~ log a a ~ a

nP"1KnAA 1 Po3B'.a:miTb piBHHHHH: 1) 3x = 7; 2) 0,4 2 x - 5 = 9.

Po38tJL3annJL. 1) 3 03Ha"t!eHH.a JiorapHcpMa BHIIJIHBae, rn;o x = log8 7.
log 9+ 5
2) MaeMo: 2x - 5 = log0 , 4 9; 2x = log0 ,4 9 + 5; x = - -0 ·
4
--
2
log 0 4 9+5
BiiJnoeiiJb: 1) log3 7; 2) • •
2

nP"1iqlA.Q 2 06"tIHCJiiTb 3Ha"t!eHHH BHpaay: 1) 102 + 21g 7 ; 2) 9loga 4 - 0 •5 •

p 0 3 8 JI,3 an n Jl. 1) 3aCTOCOByIO"t!H BJiaCTHBOCTi CTeneHH Ta OCHOBHY
1

JiorapHcpMi"t!Hy TOTO:mHiCTb, OTpHMyeMo:

10 2 + 2 lg 7 = 102 • 102 lg 7 = 100 • (10 1g 7 2
) = 100 · 7 2 = 4900.
2) MaeMo:
9log3 4 - 0,5 = (32 )1og8 4 - 0,5 = (32 )log8 4 : (32 )0,5 = (3log8 4 )2 : 3 = 4 2 : 3 = 16. e
3
6
 21. Jlorap111cpM i iiloro snacr111socri

nPMKJlAA 3 IlpH HKOMY 3Hat.IeHHi X BHKOHYE:TbCH piBHiCTh:

l)log 1 x=-5; 2)logx16=4?
-
2
Po 3 e'Haan n a. BHpa3 log 1 x BH3Hat.IeHo npH x > 0. 3 oaHat.IeHHH
-2

norapH.PMa BHIIJIHBae, ~o ( ~ =x,J' T06To x =32.

2) BHpaa log x 16 BH3Hat.IeHo npH x > 0 i x 1= 1. 3r~Ho a oaHat.IeH-
HHM JIOrapHcpMa MaeMo: x 4 = 16. 3Bi,n;cH x = 2 . •

nPMKJIAA 4 06t.IHCJiiTh 3Ha'l!eHHH BHpaay:

1 1
1) log 2 20 + log 2 12 - log 2 15; 2) - log 36 9 + - log 36 8.
2 3
p 0 3 8 Sl 3 a ff, H JI,. 1) BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H TeopeMH npo JiorapHcpM ,n;o-
1

6YTKY i JIOrapHcpM 'l!aCTKH, OTpHMyeMo:

20•12
log 2 20 + log 2 12-log 2 15=log 2 (20·12)-log 2 15 = log 2 = log 2 l6 = 4.
15
2) MaeMo:
1 1 1 2 l 3 1 1
-log 36 9+-log 36 8=-log 36 3 +-log 36 2 = - · 2 log 36 3+- · 3 log 36 2 =
2 3 2 3 2 3
1
= log 36 3 + log 36 2 = log 36 6 .= . •
2

nPHKnA.Q 5 Ilo6y,n;yiiTe rpacpiK cl>YHKII,il y.

f (x) =5log5 (x - 3).
I/
p 0 3 8, JI, 3 a ff, ll JI,. ,l.I;aHa cpyHKII,iH BH3Hat.IeHa Ha "t l/
MHOmHHi D (f) = (3; +oo). OcKiJibKH 510g 5 (x - 3> = x -3
.L
v
,ZJ;JIH Bcix 3Ha'l!eHh x E D (f), TO ,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHO- 0 3 x
BKY, m;o rpacpiKOM ct>YHKII,il f e t.IaCTHHa npHMo! PHC. 21.4
y = X - 3 (pHq. 21.4). •

m;o lg 2 = a, log 2 7 = b. 3Hali,n;iTh lg 56.

B~oMo,
1
Po38 .fl3annR. MaeMo:
7
lg 56 =lg (8 : 7) =lg 8 +lg 7 =lg 23 + log 2 =
log 2 10

= 3 lg 2 +log 2 7 · lg 2 = 3a + ba. •

7
§ 3. noKa3Hlt1KOBa i norap1t1tj:>MiYHa tj:>yHKUJI

Bnpaa1-1
0
21.1. "£!11 e rrpaBHJihHOIO piBHiCTh:
1 2
1) log 5 125 = -; 3) log0 ,01 10 = 2; 5) log.1. 3 .v'3 = ;
3 9 3
1 .
2) log 3 - = - 4; 4) lg 0,0001 = -4; 6) log JS 0,2 =-2?
81
0
21.2. 3Ha.H,zi;iTh Jiorap.mpM 3 OCHOBOIO 2 "t!HCJia:
1 1
1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 32; 4) .J2,;
6) -; 5) 0,5; 7) .J2; 8) 2.J2,.
8
0
1.3. 3Ha.H,n;iTh JIOrapH<);>M 3 OCHOBOIO 3 "t!HCJia:
1 1
1) 3; 2) -; 3) 1; 4) 81; 5) 9; 6) _1_.
243'
7) -!3; 8) 3 -!3.
3
0
21.4. 3Ha:H,n;iTh JIOrapHcpM 3 OCHOBOIO ..!:. "t!liCJia:
2
1 1 In
1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 8; 4) 0,25; 5) ; 6) .J2; 7) ·v2; 8) 64.
16
0
1.5. 3Hali,n;iTh JIOI'apH<l>M 3 OCHOBOIO ..!:. "t!HCJia:
3
1 1 1
1) -; 2) - ; 3) 3; 4) 81; 5) ~c; 6) .v'3.
9 27 ~3
0
21.6. 3Hali,n;iTh ,n;ec.HTKOBHH JiorapH<);>M "t!HCJia:
1) 100; 2) 1000; 3) 0,1; 4) 0,01; 5) 0,00001; 6) 0,000001.
0
21. 7. "£lo My ,n;opiBHIOe JiorapHcpM "t!HCJia 10 000 3 OCHOBOIO:
1) JlO; 2) 0, 1; . 3) 1000; 4) 0,0001?
1.. 3Ha:H,n;iTh JIOrapHcpM "t!HCJia 729 3 OCHOBOIO:
0

1) 27; 2) 9; 3) 3; 4) _!_;
27
0

21.9. Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHH.H:

1
1) log 4 x = -; 3) log 2 x = O; 5) log x 0,25 = -2;
. 2
2) log JS x = 6; 4) logx 9 = 2; 6) log x 5 = .J2..
21 ° Po3B' HmiTh piBHHHHR:
1) log 6 x = 2 '· 3) log 0 ,2 x = -3 '· 5) log x 81 = 4;
3
2) logws x = - ; 4) logx 6 = 5; 6) log x 11 = -1.
2
8
 21. norap111cpM i iiloro snacr111socri

0
21.11. Po3B'HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:

1) 5x = 10; 2)2x - 3 =5;

l
3) ( -
)1-x=2; 4) 0, 3 ax + 2 = 7.
3
0
21.12. Po3B' .HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) 3x = 2; 2) lOx = .!.; 3) 7x + S = 9; 4) 0,6sx - 2 = 20.
6
0

21.13. 06'1HCJiiTb:
l )logs 6
3) - .
(3 '

) log& 64.
1) Iog 6 3 + Iog6 2; 3
log5 4
1
2) logs 100 - logs 4; 4) 2 lg 5+-lg 16.
2 ·

1) lg 8 + lg 12,5; 3 ) log 7 125;

log 7 5
3
2) log 3 162 - log 3 2; 4) 3 log 6 2 +-log 6 81.
4
0
21.17. IloAaliTe: .
1) t:J:HCJIO 6 y BHrJUlAi JiorapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO 2;
2) l!HCJIO -1 y BHrJIHAi JiorapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO 0,4;
1
3) t:J:HCJIO - y BHI'JI.HAi JIOrapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO 9;
. 2
2
4) t:J:HCJIO - y BHI'JI.HAi JIOrapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO 10.
7
•o IIOAaJrTe:
...
1) t:J:HCJIO 4 y BHI'JI.HAi JIOrapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO .!.;
3
2) t:J:HCJIO -2 y BHI'JI.HAi JIOrapH<t>Ma 3 OCHOBOIO .J2:
0

21.19. 06'1HCJiiTb:

9
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111¢MiYHa <PYHKL.J,i'I

.!.1g8-2lg2
6) 2·100 2 ;

7) lg (25log5 0,8 + 9Iog8 0,6 );

1 1 1
- - -
8) 27log5 3 +25log2 5 -36log 9 6'

5) 12log144 4 + log12 5;
-21 lg25-3lg 2
6) 1000

-1 log6 9- log 1 3
4) 62 6 ;

21.21. 06"CIHCJiiTb:
. 1t
1) log 2log 5 ~; 4) log 2 sin 135°; 7) 1og 4 Slil - ;
4
1t
2) log 2 log 49 343; 5) log 3 tg-; 8) log 1 tg(-120°).
3
3 3
3) log 9 log 2 8; 6) log 1 cos 315°;
-
2
21.22 ° 06"CIHCJiiTb:
1
1) log 3log 1 - ; 3) log 6 tg 225°;
5125

2) log 1 log 4 64;

-
3
0
21.23. 06"CIHCJiiTb 3Ha"t!eHH.ff BHpaay:
log 7 27 -2 log 7 3 ) log 9 125 + 3 log 9 2
1) ; 2
log 7 45 + log 7 0,2 log 9 l,2-log 9 12
21.2 3Haii,n;iTb 3HaqeHH.ff BHpaay:
1) 3lg4+lg0,5; ) lg 625-8 lg 2
2
lg 9-lg 18 1
- lg 256-2 lg 5
2
0

21.25. 06qHcJiiTb 3Ha"t!eHHJI BHpaay:

2 7t
1) log 7 sin n ·log 1t 49; 2) log3COS -·log 1t9.
5 sins 9 cos9
21.2 CrrpocTiTb BHpa3:
1) log.Jb a· loga b 3 ;

10
 21. norap1t1¢M i iltoro snacr1t1socri

0-. 21.27: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb piBHiCTb:

1) logb a • logd c -- logb c • logd a·' 2) a 10gb c -- c10gb a •
-10 4 -.5 +-12log6 4 .it~
21.28: 06"cn1cJiiTb 3Ha'!eHHH BHpaay 5 '.rs +36 log 2 ~2 ~.
6 1
--+ - log6 27
6 3
"~
-12 log7 ~7 ifi.
10
21.29: Q6qHcJiiTb 3HaqeHHH BHpaay 6 gJ2
1-log! b
21.30: CnpocTiTh BHpaa - - - - - - - - -
a
(log ab+ logb a+ 1) log ab

log a ab (logb a -1 + loga b)

21.31: CnpocTiTb BHpaa
l+log! b
21.32: ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o 3Ha't!eHH.a BHpaay log 7+ 4 .J3 ( 7 -4 J3) e ~JIHM

'!HCJIOM.
2133: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o 3HaqeHHH BHpaay log9- 4J5 (9+4.J5) e u;iJIHM
qHCJIOM.
21.34: "C.J:JieHH reoMeTpH't!Hoi: nporpecil e ,n;o,n;aTHHMH qucJiaMH. ,IJ;o-
Be,n;iTh, m;o JiorapHcpMH llOCJI~OBHHX 't!JieHiB u;ie1 rrporpecil 3 6y,n;b-
HKOIO OCHOBOIO YTBOpIOIOTb apHcpMeTH'!HY rrporpeciro.
21.35 .• Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=3loga(x +3); 3) y=2log2x2; 5) y=logllog3 - x(3-x)4;
2
log 1 x
2
4) y = 2 ; 6) y = 2log4X •
log 1 x
-
2
21.36: Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <l>YHK:a;il:
1
1) y=7logdx .f:2); 4) y=log 1 (x-2)·logx _2 - ;
3 3
2
lJlog2x
2) y= ( - 5) y = logx x;
2
lJlogi (x - 1)
27
3) y = log 3 logx + 1 (x + 1) ; 6) y = ( 3 .

21.37: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o log2 3 - ippau;ioHaJibHe 't!HCJIO.

38 • ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o log 35 - ippan;ioHaJibHe 't!HCJIO.
21.39:· HaBe,n;iTh rrpHKJia,n; TaKHx ippan;ioHaJibHHX 'q11ceJI a i b, m;o
qHCJIO ab - n;iJie.
11
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapvicpMiYHa cpyHKu,i'i

2 . o:· HaBe,n;iTh npHKJia,n; TaKoro pan;ioHaJibHOro 'tIHCJia a Ta ippa-

~iOHaJibHOro lJHCJia b, m;o "CIHCJIO ab - ~Jie.

1 1 1
21.41.•• 06"CIHCJiiTh - - - + + ... + - - -
log2 201 log 3 201 log 20 201
21.42:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha"CleHHHX x e npaBHJibHOIO piBHiCTh:
1) log 2 (1 - x 2 ) = log 2 (1 - x) + log 2 (1 + x);
2
x -2x+l
2) lg 2
=lg(x 2 -2x+l)-lg(x 2 +l);
x +1
3) log 5 (x 2 - 4x + 4) = 2 log 5 (2 - x);
4) log 5 (x 2 - 4x + 4) = 2 log 5 I x - 2 I?
21.43:· "lloMy ,n;opiBHIO€ 3Ha"CleHHH BHpa3y:
1) lg sin 1° ·lg sin 2° •lg sin 3° • ... ·lg sin 89° ·lg sin 90°;
2) lg tg 10° ·lg tg 15° ·lg tg 20° • ... ·lg tg 75° ·lg tg 80°;
3) lg (tg 30° • tg 32° • tg 34° • ... • tg 58° • tg 60°); .
4) lg tg 1° + lg tg 2° + lg tg 3° + ... + lg tg 88° + lg tg 89°?
21.44:· CrrpocTiTh BHpaa log 3 2 · log4 3 · log 5 4 • ... • log 10 9.
1. 5.·· 06"CJHCJiiTh 3HalJeHHH BHpa3y log4 5 · log5 6 · log6 7 · log7 32.
21.46:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpaq>iK <l>YHK~il:
l

1) y = lg tg x + lg ctg x; 3) Y = lOlogx 10 •
2) y =logx 1;
1. 7. ·· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpaq>iK <l>YHK~il:
2
lg(x +1)
2
) y = lg (x 2 + 1) •
21.48:· 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH IIJIOm;HHi MHOmHHY TOlJOK, KO-
op,n;HHaTH HKHX 3a,D;OBOJihHHIOTh plBHlCTh:
1) lg xy = lg x + lg y;
2) lg xy = lg (-x) + lg (-y);
y = 2 lg I x I + 2 lg I Y I;
2 2
3) lg x + lg
4) log x 2 y 2 = log x (-y).
• 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH IIJIOIIJ;HHi MHOmHHY TOlJOK, KO-
op,n;HHaTH HKHX 3a,D;OBOJibHHIOTb piBHiCTh:
x 2
1) lg-= lg (-x)-lg (-y); 3) logx2 y = logx y.
y
2) lg x 2 + lg y 2 = 2 lg x +2 lg (-y);

12
 22. IlorapvicpMiYHa cpyHK!4iH ra Ti snacrvisocri

21.50. •• Hexa:H 1 <a< b. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rpacpiK cpyHKD;il y =bx MOmHa

OTpHMaTH 3 rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il y =ax illJUIXOM CTHCKY ,ZJ;O OCi op-
,ZJ;HHaT.
21.51:· BHpaaiTh logab x tiepea loga x i logb x.

21.52: ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o loga x = 1 +log ab.

logab x
21.53:· 3Ha:0:,n;iTh logab b, HKm;o logab a = 4.
2 .54: 3Hali,n;iTh log4 s 60, HKm;o logs 2 = a, logs 3 = b.
21.55:• 3HaH,ZJ;iTh:
1) log8 9, HKm;o log 12 18 = a;
2) logs 6, HKID;O lg 2 = a, lg 3 = b;
3) log 1so 200, HKm;o log20 50 = a, log 3 20 = b.
21.56:• 3HaH,n;iTh:
1) log30 8, HKID;O lg 5 = a, lg 3 = b;
2) log60 27, HKm;o log60 2 = a, log60 5 = b;
3) log 17 s 56, HKm;o log14 7 = a, logs 14 = b.

06epeMo ,n;o,n;aTHe "<IHCJIO a, Bi,n;MiHHe Bi,n; 1. KomHoMy ,n;o,n;aTHO-

MY "<IHCJIY x MOmHa rrocTaBHTH y Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTh ·"<IHCJIO loga x. THM
caMHM aa,n;aHO cpyH~I.I,iIO f (x) = log a x 3 o6JiaCTIO BH3Ha"<IeHHH
D (f) = (O; +oo).
u;ro cpyHKD;iIO Ha3HBaIOTh JiorapH4>Mi'IHOIO.
IloKameMo, m;o JiorapHcpMitIHa cl>YHKD;iH f (x) =loga x e o6epHeHoro
,ll;O IIOKa3HHKOBOl cpyHKI.I,il g (X) = ax.
'
,Il;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro y 0 E IR piBHHHHH logax = y 0 Mae KopiHh (BiH ,n;o-
piBHIOe a Yo ) •
IJ;e oaHa"<Iae, m;o 06JLacm10 3Ha1leHb llozapu<jJMi1lllO°i <PYllKztff e MllO-
:JICUlla IR.
MaeMo: D (f) = E (g) = (O; +oo);
E (f) = D (g) = IR.
,Il;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E D (f) = (O; +oo) BHKOHyeThCH piBHiCTh
10
a g x = x. lHmHMH CJIOBaMH, g (f (x)) = x ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E D (f). CKaaa-
0

He 03Ha"<Iae, m;o fig - B3aeMHO o6epHeHi cl>YHKD;iL

OcKiJihKH rpacpiKH BaaeMHO o6epHeHHX cpyHKD;ili CHMeTpHtIHi
Bi,n;HOCHO rrpHMOl y = x, TO, KOpHCTYIO"<IHCh rpacpiKOM IIOKa3HHKOBOl

13
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cf>MiYHa cf>YHKLJJI

<l>YHKD;il y = aX, MO:>KHa rro6yAyBaTH rpa<t>iK JIOrapH<l>MiqHol <l>YHKD;il

y = loga X (pHC. 22.1).

y y
a>l O<a<l /
/

/
, /

/
/
, /

/
/
/
,, ~
/
/
/
;

x x

PHc. 22.1

I'pa<t>iK <l>YHKD;il y =ax Mae 3 BiCCIO OPAHHaT OAHY CTiiJihHY ToqKy.

IJ;e oauaqae, :c:u;o rpa<t>iK o6epueHo1 <l>YHKn;il y = log 0 x Mae eAHHY
crriJibHY TOqKy 3 BiCCIO a6cn;Hc.
~ ToMy <J>yn1eqiJl y = loga x .Mae eounuu nyllb x = 1.
KonH <l>YHKD;iSI e apocTaroqoro (cnaAHOIO), TO o6epHeHa AO He!
<l>YHKD;iSI e TaKO:>K 3pOCTaroqoro ( CIIfiAHOIO ). IloKa3HHKOBa <l>YHKD;iSI
y =ax e apocTaroqoro npH a > 1 Ta e CIIfiAHOIO npH 0 < a < 1.
ToMy <J>yn1eqia y = loga x € 3pocma101lo10 npu a > 1 ma c cnaono10
npu 0 <a< 1.
~ OcKiJihKH <l>YHKD;iSI y = loga x Mae eAHHHH HYJih i e a6o apocTa-
10qo10 (npH a > 1), a6o CIIfiAHOIO (rrpH 0 < a < 1), TO <J>yn1eqiJl
y = loga x .Mae OBa npo.Mi:»e1eu 3na1eocma.nocmi.
H1e~o a> l, mo y < 0 npu x E (O; 1), y > 0 npu x E (1; +oo);
Jl1C~o 0 < a < 1, mo y < 0 npu x E ( 1; +oo), y > 0 npu x E ( 0; 1).
~ OcKiJibKH JiorapH<t>MiqHa <l>YHKqi.SI e a6o apocTaroqoro (rrpH a > 1),
a6o CIIfiAHOIO (rrpH 0 <a< 1), TO BOHa ne Mae mol/.OIC e1ecmpe.My.My.
KonH BH3Ha~eua Ha AeSIKOMY rrpoMi:>KKY <l>YHKD;iSI e o6opoTHOIO
i He~epepBHOIO, TO_o6epHeHa AO Hel <l>YHKD;i.H TaKO:>K e HerrepepBHOIO.
IloKa3HHKOBa <l>YHKD;iSI y =ax e HerrepepBHOIO.
~ ToMy <J>yn1eqiJl y = log0 x e nenepepano10.
JI ozapu<J>Millna <J>yn1eqi.fl e ou<J>epenqiuoeno10. ,Il;eTaJihHime npo
IIOXiAHY JiorapH<l>Mi~HOl <l>YHKD;il BH Ai3HaeTeCSI B II. 25.
I'pa<J>i1e <J>yn1eqi'i y =loga x Mac Bepmu1ea.nbny acu.Mnmomy x = 0,
1eo.nu x npJl.Mye oo ny.nJl cnpaaa.

14
 22. norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHK~iH Ta 'Ci snaCTV1BOCTi

¥ Ta6Jn1:u;i HaBe,n;eHO BJiaCTHBOCTi cpyHKqil y = loga x' BHBtieHi

B IJ;bOMY rryHKTl.

06JiaCTb BH3HatieHH.H (0; +oo)

06JiaCTb 3Hal!eHb JR

HyJii cpyHK:a;il X=l

.HKm;o a > 1, TO y < 0 npH x E (O; 1),

IlpoMimKH y > 0 npH X E (l; +oo);
3HaKOCTaJIOCTi m<m;o 0 < a < 1, TO y < 0 rrpH x E (1; +oo),
y > 0 npH X E (0; 1)

.HKm;o a > 1, TO cpyHKI.\i.H e 3pOCTaIOtIOIO;

3pocTaHH.H / cna,n;a.HH.H
HKID;O 0 < a < 1, TO cpyHKIJ;i.H e CIIa,ZJ;HOIO

HerrepepBHiCTb HenepepBHa

,[(HcpepeH:u;ilioBHiCTb ,[(11cpepeH:u;ilioBHa

IIpHMa x = 0 - BepTHKaJihHa acHMnTo-

ACHMIITOTH
Ta, KOJIH x np.s:Mye ,n;o HyJI.s: cnpaBa

nPMKnAA 1 IlopiBH.HHTe 3 O,ZJ;HHH:a;ero OCHOBY a JIOrapHcpMa, KOJIH

Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o loga 5 < loga 4.
Poae'JiaannJi . .HKm;o a> 1, TO cpyHK:a;i.s: y =loga x e 3pocTaIOtioro.
ToMy loga 5> loga 4. AJie 3a yMOBOIO :u;e He TaK. 0Tme, a < 1. •

nPMKnA.Q 2 3Hali,n;iTh 06JiaCTb BH3HatieHH.H cpyHKD;il:

2
1) f (x) = log0, 3 (x + 3x);
2
2) f (x) = lg (9 - x ) ;
lg (x+2)
3) f (x) = logx _ 4 (16 - x) .
Poae'JiaannJi. 1) OcKiJihKH o6JiaCTIO BH3HatieHH.H JiorapHcpMitIHo!
cpyHKI.\il e MHOmHHa ,n;o,n;aTHHX lIHCeJI, TO o6JiaCTIO BH3HatieHHH ,n;aHOl
cpyHKD;ll e MHOmHHa po3B '.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi x + 3x > 0.
2

MaeMo: x (x + 3) > 0. 0Tme, Den= (-oo; -3) u (O; +oo).

2) B11pa3 lg (9 - x 2 ) Mae aMicT npH 9 - x 2 > 0, BHpaa lg (x + 2) -
npH x + 2 > 0. KpiM Toro, 3HaMeHHHK ,n;po6y He Mome ,n;opiBHIOBaTH

15
 I
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111¢Mi'-1Ha QJYHK~i"i

*
HYJIIO, TOMY lg (x + 2) 0. TaKHM qHHOM, o6JiaCTb BH3HaqeHHH D (f)
,D;aHOl <l>YHKII;ll e MHO.mHHOIO p03B '.H3KiB CHCTeMH

9-x 2 > 0,
-x+2>0,
x+2-#l.
x 2 <9, -3<x<3,
MaeMo: x>-2, > -2~ 3BepHYBIDHCb ,n;o pHCYHKa 22.2,

!
X

X"#-1; X-#-1.
,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o OCTaHHH CHCTeMa piBHOCHJibHa CYKYIIHOCTi
-2 < x <-1,
[ -l<x<3.

~$/~ :
-3 -2 -1 3
PHC. 22.2

OT.me, D (f) = (-2; -1) U (-1; 3).

3) 06JiaCTb BH3HaqeHHH ,n;aHOl <l>YHRII;ll 3Hali,n;eMO, p03B' H3aBmH
CHCTeMy HepiBHOCTeli:
16-x>O, lx<l6,

!
4 <X <5,
x - 4 > 0, To,n;i x > 4: [
5<x<16.
X - 4-::t;l. X-#5,
3Bi,ZJ;CH D (f) = (4; 5) u (5; 16) . •

nPlilKJlAA 3 IlopiBHHHTe:
1) log0 •2 6 i log0 , 2 7; 3) log n 4 i O;
4
2) log6 7 i log 7 6; 4) log 1 38 i -2.
6
Po 3 8' .fl3 an na. 1) OcKiJII>KH Jiorapn<t>MiqHa <l>YHKII;iH y = log0 , 2 x
e CIIa,ZJ;HOIO, TO logo 2 6 > logo 2 7.
· 2) MaeMo: log6 7 > log6 6,' T06To log6 7 > 1. PaaoM a THM log7 7 >
> log 7 6, To"6To 1 > log7 6. OT.me, log6 7 > 1 > log7 6.
1t
3) YpaxoByro'llH, m;o 0 < - < l, MaeMo: log n 4 <log n 1.
4 -4 4
OT.me, log n 4 < 0.
-
4

16
 22. florap111cpMi4Ha cpyHKLds:i Ta fl snaCTlllBOCTi

4) MaeMo: -2=log~ Gf =log~ 36. OcKiJihKM log 1 38 <log 1

-
6
-
6
36,

TO log 1 38 <-2. •
6

IlopiBHHMTe log2 3 i log3 5.

3 3 .!!
Po3e' ;i3annJi. ,ll;oBe,n;eMo, m;o log 2 3 > -. OcKiJihKH - = log 2 2 2 =
2 2
3 3
= log 2.J8 i 3> .J8,
TO log 2 3 > . AHa.rroriq}fo ,n;oBo,n;HMo, ro;o log 3 5 <-.
2 2
0Tme, log 2 3> log3 5. •

B:a 3HaeTe, m;o cpyHKn;i1 MomHa 03Ha1IaT:a, orr:acyro1I:a 1x xapaK-

Tep:acTM1IHi BJiaCTHBOCTi. Harrp:aKJia,n;, yci norap:acpMi1IHi cpyHKn;il
f (x) =log ax MaIOTb TaKY BJiaCTHBiCTb:

log a (xy) =log ax+ loga y, ,n;e X > 0, y > 0,

To6To 3a,ZJ;OBOJibHHIOTb TaKOMY piBHHHHIO Korni:
f (xy) = f (x) + f (y), ,n;e x > 0, y > 0.
MomHa ,n;oBeCTH (,n;HB. 3a,n;a1Ii 22.37, 22.38), ro;o cepe,n; BH3HatieH:ax
Ha (O; +oo) cpyHKn;ili, HerrepepBHHX i Bi,n;MiHHMX Bi,n; HYJibOBOl KOH-
CTaHTH, 3arr:acaHe piBHHHHH 3a,ZJ;OBOJibHHIOTb JIHme cpyHKD;il BH,n;y
f (x) = loga x. ToMY piBHHHHH Komi MOJ:KHa BHKOpMCTOByBaT:a rrpH
03Ha1IeHHi JIOrapMQ:>Mi1IHOl cpyHKn;iL
JiorapHcpMi1IHa cpyHKD;iH e MaTeMaTH1IHOIO MO,ZJ;eJIJIIO 6araTbOX rrpo-
n;eciB, HKi Bi,n;6yBaIOThCH B rrpHpo,n;i Ta B ,n;iHJibHOCTi JIIO,ZJ;MHH.
3BepHeMOCH ,n;o rrpMKJia,n;iB, HKi MH HaBO,ZJ;MJIH B KiHn;i II. 18 (1IaC-
THHa 1 Il;bOro rri,n;py-qHHKa, c. 197).
HKm;o KOJIOHiH 6aKTepili 3a piBHi rrpoMiJ:KKH tiacy 36iJiblllY€! CBOIO
Macy m B o,n;Hy if TY caMy KiJihKiCTb pa3iB, TO 3a ,n;orroMororo cpyHKn;il
t =log am MOJ:KHa BH3Ha1IHTH 1IaC, KOJIH Maca KOJIOHil ,n;ocHrHe rreBHOl
BeJIH1IMHH.
Jiorap:acpMi1IHa Q:>yHKD;iH ,n;o3BOJIHe BH3Ha1IHTH tiac, 3a HKHM KiJih-
KiCTb rporneli Ha 6aHKiBCbKOMY paxyHKY 36iJibillHThCH y,n;Bi1Ii, .HKII1;0
6aHK KOJ:KHoro ,ZJ;HH 36iJihmye cyMy BKJia,n;y Hap Bi,ZJ;COTKiB. IJ;eli 1IaC
,n;opiBHIOe log( ) 2 (,n;oBe,n;i Th n;e caMOCTiMHO).
i + _L
100

A.Ha.rrori1IHHM 1IHHOM JIOrapHcpMi1IHa cpyHKD;i.H ,ZJ;03BOJIH€! BH3Ha1IHTH

rrepio,n; IIiBp03rra,n;y pa,n;ioaKTHBHOl pe1IOBHHH.

17
 § 3. noKa3HV1Kosa i norap111cpMi4Ha cpyHKu,i'I

BnpaeM
0
22.1. IIopiBHHHTe 3 O'AHHHn;ero ocHoBy JiorapH<t>Ma, HKm;o:
1) loga 0,5 > loga 0,4; 3) log a J5 <log a J6;
1t 1t
4) log 4 - <log a-.
4 3
' 22.2. ,Il;o'AaTHHM qH Bi'A'eMHHM qHCJIOM e:
1) log0 , 5 0,6; 2) log0 , 3 3; 3) log 2 0,27; 4) log1t 3?
0
22.3. 3HaH'AiTh HaH6iJihIIIe i HaHMeHille 3Hal!eHHH <l>YHKD;il Ha 'AaHOMY
BiApi3Ky:
1) y = Iog2x, [:; 8}

2) y =log 1 x,
2
[__!__;
16
s];
22.4. 3HaH'AiTh HaH6iJihIIIe i HaHMeHme 3HaqeHHH <l>YHKD;il Ha 'Aa-
0

HOMY BiApi3Ky:

1) y=log(, [~;3} 2) y = lg x, [1; 1000].

0
22.5. Ha HKOMY rrpoMbKKY Hali6iJihme 3Hal!eHHH <l>YHKD;il y = log2 x
AOPiBHIOe 3, a HaHMeHme AOPiBHIOe -1?
22.6. Ha HKOMY rrpoMimKy HaH6iJihIIIe 3Hal!eHH.H <l>YHKn;il y = log 1 x
0

-
AOPiBHIOe -1, a HaliMeHme 'AOPiBHIOe -2? 2
0
22. 7. IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log9 2 i 3; 3) log 13 26 i 6;
3
4) log16 0, 1 i
- 4
5
22. : IIopiBHHHTe:
2
1) log0 ,1 12 i 1; 3) i log 125 30.
3
1
2) log4 3 i ;
2
0

22.9. IIo6YAYHTe rpa<t>iK <l>YHKn;i1:

1). y = log 2 (x - 1); 3) y = -log 2 x;
2) y = log2 x + 3; 4) y = log 2 (-x).
22.10 ° IIo6YAYHTe rpa<t>iK <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=log 1 (x+l); 3) y=-log 1 x;
-3 -3
2) y =log 1 x -2;
-3 -3

18
 22. JlorapL-1cpMiYHa cpyHKU,i~ Ta 'j'j snaCTL.1BOCTi

22.11. Hexali 1 <a< b. ,II;oBe,n;iTb, ~o rpacpiK cpyHKD;il y = logb x

0

MOJKHa OTPHMaTH 3 rpacpiKa <l>YHKD;il y =log a x illJI.HXOM CTHCKY

,n;o oci a6cn;11:c.
0
22.12. PoaB.'.HmiTb rpacpi'CIHO piBH.HHH.H:
l)log 2 x=3-x; 2)log 1 x=x-1; 3) log 2 x = -x - 0,5.
3
22. 3. PoaB' .HJKiTb rpacpi'tl:HO piBH.HHH.H:
0

1
1) log 1 x=x+-; 2)log 3 x=4-x.
-2 2
0
22.14. YcTaHOBiTI> rpacpi't!HO KiJibKiCTb KopeHiB piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 2 x = -x; 2) log 3 x = -x 2 ; 3) log 1 x = £.
-2
22.15. ° CKiJibKH KopeHiB Mae piBH.HHH.H:

(~J =log
1
1) 2 x; 2) log 2 X= - ?
x
22.16: Mi:m .HKHMH ,Zl;BOMa IIOCJii,Zl;OBHHMH D;iJIHMH 'CIHCJiaMH MiCTHTbC.H
Ha KOOp,n;HHaTHili rrp.HMiH 'CIHCJIO:
1) log 3 10; 2) log 2 5; 3) log 1 7; 4) log 0 •1 2?
3
2 7. • Mim .HKHMH ,n;BoMa rrocJii,n;oBHHMH o;iJIHMH 'tlHCJiaMH MiCTHTb-
c.H Ha Koop,n;HHaTHIB rrp.HMiH lllICJIO: 1) log2 29; 2) log 1 9?
2

22.18: IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log4 5 i log 5 4; 2) log0 •2 0, 1 I log 0 •1 0,2.
22. 9 .• IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log 1 •7 1,8 i log 1 •8 l, 7; 2) log 0 , 2 0,3 I log0 , 3 0,2.
22.20: IlopiBH.HHTe log 2 3 + log 3 2 i 2.
22.21 ,II;oBe,n;iTb, ~o logcos 1 4+log 4 cosl<-2.
22.22: 3Ha:li,n;iTb o6JiaCTb BH3Ha'tleHH.H cpyHKn;il:

+~6-x;
1
l)y=lgx 2; 5) y=
log 6 (x-3)
4
2)y=lg(l-sinx); 6)y= +lg(3-x);
lg (x + 2)
(x+1)(3-x)
7) y- .
- lg (x 2 +1) '
1
4) y=~lgcosx; 8) y=log 5 (x 2 - 4x+3)+ ;
log 5 (7 - x)

19
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norapvttjJMiYHa tjJyHKU/I

1
9) y=lg(6x-x 2 )+ ; 11) y = log 2 cos x;
lg (3-x)
2
10) y = logx + 3 (x + x); 12) y = log 3 tg x.
22.2' • 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTb BH3HaqeHH.H <l>YHKa;i1:
1 x
1) y- . 7) y = ;
- lg (x 2 + 1)' lg (4 - x 2 )
1
2) y = lg (1 + sin x); 8) y=lg(9x-x 2 ) - ;
lg (5-x)
3) y=Jlg(l+x 2 ); 9) Y = log 2 _x (8 + 7x - x 2 );
4) y = '1lg sin x; lO) y= (x+5)(2-x);
lg (x 2 +1)
5
5) y=lg(x+8)- ; 11) y = lg sin x.
lg(-x-1)
1
6) y=lg(10x-x 2 ) - ;
lg (8-x)
22.24: 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=log 3 (4+sinx);
2) y =IogJ3 (l-x 2 ).
2
2 2 . 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTh 3HaqeHh <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=log 2 (5+3cosx);
2) y=log 4 (4x-x 2 ).
22.26.· Ilo6y.n;yliTe rpa<PiK <l>YHK:a;il:
Ilogo. x I;
2
1) y =I log~ x I; 3) y =
log 0 , 2 x

2) y=log 1 Ix I; 4) y =~log~ x logx 3.

-
2
22.27. Ilo6y.n;yliTe rpa<PiK <l>YHKn;il:
1) y = J Iog 3 x I;
.
2) y = Iog 3 I x I;
22.2s:· 3Ha:0:.n;iTh HaH6iJihllie 3HaqeHH.H <l>YHKn;il:
1) y = log 0 •1 (x 2 + 100);
2) y=log 1 (x 2 -6x+14).
5

20
 22. norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i5l ra "i'I snacr111socri

22. . 3Hali,n;iTh HaHMeHme 3Ha"tleHHH cpy1nni;il:

1
1) y = log 1 2 ;
2 x +8
1
2) y=log 1 - 2- - -
3 x -4x+7
22.ao:· ,JJ;ocni,n;iTh Ha napHiCTh cpyHKn;iro y =lg ( .Jx2 + 1 - x).
22.a1:· ,JJ;ocJii,n;iTh Ha rrapHiCTh <l>YHKII,ilO y =lg ( .Jx 2 +1 + x ).
22.32. •• IlpH HKHX 3Ha'1eHHHX rrapaMeTpa a HaHMeHme 3Ha'1eHHSI
cpyHKII,il f (x) = 9 log; x-30 log 2 x + 61-9a 2 Ha Bi,n;piaKy [1; 4]
e ,n;o,n;aTHHM '1HCJIOM?
2 33: IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'1eHHHX napaMeTpa a Hali6iJihme 3Ha'1eHHH
cpyHKn;il f (x) = -4 log~ x + 20 log 3 x -9a 2 Ha Bi,n;piaKy [3; 27] e
Bi,n;'eMHHM '1HCJIOM?
22.34:· 3Hali,n;iTh rrepmy II,Hcppy rriCJIH KOMH B ,n;ecHTKOBOMY aarrHci
'1HCJia lg 2.

22. 5. IlopiBHHHTe "tlHCJia log2 3 i log3 7.

22.36:· Bi,n;oMo, m;o lg 3 = 0,4 771. ... CKiJihKH n;Hcpp MiCTHTh ,n;ecHT-
KOBHli 3aIIHC '1HCJia 31000 ?
22.37.* Ilpo BH3Ha'1eHy Ha (O; +oo) cpyHKn;iro f Bi,n;OMO, m;o f (2) = 1
i ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x > 0, y > 0 BHKOHyeThCH piBHiCTb f (xy) = f (x) + f (y).

3mrn.11iTh 1) 1c1>; 2>1G} a>t<4>; 4>tc1024); 5)t(~).

22.38. * II po BH3Ha'1eHy Ha (0; +oo) i HerrepepBHY cpyHKn;iro f Bi,n;OMO,
m;o f (2) = 1 i ,ZJ;JISI Bcix x > 0, y > 0 BHKOHyeTbCSI piBHiCTh
f (xy) = f (x) + f (y). ,lJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o f (x) = log 2 x.
22.39.* ,lJ;nH Bcix n E N 0611HcJiiTh CYMY
S = [log 2 l] +[log 2 2] +[log 2 3] +... +[log 22n ].
22.40.* ,lJ;JIH Bcix n E N, n > 1, ,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o

[-Fn]+[t1n"]+[~]+ ... +[efrt"]= [log 2 n] +[log 3 n] +[log 4 n] +... +[logn n].

21
 PiBHHHHH BH,n;y loga x = b, .n;e a> 0, a '#-l, Ha3HBaIOTh uailnpo-
CTiilIHM JIOrapHcl>Mi"IHHM piBHHHHHM.
OcKiJihKH rpa<t>iKH <t>YHKn;ili y = log a x i y = b nepeTHHaIOThCH
B 0,ZJ;HiH TOtm;i (pHC. 23.1), TO HaiinpocTiIIIe JIOrapH<t>MitIHe piBHHHHH
Mae €,ZJ;HHHH KOpiHh npH 6y,n;h-HKOMY b. IJ;eii KopiHh MOJKHa 3HaHTH,
BHKOPHCTOBYIOliH oaHatieHHH JiorapH<t>Ma. MaeMo: x =ab.

y y
0 < a <1
I

b b
y =b
0 o.

a 6
P:ac. 23.1

nP~KnAA 1 PoaB' H)KiTh piBHHHHH log3 (3x - 1) = 2.

p 0 3 8' Jl3 a]{. H.Jl. 3a 03Ha't.JeHH.HM JIOrapH<t>Ma MO)KHa 3anHCaTH
10
3x - 1 = 3 2. 3Bi,ZJ;CH 3x - 1=9; X= .
3
•..:;) •..:;) 10
B ivn08lub: - .
3
Po3B' H3aHe piBH.HHHH e oKpeMHM BHna.n;KoM piBHHHHH BH,n;y
loga f (x) = b, .n;e a> 0, a '#-1. MipKyio't.IH, .HK y npHKJia,n;i 1, MO)KHa
IlOKa3aTH, m;o n;e piBHHHHH piBHOCHJihHe piBHHHHIO f (x) =ab.
IlpH p03B' H3YBaHHi 6araThOX JIOrapH<t>MitIHHX piBHHHh aacTOCO-
BYIOTh TaKY TeopeMy.

Te·ope a 23 . 1 . Hexau a> 0, a'#- 1. HK"'10 loga x 1 = loga x 2 , mo

x 1 = x 2 , i naBnaKu, J£K"'10 x 1 > 0, x 2 > 0 i x 1 = x 2 , mo loga x 1 = loga x 2 •
Oc1dJihKH JiorapH<t>Mi't.JHa <l>YHKD;iH e 3pocTaIO't.IOIO a6o cna,n;HoIO, TO
,ZJ;JIH .n;oBe,n;eHHH n;ie1 TeopeMH MO)KHa CKOpHCTaTHC.ff i.n;eeIO ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHHH
TeopeMH 19 .1. IIepeKoHaHTecH B D;hOMY caMocTiHHo.

22
 •
23. Jlorap111cpMiYHi piBHHHHH

HacJJi,ZJ;oK. Hexau a > 0, a '* 1. PiBnJ£nnJt BuiJy log4 f (x) =

= log4 g (x) piBnocuabne 6yiJb-J£Kiu i3 cucmeM
f (x) = g (x),
{ f (x) > 0
a6o
f (x) = g (x),
{ g(x)>O.
B116ip Bi,n;rroBi,]J;HOl CHCTeMH, .HK rrpaBHJIO, IIOB'.H3aHHH 3 THM, HKY
3 HepiBHOCTeli, f (x) > 0 t{H g (x) > 0, p03B'.H3aTH Jierme.
CKopHCTaBIIIHCh i.n;eero ,n;oBe,n;eHHH HacJii,n;Ky s TeopeMH 19 .1, .n;o-
Be,n;iTh HaCJii,]J;OK 3 TeopeMH 23.1 CaMOCTiHHO.
Terrep po3B' 5I3aHH.H piBH.HHH.H rrpHKJia,n;y 1 MOmHa o<t>opMHTH
i TaK:
log 3 (3x - 1) = 2 log3 3;
log3 (3x - 1) = log 3 3 2 ;
10
3x - 1 = 32; x =-.
3
nPMK.nAA 2 PosB'.amiTh piBH.HHH.H lg (x 2 - 4x + 2) =lg (2x - 3).
p 0 3 e' JI, 3 an n Jl. ,Il;aHe piBH.HHH.H piBHOCHJibHe CHCTeMi
x 2 - 4x + 2 = 2x - 3,
{ 2x-3 > 0.

x =l,
[ x=5,
MaeMo: 3 Bi.n;CH X = 5.
3
x>-.
2
Bionoeiob: 5.
nPMKJlAA Po3B'.amiTh piBHHHH.H log 3 (2x - 1) + log 3 (x - 2) = 3.
p 0 3 e' JI, 3 an n JI,. IlpMpO,n;HO rrepeTBOpHTH n;e piBH.HHH.H TaK:
log3 ((2x - 1) (x - 2)) = 3.

3Bi,n;CH (2x - 1) (x - 2) = 3 3 ; 2x 2 - 5x - 25 = O; x = 5 a6o x =- : .

5 .
JI erKO
rrepeKOHaTHC.H, m;o t.IHCJIO - - He e KOpeHeM ,n;aHoro plB-
2
H.HHH.H (He BXO,]J;HTh .n;o :Horo o6JiaCTi BH3Hat.IeHH.H), a 't!HCJIO 5 e KOpe-
HeM ,]J;aHOro piBH.HHH.H.
TaKHM t.IHHOM, ,n;aHe piBH.HHH.H po3B' H3a.He MeTo,n;oM HacJii,n;KiB.
Bionoeiob: 5.

23
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHKLJ,i'I

3BepHeMO yBary' ~o 3p06JieHHR rri,n; qac p03B 'H3yBaHH.H npH-

KJia,n;y 3 nepexi,n; Bi,n; piBHHHHH log 3 (2x - 1) + log3 (x - 2) = 3 ,n;o
piBH.HHH.H log3 ((2x - 1) (x - 2)) = 3 He 6yB piBHOCHJihHHM i rrpH3BiB
,n;o IlO.HBH CTOpOHHhOro KopeH.H.
CnpaB,n;i, o6JiaCTh BH3Ha"t!eHHH rro"CiaTKOBoro piBHHHHH 3a,n;aeThCH
2x-1>0, ·
CHCTeMOIO HepiBHOCTeli MHO.iKHHOIO P03B '5I3KiB .HKOl e npo-
{ x - 2>0,
Mi.iKOK (2; +oo). 3aMiHHBIIIH BHpa3 log3 (2x - 1) + log3 (x - 2) Ha
BHpa3 log3 ((2x - 1) (x - 2)), MH p03IlIMpHJIH o6JiaCTh BH3Ha"t!eHH.H
IlO"t!aTKOBOro piBH.HHH.H, OCKiJihKH o6JiaCTh BH3Ha"t!eHH.H BHpa3y
log3 ((2x - 1) (x - 2)) 3a,n;aeThCH HepiBHicTIO (2x - 1) (x - 2) > 0,

MHOlKHHOIO p03B'H3JdB HKOl e (-co;~) u (2; +co).

OT.me, po3IIIHpeHHH o6JiacTi BH3Ha"t!eHHH piBHHHHH Bi,n; MHO.iKHHH

(2; +co) ,110 MHOlKHHH (-co; ~) u (2; +co) i CT8.JIO rrpH'lHHOIO TIOHBH

5
CTOpOHHhOro KOpeH.H
2
HacnpaB,n;i piBHHHHH log 3 (2x - 1) + log 3 (x - 2) = 3 piBHOCHJihHe
CHCT€Mi
log 3 ((2x -1) (x - 2)) = 3,
2x-1>0,
x-2>0.
ToMy piBHHHHH npHKJia,n;y 3 MOmHa 6yJio po3B' H3aTH MeTo,n;oM
piBHOCHJihHHX nepexo,n;iB.
nPMKnAA 4 P03B'H.miTh piBH.HHH.H logx216+log2x64=3.
Po 3 e' .fl 3 an n .fl. IIepeli,n;eMo ,n;o norapHcpMiB 3 OCHOBOIO 2:
log 2 16 log 2 64 _
2 + - 3.
log 2 x log 2 2x
OcKiJihKH 3 YMOBH BHITJIHBae, ~o x > 0, TO log 2 x 2 = 2 log 2 x. ,il;aJii
MaeMo:
4 6
---+ =3.
2 log 2 x log 2 2 + log 2 x
2 6
Hexali log 2 x = t, To,n;i oTpHMaeMo - + - - = 3.
t l+t
1
3Bi,n;cH t = 2 a6o t =--. MaeMo:
3

24
 23. JlorapV1cpMiYHi piBHHHHH

1
3
BionoBiiJb: 4; 2 •

lg x ~2

nPMKllA,Q 5 P03B 'amiTb piBHHHHH x - = 10 2 + lg x.

3-

Po 3 B' .fl 3 a n n .fl. OcKiJibKH Ha o6JiacTi BH3HaqeHHH piBHHHHH, To6-

TO Ha MHO)KHHi (O; +oo), o6H,n;Bi lioro qacTHHH Ha6yBaIOTb ,n;o,n;aTHHX
3Ha"'C!eHb, TO MOmeMO sanHcaTH piBHHHH.H, piBHOCHJibHe ,n;aHOMy:
lgx + 2
lg x - 3- =lg 10 2 + lgx.
lg x+2
,[(aJii MaE:MO: - - · l g x =2+lg x.
3

Hexali lg x = t. To,n;i (t + 2) t = 2 +
3
t. 3Bi,n;cH [t = -3;2 ,
t =
2
[lg x = - ,
lg x = 3;
x= 10- [x = 0,01,
2
,

[x = 10 x = 1000.
3
;

BionoBiiJb: 0,01; 1000.

nPMKJlAA PosB 'ami Tb piBHHHHH
2
2 log 3 (x - 2) + log 3 (x - 4) = 0. (1)
Po3B'.fl3ann.fl. 3asHa"'C!HMO, ~o nepexi,n; Bi,n; piBHHHHH (1) ,n;o
piBHHHHH
2 log 3 (x - 2) + 2 log 3 (x - 4) = 0 (2)
Mome rrpH3BeCTH ,n;o BTpaTH p03B'H3KiB.
CnpaB,n;i, o6JiaCTIO Bli3Ha"'C!eHHH noqaTKoBoro piBH.HHHH e MHOmHHa
(2; 4) u (4; +oo), a o6JiaCTb BH3Ha"'C!eHH.H piBHHHHH (2) - :a;e MHOmH-
Ha (4; +oo). 0Tme, TaKHH nepexi,n; BH.r.ryqae 3 o6JiaCTi BH3Ha"'C!eHHH
IlO"'ClaTKOBOro piBHHHHH MHO_mHHY (2; 4), HKa MOme MiCTHTH KopeHi
piBHHHH.H ( 1).
HacnpaB,n;i piBH.HHHH (1) piBHOCHJibHe TaKoMy piBHHHHIO:
2 log 3 (x - 2) + 2 log 3 I x - 4 I = 0.
I
3Bi,n;cH log 3 (x - 2) + log3 x - 4 = 0. I
~e piBHHHHH piBHOCHJibHe CYKYITHOCTi ,n;Box cHcTeM:
2 <X <4,
{ log (x-2)+log (4-x)=O,
3 3

x>4,
{ log (x-2)+log (x-4)=0.
3 3

25
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap1t1¢MiYHa ¢YHK~i'i

2 < x < 4, 2 <X <4,

{.l og ((x-2)(4-x))=O, { ( x - 2) (4 - x) =1,
3

x >4, x>4,
{ log 3 ((x-2) (x -4)) = O; { (x-2) (x-4) = l;
2 < x < 4,
2 < x < 4, { x=3,
{ x -6x+9=0,
2

x>4, x > 4,
x = 3-v2,
In [: : :·+ F2.
{ x 2 -6x+7 =0;
[ x=3+'12.;

BiiJnoeiiJb: 3; 3 + '12..

nPL4KnA,Q 7 Po3B'HJKiTb piBHHHHH 51g x = 50 - x 1g 5.

p 0 3 8'Jl 3 a 1-l 1-l Jl. 3 KJIIOtIOBOl 3a.n;alli 21. 2 7 BHIIJHIBa€, m;o 51g x = x 1g 5•
To,n;i MOJKHa 3arIHcaT:a:
2 • 5 Ig x = 5 0; 5 Ig x = 2 5;
lg x = 2; x = 100.
BiiJnoeiiJb: 100.

nPlllKnAA Poaa' HJRiTL piBHHHHH ~sin x - ~ log, (x - 2) =o.

p 0 3 e' Jl3a1-l 1-lJl. IlOMHJIKOBHM € BBaJKaTH, m;o piBHHHHH BH,n;y
f (x) =0,
f (x). g (x) = 0 piBHOCHJibHe cyKynHOCTi [ IlpH TaKOMY rre-
g (x) = 0.
pexo,n;i icHye He6e3IIeKa OTPHMaTH y Bi,n;rroBi,n;i CTOpOHHi KOpeHi. Ha-
IIpHKJia,n;, HeMa€ rapaHTil, m;o BCi KOpeHi piBHHHHH f (x) = 0 HaJieJKaTb
o6JiacTi BH3HatieHHH <PYHKD;il g.
HacnpaB,n;i piBHHHHH f (x) • g (x) = 0 piBHOCHJibHe c:acTeMi
f(x)=O,
[ g(x)=O,

x ED (f),
XED(g).
CKop:acTaBIIrnCb D;HM, aarrHIIIeMo cHcTeMy, pi.BHOCHJibHY piBHHHHIO

~sin x- ~ log3 (x-2) =0:

26
 23. JlorapvtcpMi'-IHi piBH5lHH5l
-----------------------
y
log 3 (x -2) = 0,
1
. 1 2
[ SlilX=-,
2
x >2, x
. ..._ 1
Slil X ~-.
2
PHC. 23.2

8,n;HHHM KopeHeM rrepmoro piBH.HHH.H cyKyrrHOCTi e l!HCJIO 3.

5
OcKiJibKH sin 3 <sin rt = .!
(pHC. 23.2), TO x = 3 He e KOpeHeM II0-
6 2
l.laTKOBOro piBH.HHH.H.

Y ci l.IHCJia BH,n;y (-l t • n + nn, n E Z, e KopeH.HMH ,n;pyroro piB-

6
H.HHH.H cyKyrrHocTi. Cepe,n; HHX , cJii,n; BH6paTH JIHIIIe Ti, .HKi aa,n;o-
BOJibH.HIOTb YMOBY x > 2. ,I(JI.H D;bOro ,n;ocTaTHbO BHMaraTH, m;o6
n EN.

BionoBiiJb: (-lt • n + nn, n E N.

6
nPL'lKJlAA Po3B'.HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H (x+l)log! x+4xloga x-16=0.
Po 3 B' a 3 an na. PoarJI.HHeMo :a;e piBH.HHH.H .HK KBa,n;paTHe Bi,n;HocHo
1
log 3 x =-4, X=-
81'
log 3 x. To,n;i oTpHMaeMo: 4
[ log 3 X=--; 4
x+l log 3 x=--.
x+l
O~eBH,ll;HO, ID;O X = 3 -
KOpiHb ,n;pyroro piBH.HHH.H CYKYIIHOCTi.

OcKiJibKH cpyHKD;i.H y =log 3 x e 3pocTaro~oro, a cpyHKD;i.H y = - -

4
x +1
e CIIa,ll;HOIO Ha MHOJKHHi .(O; +oo), TO piBH.HHH.H, m;o po3rJIH,ll;a€TbC.H,
6iJibllie KOpeHiB He Mae.

BionoBiiJb: _!__; 3.
81
nP"1KnAA 10 PoaB'.HJKiTb piBHHHH.H
(1 - 4x
2
+ 4x) log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) = 2.
Po3B'a3anna. MaeMo: (2 - (2x - 1)2 ) log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) = 2.
OlleBH,n;Ho, m;o 2 - (2x - 1) ~ 2, 0 < log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) ~ 1. ToMy
2

(2 - (2x - 1)2 ) log 3 (sin 2 nx + 2) ~ 2.

27
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHK4i"I

y u;iii HepiBHOCTi piBHiCTb )J;OCHraeTbCH JIHme 3a YMOBH

2-(2x-1) 2 = 2,
{ log (sin 2 nx + 2) = 1.
3
.
3 Bl)J;CH X = -1 .
2

BiiJnoBiiJb: l
2

BnpaaM ·
0
23.1. Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:

1) log 5 (3x - 5) = log 5 (x - 3); 2) lg (x 2 + 2) = lg (3x + 6).

0
• Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:

1) log 9 (4x - 6) = log 9 (x - 2); 2) log 1 (x+7)=log 1 (x 2 +5).

-
4 4
0
23.3. Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:

1) log 2 fx" -log 2 .!_ = 6; 3) log 7 log4 (x - 2) = O;

x
1
2) log2 x + log4 x + logs x = 11; 4) log 4 log 3 log 2 x = -.
2
23 . .° Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:

1) log 3 .!.+log 3 ~= 4; 3) lg lg lgx = 0.

x 3
3
2) log 5 x-log 25 x+log 625 x=-;
4
0
23.5. Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:
1) log 2 (3 5x - 3 + 1) = 2; 3) log 2 (2x + 7) = 3 - x;
2) log 3 (3x - i + 6) = x; 4) log 6 (6-x - 5) = X + 1.
0
• Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:
1) log6 (6x + 1 - 30) = x;
23.7/ Po3B'simiTb piBHHHHH:

1) lg (x 2 - 2x) =lg (2x + 12);

2) log0 , 5 (x 2 + 3x -10) = log0 , 5 (x - 2);
3) 2 log 7 (-x) = log 7 (x + 2);
4) 2 logs (1 - x) = logs (2,5x + 1).

28
 23. norapvicpMiYHi piBHflHHfl

2 : Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log6 (9 - x 2 ) = log 6 (1 - 2x);
2) lg (x 2 + 2x - 3) = lg (2x 2 - 2);
3) log 0 •7 (2x 2 - 9x + 4) = 2 log0 •7 (x + 2);
4) 2log 2 (-x) - log 2 (3x + 8) = 1.
23.9: Po3B' .HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 5 (25x - 2 • 5x) = 2 log25 15;
2) log-15 (16x - 6) = 2 + log-15 (4 x- 2);
3) X lg 3 - 1 = 2 lg 3 - lg (3x + 1).
23. : Po3B' HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (2 2.r + 2x) = 2 log 9 12;
2) x - lg 5 = x lg 5 + 2 lg 2 - lg (1 + 2.r).
23.11: Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 0,5 ( 4 - x) + log 0,5 ( x - 1) = - 1;
2) lg (x - 2) + lg (x - 3) = 1 - lg 5;
3) lg.J5x-4+lg.Jx+l =2+lg0,18;
4) lg (x - 1) + lg (x - 3) = lg (1,5x - 3);
5) log 2 (5 - x) - log 2 (x - 1) = 1 - log 2 (x + 2);
6) 2 log 5 (x + 1) - log5 (x + 9) = log 5 (3x - 1 7).
2 2: Po3B'HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (5 - x) + logs (3 - x) = 1;
2) log0 •6 (x + 2) + log 0 , 6 (6 - x) = log 0 •6 (x + 8);
3) log 2 (2x - 1) - log 2 (x + 2) = 2 - log 2 (x + l);
4) 2 lg (x + 1) - lg (4x - 5) = lg (x - 5).
23.13: Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (5x + 2) + logs (S-:c - 1) = 2 + logs 2;
2) log 2 (2x + 3) + log 2 (5 - 2x) = 4.
2 • Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logJ3 (2x -3) + logJ3 (2x -1) = 2;
2) lg (3x - 4) + lg (3x - 2) = 1.
23.15: Po3B' .HmiTh piBHHHH.H:
1) log~x-logsx-2=0; 3) log 5 x + logx 5 = 2,5;
2) lg 2 x - 2 lg x 2 + 3 = O; 4) 2log! x+3 Jtog! x-5=0.
6 6

29
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i 11orap1t1tj)MiYHa QJYHKLJ,i'i

23 Po3B '.HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:

1) 3log~ (-x)-2log 8 (-x)-1=0; 3) 3 log 3 X + 3 logx 3 = 10;
2) 2log 7 fx=log~x-6; 4) lg x 2 = 1.
lg x+2 lg x-1
23.17. • Po3B '.HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:

1) 2 lg x =1; 4) logx + 1 (x + 3) = 2;
lg (8x-7)
2 .
) log 4 (x +x-2)-1 =O;
2 5) logx _ 2 (2x 2 - llx + 16) = 2.
log 4 (x-1)
3) log x (2x 2 - 1x + 12) = 2;
2 . 8 Po3B'.HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
l) 2log 2 x =l; 4) log x (x + 6) = 2;
log 2 (3-2x)
2
) log 5 (x -9x+25)-1 =O;
2 5) log 2x - a (3x 2 - 7x + 3) = 2.
lg (x-3)
3) logx _ 1 (x 2 - 5x + 7) = 1;
23.19: Po3B' HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1
1) log2 (x - 5)2 - 2 log2 (x + 2) = 2; 2) - lg x 2 +lg (x + 7) = 1.
2
23.20 • Po3B' .HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1
1) -log 2 x 4 + log 2 (x+10) = 3 + log 2 3;
4
1 2
2) -log 6 x +log 6 (5-x)=l.
2
23.21: P03B' .HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) log! x 3 +4log 3 x-5=0; 5) lg 2 (lOOx) + 2 lg x = 20;

2) lg (10x 2) ·lg x = 1; 2 x
6) log 5 (5x)+log 5 -=3;
25
2 16
3) log 4 x ·log 4 -=2; 7) lg (lg x) + lg (lgx 2 - 1) = O;
x
4) log 2 ( 4x) • log 2 (0,25x) = 5; 8) 2 lg (lg x) =lg (2 lg x + 8).
2 PoaB' HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) 3 lg 2 x 2 - lg x - 1 = 0;
2) log 3 x 2 ·log 3 ~+4=0;
27 .

3) log 7 (7 x) · log 7 x = log 7 x 2 -1;

7
2
4) lg (lOx) + lg (lOx) = 6 + 3 lg x;
30
-
23. norapV1cpMiYHi piBHHHHH

2
5) log! (36x)+log 6 ~=8;
216
6) log 5 (log 2 x) + log 5 (log 2 x 3 - 14) = 1.
23.23: Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHHH:

1) xlog5 x =5;
2) x 1g x + 2 = 1000;
23.24: Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHHH:
1) xlog3 x = 81; 3) = 256;
xlog2 x - 2

2) x 1g x = lOOx; 4) ( 'ifXYgx = 106+1gx.

23.25: ~03B'HJKiTb piBHHHHH:
1) logx4+log x 2 64==5; 4) 3 log 3x x = 2 log 9x x 2 ;
2) 3 logx 16 - 4 log16 x == 2 log2 x; 5) 2 log 4 x x 3 = 5 log 2x x;
3) log x 2 • log 2x 2 = log4x 2; 6) log 4 x 2 + log 2 x = 0.

23.26: Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHHH:

1) logx (9x 2 ) log~ x = 4;
2) 5log~ x+log~ x +8log 9 x2 x =2;
3 2

9 x

) 2-4log 12 2 -l= log 6 (8-x);

3
log 12 (x + 2) log 6 (x + 2)
4) logx+l (x 3 -9x+8)logx - l (x+1)=3.
23.27. Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHH.s::
1) log_-c 9 +log x2 729=10; 3) 3 logx 4 + 2 log 4 x 4 + 3 log 16 x 4 = 0.
2) logx (125x) log~ 5 x = 1;
23.28: Po3B'.s:miTI> cH~TeMy piBHHHh:

5
l) {gx_4.3 -Y+27=0, ) {logyx+logxy=:,
4
lg(2y-3x)=lg(4-4x+y); xy= 27 ;

log 3 (x+2y)+log 1 (x-2y)=l,

log3 y + log 3 x _ 18 -
3
2) x y - ' 5)
{ log x+log y=3; 1
3 3 x2 +y2 -4+ y·
- 2 '
logs y + logs x _ =2
x y - 4' xlgy
3) { 6) '
log 4 x-log 4 y=l; {
xy=20.
31
23.2 . Po3B'HmiTb cHcTeMy piBH.HRb:
4x +2Y =12 {2-log 2 y=2log 2 (x+y),
1) ' 4)
{ lg(3x-2y)=lg(5+x-3y); 2
log 2 (x+y)+log 2 (x -xy+y )=1;
2

2) x
log 2 y +
y
log 2 x = 16
' 5)
{(X + y) 3y-x = ~'
27
{
log2x-log2y=2; 3log5 (x+y)=x-y;

logx (3x + 2y) = 2, { ::. +l!..

3) 6) 4Y = 32,x
{
logy (2x+3y)=2; loga (x-y)=l-loga (x+ y).
23.30. •• Po3B' .HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) x 1g 9 + 9 1g x = 16 2; 2) 3log~ x + xlog3 x = 18.
23.31 .• P03B' .HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) xlog210 +10log2x =200;
23.32. •• Po3B 'Hmi Tb piBHHHH.H:
1) log 7 (x + 8) = -x; 3) log 5 tg 2 x =cos 2x;
2) log~ x+(x-l)log 2 x=6-2x; 4) x 4 = logx 4.
23.3 •• Po3B' HJKiTb piBHHHH.H:
2 8
1) log 1 (x-5)=x-9; 3) log 2 cos x = sin x;
-
3
2) log: x+(x-l)log 3 x=12-3x;
23.34. •• Po3B' .HJKiTb piBHHHH.H
lg 2 (x+1) =lg (x + 1) lg (x -1) + 2 lg (x-1).
2

23.35:· Po3B 'HmiTb piBH.HHH.H

2 lg 2 (2x -1) = lg 2 (2x + 1)- lg (2x -1) ·lg (2x + 1).
23.36:· Po3B' .HJKiTb piBHHHH.H:
1) x 2 logx27·log 9 x=x+4;
2
2) lg .J1+x+3 lg .J1-x -2 =lg .J1- x •

23.37. P03B 'HJKiTb piBHHHH.H:

x-4
,1) xlogx+I 5·log~ (x+l)=-x-;

2) logl +x+sinx (x2 + x -1) = logl +x sinx (3x + 2).

23.38:· Po3B'HmiTb piBH.HHH.H .Jtg x+l ·log 1 (3-x)=O.
2

23.39:· CKiJibKH po3B'.H3KiB Mae piBHHHHH (log 2 (x+l)-3).Jx-a =0

3aJieJKHO BiA 3HatieHHH napaMeTpa a?

32
 23. Jlorap111¢Mi4Hi pisH~HH~

2 O C1dJihKH po3B'H3KiB Mae piBHHHHH (1og 3 (x-2)-2).Jx-a =0

3anemHo Bi,n; 3HatieHHH rrapaMeTpa a?
23.41:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha"tleHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
(x-a)log 2 (3x-7)=0
Mae e,n;HHHM p03B 'H30K?
23. . . IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
(x +a) log 3 (2x-5) = 0
Mae e,n;HHHM p03B 'H30K?
23.43:· PoaB' HJKiTh piBHHHHH:
1) logx cos (2nx) = O; 3) log rn .
2
v~smx
(l+cosx)=2.

2) log 9 'sin 2x =log 3 ~si: x;

23. :· Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH:

1) log, sin ( ";) = O;

. 3 x (cos x - cos 2x) = 1;
2) logsrn
3) log _x 2 - Bx (sin 3x +sin x) =log _x 2 - Bx sin 2x.
10 10
23.45:· Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH (4x - x 2 - 3) log 2 (cos nx
2
+ 1) = 1.

23.46:· Poas' H»tiTb piBHHHHH log 2 (5 + 3 cos 4x) = sin 2 ( x + : }

23. 7: Po3B 'HJKiTb piBHHHHH 2-I x- 2 I log 2 ( 4x - x 2 - 2) = 1.

23.48:· Po3B'HJKiTh piBHHHHH -log 5 (2-I x-b l)=log 0 , 2 (5-x) rrpH
BCiX 3HatieHHHX rrapaMeTpa b.
2 .49 . . IIpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH log x 2 - 1 (x +a)= 1

. . . !£
He Mae p03B 'H3KIB?

23.50. Po3B'HJK1Th cHcTeMy plBHHHh -JY =log 3 JL,

x
2x+
2
+ 8x =5 • 4 y.
23.51:· Po3B'HJKiTh piBHHHHH log 2 .J x = .J4x-3-x.
4x-3
23.52:· IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
2 2
log,.r2 ax + 4 (2x -x+3)=2log 2 ax + 4 (x +2x+l)
Mae e,n;HHHM p03B' H30K?

33
23.53:· IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'tleHH.HX rrapa.MeTpa a piBH.HHH.H
2 2
IogJax - 6 (2x -3x+2)=2Iogax - 6 (x +2x-4)
Mae e,n;HHHH po3B '.H30K?
23.54 .•• 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha'tleHH.H rrapaMeTpa a, rrpH .HKHX piBH.HHH.H
(a-l)log~ (x-2)-2(a+l)log 3 (x-2)+a-3=0 Mae KopeHi i Bci
KopeHi MeHmi Bi,n; 3.
23.55.* 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3HatieHH.H x, .HKi rrpH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY a 38.,D;OBOJih-
2
H.HlOTh piBH.HHH.H log x+a 2 + l (a X + 2) = 2 log 7 + 2x (5-.J6-2x ).
23.56. 3HaH,n;iTb yci 3Ha'tleHH.H x, .HKi rrpH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY a 3a,ZJ;OBOJib-
2 3 2 2
H.HIOTh piBH.HHH.H log 2 (a x -5a x + .J6-x) = log 2+ a2 (a-.Jx-1).

23.57. * BacHJih 3arrJiyTaHKO poaB '.Haye piBH.HHH.H (2-Jx x

16
=log 1
16
TaK:

1) OCKi.JlbKH IIpH X = .!_ BHKOHYlOThC.H piBHOCTi

2
(2-Jx (2-J~ v16
16
= fl
16
= = .!_
4
. I og 1 x = I og 1 -1 = I og2"""' 2-1 =-,
1
1 TO l!HCJIO x = -1 - .
KOplHh ,n;aH0-
16 16 2 4 2
ro piBH.HHH.H;

2) no6yzyBaBIDH rpacpiKH <l>YllK!Wi: y = ( l~ r i y =log 1

16
X (pHC. 23.3),

BacHJih Ka.me, m;o piBH.HHH.H He Mae iHillHX KopeHiB, oKpiM x = !.

2
lIH rrpaBHH BaCHJib y CBOeMy BHCHOBKy?

y=log 1 x
16

y =(l~r 1
0 x

PHc. 23.3

34
 24. Jlorap111cpMiYHi HepiBHOCTi

norapH<l>Mi"IHi HepiBHOCTi
IlpH p03B'H3yBaHHi 6araTbOX JiorapH<t>MilIHHX HepiBHOCTeH 3a-
CTOCOBYIOTb TaKy TeopeMy.

Teope~a 24.1 . Ilpu a> 1 11,epiBKicmb loga x 1 > loga x 2 6U-

KOKyembca moiJi i minbKU moiJi, K.onu x 1 > x 2 > O; npu 0 < a < 1
11,epiBKicmb loga x 1 > loga x 2 6UKOKyembCJt moiJi i minbKU moiJi,
K.onu 0 < x 1 < x 2 •

CnpaBe,z:r;JIHBiCTb :a;ie! TeopeMH BHITJIHBae 3 Toro, rn;o npH a > 1

JIOrapH<t>Mil!Ha <PYHKD;iH y =log ax € 3pOCTaIOlIOIO, a npH 0 < a < 1
e cna,z:r;HOIO.
HacJ1i.zi;oK . HKUfO a > 1, mo 11,epiBKicmb log4 f (x) > loga g (x)
pi6KOCUJ£b1ta cucmeMi
f (x) > g (x),
{ g(x)>O.
HKUfO 0 < a < 1, mo 11,epi611,icmb loga f (x) > loga g (x) pt61tO-
cunbKa cucmeMi
f (x) < g (x),
{ f (x) > 0.
CKopHcTaBIIIHCb i,z:r;ee10 ,z:r;oBe,z:r;eHHH HacJii,z:r;Ky 3 TeopeMH 19 .1, ,z:r;o-
Be,z:r;iTb :a;eli HaCJii,z:r;oK CaMOCTiHHO.
nPMKnAA 1 Po3B'HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb logJ2 - 1 (3x-4) <logJ2 - 1 (x-2).
p038 1
Ji 3 a H H Jl. ,ll;aHa HepiBHiCTb piBHOCHJibHa CHCTeMi
3x-4 > x-2,
{ x-2>0.
x>l,
3Bi,z:r;CH
{
X > 2.
x >2;
BionoBiiJb: (2; +oo ).
nPMKnAA 2 Po3B' HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb
log~ (x-1) -log 2_1 (x-1)-5>0.
2

Po 3 B 'Ji a a n n Ji. OcKirrhKH o6JiacTIO BH3HalleHHH ,z:r;aHo1 HepiBHocTi

e npoMiJKOK ( 1; +oo)' TO BHKOHY€TbCH piBHiCTb
2
log2 (x - 1) =2 log 2 (x - 1).
To,z:r;i ,z:r;aHy HepiBHiCTb MOJKHa nepenHcaTH TaK:
4log; (x-l)+log 2 (x-1)-5>0.

35
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKLI/i

Hexa.H l[og 2 (~ - 1) = t. 0TpHMyeMo 4t

2
+t- 5> 0.
t<--
3Bi,D;CH 4'
t>l.

MaeMo:
log 2 (x-1) < -~,
4 log 2 (x-1) < log 2 2-~, o< x -1 < 2-~,
[
log 2 (x-1)>1;
[ log (x-1) > log 2;
2
[x-1>2;
2

l<x<l+ 4 ~,
~32
[
x>3.

BiiJnooiOb; (i; 1+ ~) U (3; +oo).

5
nPMKnA.Q 3 PoaB'H:>KiTh HepiBHiCTh logx3- -logl x>O.
2 3
1 5
Po3B'JL3ann;i. MaeMo: --+log 3 x>O.
log 3 x 2

Hexa:H log 3 x = t. 5
~-
+ t > 0. 3Bi,n;cH
To,n;i
t 2
2
2t -5t+2 0 (2t-l)(t-2) 0
---->. -----> .
2t ' 2t
CKopHcTaBmHch MeTo,n;oM iHTepBa.rriB (pHc. 24.1), oTpHMyeMo:

o< t < ~, ---.;~ c4:

[ t > 2. ~-72~
2
,lJ;aJii, PHc. 24.1

[ 0<log 3 x<~,
log 3 x>2;
1 <X <J3,
[ x > 9.

B_ianoeiab: (1; Fa) u (9; +oo).

3 1
nPMKnA.Q 4 PoaB'H:>KiTh HepiBHiCTh log : - >0.
xx +1
Po3e';i3ann;i. IIeperrHmeMo ,n;a.Hy HepiBHiCTh TaK:
3x - 1
logx 2 > logx 1.
x +1

36
 24. norapV1¢MiYHi HepiBHOCTi

11;.a HepiBHiCTb piBHOCHJibHa CYKYIIHOCTl ,D;BOX CHCTeM.

0 <X <l, 1
0 < x < l, - < x <l,
3x-1 3 1
1) 0<

3x-1
x 2 +1
, 3Bi,D;CH 0<3x-1,
x 2 -3x+2>0;
[x>2,
x <1;
-<x<l.
3

<1.
x 2 +1

2)
r>l,
3x-1 3Bi,D;CH
{x>l, {x>l, 1<x<2.
2 > 1. x 2 -3x+2 <0; 1 < x <2;
x +1

nPMKJlA.Q 5 Po3B'H)KiTb HepiBHiCTb log3 (x + 7) < 4 - x.

P038 Jl3annJl. MaeMo: log 3 (x + 7) + x - 4 < 0.
1

Po3rJI.aHeMo <}>yHKa;iro f (x) = log 3 (x + 7) + x - 4. BoHa 3pocTae

Ha D (f) = (-7; +oo). 3ayaa)KHMO, m;o f (2) = 0. OT)Ke, rrpH x > 2
OTPHMY€MO, m;o f (x) > f (2) = 0, a rrpH -7 < x < 2 OTPHMY€MO, m;o
f (x) < f (2) = 0.
Bionoeiob: (-7; 2).

Bnp 1-1
0
24.1. Po3B'H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) log 3 (x+5)<log 3 8;
-7 -7 9 9
2) logs (2x - 3) > logs 7; 4) lg ( 1 + 3x) < lg 16.
. PoaB' H)KiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) log12 (x - 8) > log 12 3; 3) logs (2-x)<log 8 2;
-
11 11
2) log 16 ( 4x - 6) < log 16 10; 4) log 0 •9 (2x + 1) > log 0 , 9 5.
0
24.3. PoaB'H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) log 7 x > 2·; 5) log 2 (5x + 1) > 4;
2)log
5 x~-1; 6) log 0 ,6 (x - 2) < 2;
3) log 1 x~5; 7) log 3 (2x - 1) ~ 3;
2
4) log 1 x>1; 8) log 0 •5 (2x + 1) ~ -2.
3

37
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i

24 . PoaB'H:aci.Th HepiBHiCTh:
1) log 1 x < -1; 3) lg x < 5; 5) log 1 (2x-3) ~ -2;
7
3
2) log4 x > 2; 4) log 1 x >-3; 6) log 9 (5x + 6) ~ 2.
6
0

24.5. 3Ha:i1,n;iTh MHOmHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:

1) lg (2x + 3) > lg (x - l);
2) logs 2x < logs (x + 1);
3) log0 •2 (2x - 1) > log0 , 2 (3x - 4);
log0 •4 (x - 3) < log0 •4 (x + 3);
2
4)
5) log0 •7 (x - 2x - 3) ~ log 0 , 7 (9 - x);
2

6) log 1 (x 2 +x+31)~log 1 (10x+ll).

-3 -3
0
2 . PoaB'HmiTh HepiBHiCTh: .
1) log2 (2x - 3) < log2 (x + l); 3) lg (x - 2) ~ lg (4x +
2
3);
2) log0,6 (3 - 2x) > log0•6 (5x - 2); 4)log0 ,1 (10 - 2x) ~ log0 •1 (x2 - x - 2).
24. 7: 3HaH,ZJ;iTh MHO:>KHHY p03B 'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
4x-5
~ l;
2
1) log8 (x - 4x + 3) 5) log 2 > O;
4x+7
2
x -1
2) log0 , 5 (x 2 + x) > -1; 6) lg > O;
(x-2) 2

3) log0 •7 (x 2 + lOx + 25) > O; 77'I 1og3 2x+5 ~l·

~ '
x+l
3x-1
4) log 2 (x 2 - 3x) ~ 2; 8) log 4 ~ 0,5.
x
2 • PoaB'HmiTb HepiBHiCTh:
1) log 1 (x 2 - 5x + 7) > O; 4) log0 , 3 (x 2 - 2x + 1) ~ O;
-
3

3x-1
2) log 9 (x 2 - 6x + 8) ~ 0,5; 5) log 4 ~ 1;
x-1
2x-1
3) log 0 •5 (x 2 + 3x) ~ -2; 6) log 1 > 1.
2 3x+l
24.9: PoaB' HmiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) logo.a (x + x - 12) ~ logo.a (6x - 6);
2

2) lg (x 2 - x) ~ lg (3x - 3);
2
3) log 0 ,8 (1 - x ) > log0 ,8 (x 2 + 5x - 2);
4) 2 log2 (2x + 7) ~ 5 + log 2 (x + 2);
5) log3 (x 2 • + 2x - 3) ~ log3 (x + 9);
6) log 1 (2x 2 +3x+1) ~ 2log 1 (1- x).
-7 -
7

38
 24. JlorapV'l¢MiYHi HepiBHOCTi

24 0. Po3B' srmiTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) log 2 (6-2x)<log 2 (x 2 - 2x-3);
-3 -3
2) log0 •1 (x - 3x - 4) ~ log 0 •1 (x + l);
2

3) 2 log 2 (x + 5) ~ 3 + log 2 (11 + x);

4) lg (2x 2 - 9x + 4) < 2 lg (x + 2).
24.11: Po3B'srmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) lg x + lg ( x - 3) > 1;
2) log 1 (x+2)+log 1 x<-1;
-
3 3
3) log 2 x + log 2 (x + 4) < 5;
4) log0 •1 (x - 5) + log 0 •1 (x - 2) ~ -1;
5) log 6 (5x + 8) + log 6 (x + 1) < 1 - log 6 3;
6) log 3 (1 - x) + log 3 (-5x - 2) ~ 2log 3 2 + 1.
24.1 . Po3B' srmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) log 2 (-x) + log 2 (1 - x) < 1;
2) log0 •2 (x - 1) + log0 , 2 (x + 3) ~ -1;
3) log 3 (x - 2) + log 3 (x - 10) ~ 2;
4) log 7 x + log 7 (3x - 8) ~ 1 + 2 log 7 2.
24.13: 3Haii,n;iTb MHO)KHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1) log 0 •7 x + log 0 •7 (x - 1) < log 0 •7 (8 - x);
2) log 6 (x - 3) - log6 (x - 5) < 1 - log 6 (x - 4).
24 1 · PoaB'srmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) lg (2x - 1) + lg (2x - 3) ~ lg (3x - 3);
2) log 2 (x-l)+log 2 (x-5)~log 2 (11-x).
- -
3 3 3
24.15: PoaB '.HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) log~. 2 x~l; 4) log~x+2log 1 x-8<0;
- -
4 4

2) log~ x ~ 4; 5) log~ x - 5 log 2 x + 6 ~ O;

3
2
3) lg x + 3 lg x - 4 < 0; 6) 2log~ x-5log 1 x+2~0.
9 9

2 . • Po3B' srmiTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) log~. 5 x ~ 9; 3) 2 log! x - log 4 x -1 < O;
2) lg 2 x - 2 lg x - 3 ~ 0; 4) log~. 2 x - log 0 •2 x -2 <0.

39
24.17: 3HaH,ZJ;iTh MHOJKHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:

log~(4x)+2log 2 x-11<0;
2
1) 3) lg x+lgx- 6 >0;
lg x
2) log! (27x)+3log 3 x-19>0; 4) 2 log 5 x - logx 5 ~ 1.
2 .18: PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:

1) log~ (7 x)-log 7 x > 3; 3 ) log~ x-6log 3 x+8 >O;

log 3 x-1

2) log!~+8log 6 x-12~0; 4) log0 , 5 x - 2 logx 0,5 ~ 1.

216
24.19: PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:

1) log1 ,6 log0 , 5 (x 2 - x - 6) > O; 3) log 1 log 3 ~ > O;

9 x-1
2 3x-5
2) log0 ,5 log4 (2x +x - 1) < 1; 4) log 1,5 log 3 x + ~ 0.
1
24.20: PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
3x - 1
1) log 7 log 5 (x 2 -2x-3)~0; 2) log 0 8 log 2 > 0.
- I 2-x
4

24.21:· PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh x 10g 3 x + 2 ~ 27.

PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh x 10g 5 x +a ~ 625.
24.23:· PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHicTh:
1) log 3 (x + 8) > 3- x; 2) x Fx ~ 16.
• PoaB' HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) log 3 ( 4- x) < x; 2) x .JX;i > 25.
24.25.·· PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
l)log 2x_ 3 x>l; 5) log x (x + 2) ~ 2;
2) logx _ 2 (2x - 9) < O; 6) log x (2x 2 - 3x) ~ 1;
3) logx + 1 (5 - x) > l; 7) logx _ 3 (x 2 - 4x) 2 ~ 4.
4) logx _ 2 (2x - 7) < 1;
• PoaB'HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1.) log 3x _ 2 X < 1; 4) log x (6 - x) > 2;
2) log x (x 2 - 7 x + 13) > O; 5) logx + 1 (x 2 + x - 6) 2 > 4.
3) logx - l (4 - x) < 1;
24.27:· PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
3x-1
2) log 2 < 1.
2-x
40
 24. norapV!cpMiYHi HepiBHOCTi

24.28: PosB'.amiTb HepiBHiCTb:

2x+l
1) ~20 • 3x -11 > 3x -4; 2) log 3 < 1.
3-x
24.29:· PosB'.amiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) .J-x 2 + 7-x-10 log 2 (x -3) ~ O;

2) ./4-x' (1og 3 x;l +2 )<o;

3) (x -2,8x+l,8) ~log: x-2 >O. I I
2

2 · PosB'.amiTb aepiBHiCTb:
1) .J-x 2 +6x-5 log 3 (x-2) ~O;
log~ (x-3)
2) 2 ~ 0.
x -4x-5
24.31. ·· IIo6y,n;yiiTe rpa<PiK HepiBHOCTi log 2 2 x ~ 1.
~
2

IIo6y,n;y:liTe rpacpiK HepiBHOCTi log x (x 2 + y 2) ~ 1.

24.33 ... ,Zl;JI.H KOJKHOro 3HatieHH.H rrapaMeTpa a p03B' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb
(2x -a).Jx-3 ~0.
2 : ,Zl;JI.H KOJKHoro 3Ha't!eHH.H rrapaMeTpa a p03B' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb
(3x -a) .Jx-2 ~ 0.
logx (2sinx+1) ~ 0,
24.35:· PosB'.HJKiTb CHCTeMy HepiBHOCTeH {
O<x <2n.
logx (2cosX+1) ~ 0,
.3 .... Po3B '.amiTb cHcTeMy HepiBHOCTeli {
O<x <2n.
24.37 :· P03B' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb (2x + 3. 2-x) 210 g2 x - log2 (x +6 ) > 1.
2 • 8: Po3B'.HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb (3x+2 +3-x )Slgx - lg( 2x2 +3x) <1.
24.39:· Po3B'.amiTb HepiBHiCTb logx (lOx + 3) • log 10x (3x + 10) ~ 0.
.40. Po3B'.amiTb HepiBHiCTb log 2 _ x (2 + x) • logx + 3 (3 - x) ~ 0.

24.41:· PosB' .amiTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) (.Jx+2+1)log 3 (x 2 +4x+13)~2;
2) log 2 (.Jx-2 +4)·log 3 (x 2 +x .+21)~6.
2. 2. PosB'.a.m iTbHepiBHiCTb log 3 (.Jx 1+3)·log 5 (x 2 +x+3)~1.

41
§ 3. noKa3HV,1KOBa i norap111¢MiYHa ¢YHKU/I

24.43. * -ciacJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o 1 <a< b < c. ,II;oBe,n;iTb, m;o

log ab+ logb c +loge a< logb a+ loge b +log a c.
24.44.* l.JHcJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o 1 <a< b < c. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o
log a log ab+ logb logb c +loge loge a> 0 .

.!tili!JI!! noxiAHi noKa3HPAKoeo ·i, norapMcf.>MiLfHo ·i

Ta cTeneHeao·i cf.>YHK~it.1

'CJH icHye <t>YHKn;i.a, rroxi,n;Ha HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe caMili <l>YHKn;il? Bi,zi;-

rroBiCTH Ha n;e 3anHTaHHH HeCKJia.,n;Ho. HarrpHKJia.,n;, <t>YHKD;iH, HKa
e HYJibOBOIO KOHCTaHTOIO, Mae n;ro BJiaCTHBlCTb.
A qH MOJKHa BKa3aTH TaKy BH3Ha"CJeHy Ha JR <t>YHKn;iro f, Bi,n;MiHHY
Bi,n; HYJibOBOl KOHCTaHTH, m;o f' (x) = f (x) ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E JR?
Bi,n;noBip;b Ha n;e 3aIIHTaHHH He e O"t!eBH,D;HOIO.
3 OIIOBi,n;aHHH «l.JHCJIO e» (,n;HB. «Arrre6pa-10») BH MOrJIH 03Ha-
HOMHTHCH 3 <t>yH,n;aMeHTaJibHOIO KOHCTaHTOIO - lIHCJIOM e = 2, 718 ... ,
m;o Bi,n;irpae oco6JIHBY poJib He TiJibKH B MaTeMaTHn;i, a li y <t>i3HII;i,
xiMil, 6ioJioril, eKOHOMin;i TOIIJ;O.
u;ro CTaJIY 6yJIO BBe,n;eHO HK cniJibHY rpaHHD;IO ,D;BOX IIOCJii,D;OBHOC-

TeH ia aaraJibHHMH 'IJieH3MH x. =(1 + ~J i Yn =(1 + n~lr' n > 1.

3oKpeMa, 6yJIO ,n;oBe,n;eHO, r.n;o ,D;JIH BCix n> 1 BHKOHyIOTbCH HepiBHOCTi

(i+:J <e<(l+ n~J.

II;i HepiBHOCTi MOJKHa neperrHCaTH TaK:
1
1 .!. 1 en -1 1
-<en -1<--, 1< <--.
n n-1 1 1-.!.
n n
1
.HKm;o IIOKJiaCTH - = x, TO OTpHMaeMO TaKe:
n
ex -1 1
1<
<--.
x l-x
BHHBJT.HeThCH, m;o ocTaHHi HepiBHOCTi MaroTb Micn;e He JIHille ,LI;JIH

~T n > 1, a H
1 n E 1'1,
lIHCeJI x BH,n;y -, v
,D;JIH BClX lIHCeJI x TaKHX, r.n;o
•

. n
0 < x < 1 (n;eli tPaKT BH 3MOJKeTe ,D;OBeCTH, HaB't.[aIOqHCb y BHID;OMY
HaBliaJibHOMY 3aKJia,n;i).

42
r
25. noxiAHi noKa3HV1Koso'i, norap111cpMiYH0·1ra creneHeso'i cpyHKUiVI

Terrep MOmHa aarrHcaTH

1 = lim 1 ~ lim ex -l ~ lim - 1 - = 1.

X-+0 + X-+0 + X X-+0 + 1-X
ex -1
3Bi,n;CH lim = 1.
X-+ 0 + X

PaaoM a THM
. ex - 1 . e-x - 1 . ex - 1 - x . ex - 1 . -x
1Im = 1im = 1im • e = 1im • 1Im e .
x -+ 0 - X x -+ 0 + -X x-+0 + X x-+0 + X x-+0 +

OcKiJihKH <PYHKD;i.H y = e-x HerrepepBHa, TO lim e-x = 1. ToMy

X-+0 +

. ex -1 . ex -1
hm = hm =1.
X -+ 0 - X X-+ 0 + X
TaKHM trHHOM, BHKOHyeTLCH piBHiCTh

lime'-l=0
x-+0 x _:_ j
ll;H piBHiCTb BHpamae O,ZJ;HY 3 6araTbOX 't!Y,ZJ;OBHX BJiaCTHBOCTeH
trHCJia e. 3oKpeMa, BOHa 03Ha'tlae, m;o npH Ma.JIHX 3HatreHH.HX x Mae
Micn;e Ha6JIHmeHa piBHiCTb ex ~ 1 + X.
TeopeMa 25 . . c:PyKKq,ia f (x) =ex e outJ>epeKq,iu08K010, i ii
noxioKy MO:JICKa 0611,ucnumu 3a tJ>opMyno10 (e·~)' = ex.
XO + tu: XO tu: 1
TT oeeve
M ;:i
n na. M aeMo f' (x 0) = i·I m e --- - e- = 1·Im e x 0 • e • - =
tu: -+ o !lx tu: -+ o ~x

= e x 0 • 1·lm etu: - 1 = e-u

"'- • 1 = e x0 •
tu: -+ O ~x

Terrep MOmHa aanHcaTH:

0Tme, 3Hali,n;eHO Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;h Ha 3aIIHTaHHH, IlOCTaB.ileHe Ha IIO'tlaT-

KY rryHKTy. <t>yHKD;iH f (x) =ex 3a,ZJ;OBOJibHHe piBHiCTb f' (x) = f (x)
,ZJ;JI.H BCix X E JR.
<l>yHKD;iIO f (x) =ex Ha3HBaIOTb 0KCllOH0HTOIO.
BHBe,n;eMo cpopMyJiy ,n;JIH 3Haxo,n;meHH.H noxi,n;Hoi: rroKa3HHKOB01
<f>YHKD;fi f (x) = ax.
MaeMo: a= elog, a. To,n;i ax= exlog, a.
KopHCTyIO't!HCh npaBHJIOM o6trHCJieHH.H rroxi,n;Ho1 CKJia,D;eHo1 <l>YHK-
n;il, aarr1nneMo: (ax)' = (exlog. a)'=exlog, a •(xlogea)'=ax logea.
JlorapI·UPM 3 OCHOBOIO e Ha3HBaIOTb HRTY]>&JILHHM JIOrapH4>MOM
i rroaHa'tlaIOTb lna, T06To loge a = ln a.
43
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMi4Ha cpyHKU,i'I

To,n;i rrpH a > 0, a -=t= 1 MOmHa 3arrHcaTH:

I (a")' = a" In a I
Po3rJIHHeMo JiorapHcpMiqHy cpyHKn;iro f (x) =loga x. 06epHeHa ,n;o
Hel cpyHKD;i.H g (x) =ax e ,n;HcpepeHI.rj.HOBHOIO Ha R, rrpHT:[OMY g' (x)-::/= 0
,ZJ;JIH BCiX x E R. :r(e 03Haqae, m;o ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;ll g B KOmHiH
TO'tln;i MOmHa rrpoBeCTH HeropH30HTaJibHY ,n;OTHT:[HY. ToMy i ,n;o rpa-
cpiKa cpyHKII;il f y KOmHiH Toqn;i MOmHa rrpoBeCTH HeBepTHKaJibHY
,ZJ;OTH't!HY (pHC. 25.1). 0Tme, JIOrapMcpMiqHa cpyHKD;iH f (x) = loga x
e ,n;HcpepeH:u;iHOBHOIO.
3Hali,n;eMO cpopMyJiy ,ZJ;JIH 06°'1HCJieHHH rroxi,n;HOI JiorapHcpMiqHol
cpyHKD;iL
10
,IJ;JIH 6y,n;b-HKOI'O x > 0 BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb a g" x = x. 3Hali,n;eMO
rroxi,n;Hy JiiBOl i rrpaBOl tiaCTHH OCTaHHbOl piBHOCTi.

O<a<l
y
;
;
;
, ;

;
, ;

;
, ;

;
;
;
, ;

PHC. 25.1

MaeMo
(alog x)' =(x)';
11

a 10 g.x • lna. (loga x)' = 1;

x • ln a· (log ax)'= 1.
3Bi,ZJ;CH
1
(logax)'=--
xlna
IlpH a=e oTpMMyeMo:

(In x)' = _!:.

x

44
 25. noxiAHi noKa3HvtKoso·i, norapvicpMiYHo'i ra creneHeso·i cpyHKu,iil!

Ilepeli,n;eMO ,n;o p03l' JUI,D;Y rroxi,n;HOl CTerreHeBOl cpyHKD;il f (x) = xa'

D (f) = (O; +oo ). y IIYHKTi 9 BM ,n;i3Ha.JIHCH, m;o (x(l )' = axCl - l ,D;JIH BCix
pa:u;ioHaJihHHX 3HalleHh a. IJ)o cpopMyJiy MOmHa yaara.JihHHTH ,D;JIH
6y,n;h-HKoro a E IR.
TeopeMa 25 . 2 . '1JynKq,iJi f (x)=x(l, D (f)=(O; +oo), a. E IR,
e iJutjJepenq,iuo6no10, i i'"i noxiiJny Mo:HCna 0611,ucnumu 3a tjJopMyno10
(x(l)' = axa - 1 •
l{oeeiJeH1i.fl. Ilo,n;aMO cpyHKD;iIO f(x)=xa y BHI'JIH,D;i CKJia,n;eHOl
cpyHK:a;il f (x) = ealnx. OcKiJihKH cpyHK:a;i! y =ex i y =a ln x € ,n;Hcpe-
peHIJ;iHOBHHMH, TO cpyHKIJ;iH f TaKOm € ,n;ncpepeH:a;ilioBHOIO.
06lIHCJIHMO rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;il f. MaeMo:
(xa)'=(ealnx)'=ealnx.(alnx)'=ealnx. a. =Xa· a. =axa -1. . .
x x

nPL'IKnA.Q 1 3HaH,D;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;li:

1) y = ex (x 2 - 4x); 3) y = e- 7 x; 5) y =log! x;
x4
4) y = - ; 6) y = log 2 (3x - 4).
ln x
p 0 3 e'.fl 3 a 1i H, .fl. 1) 3aCTOCOBYIOtIH TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKY
,D;BOX cpyHKD;iH, OTPHMYE:MO:
y' =(ex)'. (x 2 - 4x) + (x 2 - 4x)'. ex=
=ex (x 2 - 4x) + (2x - 4) ex = ex (x 2 - 2x - 4).
2) MaeMo: y' = (x 3 )' • 3x + (3x)' • x 3 = 3x 2 • 3x + 3x ln 3 • x 3 =
= 3xx 2 (3 + x ln 3).
3) BHKOPHCTOBYIOtIH TeopeMY rrpo rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,D;eHOl cpyHK:a;il,
3aIIHIIleMo: y' = (e- 7x)' = e- 7x • (-7x)' = -1e- 1 x.
4) MaeMo:
3 1 4
4x · ln x- - · x
4 4
(x )' • ln x-(ln x)' · x x 4x 3 ln x-x 3 x 3 (4lnx-1)
1
y = 2 = 2 ---- ------ --
ln x ln x ln 2 x ln 2 x
5) 3acTocyBaBmH TeopeMy rrpo IIOXl,ZJ;HY CKJia,n;eHOl cpyHK:a;il,
0TpHMY€MO:
y' =(log~ x )' = 2 log 6 x · (log 6 x)' =
210 6
g x.
xin6
6) MaeMo:
1 3
Y, =(log 2 (3x - 4))' = · (3x - 4)' = •
(3x - 4) ln 2 (3x - 4) In 2 ·

45
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapvi¢MiYHa ¢YHKU.i'I

nP"1Kl1AA C101a.,n;iTb piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTH'tlHOl ,n;o rpa<PiKa cpyHKD;il

3
f (x) = + X, .HK~O D;.H ,D;OTMqHa napaJieJibHa IIp.HMiH y = 4x - 9.
ex
Poae'JlaannJl. OcKiJihKH KYTOBHH Koecpin;ieHT npHMO! y = 4x - 9
,n;opiBHIOe 4, TO KYTOBHH KOecpin;ieHT myKaHOl ,D;OTH'tlHOl k = 4. 3Ha-
i,n;eMo a6cn;Hcy x 0 TO'tlKH ,n;oTHKY. MaeMo:
f' (x) = 3e 3 x + 1. OcKiJihKH f' (x 0 ) = 4, TO 3e 3 Xo + 1=4; 3e 3x0 = 3;
e3 Xo = 1; XO = 0. 3Bi,n;CH f <xo) = 1.
To,n;i myKaHe piBHHHHH Mae BHrJIH,n; y = 4x + 1.
Bi8noei8b: y = 4x + 1.
nplf1KJ1A.Q 3Hai,n;iTh IIpOMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i CIIa,D;aHHH Ta TO'tlKH
eKcTpeMyMy <l>YHKn;il:
2
1) f(x)=e 6 x - x 6
+ ; 2) f (x) = x In x; 3) f (x) = lg 8 x - 3 lg X + 2.
Poae'JlaannJl. 1) MaeMo:
f' (x) = (e6x - x2 + 5)' = e6x -:c:2 + 5 • (6x - x2 + 5)' = e6x -x2 + 5 • (6-2x).
,ZJ;ocJii'AHBIIDI 3HaK IIOXi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ll f (pHc. 25.2),
OTpHMyeMo, ID;O <l>YHKn;iH f 3pOCTae Ha rrpoMimKy
(-oo; 3], cna.,n;ae Ha npoMimKy [3; +oo), x max = 3.
2) MaeMo:
~
3 -

1 25.2
f' (x) = (x)' ·In x +(In x)' · x = ln x +- · x = ln x + 1. PHC.
x
,ZJ;ocJii,n;HMO 3HaK f' Ha D (f) = (0; +oo).

MaeMo: f' (x) > 0 npH ln x > -1. 3ni,n;cH x > !. AHaJiori'tlHO 3Ha-
e
1
XO,D;HMO, ~o f, (x) <0 IIPH 0 < x < -.
e ~
0TpHMY€MO, ~o <l>YHKD;i.H f 3pOCTae Ha npoMim- . 0 - _!

KY [;; +oo). cn8.,!lae Ha npoMi>KKY ( O; ; J =; x"'"'

PHC.
e

25.3
(pHC. 25.3).
3) MaeMo:
1 3 lg 2 x 3
f'(x)=3lg 2 x·(lgx)'-3· = -
xlnlO xlnlO xlnlO
2
3 (lg x-1) 3 (lg x-1) (lg x + 1)
x In 10 x ln 10

To,n;i f' (x) = 0 npH lg x = -1 a6o lg x = 1. OT.me, ,n;aHa cpyHKD;iH f

Mae ,n;Bi KpHTH'tlHi TO"t!KH: x = ...!._ i x = 10. ,ZJ;ocJii,n;HBIDH 3HaK noxi,n;-
10

46
HOl <l>YHKrtil f Ha D (f) = (O; +oo) (pHc. 25.4),
~ ~
.ZJ;OXO.ZJ;HMO BHCHOBKY' Ill,O <l>YHKll,i.H f 3pOCTae
~
1~]
10
aa 1wma0My 3 npoMllitKill ( O; i [10; + oo),
PHc. 25.4

cna,11ae na npoMl»eKy [ 1~; 10], xm= =

1
10
,

x mm. = 10 . •

0-- 3AAA4A ,Il;oBe.n;iTb, rn;o:

1) IIOKa3HHKOBa <l>YHKll,i.H y =ax € OIIYKJIOIO BHH3;
2) rrpH a> 1 norapH<l>MitIHa cpyHKll,i.H y =loga x e orryKJIOIO Bropy,
a rrpH 0 < a < 1 - OIIYKJIOIO BHH3;
3) rrpH a > 1 i rrpH a ~ 0 CTeIIeHeBa <l>YHKll,i.H y = xa. € OIIyKJIOIO
BHH3 Ha rrpoMi.»<.Ky (O; +oo), a rrpH 0 ~ a ~ 1 - orryKJIOIO Bropy Ha
rrpoMi.»<.Ky (O; +oo).
Po38'.Raann.R. 1) MaeMo: y'=axlna, y"=ax ln 2 a.
OcKiJihKH y" > 0 .ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E JR, TO IIOKa3HHKOBa cl>YHKll,i.H y = ax
€ OllyKJIOIO BHH3.
2) 3arrHmeMo:
I 1 If 1
y= ,y= 2 •
x ln a x ln a
.flKill,O a> 1, TO ln a> 0. ToMy [/ ~ 0 ,D;JI.H Bcix x E (O; +oo). OT.me,
rrpH a > 1 norapHcpMitIHa cpyHKll,i.H y = loga x e orryKJIOIO Bropy.
IlpH 0<a<1 8.HaJIOril!HO .ZJ;OBO,ll;HMO, Ill,O y" > 0 i JIOrapHcpMitIHa
cpyHKll,i.H y = log a x € onyKJIOIO BHH3.
3) 3arrHIIleMo: y' = axa. - 1 , y" = a (a - 1 )xa. - 2 • OcKiJihKH xa. - 2 > 0
rrpH Bcix x E (O; +oo), TO y" > 0 rrpH a(a - 1) > 0. OT.me, rrpH a > 1
a6o rrpH a~ 0 cpyHKll,i.H y =XO.€ orryKJIOIO BHH3 Ha rrpoMi.»<.Ky (0; +oo).
IlpH 0 ~ a~ 1 8.HaJIOI'itIHO ,ll;OBO,ll;HMO, Ill,O
y y" ~ 0 i cpyHKll,i.H y = x a. € OIIYKJI010 Bropy
Ha rrpoMi.»<.Ky (0; +oo).

nPL-iKJlAA 4 PoaB'.H.»<.iTh piBH.HHH.H

2x = 3x - 1.
Po 3 8' Jl 3 an n Jl. JierKo rro6a"t!HTH, m;o
3 x l!HCJia x = 1 i x = 3 e KopeH.HMH .n;aHoro
piBH.HHH.H.
,Il;a.He piBH.HHH.H iHllIHX KopeHiB He Mae
PHc. 25.5 (pHc. 25.5). CrrpaB.n;i, rrp.HMa y = 3x - 1 rrepe- ,,.

47
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap1t1cpMiYHa cpyHK[.\i"I

THHa€ rpa<t>iK onyKJIOl BHH3 <l>YHKII,ll y = 2x He 6iJihIIIe Him y ,ll;BOX

TO"t!Kax (,n;HB. KJII01IOBY aa,n;a-qy 16.30).
AHaJiori1IHHH BHCHOBOK rrpo KiJihKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH.HHH.H
2x -(3x -1) = 0 MOJKHa 6yJIO OTpHMaTH, CKOpHCTaBlliHCh KJII01IOBOIO

aa,n;a"t!eIO rryHKTY 12. CrrpaB,n;i, <l>YHKU.i.H f (x)=2x -(3x-1) He MOJKe

MaTH 6iJibUie ,n;Box HyJiiB, ocKiJihKH 11 rroxi,n;Ha f' (x) = = 2x In 2-3
Ma€ JIHIIIe o,n;HH HYJih.
Bionoeiob: 1; 3.
1
nPMKJlAA 5 ,Il;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTb (HepiBHiCTb KoUii )

Xi + X2 +. •. + Xn 2: nf 2: 0' 2: 0' 2: 0•
n :r -\f X1X2 ... Xn' ,n;e Xl :r X2 :r ••. , Xn :r

P038'.fl3ann.fl • .HK~O o,n;He 3 qHCeJI xl, x2, •.• , xn ,n;opiBHIO€ HYJIIO,

TO HepiBHiCTh, .HKa ,ll;OBO,ll;HTbC.H, € oqeBH,ll;HOIO.
3BepHeMOC.H ,n;o BHIIa,n;Ky, KOJIH xl > 0, x2 > 0, ... , xn > 0. Poa-
rJI.HHeMO <l>YHKII,iIO f (x) = In x. 3ri,n;Ho 3 KJII01IOBOIO aa,n;aqe10 II,horo
nyHKTY <l>YHKu,i.H f (x) = In x e onyKJIOIO Bropy. 0Tme, ,n;JI.H He1 BH-
KoHyeTbCH HepiBHiCTh €HCeHa:

In ( x, + x 2 : ••• + x. ) ;;;, In x1 +In x:+ ... +In x • .

.
3Bl,ll;CH
I n (Xi + X2 +
n
... + xn ) 2: 1
:r n In (x 1x 2... xn),.

n x 1 x 2.•. xn )~.,
2: I (
I n ( X1 + X2 + ... + Xn) :r
n
X1 + Xz + '·' + Xn 2:
- - - - - - :r -\!nfX1 Xz ••• xn • •
n
Y II,bOMY IIYHKTi BH ,n;i3HaJIHCH, ~O eKCIIOHeHTa f (x) =ex 3a,D;O-

BOJihH.H€ piBH.HHH.H
f' (x) = f (x), x E JR.
IJ;e piBH.HHH.H MOJKHa BHKOpHCTaTH ,ll;Jl.H 03HaqeHH.H eKCilOHeHTH.
,I(oBe,n;eMO, ~O f (x) =ex - €,ll;HHa <l>YHKII,i.H, HKa 3a,D;OBOJibH.H€ ,ll;Bl

YMOBH:
. 1) f (x) = f (x) ,ll;Jl.H BCiX x E JR;
2) f (0) = 1.

1
Po3B'SI3aHHSI ~boro npHKJIMY cni-rpaeThCSI Ha MaTepian poanoB~i «He-
piBHiCTh 8HCeHa» (t:faCTHHa 1 ~horo ni,n;pyqHRKa, c. 178). 3 iHillHM cnoco6oM
,ll;OBe,n;eHHSI ~ie:l aepiBHOCTi BH 03HaHOMHJiliCSI B 9 KJiaci (,n;RB. «Arrre6pa-9»'
c. 228).
48
 Cnpa.B,n;i, .HK~O po3rJI.HHyrH .n;onoMijKHY cpyHKu;iro g (x) = e-x f (x),
TO
g' (x) = e-x. f' (x)- e-x f (x) = e-x (f' (x)- f (x)) = 0
p;JI.H Bcix x E IR.
0TjKe, g (x) = C ,n;n.H Bcix x E IR, .n;e C - ,n;e.HKa CTana. TaKHM
tIMHOM, ,n;oBe,n;eHO, ~o f (x) = g (x) ex= Cex. OcKiJibKM <l>YHKD;i.H f 3a-
,ll;OBOJibH.He YMOBY f (0) = 1, TO C = 1.

BnpaeM
0
25 .1. 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il:
1) y = x J5; 4) y = ex sin x; 10) Y =Xe • 3x;
ex 2x -3
2) y = e5x; 5) y = --; 11) y = ;
x-2 2x +1
9)y=7 2x - 3
; 12)y=0,3tgx.
25. 3Ha.H,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il:

1) y=xn; 4) y=x+l;
ex

3)y=excosx; 6)y=(2x+l)Jlo;
0
25.3. 3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKa;il:
1) y = log 9 x; 4) y = ln 2 x; 7) y = log0 , 2 (2x2 +x - ·4);
2) y = In 2x; 5) y = ln sin x; 8) y =In (xJ5 -1);

3) y =lg (3x -1);

x3
6) y = ln X; 9) y = x 5 In x.
25.4 ° 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il:
XS
1) y =lg x; 3) y = ln 3
x; 5) y=-;
lnx
4) y = lg cos x; 6) y=Iog 2 (xJ2+x).
25.5. 3Hali,n;iTb KYTOBMH KOecpin;ieHT ,ll;OTHtIHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa <l>YHKn;il f
0

y TO't!D;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO xo:

1) f (x) = e2 x + 1, x0 = -1;
2) f (x) = x - In x, x 0 = 3;
49
25 6 3HaH,n;i Tb KYTOBHH KOecpin;ieHT ,lI;OTWIHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa <PYHKD;il
f y TOtID;i 3 a6cn;HCOIO xo:
1) f (x) = e 1 - X, x 0 = 1; 2) f (x) = log 5 (x + 2), x 0 = -1.
25.7.° CKJia,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHtJHOI ,n;o rpa<lJiKa cpyHKD;il f y TOtID;i
3 a6cn;HCOIO xo:
1) f (x) = e- 2x, x 0 = O; 4) f (x) = 3x + ln x, x 0 = 1;
2) f (x) = ex + sin x' x 0 = 0; 5) f (x) = ln (5 + 4x), x 0 = -1;
3) f (x) = x • 2X, x 0 = 1; 6) f (x) = log 3 (2x + 1), x 0 = 1.
25.8. ° CKna,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHtIHOl ,n;o rpa<lJiKa <l>YHKD;il f y TO"l!II;i
3 a6cn;HCOIO xo:
1) f (x) = 2ex - cos x, x 0 = O; 3) f (x) = 4x - ln 4, x 0 = 1;
2) f (X) = 3 2x - 3 , X 0 = 2; 4) f (x) = ln (3x - 5), x 0 = 2.
0

25.9. 3HaH,n;iTh piBH.HHHH ropH30HTaJihHOl ,lJ;OTH"l!HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa

cpyHKII;il:
1) f (x) = ex + e-x; 2) f (x) = (2x - 7) (2x - 9).
25.10 ° 3HaH,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ropH30HTaJibHOl ,lJ;OTlitIHOl ,n;o rpacpiKa
cpyHKD;il f (x) = (5x - 65) (5x + 15).
25.11: CKna,n;iT:o piBH.HHHH ,n;oTH"l!H01 ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKn;il:
1) f (x) = e5 x + 2 , .HKID;O II;.H ,n;oTH"l!Ha rrapaneJihHa rrp.HMiH y = 5x + 7;
2) f (x) = ln (3x - 2), .HKm;o D;H ,n;oTH"l!Ha rrapaneJihHa rrp.HMiH
y = 3x - 2.
25.12: CKna,n;iTh piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHtJHo1 ,n;o rpacpiKa <l>YHKn;il:
1) f (x) =ex - e-x, HKID;O D;.H ,n;oTH"tJHa rrapaneJibHa rrp.HMiH y = 2x - 3;
2) f (x) = 6x - ln x, HKID;O D;.H ,lJ;OTHtJHa rrapaneJibHa IIPHMiH y = x;
3) f (x) = ln (1 - x), HKID;O n;a ,n;oTH"tJHa rrapaneJihHa rrp.HMiH y = 1 - x.
25.13 .•
3HaH,lJ;iTh npoMimKH apocTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H Ta TO"l!KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKD;il:
1
1) f (X) = ex - X; 13) f (x) = ln x + - ;
x
ex x
2) f (x) = xe 2 x; 8) f (x)=-; 14) f (x) = -r-;
x-2 lnx
4x
3) f (x) =(1 - x) rt +1 ; 9) f (x)=-; 15) f (x) = ln x ;
ex J;
4) f (X) = 2-x;2
X •
3
10) f (x) = x ln x; 16) f (x) = x 2 - ln x 2 ;
5) f (x) = 4xe 2 - x; 11) f (x) = ln x - x; 17)f(x) = 2ln3 x- 3ln2 x;
2
6) f (x) =ex ; 12) f (x) = x2 lg x; 18) f (x) = lg 2 x - lg x.

50
 25. noxi,o.Hi noKa3Hll1Koso'I, norap111cpMiYHo'I ra creneHeso'I cpyHK~iiil

2 • 3Ha:0:.n;i Tb rrpoMiJKKH spocTaHH.H i crra.n;aHH.H Ta TOliKH eKC-

TpeMYMY cpyHKn;il:
x
1) f (x) = xe ; 2 7) f (x) = 0,5x 2 - ln x;
2
2) f (x)=ex - x;
4 2
8) f (x) = x ln 2x;
3) f (x) = 5 - xs + 3x +l; 9) f (x) = ln x;
x
2
4) f (x) = (4x - 1) e2 x; 10) f (x) = ln x 2 +-;
x
3 3
5) f (x) = x • 3-x; 11) f (x) = ln x - 12 ln x;
3
6) f(x)=x+ ; 12) f (x) = lg4 x - 2 lg 2 x.
ex
25.15: 3Hali,n;iTb Hali6iJiome i HaHMeHme 3Ha"tleHH.H cpyHKn;il:
1) f (x) = ex + X Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-1; l);
2) f (x) = x 2e2x Ha rrpoMi.mKy [-2; 1];
2
3) f (x) = 7x - 2 x Ha rrpoMiJKKY [O; 2];
4) f (x) = 2x + 2-x Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-1; 1].
2 6: 3Hali.n;iTb Hali6iJibll1e i HaHMeHrne 3Ha"tleHH.H cpyHKn;il:
1) f (x) = (x - 1) e- x Ha rrpoMi.mKy [l; 3];
2
f (x) = 5x + 2 x Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-2; 1].
2)
25.17: 3Ha.H,n;iTb rrpoMiJKKH orryKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KH rreperHHY cpyHKn;il:

1) y = ex - e-x ; 2) y = ln x; 3) y =ex.
x x
25.18 .• 3Hali,n;iTb rrpoMiJKKH OIIYKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KH rreperHHY cpyHKn;il:
x x
l)y=ex+e-x; 2) y=~; 3) y=-.
e ln x
25.19:· ,n;ocJii.n;iTb cpyHKn;iro i rro6y.n;yliTe 11 rpacpiK:
2 2
1) f (x) = xex; 3) f (x) = e- x ; 5) f (x) = ln (9 - x ).
x
2) f(x)=xe 2
; 4) f (x) = x 2 - 2 ln x;
25.20: ,IJ;ocJii.n;iTb cpyHKn;iro i no6y,n;yii:Te 11 rpacpiK:
x2
x
1) f (x) =~; 2) f(x)=xe 2
; 3) f (x) = log 2 (x 2 + x).
e
25.21:· ,r:t;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHOCTi - - < ln (1 +
n+l n n
1
.!.) < .!..
25.22:· ,r:t;oBe,n;iTb, ~o rrpH x > 0 BHKOHYIOTbC.H HepiBHOCTi
x- 1
- - < lnx<x-1.
x
51
§ 3. noKa3Hi.-1KOBa i norap1.-1cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i

25.23. •• ,[(oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb ex - 1 ~ X.

25.24.•• ,[(JUI BCiX U E JR 3HaH,ZJ;iTb rpaHHIJ;IO lim (l +

x--tO
xr -l.
X

25.25:· 3Ha:0:,n;iTb rpaH:an;ro Iim In (l + x).

X--tO x
25.26:· ,[(Ju1 Bcix a~ 1 i x > -1 ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb BepHyJIJii
(l+xt ~l+ax.
25.27 :· ,lJ;JIH Bcix 0 ~ a ~1 i x > -1 ,n;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb BepHyJIJii
(l+xt ~l+ax.
25.28 ... C1dJibKH KOpeHiB Mae piBHJIHHJI ex= x +a 3aJie:>KHO Bi,n; 3Ha-
"t!eHHJI rrapaMeTpa a?
25.29:· CKiJibKH KopeHiB Mae piBHJIHHJI Inx =ax 3aJie:>KHO Bi,n; 3Ha-
"t!eHHJI rrapaMeTpa a?
25.30:· IlpM HK:ax 3Ha-creHHHx rrapaMeTpa a <PyH.Kn;iH y = 4Inx - ax - 7
e 3pOCTaIO"t!OIO?
25.3 : Ilp:a JIKHX 3Ha"t!eHHJix rrapaMeTpa a <l>YHK:O:iH y = 2 - 3ex - ax
e CIIa,ZJ;HOIO?
.
25.32:• Ilp;H JIKHX 3Ha"t!eHHJIX a i b piBHiCTb eax+b = aex + b BHKOHy-
eTbCJI ,ZJ;JIJI BCix x E JR?
25.33:· Ilp:a JIKHX 3Ha'leHHJIX rrapaMeTpa m <l>YHK:O:iJI
f (x) = 2ex - me- x + (1 + 2m) x - 3
e 3pOCTaIO"t!OIO?
25.34 ... Ilp:a JIKHX 3Ha"t!eHHJIX rrapaMeTpa a <l>YHK:O:iJI
f (x) = 1 - 2ex + (1 - a) e-x - e2x + (a - 1) x
e CITa,ZJ;HOIO?
25.35:· 3Han,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKn;il f (x) = xX, D {[) = (O; +oo).

25.36... 3nail:,11iTb ,llO,llaTHi KOpeHi piBHHHHH x' = ~.

2
25.37:· 3Ha:0:,n;iTb noxi.n;HY <l>YHK:O:il f (x) =xx D (f) = (0; +oo).

25.as:· ,[(oBe,n;iTb HepiBHicTh y In x ~ x-y ~ x In x, HKrn;o x > 0, y > 0.

y y
25.39 ° ,lJ;oBe,ZJ;iTb HepiBHiCTb ex - eY ~ex (X- y), JIKin;O X ~ y.
25.40:· Po3B' JI:>KiTb piBHJIHHJI 3x = 4x + 1.
25.4 .. Po3B 'JI:>KiTh piBHJIHHJI 4 x - l = 3x - 2.
25.42:• P03B'H:>KiTh piBHJIHHJI 3x +llx =2·7x.

I
52
 25. noxiAHi noKa3H"1Koso"i, norap111cpMiYHo'I ra creneHeso'I cpyHKu,iLit

25.43:· PoaB' .amiTh piBH.HHH.H 5'x + 2 · 11 x = 3 · 9x.

25.44. •• PoaB '.amiTh piBH.HHH.a:
1) (J3f -2x - l =1; 2) 3x -2x 2 =1.
25.45:· PoaB'.amiTh piBH.HHH.a:
1) 2x+l _3·~ =1; 2) 2x =x 2 -x+2.
25.46:· IlpH .HKHX 3HatieHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a <l>YHKD;i.H
f (x) = e2 x + 2ex ( x - a - 2) - ax 2 + 2ax + 1
Mae ,D;Ba eKCTpeMyMH?
25.47:· IlpH .HKHX 3HatieHH.HX napaMeTpa a <l>YHKD;i.H
f (x) = e2 x +ex (x-3-4a)-ax 2 +4ax-5
Mae O,D;HH eKCTpeMyM?
25.48.* PoaB'.amiTh piBHHHH.H (x-y) 2 +(y-ex +1 ) 2 =2.

25.49.* ,[I;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh 1+.!.+.!.+ ... +..!:..>ln(n+l), n EN.

2 3 n
1
25.50. ,[I;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh .!_ + .!_ + .!_ + ... + < ln .J2n + l, n E N.
3 5 7 2n+l
25.51.* IIopiBH.HHTe: 1) e1t i ne; 2) 6J7 i T 16 •
25.52.* IIopiBHHHTe aHa"CJeHHH BHpaaiB ln 2 100 i ln 99 • ln 101.
25.53.* PoaB'.amiTh piBH.HHH.H ex - 1 = ln (x + 1).
25.54.* cf>yHKD;i.H f ,n;H<t>epeHn;i:HOBHa Ha [O; 1], f (0) = 0 i f (1) > 0.
,il;oBe,n;fTh icHyBaHHH TaKoro x E (0; 1), m;o f (x) < f' (x).
25 55. cf>yHKD;il f i g ,D;H<l>epeHn;iiioBHi Ha [O; l], f (0) = f (1) = 0. ,[I;o-
Be,D;iTh, ru;o piBH.HHH.H f' (x) = f (x) g' (x) Mae np:aHa:0:MHi O,D;HH
p03B'.H30K.

53
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i"I

MoH nt06oe - YKpa"iHa i MaTeMaTfllKa

II;eii rraTpioTH't{HHH BHCJiiB BH,n;aTHoro yKpalHCbKoro MaTeMaTHKa,

aKap;eMiKa MHxaHJia IlHJIHIIOBH'la KpaB"t!yKa BHKap6oBaHo Ha rpa-
HiTHO MY IIOCTaMeHTi IIaM '.HTHHKa HayKOBD;eBi.
MHxa:B:Jio KpaB"t!YK Hapop;HBC.H B c. 1IoBHHn;i Ha BoJIHHi. 3aKiH-
"t!HBIIIH i3 30JIOTOIO Me,n;aJIJIIO Jiyn;bKY riMHa3iIO i IIOTiM MaTeMaTH"t!He
Bi,n;,n;iJieHH.H KHIBCbKoro yHiBepcHTeTY, MHxaHJIO KpaB-qYK 3aJIHIIIHBC.H
rrpan;roBaTH B KHeBi.
BHcoKa HayKoBa rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTb i rrpan;e3,n;aTHiCTb, opHriHaJib-
HiCTb i rHy-qKiCTb MHCJieHH.H M. II. KpaB-qyKa ,n;o3BOJIHJIH iioMy oTpH-
MaTH Ba)KJIHBi HaYKOBi pe3yJibTaTH B anre6pi Ta Teopil 't{HCeJI, Teopil
<PYHKD;iH i MaTeMaTH't{HOMY aHaJii3i, ,ZJ;HcpepeHn;iaJibHHX Ta iHTerpaJib-
HHX piBH.HHH.HX, Teopil HMOBipHocTeii Ta cTaTHCTHIJ,i Tom;o. Bi,n;oMo,
m;o iioro HayKOBHH .n;opo6oK 6YB BHKOpHCTaHHH aMepHKaHCbKHMH
B't{eHHMH rrpH CTBopeHHi rreprnoro :KoMrr'roTepa.
M. IT. KpaB-qyK 6paB aKTHBHY y-qacTb y CTBopeHHi yKpa1HCbKo1
HaYKOBOl TepMiHOJIOI'll, O,ZJ;HHM 3 rrepillHX IIO't{aB IIHCaTH HayKOBi rrpa.n;i
yKpa1HCbKOIO MOBOIO, XO'la BiJibHO BOJIO,ZJ;iB pociHCbKOIO, <PPaHIJ,Y3b-
KOIO, HiMeIJ,bKOIO, iTaJiiHCbKOIO, IIOJibCbKOIO Ta iHIIIHMH MOBaMH.

54
 BeJIHKoro 3Ha"tfeHH.H Ha,n;aBaB M. IT. KpaB"tfyK po6oTi 3 MOJio,n;,n;ro,
30KpeMa, aa lioro iHin;iaTHBOIO B 1935 pon;i 6yJia rrpoBe,n;eHa rrepma
KHlBCbKa MaTeMaTXNHa oJiiMrria,n;a ,n;JIH mKOJIHpiB. Crrpo6yliTe CB01
CHJIH y p03B '.H3aHHi aa,n;aq n;ie1 OJiiMrria,n;H.

3aB,ZJ;3HHH
nepmoi KuiBCLKoi MaTeMaTH'lllloi oJiiMnia,n;u (1935 p.)
3 3 2 3
. b -a b-b c+ca r, 1
1. 06'tlHCJI1Tb 3Ha'tleHHH BHpa3y 2 + "\/d rrpH a=--,
(b-c) 2
b=0,19, c=0,18, d=0,04.
2 • P 03B , HJfU.Tb PlBHHHHH
. 4 x -Jx - 9 - 2075 /n2
2 2
' = "\/ ~.
x+y=4,
3. PoaB'HmiTh cHcTeMy piBHHHb { 2 2 3 3
(x +y.)(x +y)=280.
4. ,I(o,n;aTHi qHcJia ul' U2' ••• ' Un YTBOpIOIOTb apHcpMeTXNHY rrpo-
rpeciro. ,I(oBe,n;iTb, rn;o
1 1 1 n-1
r. r.+ r. r.+ ... + c:- r.= r. r.·
"ul + vu2 -vu2 + "U3 '\/un - 1 +"\/Un -vu1 + "\/un
5. Hexa.H a i b - KaTeTH rrpHMOKYTHOro TPHKYTHHKa, c - lioro
rirroTeHyaa. ,I(oBe,n;iTb, rn;o
logc +ba+ logc - ba= 2 logc +ba· logc - ba.
6. lipH HKHX 3HaqeHHHX a, b, c MHOrO'tlJieH x 4 + ax 2 +bx+ c Ha-
3
n;ino ,n;iJIHTbCH Ha (x-1) ?

55
 IHTEIPAn
TA Llloro
3ACTOCYBAHH~

BH BMieTe 3a 3ap;a.Horo <l>YHK:a;iero 3Haxo,n;HTH 11 rroxi,n;Hy, 3HaeTe,

rn;o rroxi,n;Ha Mae pi3HOMaHiTHi 3aCTOCyBaHHH. 3oKpeMa, yMiIO"tIH
,D;HcpepeH:a;iroBaTH, 3a 3a,n;aHHM 3aKOHOM y = s (t) pyxy MaTepia.rrbHOl
TO"t!KH no KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH rrpHMiH MOmHa 3HaHTH 3aKOH y = v (t) 3MiHH
iI illBM,D;KOCTi, a caMe:
v (t) = s' (t).
Hepi,n;Ko B MexaHi:a;i ,n;oBO.ZJ;HTbCH po3B 'H3yBaTH o6epHeHy 3ap;a-qy:
. . ...
3HaXO,D;HTH 3aKOH pyxy 3a Bl.n;OMHM 3aKOHOM 3MlHH IDBH,D;KOCTl.
HarrpHKJia,n;, 3 Kypcy cpi3HKH BaM Bi,D;OMHH TaKHH cpaKT: KOJIH
IllBH,D;KiCTb 3MiHIOeTbCH 3a 3aKOHOM v (t) =gt i s (0) = 0, TO 3aKOH
gt2
pyxy 3ap;aeTbCH cpopMy JIOIO s ( t) = - .
2
BH 3HaeTe, rn;o 3Haxo,n;meHHH rroxi,n;Ho1 3ap;aHo1 cpyHK:a;i1 Ha3HBa-
IOTb ,D;HcpepeH:a;iioBaHHHM. 06ep~eHy orrepa:a;iro, T06TO 3Haxo,n;meHHH
<l>YHKD;ll 3a iI rroxi,n;HOIO, Ha3HBaIOTb iHTerpYBaHHHM.

Oa 11:e H. <l>yu1ni;iro F uaaHBa10T1> y

( a6o KOpOTKO p 1 ) cl>YHKD;fi f Ha rrpoMijKKY I' HKill;O ~JIH
Bcix x E I BHKOJIYE:TbCH piBHiCTI>
F' (x) = f (x) .
. HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKD;iH F (x) = x e rrepBicHoro cpyHK:a;i1 f (x) = 2x
2

Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; +oo), OCKiJibKH Ha JR BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb

2
(x )' = 2x.
l:JacTo B 3ap;aqax, rroB 'H3aHHX 3 rrepBicHoro cpyHK:a;il, rrpoMimoK I
He HaBO.D;HTb. Y TaKHX BHIIa,n;Kax BBamaIOTh, rn;o I= (-oo; +oo ). TaK,
cpyHKD;iH F (x) = cos x e nepBiCHOIO cpyHK:a;il f (x) = -sin x, ocKiJihKH
BHKOHyeThCH piBHiCTb (cos x )' = -sin x.

56
 26. nepsicHa

Po3rJIHHeMo ~e o,n;HH rrpHKJia,u;. <PyHKII;i.H F (x) = Fx e rrepBiCHOIO

cpyHKu;ii f (x) = \ - Ha rrpoMi)KKY (0; +oo), OCKiJihKH Ha II;bOMY rrpo-

2vx
.
Ml)KKY BHKOHyeThC.H plBl:UCTb
. . (v r)'
X = 1
I .
2....;x
IIpoTe Ha rrpoMi)KKY [O; +oo) <l>YHKII;iH F(x)=~ Hee rrepBicHoIO
1
cpyHKII;il f (x) = , , OCKiJibKH B TO"tJII;i Xo =0 He BHKOHyeTbC.H piB-
2vx
HiCTb F' (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
Poar JI.HHeMo cpyHKu;il = x 2 + 1 i y = x 2 - .J2. Ko)KHa a HHX Mae
y
2
o,n;Hy if TY caMy rroxi,n;Hy y = 2x. ToMy o6:a,n;Bi cpyHKII;il y = x + 1
i y = x 2 -.J2 e rrepBiCHIIMii cpyHKII;il y = 2x. 3po3yMiJIO, ~o KO)KHa
3 <l>YHKII;iH BII,ZJ;Y y = x + c' ,n;e c - ,ZJ;OBiJibHe "t!IICJIO, e rrepBiCHOIO
2

cpyHKII;li y = 2x. OT)Ke, 3ap;aqa 3Haxo,n;)KeHH.H rrepBicHo1 Mae 6e3Jiiq

p03B' .H3KiB.
MeTa iHTerpyBaHH.H rroJIHrae B TOMY, ~06 ,ZJ;JI.H aa,n;aHo1 <l>YHKII;li
3HaHTII Bci H rrepBicHi Ha 3a,u;aH0My rrpoMi)KKY •
.HK IIOB' H3aHi Mi)K co6oro BCl rrepBiCHi ,n;aHOl <l>YHKII;ll, yKaaye
TaKa TeopeMa.
Teope 26.1 ( c o c 1 epnic o . HKUfO
tjJynxtfiR F e nep6icnoro tjJynxtfi"i f na np0Mi:>1exy I ma C - iJ06i1tbne
l£UCltO, mo t/JYUXlfiJI,
y = F (x) +C
maxo31C e nep6icnoro t]Jynxtfi"i f na np0Mi:>1exy I.
ByiJb-axy nep6icny tjJynxtfi"i f na np0Mi:>1exy I MO:HCna noiJamu
y 6UZltJtiJi y = F (x) + ae c, c-
iJeaxe l£UCltO.
/( o a ea e n n .fl. OcKiJihKH <l>YHKII;iH F - rrepBicHa <l>YHKu;il f Ha
rrpoMi)KKY I, TO ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E I BIIKoHyeThC.H piBHiCTb F' (x) = f (x).
Hexa:H C- ,n;oBiJihHe "t!IICJIO. To,n;i
(F ( x) + C)' = F' ( x) + C' = f (x) + 0 = f (x).
OT)Ke, <l>YHKII;i.H y = F (x) + C e rrepBiCHOIO cpyHKII;il f Ha rrpo-
Mi)KKY I.
Hexa:H <l>YHKII;i.H G - o,n;Ha 3 rrepBicHIIX <l>YHKII;il f Ha rrpoMi)KKY I.
To,n;i G' (x) = f (x) ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E J. MaeMo:
(G ( x) - F ( x) )' = G' ( x) - F' ( x) = f (x) - f (x) = 0.
3ri,ZJ;HO 3 03HaKOIO CTaJIOCTi <l>YHKII;il (TeopeMa 13.1) OTpIIMyeMO,
~o <l>YHKII;i.H y = G (x) - F (x) e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha rrpoMi)KKY I, T06To
G (x) - F (x) = C, ,n;e C - ,n;eHKe q:acno.
3Bi,n;cII G (x) =F (x) + C.
57
§ 4. IHrerpan ra iiloro 3acrocysaHH~

3 OCHOBHOI BJiaCTMBOCTi rrepBiCHOl BMIIJIMBae, m;o rpacpiKM 6y,n;h-

HKMX ,D;BOX rrepBiCHHX ,n;aHOl <l>YHKII;ll MOmHa OTpHMaTH O,D;HH 3 O,ZJ;HO-
ro rrapaJieJibHHM rrepeHeceHHHM ya,n;oBm oci op,n;HHaT (pHc. 26.1).
HKm;o ct>YHKIJ;iH F e rrepBicHoro <l>YHKIJ;ii f Ha rrpoMimKy I, TO arurnc
F (x) + C, ,n;e C - ,n;oBiJihHe tIHCJIO, Ha3HBaJOTh aaraJILHHM BHrJI~OM
nepuicHHX cpyHKIJ;il f Ha rrpoMimKy I.
HKm;o XOtIYTh rri,n;KpecJIMTH, m;o aarrHc F (x) + C, ,n;e C - ,n;oBiJihHe
l!HCJIO, € aaraJihHHM BHrJIH,ZJ;OM rrepBiCHHX
y
CaMe <l>YHKIJ;ll f, TO IIHillYTb
Jf (x) dx = F (x)+C,
,n;e c- ,n;oBiJihHe l!HCJIO.
3arrHC ff dx(x) Ha3HBaIOTb HeBH3Ha-
x qeHHM iHTerpaJIOM cpyHKIJ;il f ("CJHTaIOTb:
«iHTerpaJI ecp Bi,n; iKc ,n;e iKc» ).
PHc. 26.1 HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyHKII;iH F (x) = x 3 e rrep-
2
BiCHOIO cpyHKII;il f (x) = 3x • 3 TeopeMH 26.1
3
BHIIJIMBae, m;o 3aIIMC x + ,n;e c, c-
,D;OBiJibHe l!HCJIO, e aaraJibHHM
BHrJIH,ZJ;OM rrepBiCHHX cpyHKIJ;il f (x) = 3x • ToMy
2

J3x dx = x
2 3
+ C.
5
nPl.'11<.nAJl 1 3Ha.H,n;iTh 3araJibHHH BHrJIH,n; rrepBiCHMX <l>YHKu;il f (x) = x •

P o 3 e'a 3 a int a. OcRiJibRH ( ~ } = x', TO o,11nie10 a nepnicnHx

6
<l>YHKIJ;il f (x) = x 5
e ct>YHKu;iH F (x) = ~. To,n;i ari.n;Ho a TeopeMOIO 26 .1
6 6
x
aarrHC - + c, ,n;e c- ,ZJ;OBiJihHe "tfMCJIO, € aaraJihHMM BMrJIH,D;OM rrep-
6
BiCHMX.
3 p03B'H3aHHH rrpMKJia,n;y 1 BMIIJIMBae, m;o
6
fx dx = ~ + c,
5
,n;e c- ,D;OBiJibHe l!MCJIO.

nPl'1KnAA 2 3Hali,n;iTh aaraJihHMH BMrJIH,D; nepBiCHMX cpyHKD;il

f (~) = ]:_
Ha KOmHOMY 3 npoMimKiB (-co; 0) i (O; +co).
x
Po3B'R3annR. Ha npoMimKy (0; +co) Mae Micu;e piBHiCTh
1
(In x)' = -; Ha rrpoMimKy (-co; 0) MaJOTb Micu;e piBHOCTi
x
(ln(-x)) f = 1 ( I 1
- · -x) =-.
-x x
58
--
26. nepsicHa

1
0Tme, <PYHKD;iH y = ln x e rrepBiCHOIO <PYHKD;il f (x) = - Ha rrpo-
x
MimKy (O; +oo), a <PYHKlVH y =In (-x) e rrepBiCHOIO <l>YHKD;il f (x) = .!
x
Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; 0).
In x, .aKm;o x E (O; +oo ),
OcKiJihKH In I x I= { In ·
(-x), HKID;O x E (-oo; 0),
TO Ha 6y,n;h-HKOMY

npoMimKy, HKHH He MiCTHTh TOtIKY 0, aarrnc

ln I x I + C, .n;e C - ,n;oBiJihHe q:acno,

e saraJihHHM BHrJIH,n;OM nepBiCHHX <PYHKD;il f (x) = .!.

x

nPvtKnAA 3 ,IJ;n.a <PYHKO:il f

(x) = 2 cos x 3Hali,n;iTh nepBicHy, rpacpiK

HKOi: rrpoX0,1\HTh '!epea TO'!KY M ( ";

5
6
3}
Po 3 B' .fl 3 an n Ji. OcKinhKH ( 2 sin x )' = 2 cos x, TO <PYHKn;i.a y =
= 2 sin x e o,n;Hie10 3 rrepBiCHHX <PYHKD;il f (x) = 2 cos x. 0Tme, my-
KaHa rrepBicHa Mae BHrn.a.n; F (x) = 2 sin x + C, .n;e C - .n;e.aKe tIHCJIO.
3Hali,n;eMO n;e tIHCJIO.
5 5
3 yMoBH BHIIJIHBae, m;o F ( ") = 3. To,1\i 2 sin " + C = 3. 3Bi,1\cH
6 6
c = 2.
TaKHM tIHHOM, myKa.Ha rrepBicHa Mae BHrn.a.n; F (x) = 2 sin x + 2.

IIepBicHi cpyHK~H, m;o BHKOpHCTOBYIOThCH HalitiacTime, HaBe,n;eHo

B Ta6n:an;i.

WynKn;in f IIepBicua <l>YBl(n;ii f

k (cTana) kx
'

xa+l
xa, a ":t= -1 --
a+l

1
- in Ix I
x

~ _!!:_ !J Xn +1
n+l -

59
§ 4. IHTerpan Ta iiloro 3aCTocysaHHH

cl>yeK~S: I IlepBicua f)lyim~ f

sin x -cos x
cos x Slil X

1
2 tg x
cos x

1
. 2
-ctg x
Slll X

ex ex

ax
aX, a>O, a :;t 1 --
Ina
1
arcsin x
.J1-x 2

1
2
arctg x
l+x

3BepHeMO yBary' rn;o B Ta6JIHn;i BKa3aHO nepBicHi cpyHKn;ili f Ha

TaKHX npoMimKax I, rn;o I c D (f).
IIpaBHJibHiCTb 3aIIOBHeHH.H n;iei: Ta6JIHn;i nepeBipTe caMocTiliHo 3a
~OIIOMOrOIO onepan;il ~HcpepeHn;iroBaHH.H.

(l +1

3ayBameHH.H. <l>YHKn;i.H F (x) = _x_, a E JR, a :;t -1, e nepBiCHOIO

a.+1
<l>YHKD;ll f (x) = xa Ha npoMiJKKy (0; +co). KopHCTYIO'tfHCb D;HM, MOJK-
Ha 3HaHTH, HaIIpHKJI~, nepBicHy <l>YHKD;il f (x) = ~ Ha npoMiJKKY
1
- +1
1 xn
(O; +co). OcKiJibKH ~ = x-;;-, TO <PYHKD;i.H F(x)=-- e nepBiCHOIO
1
- +1
n
cpyHKn;il
. f Ha npoMiJKKY (O; +co). YpaxoByIO'tfH piBHOCTi
1 n +l
-+ 1

~-~--n-~xn
- - +l '
_!_+l n+l n+l
n n

MOJKHa 3anHcaTH: F (x) = _!!._ ~xn + i.

n+l

60
 26. nepsicHa

Bnpae1-1
0

26.1. YcTa.HOBiTb, "t!H e <l>YHKD;iH F nepBiCHOIO cpyHKD;il f:

1) F (x) = 3x 2 + x - 2, f (x) = 6x + 1;
2) F (x) = x-4, f (x) = -4x- 5 Ha npoMimKy (O; +oo);
3) F ( x) = sin x+ 3, f( x) = cos x + 3;
4) F (x) = cos 2x, f (x) =-sin 2x;
1
5) F(x)=·./2x+l, f(x)= .J Ha npoMilKKY (-!;+ooJ;
2x+l 2
6) F ( x) = 5 X, f (x) = 5x In 5.
26.2. )];oBe~iTb, ~o <l>YHKD;iH F e nepBicHoro <l>YHKD;il f Ha np<;>Mim:Ky I:
0

1) F (x) = x 4 - 2x 2 + 6, f (x) = 4x 3 - 4x, I= (-oo; +oo);

1 3
2) F (x) = - ,
xa
f (x) = - - , I= (-oo; O);
x4

3
3) F ( x) = 5 - 3 .Jx, f (x) = - 1
, I = ( 0; +oo);
2vx

4) F(x)=3tg x +6, f(x)=

3
1
2X
, I=(- n;
3
2 2
3
nJ.
cos -
3
26.3. "llH e cpyHKD;iH F (x) = ~ rrepBiCHOIO cpyHKD;il f (x) = -~3 Ha
0

x x
rrpoMimKy:
1) (O; +oo); 2) (-2; 2); 3) (-oo; O]; 4) (-6; O)?
3Ha:li~i Tb 3araJlbHHH BHrJIH~ rrepBiCHHX cpyHKD;il:
0
26.4.
1) f (x) = 5; 5) f (x) = ~ Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; O);
x
2) f (x) = x; 6) f (x)=.Jx Ha rrpoMimKy [1; +oo);
3) f (x) = x 6 ; 7) f (x) = ~ Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; -3);
4) f (x) = 2x; ~) f (x) = x - 5 Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +oo).
26.5. 3Hali~iTb 3araJibHHH BHrJIH~ rrepBiCHHX cpyHKD;il:
0

1) f (x) = O; 4) f (x) = ~0 Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +oo);

x
2) f (x) = x 8; 5) f (x) = rx Ha IIpOMimKy (4; +oo);
1
3) f (x)=-; 6) f (x) = ~ Ha rrpoMimKy [0,5; +oo).
3x

61
§ 4. IHrerpan ra iiloro 3acrocysaHHH

26.6. · IIepeBipTe, ~o:

,.
1) Jx cos x dx =cos x + x sin x + C;
2) f,,; x
2
dx='1x' +4+C,
x +4
,n;e c- ,ZJ;OBin:bHe 't.JHCJIO.
2
6.7: IIepeBipTe, ru;o cpyHKI.I;iH F (x) = x- e nepBicHoIO cpyHKD;il
3x-1

f (x)- (ax~l)' Ha KOJRHOMY a npoMiJRKiB (-oo; ~) i G; +oo). Ta

3anHmiTb 3araJibHHH BHI'JIH,ZJ; nepBiCHHX <l>YHKI.I;il f Ha KO.iKHOMY

3 yKa3aHMX npoMi.iKKiB.

26.8.. ,ll;JIH cpyH~n;il f

3HaH,ZJ;i Tb nepBiCHY' rpacpiK HKOl npoxo,n;MTb
"t.Jepea yKaaaHy T0'1Ky:
1) f (x) = x 2 , A (-1; 3); 3) f (x) =ex, C (O; -6).
2) f (x) = sin x, F (n; -1);
2 ,Il;JIH <l>YHKI.I;il f 3HaH,n;i Tb nepBiCHY' rpacpiK HKOl npOXO,ZJ;MTb
"t.Jepe3 yKa3aHy T0'1Ky:

1) f (x) = x 3 , M ( 1; : } 3) f (x) = 3X, K (2; ~J.

ln 3

2) f (x) =cos x, N(:; :}

26.10: ,Il;JIH cpyHKn;il f 3Hali,n;iTb Ha npoMi.iKKY I nepBicHy F, HKa Ha-
6yBa€ ,n;aHoro 3Hat£eHHH y BKa3aHiH TO"t.Jn;i:

1) f (x) = :,, I= (O; +oo), F G) =-9;

2) f(x)= \ ,
cos x 2 2
l=(-7t;7t), F(7t)=ai3;
3
1 3
3) f (x)=-, I= (-oo; 0), F (-e) = 7;
x

4) f (x)= :. , I= (-oo; 0), F(- ~)=3.

2 · ,Il;JIH <PYHKaj.l f aHali,n;iTb Ha npoMi.iKKY I nepBicHy F, HKa Ha-
6yBa€ ,n;aHoro 3Ha"t.JeHHH y BKa3aHiH TO-crn;i:

1) f (x) = . \ , I =(0; n),

Slll X
F( 7t)
4
=O;
1
2) f (x) = .[;, I = (O; +oo), F (16) = 10;

62
 26. nepsicHa

3) f (x)= ~· I= (O; +oo), FC)=-2;

4) f (x)
2X, I= (-oo; +oo), F (5) = 1.
=
26.12: YKaJKiTh Ha pHCYHKY 26.2 rpa<t>iK, HKHM MOJKe 6YTH rpa<t>iKoM
nepBiCHOl <l>YHKD;il f (x) = cos 3.

y y y

x 0 x 7'10 x

a 6 8

PHC. 26.2

26 13: YKaJKiTh Ha pHCYHKY 26.3 rpa<t>iK, HKHM MOJKe 6YTH rpa<t>iKOM

nepBiCHOl <l>YHKD;il f (x) = ln 2.

y y

0 x

a 6 8 z
PHC. 26.3

26.14: ,ll;JUI <l>YHKD;il f (x) = sin 2 x -cos x

2
3Haii,n;iTb HKi-He6y,n;h ,n;Bi
2 2
nepBiCHi, Bi,n;cTaHb MiJK Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,ZJ;HHMH TO"lJ:KaMH .HKHX ( T06To TO'll-
KaMH 3 piBHHMH a6cn;HcaMH) ,n;opiBHIO€ 2.

26.15: ,ll;one,11iT1>, II\O <l:>YHKI(il F, (x) =~sin 2x i F2 (x) = -sin 2 ( x- :)

€ rrepBiCHHMH <l>YHKD;il f
(x) =cos 2x. IlpH HKOMY 3Ha'lleHHi c
e npaBHJibHOIO piBHiCTb F 1 (x) = F 2 (x) + C?

26.16: ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, ~o <l>YHKD;il F 1 (x) = sin

2
x i F2 (x) =_.!_cos 2x e
2
rrepBiCHHMH <l>YHKD;il f (x) =sin 2x. IlpH HKOMY 3Ha'lleHHi c € npa-
BHJibHOIO piBHiCTb F 2 (x) = F 1 (x) + C?
26.17.·· 3Haii,n;iTh 3araJihHHH BHrJIH,ZJ; rrepBiCHHX <l>YHKD;il
2X, HK~O
< 0, X
f (x) = {
sin x, HK~O x ~ 0.

63
§ 4. IHrerpan ra iitoro 3acrocysaHH5l

• 3Ha.H,n;iTb aaraJibHHH BHrJIH,ZJ; nepBiCHHX Q>yHKll;ll

l, HKrn;O X < 1,

26.19:· 3
f (x)=

3Hali,n;iTh Jx sin x dx.

4
l 1
j;, HKID;O X >1.

• 3Ha:H,n;iTh Je lnx cos X dx.

26.21:· BH3HatieHa Ha JR i
HenapHa Q>yHKn;iH Mae nepBicHy. ,l(oBe,n;iTh,
m;o n;H nepBicHa e napHoro Q>yHKn;iero.

• BHaHatieHa Ha lR i rrapHa <PYHKll;iH f Mae nepBicHy. ,l(oBe,n;iT:o,

m;o cepe,n; nepBiCHHX <PYHKIJ,il f € HerrapHa <PYHKIJ,iH.

26.23. ••
BH3Ha'tleHa Ha JR i rrepio,n;H't!Ha a rrepio,n;oM T cpyHKD;iH f Mae
nepBicHy. Bac:aJib 3arr.JIYTaHKO MipKye TaK:

1) Hexa.M F - o,n;Ha 3 nepBicHHX <PYHKu.il f; TO,n;i Jf (x) dx = F (x) + cl'

,n;e C1 - ,ZJ;OBiJibHe 't!HC.JIO.
2) ocKiJihKH (F (x + T))' = f (x + T)-(x + T)' = f (x + T), TO <PYHKn;iH
y = F (x + T) - o,n;Ha a nepBiCHHX <PYHKll;il y = f (x + T); 3Bi,n;cH
ff (x+T)dx=F(x+T)+C 2, ,n;e C2 - ,n;oBiJihHe lIHCJio;

3) ocKi.JihKH f (x) =f (x + T), To Jt (x) dx = Jt<x + T) dx· aBi,n;cH

F ( x) +cl = F ( x +T) + C2' ,n;e cl' C2 - ,ZJ;OBiJibHi l.UICJia; TOMY
y BHIIa,n;Ky cl = C2 BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb F (x) = F (x + T);
4) ocKi.JihKH piBHiCTb F (x) = F (x + T) BHKOHY€ThCH ,ZJ;.JIH Bc1x
x e lR, TO F - nepio,n;W<rHa <l>YHKt:J;iH.
qH noro,n;myeTecH BH 3 MipRyBaHH.ffMH BacHJIH?

• •
Haxo eHHR nepBICHOI

IlpH 3Haxo,n;meHHi IIOXi,ZJ;HHX cpyHKII,iH BH KOPHCTYBaJIHCH He JIHIIle

<PopMyJiaMH, 3.AIIHCa.HHMH B Ta6JIHu;i (,n;:aB. <}>op3au; 1), ane li npaBHJia-
MH ,D;H<}>epeHIJ,iIOBaHHH. y 11,bOMY IIyHKTi MH po3rJIHHeMO TPH rrpaBHJia
3Haxo,n;meHHH nepBiCHHX (TpH npaBHJia iHTerpyBaHHH).

"" HJ(,UfO 4>YJ£Klfit Fi G e BiiJnoBiihto nep6icJ£uMu

tjJyJ£KlfiU f i g J£a npoMi:HCKY I, mo J£a lfbOMY npoMi:HCKY 4>YJ£KlfiJt
y = F (x) + G (x) e nep6iCJ£010 <PYJ£Klfit y = f (x) + g (x).

64
 27. npas111na 3HaXOA>KeHHH nepsiCHO.l

,11,oeeaenn.fl. 3 YMOBll BllIIJinBae, m;o ,ll,JI.H 6y,lI,h-.HKoro x EI Bn-

KOHYIOThC.H piBHOCTi F' (,x) = f (x) i G' (x) = g (x). To,ll,i ,ll,JI.H Bcix x
3 rrpoMimKy I MaeMo:
(F (x) + G (x))' = F' (x) + G' (x) = f (x) + g (x). _.
3 TeopeMn 27 .1 BllIIJinBae, m;o
J(
f ( x) + g ( x)) dx = ff (x) dx + f g ( x) dx = F ( x) + G ( x) + C,
,ll,e c- ,lI,OBiJibHe 't.lllCJIO.
TeopeMa 27.2. HKUfO <J>yuKl.fiR Fe nepeicuo10 <J>yuKl.fi'i f ua
npoMi:HCKY I ma k - iJeaKe 1£ucno, mo ua l.f&OMY npoMimKy <J>yuKlfiR
y = kF (x) e nepeicuo10 <J>YUKl.fii y = kf (x).
~OBe,n;i Th TeopeMy 2 7. 2 caMOCTiHHO.
3 TeopeMn 2 7. 2 BllIIJillBae, m;o
f k f ( x) dx = k ff ( x) dx = kF ( x) + C,
,ll,e C - ,lI,OBiJihHe qncno.
Teo p e Ma 2 7 . 3 . H KUfO <J>YUKl.fiR F e nepeicuo10 <J>yuKlfii f ua
npoMi:HCKY I ma k - iJeaKe 11,ucno, eiiJMiuue eiiJ uyna, mo 1ta eiiJ-
1
noeiiJuoMy npoMi:HCKY <J>ynKl.fiR y =- F (kx + b) e nepeicuo10 <J>ynK-
k
f,fii y =f (kx + b).
,11, 0 8 ea en n .fl. BnKOpllCTOBYIO't.lll rrpaBllJIO 3Haxo,n;meHH.H noxi,lI,HOl
CKJia,lI,eHo1 cpyHK:a;il, 3annmeMo:
1

( .!_k F (kx +b)) = !k F' (kx+b) · (kx+b)' = .!_k f (kx+b) · k = f (kx+b). _.

3 TeopeMn 2 7. 3 BnnJinBae, m;o

ft(kx+b)dx= ~ F(kx+b)+C,
,ll,e C - ,n;oBiJihHe qncJio.

nPlllKnA.Q 1 3HaH,n;iTh saraJihHllH BllrJI.H,lI, nepBlCHllX cpyHKII;il

f (x) = Fx +.:;x
Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +co).
1
1 -+ 1
x2
Po 3 e'.fl a an n .fl. OcKiJil>Kn Fx = x 2 , To cpyHKn;i.a y=-1-, T06TO
- +1
2
2
cpyHKII;i.H y = J;3, e nepBiCHOIO ,ll,JI.H cpyHK:a;i1 y =Fx Ha npoMim-
3
Ky (Q; +co).

65
§ 4. IHrerpan ra V!oro 3acrocysaHHfl

- 2 +1
1
OcKirrhKH = x -2 , TO <PYHKD;i.H y = x , To6To Q?ym<u;i.H y = _ _!_,
x2 -2+ 1 x

e rrepBiCHOIO <PYHKII;il y= ~ Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +oo). To,n;i sa Teope-

x
th . 2 . th ... 2
MOIO 27 • 2 'i-'YHKII;l.H y = - - € rrepBlCHOIO 'i-'YHKII;ll y=- Ha rrpOMlJK-
x x2
KY (O; +oo).
CKopHcTaBmHch TeopeMoro 2 7 .1, oTpHMyeMo, ID;O <PYHKD;i.H

y=
2
J;3 - ~ e rrepBiCHOIO aa,n;aHo! B yMoBi <PYHKD;il f Ha rrpoMim-
3 x .
Ky (O; +oo). To,n;i aarrHc
2
-~+C, ,n;e C - ,n;oBiJihHe "t[HCJIO, e sa-
R
3 x
raJibHHM BHrJIH,l.l;OM rrepBiCHHX tPYHKD;ll f Ha rrpoMiJKKY (O; +oo) • •
PoaB' .HaaHH.H rrpHKJia,n;y 1 MOJKHa sarrHcaTH if TaK:

l
;+ l - 2+1 2 2
=-x-+2· x +C=-R--+c,
1 1 -2+1 3 x
- +
2
,n;e c- ,l.l;OBiJibHe "CIHCJIO.

nPMKnA.Q 2 3Ha:li,n;iTh o,n;Hy 3 rrepB.i CHHX tPYHKn;il:

1 3
1) y=cos(2x+l); 2) y= 3
Ha npoMimKy ( ;+ooJ.
(5x-3) 5
Po 3 8' ;i 3 an n ;i. 1) OcKiJihKH <PYHKII;iH F (x) = sin x e rrepBicHoro
1
<PYHKD;il f (x)=cosx, TO aa TeopeMOIO 27.3 tPYHKD;iH y=-F(kx+b),
k

T06To <PYHKD;iH y =..!:.sin (2x + 1), € rrepBiCH.OIO <PYHKD;il y =cos (2x + 1).
2
1
2) OcKi.rrhKH 3
= x -3 , To Ha 6y,n;h-.HKOMY rrpoMimKy, .HKHH He Mic-
x
1 - 3 +1
THTb TO"CJKY 0, rrepBiCHOIO <PYHKD;il f (x) = 3 e tPYHKII;i.H F (x) = x '
x -3+1

T06To F ( x) = -~.
2x
To,n;i Ha rrpoMiJKKY (
3
5
; +ooJ rrepBicHa <PYHKD;il

y = (5x ~3)' Mae: BHrJISI,1\ y= ~ { - 2 (5:-3)'} T06TO y = - 10 (5~ -3)' .

• 66
 27. npasvina 3HaXOp)KeHHH nepsicHo'l

nPLt1KJ1A.Q 3 ,lJ;JI.H cpyHKJW f (x) = l 3HRH,n;iTb rrepBiCHY Ha rrpo-

4x-3
MilKKY ( -oo; : ), rpacj:>iK HKOl npoxo,11HTh qepea Toq&y M ( ~; 2).
P 03 e' a3 an na. 3ri,n;Ho 3 TeopeMOIO 27 .3 aarrHc .!. ln I 4x -3 I+ C,
4
,n;ec- ,ll;OBiJibHe 'CJHCJIO, e 3araJihHHM BHI'JI.H,ll;OM nepBiCHHX cpyHKD;i:i f
Ha 3a,n;aH0My rrpo¥DKKY.

Ha npoMimKy (-oo; !) nryKaHa nepBICHa Mae BHI'JIH,11 F (x) =

1
=- ln (3-4x) + c, ,n;e c- ,n;e.HKe 'CJHCJIO. 3 YMOBH BHilJIHBae, m;o
4

F G) = 2. To,11i ~In ( 3-4 · ~)+ C =2, 3Bi,n,CH C = 2.

1
0Tme, F(x)=-ln(3-4x)+2. •
4

nPLt1KJ1A.Q 4 IIIBH,ll;KiCTb pyxy MaTepiaJibHOl TO'CJKH IIO KOOp,ll;HHaTHiH

IIPHMiil: 3MiHJoeTbCH aa 38.KOHOM v (t) = J3
. 3Hall:,11iTh 3aKOH pyxy
2t+l
y = s (t), .HKID;O s (0) = 3 (nepeMim;eHH.H BHMipIOeTbCH B MeTpax,
"CJac - y ceKyH,n;ax).
Poae'a3anna. <I>yHKD;i.H y = s (t) e nepBiCHOIO cpyHK:a;il y = v (t)
Ha rrpoMiJKKY [O; +oo). To,n;i MOJKHa 3aTIHCaTH s (t) = 3·.!.·2.J2t+1 +C,
2
T06TO s (t) = 3.J2t+1 + c, ,n;e c- ,n;e.HKe l:!HCJIO. 3Hali,n;eMO c 3 YMOBH
s(0)=3. MaeMo: 3~2·0+l+C=3, 3Bi,n;cHC=0.
To,n;i myKaHHH 3aKOH pyxy 3a,n;aeThC.H cpopMyJioIO s (t) = 3.J2t+1. •
y
IIyHKTi 10 BH ,n;i3HaJIHC.H, .HK 3HaHTH noxi,n;Hi ,n;o6yTKY cpyHK:a;ili,
"CJaCTKH cl>YHK:a;ili Ta rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,ZJ;eHo1 cpyHK:a;iL MomJIHBo, rricJI.H
03HaHOMJieHH.H 3 MaTepianoM D;bOro IIYHKTY y Bae BHHHKJIO 3aTIH-
...
TaHl:l.H, HK 3Ha.HTH . . rr..
nepBlCHl . ...
't'YHKD;lH y= f (x ) g (x )' y =f -(x)- a 60
g (x)
y = f (g (x)), HKID;O Bi,n;oMi nepBicHi cpyHK:a;ili y = f (x) i y = g (x). Ha
maJib, 3araJibHHX npaBHJI 3Haxo,n;meHH.H rrepBiCHHX TaKHX cl>YHK:a;ili
He icHye.
TaKom 3ayBaJKHMO, m;o He KOJKHa cpyHK:a;i.H f, BH3HaTieHa Ha npo-
MimKy I, Mae nepBicHy Ha II;bOMY rrpoMimKy. MomHa noKa3aTH, m;o,

67
§ 4. IHTerpan ra iitoro 3acrocysaHHH

HanpMKJia,ZJ;, <l>YHKrtiH y =sgn x He Ma€ nepBiCHOl (,D;HB. BIIpaBy 27.26).

Ilpo~0Bmyro1111 HaB'IaHHH y BMID;OMY HaB'IaJihHOMY 3aKJIW, BM aMo-
meTe ~oBecTH, m;o Ko:m:na nenepepena na npoMi:m:Ky <jJynKijiJi Mae
nepeicny na ijbOMY npoMi:m:Ky.

Bnp BM

3HaH~iTb 3araJibHMH BMrJIH~ nepBiCHMX <l>YHKD;i:i:

0
27.1.
1) f (x) = 4 - 2x;
2) f (x) = 3x 2 - x + 5;
3) f (x) = 5 sin x + cos x;
4)f(x)= x 3 (2-x 2 );
5) f (x) = 5ex - 2. ax;

6) f (x) = ~ - x 3 Ha npoMimKy (-oo; O);

x
4
+~
9
7) f (x) = Ha npoMimKy (0; n);
sin 2 x 4
4 3
8) f (x) = .j; + x Ha npoMimKy (O; +oo );

1 3
9) f (x) =-+- Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; O);
xa x4

10) f (x) = £-~ Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +oo).

x
27.2.° 3Hali~iTb 3araJibHHH BMrJIH~ rrepBiCHHX <PYHK~il:
1) f (x) = x + 3;
2) f (x) = x 2 + 4x - 1;
3
3) f (x) = x + x;
2
x +1
1
4) f (x) = - ex + 2x In 2;
2

5) f (x)= :2 x -3sinx Ha rrpoMi»<:Ky (-;; ; }

00

6) f (x) = 5 rx-~ Ha rrpoMimKy (0; +oo);

x
2
7) f (x) = 6x 2 - 2 Ha rrpoMimKy ( 0; +oo);
x
9 8
8) f (x) = 10 +-
9 Ha npoMimKy (- oo; 0).
x x

68
 27. npaBV1na 3HaXOA>KeHH~ nepBiCHO.i

27.3: 3Hali,n;iTh aara.rrhHHH BHrJUI,ZJ; nepBiCHHX <l>YHKn;li:

1) f (x) = sin 5x;
x
2) f (x) = 2 cos -;
2

a) ,(x)=(6x+ ~f
4) f(x)=(;-2)\
. 1
5) f(x)=~;
e
6) f (x) = 73x;

7) f (x) =.!:.sin (x -
3 3
nJ;
4
1 7tJ
8) f (x) = 2
•
Ha npOMDKKY ( 7t ; 6 ;
- 6
cos 3x
8
9) f (x) = Ha rrpoMi»tKY ( O; :}
sin 2 4x
1
10) f (x) = .J
2x-1
Ha npoMi»tKY (.!:.;
2
+ooJ;
11) f (x)=.Jx+4 Ha npoMimKy [-4; +oo);
6 2
12) f (x) =
3x+2
Ha npoMimKy (- ;
3
+ooJ;
13) f (x) =
(4x-3)
4
2
Ha npoMimKy (-oo; 43 J;
14) f (x) =Ji-; Ha npoMimKy (-oo; 2].

27 ... 3Hali,n;iTh aara.rrhHHH BHrJIH,ZJ; rrepBiCHHX <l>YHKn;il:

1) f (x) = sin x ;
4

2) f (x)=2cos(;-x}
5-~
2
3) f(x)=e ;

1
4) f (x) = ;
23 x+ 5
5
5) f (x) = (2x - 3) ;

69
§ 4. IHTerpan ra iiloro 3aaocysaHHH

3
6) f (x) = ( ") Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-:; "}
2 8
cos 2x- -
4

7) f (x) =
3
(3x-1) 3
Ha rrpoMimKy
3
+oo); (!;
1
8) f (x) = -- Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; 3);
3-x
1
9) f (x) = Ha rrpoMimKy (O; 5rc);
. 2 x
Slil -
5

10) f (x) = ~4x +7 Ha npoMbrucy (-:; +oo).

27 .5: ,l.J;JIH <l>YHKrl;i! f Ha rrpoMimKy I 3Ha:li'AiTb rrepBicHy F, HKa aa-
'AOBOJibHHe 'AaHy YMOBy:
1) f (x) = 1 - 2x, I= (-oo; +oo), F (3) = 2;
2) f (x) =.3x 2
4x, I= (-oo; +oo), F (1) = 4;
-

1 . x 1 x
3) f (x)=-s1n-+-cos-, I= (-oo; +oo), F (re)= 7;
3 3 2 2

4) f (x)=cos(:-3x ), I= (-oo; +oo), F(:)=2;

5) f (x)=4-~,
x
I= (O; +oo), F(!)=l;
. 4
7 1
6) f ( x) = - + .j;";4, I = ( 4; +oo), F ( 5) = 6;
x-4 x+4

7) f (x) =
3
.../6x+l
, I = (-!; 6
+oo) , F (4) = 7;

3
8) f (x) = e X, I= (-oo; +oo), F (0) = 1;
9) f (x) = (2 - 3x) 2 , I= (-oo; +oo), F (1) = O;

10) f (x)= (
4 . ( 7t
)' I= - - ; - , F(x)= - - .
7t) 2 .J3
cos
2 7t
6 x -- 18 9 9
6
27.6 ,l.J;JIH cpyHKn;il f Ha rrpoMimKy I 3HaH'AiTh rrepBicHy F, rpacpiK
HKOI rrpoxo'AHTh qepea 'AaHY ToqKy:
1) f (x) = 3 - 6x, I= (-oo; +oo), A (-1; O);
2) f (x) = 4x 3 - 6x 2 + 1, I= (-oo; +oo), B (1; 5);
1
3) f (x)=2x- .[;' I= (O; +oo), C (4; 10);

70
 27. npasV1na 3HaXOA)KeHHfl nepsiCHO.i

4) f (x) = 2 sin 3x, I= (-oo; +oo), n(;;o}

2
5) f (x) = ~~ _ , I= (4; +oo), E (6; 12);
2

6) f (x) = e2' ',I= (-oo; +oo), M(- ~;4);

7) f (x) =
4x-3e
1 2
, I= (3e
4
2
- ; +oo , K ) 2
(e ; 6);

1
8) f (x) = , I = (O; 8n), N (2n; -3) .
. 2 x
Slil -
8
27. 7. • ,Il;JuI cpyHKIJ;i:i f (x) = 4x 3 + 4x 3Hali,n;iTb nepBicHy F, o,n;HH 3 HY-
JiiB HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe -1. 3Hali,n;iTh pemTy HyJiiB n;ie1 nepBiCHOl.
27 .8. • ,Il;JIH cpyHKn;il f (x) = x 2 - 12 3Hali,n;iTh nepBicHy F, o,n;HH 3 HYJiiB
HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe 3.
27.9: <l>YHKWI F 1 i F 2 e nepBiCHHMH cpyHKn;il f Ha npoMimKy (-oo; +oo).
fpacpiK <}>yHKn;il F 1 npoxo,n;HTh 11epe3 To11Ky A, a <l>YHKn;il F 2 -
Tiepe3 T011Ky B. fpa<}>iK HKo1 3 cpyHKn;ili, F 1 a6o F 2 , po3TamOBaHHH
BHm;e, HKm;o:
1) f (x) = 5x4 - 3x 2 - 2, A (l; 2), B (O; 5);
2) f (x) = (2x - 1)2 , A (2; 6), B (-1; l)?
1
27.10.' <l>yHKIIil F 1 i F 2 e nepsicmtMH 4>YHKI:\ii f (x) = '1 Ha npo-
5x -1
Mi:amy ( ~; +oo). fpa4JiK 4>YHKIIil F 1 npox 0/1HTh <re pea TO<r -

KY M ( 1; 9), a cpyHKn;il F 2 - 11epe3 TO'CJKY N ( 10; 8). fpa<}>iK HKo1

3 <l>YHKn;ili, F 1 a6o F 2 , po3TamoBaHHH BHm;e?
21.11: llIBH,ll;KiCTh MaTepiaJihHOl T011KH, .HKa pyxaeThCH no KOOp-
2
,ll;HHaTHiH npHMiH, 3MiHIOeThCH 3a 3aKOHOM v (t) = t + 2t - 3.
3anmniTh cpopMy.rry 3aJiemHOCTi 11 KOOp,ll;HHaTH Bi,n; 11acy, SIKm;o
B no11aTKOBHH MOMeHT 11acy t = 0 TOTIKa 3HaXO,ll;HJiaCSI B noTiaTKY
KOOp,ll;HHaT.
27.1 : TiJio pyxaeThCH no Koop,n;HHaTHili npHMili 3i mBH,n;KiCTIO,
.HKa BH3Ha11aeThCSI B 6y,n;h-HKHH MOMeHT 11acy t 3a cpopMyJIOIO
v (t) = 6t 2 + 1. 3Hali,n;iTh cpopMy.rry, HKa BHpamae aaJiemHiCTh
KOOp,ll;HHaTH TOlJKH Bi.n; 11acy' HKm;o B MOMeHT -qacy t = 3 c TiJIO
3HaxO,D;HJIOCSI Ha Bi,n;CTalli 10 M Bi,n; no11aTKY KOOp,ll;HHaT (mBH,n;KiCTh
pyxy BHMipIOE:ThCSI B MeTpax 3a ceKyH,n;y).

71
§ 4. IHrerpan ra illoro 3acrocysaHH~

27.13: 3aAaHTe cpopMyJIOIO tPYHKD;iIO, BH3HatreHy Ha rrpoMiJKRY

(-oo; +oo), rpafPiR .HROl rrpoXOAHTb trepe3 TO't!RY A (-1; 6), a RyTo-
BHH Roe<Pin;ieHT AOTHtfHOl, rrpoBeAeHOl AO D;bOro rpa<PiRa B TOtr:a;i
2 4
3 a6c:a;:acoro x, AOPiBHIO€ 6x - 5x •

2 . .• 3a,n;aliTe tPOPMYJIOIO tPYHRD;iIO, BH3Ha"tJ:eHy Ha rrpoMiJK-

RY (O; +oo), rpafPiR .HKo1 rrpoxoAHTb qepe3 ToqRy B ( 4; -5), a RY-
TOBHH Roecpi:a;ieHT AOTHtIHo1, rrpoBeAeHo1 AO D;boro rpafPiRa B TO"tl-
3
:a;i 3 a6cn;Hcoro x, AOPiBHIO€ Fx + 1.
27.15:• 3HaHAiTb:

Jsin Jsin 5x cos 3x dx; . 7x . 5x d

1)
2
x dx; 2) 3) f
s1n-s1n-
3 3
x.
27. 6: 3HaHAiTb:

1) Jcos 2
2x dx; 2) Jcos x cos Bx dx.
27 .17 ... 3HaHAiTb Ha rrpoMiJKKy (1; +oo) 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA. rrepBiCHHX
tPYHR:a;il:
3
1) f (x) = / ; 2) f (x) = x + x + 1 .
x -1 x-1
27.1 .. 3HaHAiTb Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; -3) 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX
cpyaRn;il:
3 2
1) f (x) = 21 ; 2) f (x) = x + 2x + 6 .
x +3x 3+x
21.19:· 3HaHAiTb 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX cpyHK:a;il y = tg 2 x Ha
•
rrpOMlJKKY ( - 1t ;
2
21tJ .
7 0 . 3HaHAi Tb 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX cpyHRD;il y =ctg 2 x
Ha rrpoMiJKRY (0; n).
2
21.21:· ,lJ;JI.H cpyHR:a;il f (x) = 2x + 3x 3HaHAiTb TaRy nepBiCHy, m;o
np.HMa y = 5x - 2 € AOTHtfHOIO AO 11 rpafPiKa.
2
27. ,lJ;JI.H cpyHR:a;il f (x) = x - 4 3HaHAiTb TaKy rrepBicHy, m;o
'rrp.aMa y = -3 € AOTHtfHOIO AO 11 rpacpiRa.

cpyHRD;il f (x) = -2x + 5 3HaHAiTb TaRy rrepBicHy, m;o 11

21.23:· ,lJ;JI.H
rpacpiK Mae TiJibRH OAHY cniJibHY TO't!RY 3 np.HMOIO y = 2.

7 ,lJ;JI.H cpyHRD;il f (x) = x + 1 3HaHAiTb TaKy nepBicHy, m;o iI

..
rpacpiR Ma€ TiJibRH OAHY crriJibHY TO't!RY 3 rrp.HMOIO y = -4.

72
 ·28. nnow,a KplllBOniHiil!Ho·1rpaneu,iL Blll3HaYeHlllill iHTerpan

27 .25. •• BacHJib 3anJiyTaliKo myKae nepB1cHy <l>YHKD;il y = cosx 2

TaK:
2
1) po6HTb 3aMiHy x = t i OTpHMye <l>YHKD;ilO y = cos t;
2) ,n;aJii myKae nepBiCHY <l>YHK:U;i:i y = cos t i OTpHMye y = sin t ;
2
3) IIOTiM 3aMiCTb t ni,n;CTaBJI.He 3Hal.JeHH.H t = x i po6HTb BHCHO-
2
BOK, m;o KOmHa nepBicHa Mae BHrJI.H.D; y =sin x + C, ,n;e C -
,n;e.HKe l.JHCJIO.
Y l.JOMY noJI.Hrae noMHJIKa BacHJI.H?
27 .26. * qH Mae <l>YHKII,i.H f (x) = sgn ( x) nepBiCHy?
27 .27. * qH MOme <l>YHKII,i.H, .HKa pospHBHa B ,n;e.HKili TOl.JII,i, MaTH
nepBicHy Ha npoMimKy ( -oo; +oo)?

n I'(.

PosrJI.HHeMo <l>YHKII,iro f, .HKa e HenepepBHoro Ha Bi,n;pisKy [a; b]

i Ha6yBae Ha II,bOMY npoMimKy HeBi,n;'eMHHX 3Hal.JeHb. <l>irypy, o6Me-
meHy rpacpiKOM <l>YHKII,i1 f i np.HMHMH y = 0' x = a i x = b' Ha3HBalOT~
Kpueo.Jtiniuno 10 mpaneijie 10.
Ha pHCYHKY 28.1 HaBe,n;eHo npHKJia,n;H KpHBOJiiHiHHHX Tpa-
ne:u;ili.

y y y

0 a b x 0 a b x 0 x
PHC. 28.1

y Kypci reoMeTpil BH II03HaHOMHJIHC.H 3 IIOH.HTT.HM IlJIOID;i MHOro-

KYTHHKa. CTpore osHat.JeHH.H nJiom;i KpHBOJiiHiliHoi: Tpane:u;il BHXO.D;HTb
sa Memi IllKiJibHoro Kypcy. Ha,n;aJii 6y,n;eMo KOpHcT)TBaTHC.H BJiaCTHBOC-
T.HMH IlJIOID;i KPHBOJiiHiHHOI Tpanen;il, 3BepTalOl.JHCb ,n;o iHTYITHBHOro
y.HBJieHH.H npo nJiom;y cpirypH. .
PosrJI.HHeMo TeopeMy, .HKa ,n;ae 3MOry o6t.JHCJiroBaTH IIJiom;i KPHBO-
JiiHiHHHX Tpane:u;ili.

73
§ 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3acrocysaHHH

Teo p e Ma 2 8 . 1 . lllLOUfY S KpuBoniniuno'i mpanelfi'i, o6Me:Jteeuo'i

zpafjJiKOM fjJynKlfi'i y = f (x) i npJl,MUMU y = 0, x = a i x = b (a < b),
Mo:Jteua 06-.,,ucnumu 3a fjJopMyno10
S = F (b) - F (a),
iJe F - 6yiJb-Jl,Ka nepBicKa fjJyuKlfi'i f na BiiJpi3KY [a; b].
J(oBeoenn.fl. Po3rJIHHeMo cl>YHKn;iro y =S (x), .n;e x E [a; b], HKY
BH3HRlleHO TaKHM rrpaBHJIOM .
.HKm;o x =a, TO s
(a)= O; HKID;O x E (a; b], TO (x) - n;e IIJiom;a s
KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparreu;il, IIOKa3aHOl mTpHXOBKOIO Ha pHCyHKy 28.2.
,IJ;oBe,n;eMo, m;o S' (x) = f (x) ,n;JIH Bcix x E [a; b].
Hexali x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TO'l!Ka Bi,n;pi3Ka [a; b] i ~x - rrpnpicT apry-
MeHTY cpyHKD;il = y s(x) y TO"t!D;i XO. 06MemHMOCH posrJIH,ZJ;OM BHrra.n;-
Ky, KOJIB ~x > 0 (BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH ~x < 0, posrJIH,n;aeThCH aHaJIOri"t!HO).
MaeMo: ~S = S (~ 0 + ~x) - S (x 0 ).
0TpHMY€MO, m;o ~s - n;e IIJiom;a KPHBOJiiHiMHOl Tparren;il, 3a-
illTPHXOBaHOl Ha pHCYHKY 28.3.

y y

A B
0 a x bx 0 a X0 t X 0 +~XX

PHC. 28.2 PHc. 28.3 PHC. 28.4

Ha Bi,n;pi3KY AB HK Ha cTopoHi rro6y.n;yeMo rrpHMOKYTHHK, rrJiom;a

HK Oro .n;opiBHIOe ~s. ,IJ;oBmHHH CTOpiH D;hOro rrpHMOKYTHHKa ,[(0-
piBHIOIOTh ~x i f (t), .n;e t - ,n;eHKa T0'1Ka rrpoMimKy [xo; XO + ~x]
(pHc. 28.4). lcHyBaHHH TaKOl TO"lJ:KH t MOmHa ,[(OBeCTH, BHKOPHCTOBy-
IOlJH ,ZJ;JIH cpyHKn;iY f .n;pyry TeopeMy BeliepmTpacca Ta ;n;pyry TeopeMy
BoJihD;aHo-Komi.

TaKHM tIHHOM, 6.S = f (t) • ~x. 3Bi,n;cH 8.S = f (t).

~x
.HKm;o ~x ~ 0, TO t ~ x0• OcKiJihKH cpyHKD;iH f e HerrepepBHoro
B T.O-qn;i XO, TO lim f (t) = f (xo). 3Bi,[(CH, HKID;O ~x ~ 0, TO f (t) ~ f (xo>·
t-?Xo

MaeMo S' (x0 ) = lim ~S = lim f (t) = f (x0 ).

A:£ ---? o ~x A:£---? o
OcKiJihKH x 0 - ,n;oBiJihHa TOtIKa o6JiacTi BH3HatieHHH cpyHKD;il
y = s (x), TO ,[(JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E [a; b] BHKOHY€ThCH piBHiCTh
S' (x) = f (x).

74
 28. nnow,a Kp111soniHiiliH0·1rpaneu,i'I. Bvt3HaYeHvti71 iHrerpan

0TpHMaJIH, m;o cpyHKD;iH y = s (x) e O,D;Hiero 3 nepBiCHHX cpyHKII;ll f

na Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b].
Hexali F - ,n;eHKa nepBicHa cpyHKn;il f na Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b]. To,n;i
3ri,D;HO 3 OCHOBHOIO BJiaCTHBiCTIO nepBiCHOl MOmHa 3aIIHCaTH
F (x) = S (x) + C,
,n;e c - ,n;eHKe 't!HCJIO.
MaeMo:
F (b) - F (a)= (S (b) + C) - (S (a) + C) = S (b) - S (a) = S (b).
3a 03Ha't!eHHHM <PYHKII;ll y = s (x) rrryKaHa IIJiom;a s KPHBOJiiHi:ttHOl
Tpa11eu;il ,n;opiBHroe S (b). OT.me,
S = F (b) - F (a).
nPVIK.flAA 1 3Ha:ii,n;iTb IIJIOm;y S cpirypH, o6MemeHOl rpacpiKOM cpyHK-
D;ll
... f () .
X = Slil X 1. IlpHMHMH y = 0 , X = -7t,1 X = -7t .
3 2
Po38'.R.3ann.R.. Ha pHcyHKY 28.5 ao6pameHo KpHBOJiiHiliHy Tpa-
neu;iro, IIJiom;y HKOl IIOTpi6HO 3HaHTH.

Y f (x) = 4x - x 2
y

1t 7t x
/ 0 3 2
PHc. 28.5 PHc. 28.6

0,n;Hiero 3 nepBiCHHX cpyHKII;il f (x) =sin x Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [ 7t3 ·, 7t2]

e <l>YHKl\iH F(x) =-cos x. To11i S= F(;)-F (:)=-cos; +cos;=

= .!. . •
2

nPVIKJ1 A
3HaH,D;iTb IIJIOID;y s cpirypH, o6MemeHOl rpacpiKOM cpyHK-
2
u;il f (x) = 4x - x i IIPHMOIO y = 0.
Po 3 8' Ji 3 an n Ji. I'pacpiK cpynKn;il f nepeTHHae 11pHMY y = 0 y TO't!-
Rax X1=0 i X2 = 4 (pHC. 28.6). To,n;i Q;>irypa, IIJiom;y HKOl Tpe6a
3HaHTH, e KPHBOJiiHiHHOIO Tpaneu;iero, HKa o6MemeHa rpaQ;>iKOM
cl>YHKII;il f i IIpHMHMH y = 0, X = 0, X = 4.
75
§ 4. IHrerpan ra illoro 3ckrocysaHHs:J

0,n;Hiero 3 nepBiCHHX <PYHKI.J;ll f Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [O; 4] e <PYHKI.J,i.H

3
F (x) = 2x 2 - ~. To,n;i
3
3
2 4 32
S=F(4)-F(0)=2·4 - - = - . •
3 3
0a eu s1. Hexaif F - nepuicHa 4>YJIK~ f Ha npoMhEKY I, qucJia
a i b, ~e a < b, HaJieacan npoMiacKy I. PiaHHD;IO F (b) - F (a} Ha-
3HBaIOTL p 0 fl>y111tu;ii f Ha B4q>iaey [a; b].

BH3HaqeHHH iHTerpa.rr <PYHKI.J;li f Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] no3HaqaroTb

b

ff (x) dx (qHTaIOTb: «iHTerpa.rr Bi,n; a .n;o b e<P Bi,n; iKC .n;e iKC» ). 0Tme,
a
b
Jf (x) dx
a
= F (b)-F (a) (1)

TYT F - ,L\OBiJibHa rrepBicHa <PYHKI.J;il f Ha rrpoMi:>RKY I.

3 2
HanpHKJia,L\, <PYHKI.J;iH F (x) = x e rrepBicHoro <PYHKn;i1 f (x) = 3x
Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; +oo). To.n;i ,L\JIH ,L\OBi.JibHHX qHceJI a i b, .n;e a < b,
MO:>RHa 3aIIHCaTH:
b

fax dx=F(b)-F(a)=b 3 -a 3 •
2

a
3ayBamHMo, m;o 3HaqeHHH pi3Hl'l:a;i F (b)-F (a) He aanemHTb
Bi,!\ Toro, HKY caMe rrepBicHy <PYHKa;ii f o6paHo. CrrpM,n;i, KO:>RHY
rrepBicHy G <PYHKI.J;il f Ha rrpoMimKy I MO:>RHa rro,[\aTH y BHrJIH,L\i
G (x) = F (x) + C, ,[\e C - ,[\eHKa cTaJia. To,n;i
G (b)-G (a)= (F (b)+C)-(F (a) +C) = F (b)-F (a).
IIi.n; qac ,n;oBe,[\eHHH TeopeMH 28.1 BCTaHOBJieHo, m;o <PYHKI.J;iH
y = s (x) (pHC. 28.2) e rrepBiCHOIO HerrepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky <PYHKD;ll f,
HKa Ha6yBae Ha HbOMY JIHme HeBi,n;' eMHHX 3HaqeHb. IJ;e TBep,n;meHHH
iJirocTpye Toli <PaKT, m;o KO]ICna nenepepBna na BiopiaKy <jJynKq.i.R .Mae
nepBicny na q.bo.My BiopiaKy. Y cBoro qepry :u;e oaHaqae, r:u;o ,n;JIH
KO:>RHOl HenepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b] <PYHK:u;il icHye BH3HaqeHHH
b

iH~erpan ff (x) dx.

a
PiBHiCTb ( 1) Ha3HBaIOTb fl>OPMY JIOIO HLroToHa-Jleif6Hiu;a.
b
0Tme, ,n;JIH o6qHcJieHHH BH3HaqeHoro iHTerpa.rra Jf (x) dx aa cpop-
a
MyJioro HbIOTOHa-Jieli6Hin;a rroTpi6Ho:
1) aHaHTH 6y,n;b-HKY rrepBicHy F <PYHK:a;il f Ha Bi.n;piaKy [a; b];

76
 28. nno~a KpvrnoniHiii1Ho·1rpaneu,i'i. Bvt3HaYeHvtii1 iHTerpan

2) o6't!HCJIHTH 3HatieHH.a rrepBicHo1 F y TOtIKax x = b Ta x =a;

3) 3HaHTH pi3HHII;IO F (b)-F (a).
IlpH o6'CIHCJieHHi BH3HaCieHHX iHTerpa.rriB piaHHII;IO F (b)-F (a)

no3HatiaIOTh F (x) 1:.

BHKOPHCTOBYIOtIH TaKe II03HaCieHHH, o6't!HCJIHMO, HarrpHKJia,n;,
7t

6
iHTerpa.JI fcos x dx. MaeMo:
0
7t

6 It
. x
fcos x d x = sin 16 = sin
. -7t - •
sin 0 = -1 .
0
0 6 2

nPMKnAA 06't!HcJiiTh f(x 4 2

+ x -2) dx.
1
PoaB'a3annR. MaeMo:

j(x4 +x2 -2) dx =(x5 + xs -2xJ 2-

1 5 3 1

.HKu~o cpyHKD;iH f
Mae rrepBicHy F Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] i c E (a; b),
TO 3 cpopMyJIH HhIOTOHa-Jleli6Hin;a BHIIJIHBae TaKa BJiaCTHBiCTh BH-
3HaCieHoro iHTerpa.rra:
b c b

a
Jf (x) dx =ft (x) dx +ff (x) dx.
a c
CrrpaB,n;i,
b

ft (x) dx = F (b)-F (a)= (F (b)-F (c))+(F (c)-F (a))=

a
b c
=ff (x) dx +ff (x) dx.
c a
.HK~O KOJJCHa 3 cpyHKD;iH f
i g Mae rrepBiCHy Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b],
TO, BHKOPHCTOBYIO't!H TeopeMH 27.1 i 27 .2, MOJJCHa ,D;OBeCTH (3po6iTh
n;e CaMOCTiHHO) TaKi BJiaCTHBOCTi BH3HatieHoro iHTerpa.rra:
b b b

1) J(f (x) + g (x)) dx = Jf (x) dx + fg (x) dx;

a a a
b b
2) Jkf (x) dx =k ft (x) dx, ,n;e k - ,n;eHKe 't!HCJio.
a a

77
§ 4. IHrerpan ra ~oro 3acrocysaHH~

<PopMyJI a HhIOTOHa-Jleli6Hiu;a .ZJ;03BOJI.He BCTaHOBHTH 3B '.H30R Mim

BH3Ha"l!eHHM iHTerpaJIOM i IIJiorn;ero s
RpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparreu;il, 06-
MemeHOl rpacpiROM <PYHRD;il y = f (x) i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x =a ix= b
(a < b).
BHRopHCTOBYIO"l!H TeopeMy 28.1, MomHa sarrHcaTH:
b

S= ft (x)dx
a

3aYBamHMO, rn;o B Ha.Be,n;eHiH cpopM)7.7Ii po3rJI.H,ZJ;aIOTbC.H HenepepBHi

cpyHKI.J;il f, .HRi Ha Bi,n;pi3RY [a; b] Ha6yBaIOTh TiJibKH HeBi,n;'eMHHX
3Ha"l!eHh. IIpoTe BH3Ha1IeHHH iHTerpaJI MOmHa BHROpHCTaTH ,ZJ;JI.H 06-
"l!HCJieHH.H IIJIOID; 6iJibIII CRJia,ZJ;HHX cpiryp.
PoarJI.HHeMO HerrepepBHi Ha Bi,n;pi3RY [a; b] cpyHRD;il fig TaRi, rn;o
,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E [a; b] BHROHyeTbC.H HepiBHiCTh f (x) ~ g (x).
IloRameMo, .HR aHaHTH rrJioru;y S cpirypH <I>, .HKa o6MemeHa rpa-
cpiKaMH cpyHKD;iH fig Ta rrp.HMHMH x =a ix= b (pHC. 28. 7).

y y y = f(x) + c0

0 x

y = g(x)

PRC. 28. 7 PRC. 28.8

IIepeHeceMO cpirypy <I> Bropy Ha co O,ZJ;HHHD;h TaK, rn;o6 OTpHMa.Ha

cpirypa <l>l 3HaxO,ZJ;HJiaC.H BHrn;e Bi,n; oci a6CD;HC (pHC. 28.8). <I>iry-
pa <D 1 o6MemeHa rpacpiKaMH cpyHKD;iH y = f (x) + c0 i y = g ( x) + c0
Ta, rrp.HMHMH x
= a, x = b.
OcRiJihRH cpirypH <I> i <1> 1 MaIOTh piBHi IIJiorn;i, TO myKaHa nJiorn;a
8 ,n;opiBHIOe pi3HHD;i 8 1 - Sg, ,n;e:
sI - IIJIOrn;a RpHBOJiiIDHHOl Tparreu;il, o6MemeHOl rpacpiKOM <PYHR-
u;il y=f (x)+co Ta rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x =a ix= b (PHC. 28.9, a);
sg - IIJiom;a KpliBOJI.iHiHHOl Tparre:a;il, o6MemeHOl rpacpiRoM cpyHR-
u;il y = g (x) +Co Ta np.HMHMH y = 0, x = a i x = b (pHC. 28.9, 6).

78
 28. nno~a Kp111so11iHill1Ho'I rpaneu,i"I. 81t13HaYeH111!11 iHTerpa11

y y =f(x) +co y ,.. ....... ,

.....
I
I
' ' ... ..... .,
I

..... .....
s,,
______
I
•Y = g(x) +co'
I

a b a b
0 x 0 x

a 6
P:ac. 28.9

TaRHM "t!HHOM, BHRop::acTOBYIO"tJH BJiaCTHBOCTi BH3HatieHoro iHTe-

rpana, MOJKeMo 3aIIHCaTH:
b • b

S=S1 -Sg = f(f (x)+c 0 )dx- f(g(x)+c 0 )dx=

a a
b b

= J((f ( x) + C0 ) - ( g ( x) + c0 ) ) dx = J(f ( x) - g ( x)) dx.

a a
OT.me, RK140 c/JY1iK"£tir fig e 1ienepepB1iUMU Tia Biopi3x;y [a; b] i iJJLJl
ecix x E [a; b] eux;oliyembcJl 1iepiB1iiCmb f (x) ~ g (x), mo nJL014y S
cjJieypu, JlKa 06MeJ1Cena epacjJix;aMu (jly 1iK"£tiU f i g ma npJiMuMu x = a
i x = b, .MOJKna o61lUCJLumu 3a rjJopMyJLoJO
b

S= J(f (x)- g (x)) dx

a

nP~KnA.Q 4 3Ha.H,n;iTh rrno~y s cpirypH, y

o6MeJKeHOl rpacpiRaMH cpyHRII;iH
f (x) = -x2 + 6x - 6 i g (x) = x 2 - 2x.
PoaB'aaaJi'liJl. Po3B'H3aBillH piB-
HHHHH f (x) = g (x), ycTaHOBJIIO€MO, ~o
rpacpiRH cpyHRII;iH f i g rrepeTHHaIOTbC.H
y ,ll;BOX TO't!Rax 3 a6cn;HCaMH x = 1 i x = 3. x
Ha pHcyHRY 28 .10 306pa.meHo cpirypy
(BOHa 3a<}>ap60BaHa JKOBTHM ROJibOpOM),
IIJIO~Y HROl IIOTpi6Ho 3HaHTH.
P:ac. 28.10
To,n;i
3
3
2
S= f<t (x)-g(x))dx= Jc-2x 2
+8x-6)dx=(- x +4x -6x)
2
_
1 1 3 1

2 2 2 2
=( / + 4 . 3 -6 . 3)-( - / +4 ·1 - 6 · 1) = : . •

79·
§ 4. IHrerpan Ta 171oro 3acrocysaHH~

BnpaaM
28.1. 3Hali,n;iTh ITJIO~Y KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tpane:u;il, 306pameHOl Ha
0

pHCYHKY 28.11.
y
y = x2

0 1 x

0 1 2 x
(
a 6
y

0
6 3 2
-1 0 1 x
8

0 4 x -3-2 0 x
r j)
y
1
Y=2
x

0 .11 x
-2 2
e e
PRC. 28.11

80
 28. nnoli.\a Kp111soniHiii1Ho'I rpaneuJi. B1t13HaYeH1t1ii1 iHTerpan

2 2 3Ha:li,n;iTb IlJIO~Y KPMBOJiiHiHHOl Tpanen;il, ao6pameHOl Ha

°
pMCYHKY 28.12.

Y y = sinx

a 6
y = -2x-x 2 Y

0 1 2 x
8

y
y
1
y= x4
y=-
xa

0 1 3 x
0 1 e x
()

PHc. 28.12
0

28.3. 06T.J:MCJiiTh:
7 2 100
1) fx dx; 4) fx 4
dx; 7) f dx;
5 -1 16 J;
8
-1t ea
3
2) fdx; 5) fsin x dx; 8) fdx;
2 x
3 0 e
1t
-
0 3 10
dx
3) fx 2
dx; 6)
It
f
cos 2 x '
. 9) fd~;
1x
-3 -
4

81
§ 4. IHrerpan ra i71oro 3acrocysaHHH

1C
3 -2
f3x dx;
2
10)
-2
12) J(2x+4)dx;
-4
14) fC4 sin x + 2 cos x) dx.
0
8 6
11) f~ dx; 13) fC3x 2 -x) dx;
1 0
0
28.4. QfrqHcJiiTh:
-7t
1)
-2
J2dx; 4) j dx . 7) J dx;
-4 n sin x ' 2
1 x
-4

2)
2

Jx 3
dx; 5) Jdx.
3

4' 8)
9

J.fx" dx;
1 1 x 4
7t
-
2 4 1
3) Jcos x dx; 6) Jex dx; 9) fC1-5x )dx.
4

0 0 -1

IIJIO~Y KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparre:a;il, o6Me:>KeHo1:

0
28.5. 3Han,n;iTb
1) rrapa60JIOIO y = x 2 + 1 i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = 0, x = 2;
.. . . 0 1t 1t
2) KOCHHYCOl,ll;OIO y = COS X 1 IIp.HMHMH y= , X = --, X = -;
6 2
3
3) rpa<t>iKOM <l>YHKD;il y = -x i rrp.HMHMH y = 0' x = - 2;
4) rrapa6oJioIO y = 3 - 2x - x 2 i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = -2, x = O;

5) rirrep6oJIOIO y = ]:__ i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = .!., x = 2;

2x 4
2
6) rrapa6oJioIO y = 2x - x i Bicc10 a6c:a;Hc;
1t 7t
7) CHHycol,n;oIO y = sin 2x i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = - , x = -;
12 4
1
8) rpa<t>iKOM <l>YHKD;il y = 2
i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = -1, x = O;
(x-1)
9) rpa<t>iKOM <l>YHKr~il y = ex + 1 i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = 0, x = -2;
10) rpa<t>iKOM <l>YHKD;il y = .J5-x i rrp.HMHMH y = 0, x = -4.
28.6. 3HaH,n;iTb IIJIO~y KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparre:a;il, o6Me:>KeHOl JiiHi.HMH:
0

1) y = x 2 - 1, y = 0, x = 2;
2) y = -x 2 - 4x, y = 0, x = -3, x = -1;
8
3) y = --, y = 0, x = - 4, x = -2;
x

82
r
28. nnow,a Kp1t1soniHiLiiH0°l rpaneu,i'I. BV13HaYeHV1Lii iHTerpan

1 y
4) y- y = 0, x = -1, x = 1;
- (x+2) 2 '

5) y ='1x+4, y ~ 0, x = -3, x = 5;
6) y=GJ-1, y=O, x=-2, x=-4.
~o KpHBOJiiHiliHi Tpane:a;il,
0
28. 7. ,I:(oBe,u;i Tb,
3a<t>ap60BaHi Ha pHCYHKY 28.13, piBHO~e­
PHc. 28.13
JIHKi.
0
28.8. 06"l!HCJiiTb:
3 1
dx
1) J<4x -4x+3) dx;
1
3
7
) J3-2x;
-1

3it
x
2) Jcos-dx;
2

lt 3
-2
lt

3)
J 3 dx
3

2
.
'
n sin 2x
-6
1 0 x
4) J(x-3) 2
dx; 10) Je-6 dx;
-2 -6
1
1 2
dx
5) J<5x-3) dx;
5
11) f .
.!
_
1
(4x+1) 3 '
5

J dx 12) 116~
6
6) ; Jax-2dx.
2 '13x-2 -24 4
0
28.9. 06't!HCJiiTb:

1) f(:, +2x-3x' )dx; 4)

1

J(2x -1)
0
4
dx; 1
3

I
> 3x+l;
dx

7
41t 7 6
2)
4it
-
3
Jsin x4 dx; 5
) J '1ax +4;
dx
8
) ! dx
(6x - 5) 2 ;

ln4 4

3
) f
n dx
2(X 7t); 6) Je- 2
x dx; 9) J'17x-3 dx.
0 cos 2- 3 ln3 1

83
§ 4. IHTerpan ra Lltoro 3aaocysaHHH

28.lo.· 3Hali,n;iTh IIJIO~y cpirypH, o6MemeHOl JiiHi.HMH:

2
1) y = X , y = 4; 9) y = x2 + 2x + 1, y = X + 3;
2
2) y = 2x , y = 2x; 10) y = -x 2 + 2x, y = x 2 ;
3) y = ex, y = 1, x = 2; 11) y = x 3 , y = x 2 ;
4
4) y = - ' y = l, x = 1; 12) y = ex' y = e' x = 0;
x
4 7
5) y = -, y = 4, x = 4; 13) y = -, x + y = 8;
x x
2
6) y = x2 - 4x + 5, y = 5; 14) y = 2 , y = 2x, x = 2;
x
7t
7) y =2 + x - x2, y = 2 - x; 15) y = sin x, y = cos x, x =. 0, X=-.
4
8) y = x 2 + 2, y = x + 4;
28.11: 3Hali,n;iTh IIJIO~ <t>irypH, o6MemeHo1:
1) rpacpiKOM <PYHKD;il y = x 3 i np.HMHMH y = 8, x = 1;
2) napa6oJioro y = 0,5x 2 i rrp.HMOIO y = -x;
3) napa6oJIOIO y = 4 - x 2 i rrp.HMOIO y = 3;
4) napa6oJioro y = 6 + x - x 2 i rrp.HMOIO y = 6 - 2x;
5) rrapa6oJiaMH y = x 2 - 4x + 4 i y = 4 - x 2 ;
6) rirrep60JIOIO y = ~ i rrpHMHMH y = 3, x = 3;
x
7) rpacpiKOM cpyHKD;ll y = e-x i rrp.HMHMH y = e, x = 0;
8) rirrep6oJIOIO y =~ i IIPHMOIO x + y = 6.
x
28.12: 3HaH,n;iTh IlJIO~y cpirypH, o6MemeHOl BiCCIO op,n;HHaT i rpacpi-

RaMH <i>YHRD;iH y =cos 2x, y =sin x, 311,!\!IHHX Ha Bi,z\piaRy [ O; : J

28.13: IlpH HKOMY ,n;o,n;aTHOMY 3HatieHHi rrapa.MeTpa a BH3HatieHHH
a
iHTerpaJI J<6-2x) dx Ha6yBae Hali6iJihmoro aHa't!eHHH?
0
28.14: IlpH HKHX 3Ha't!eHHHX rrapa.MeTpa a IIJIO~a cpirypH, o6MemeHOl
2
JiiHiHMH y = x ' y = 0, x = a, ,n;opiBHIOe 9?
28.15. IlpH HKHX 3Ha"C£eHHHX rrapa.MeTpa a IIJIO~a cpirypH, o6MemeHOl
JiiHiHMH y = 2x3, y = 0, x =a, ,n;opiBHIOe 8?
28.16: IlpH .HKOMY aHa"t!eHHi rrapa.MeTpa a rrp.HMa x = a poa6HBae
cpirypy' o6MemeHy rpacpiKOM cpyHKD;il y =~ i rrp.HMHMH y = 0'
x
x = 3' x = 12' Ha ,ZJ;Bi piBHOBeJIHKi cpirypH?

84
 28. nnow.a KpV1BOniHi~H0°l Tpaneu,i'I. BV13HaYeHV1~ iHTerpan

2 1 IlpH HKOMY 3Ha11eHHi napaMeTpa a npsrMa x = a po36HBae

3
cpirypy, o6MemeHy rpacpiKOM <PYHKD;ii y = -x Ta IIPHMHMH y = 0,
x = -2' Ha ,D;Bi piBHOBeJIMKi cpirypM?
28.18.· IlpM HKMX 3Ha'1eHHHX napaMeTpa a BHKOHY€TbCH HepiBHiCTb:
a
1) J(4-2x) dx < 3, ,n;e a > O;
0

2) J 0, 2x dx > ln0,2
a 19
, ,n;e a > log
·
02
6?
log 0 ,2 6

2 19: IlpH HKHX 3Ha'1eHHHX napaMeTpa a BHKOHY€TbCH HeplB-

HiCTb
J 2x1 + 1Jdx > 1, 5, ,n;e a > -12 ?
a (
1
-
2
28.20: 06'1HCJiiTh BH3Ha'1eHHH iHTerpan:
It

12 2
1) ftg 2
3x dx; 3) Jcos 3x cos x dx;
0
0

f ex :xe
0 2 x 3
2) f 2sin 2
x dx· 4) x
dx.
- Tt
4 ' 1

28.21: 06'1HCJiiTh BH3Ha'1eHHH iHTerpan:

15n 7t

1)
5n
f ctg
4
2
x
-dx;
5
3) f sin 7x cos 3x dx;
It
-4 2
It

2 -1
x 2 -e x
2) fcos
It
2
2x dx; 4)
f
_
2
x 2e
x dx.

2
28.22: 3HaH,D;iTh nnorn;y cpirypM, o6MemeHOl JiiHiHMH:
1) y = x2 - 3x - 4, y = 0, x = 0, x = 3;
2) y = - x 2 , y = x - 2;
3) y = x 2 - 4, y = 4 - x 2 ;
4) y = x 2 - 2x, y = x;
27t
5) y = 3sin x, y = -2sin x, x = 0, x = -;
3
4
6) y = - -2, y = 2, x = 2, x = 4.
x
85
§ 4. IHTerpan ra ~oro 3aCTocysaHHf!

28.23: 3Ha.H,n;iTh IIJIOID;Y <PirypH, o6MemeHOl JiiHiHMH:

1t 1t
1) y = x 2 - 4x, y = x - 4; 3) y =cos x, y = -2 cos x, x =--, x = -;
6 2
2
2) y =3 - x 2
, y = 2x; 4) y = 4 - x , y =x 2
- 2x.

28.24:· 3Hali,n;iTh IIJIOID;Y <PirypH, o6MeJKeHOI:

2
2- X , HKID;O X < 1,
1) rpa<PiKOM <PYHKa;il y-
{ 2x -1, HKID;O i IIpHMHMH y = 0,
X ~ 1,
x=-1,x=2;

cosx, HKm;o - n < x <0,

2) rpa<PiKOM cpyHKD;il y = 2 i IlpHMOIO
{
1- X, HKID;O 0 < X <1,
y = 0.
28.25:· 3Hali,n;iTb IIJIOID;Y cpirypH, o6MemeHo1:
X + 3, HKID;O X <-1,
1) rpacpiKOM cpyHKD;il y = 2
{
i IIPHMHMH y = 0'
X + 1, HKID;O X ~ -1,

x:::::: -2, x = O;

2) rpacpiKOM cpyHKD;il 1 IlpHMOIO

y = 0.

28.26:· 3Haii'AiTb IlJIOID;Y cpirypH, o6MeJKeHOl rrapa60JIOIO y = !.x 2 + l,

2
rrpHMOIO, HKa ,ZJ;OTHKaeTbCH ,n;o n;ie1 rrapa60JIH y Toqn;i 3 a6CD;HCOIO
XO= 2, Ta OCHMH KOOp,ZJ;HHaT.

28.27:· 3Ha.H,n;iTb IlJIOIIzy cpirypH, o6MemeHOl BiCCIO a6cn;Hc, rpacpiKOM

3
cpyHKD;il y = 2x Ta rrpHMOIO, HKa ,ZJ;OTHKa€TbCH ,n;o D;bOro rpacpiKa
B Toqn;i 3 a6CD;HCOIO XO = 1.
28.28.·· 06JiaCTIO BH3HaqeHHH HerrepepBHOl cpyHKII;il f e rrpoMiJKOK
x
[0; +oo). 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il F (x) = ff (t) dt.
0
28.'29.·· 06JiaCTIO BH3HaqeHHH HenepepBHOl cpyHKII;il f e npoMiJKOK
0
(-oo; O]. 3Hali,n;irb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il F (x) = ff (t) dt.
x
28.ao:· <l>yHKD;iH f HenepepBHa Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b]. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb icHy-
b
BaHHH TaKoro cE(a;b), m;o ft(x)dx=f(c)(b-a).
a

86
 28. nno~a Kp1-10oniHiVIHo·i rpaneu,i'i. B1t13HaYeH1t1ill iHrerpan

28.31:· <l>y1uu1;il f i g HerrepepBHi Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b] i ,n;JIH Bcix

x E [a; b] BHKOHY€TbCH HepiBHiCTb f (x)?;: g (x). ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, m;o
b b

Jf (x) dx ?J: fg (x) dx.

a a
28.32 ... <l>yHKrtiH f HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b] i ,ZJ;JIH BCix x E [a; b]
BHKOHY€TbCH HepiBHiCTb f (x) ~ 0. Hexali s - IIJIOm;a <PirypH,
o6Me»<:eHOl npHMHMH x =a, x = b, y = 0 i rpa<PiKOM <l>YHK:a;il f.
b

,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o Jf (x) dx =-S.

a
28.33:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH HenepepBHa Ha IR <l>YHK:a;iH y = f (x)
a a
e napH010, TO Jf (x) dx = 2 Jf (x) dx, ,n;e a > 0.
-a 0
28.34.·· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH HerrepepBHa Ha IR <l>YHK:a;iH y = f (x) e He-
a
napHoro, To Jf (x) dx =0, ,n;e a > 0.
-a
28.35.•• Q6qHCJiiTb:
1 8 1

1) J.J1-x dx;
2
3) f.Jsx-x dx; 2
5) JI x Idx;
-1 4 -4
0 1 5
2) 2
f .J9 - x dx; 4) J.J5-4x-x dx;
2
6) fI x - 21 dx.
-3 -5 0
28.36. •• 06'CIHCJiiTb:
5 5
1) J.J25 - x 2
dx; 3) J.J6x-x 2 -5 dx;
-5 1
2../3 2
2) J.J12- x 2
dx; 4) JI x+l ldx.
-2
0
2 ~
28.37:· 3Hali,n;iTb
-2
f 2~ +-l1 dx.
2

x
1

28.38:· 3Hali,n;iTb JIn ( .J1 + x 2

- x) dx.
-1
e
28.39.* 06'tlHCJiiTb BH3Ha'tleHHli iHTerpan JIn x dx.
1
1
2·8 .40. 06'tlHCJiiTb BHaHa'tleHHli iHTerpan Jarcsin x dx.
0

87
§ 4. IHrerpan ra Vloro 3acrocysaHH~

28.41. * 3Hali,n;iTb o,n;Hy 3 rrepBiCHHX <l>YHKD;ll y = .J4 - x 2 Ha rrpOMDK-

KY [-2; 2].
1 1 1 1 n+~ 1
28.42.* ,[I;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb -+-+-+ ... +- >
1 2 3 n
f -x dx.
1

28.43. * ,[I;oBe,n;iTb 36imHiCTb IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi 13 3ara.rrbHHM ~JieHOM

1 1 1 . 1
xn = R+ H+ H+ ... +j;;s.

06'-l~cn HHA 06' Mia In

y rrorrepe,n;HbOMY rryHKTi BH ,n;i3HaJIHC.H, .HK aa ,ZJ;OIIOMororo iH-
TerpyBaHH.H MO:>KHa o6~HCJIIOBaTH IIJIOrn;y KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparre:u;iL
Hara,n;aeMo, ru;o KOJIH cpirypa o6MemeHa rpacpiKaMH cpyHK:a;iii fig Ta
rrp.HMHMH x =a i x = b (pHC. 29.1), TO 11 IIJiorn;y MO:>KHa o6~HCJIHTH
aa cpopMyJioro
b

S= J(f (x)- g (x)) dx.

a
Poar JI.HHeMo cpyHK:a;iro l ( x) = f (x) - g ( x). BeJIH~HHa l (x 0 ) =
= f (Xo )- g (Xo) ,n;opiBHIO€ ,D;OB:>KHHi Bi,n;piaKa, ITO .HKOMY BepTHKaJibHa
rrp.HMa x = XO rrepeTHHae ,n;aHy cpirypy (pHC. 29.2). 0Tme, MO:>KHa
aaIIHCaTH:
b

J
S = l (x) dx. (1)
a

y y=f(x)
f(x 0 f'- ---
l (x0)
y= (x)
g(xo)
y=g(x)
0 x
0 x
PHc. 29.1 PHC. 29.2

BH.HBJI.H€TbC.H, rn;o ocTaHHIO cpopMyJiy MO:>KHa yaara.rrbHHTH ,n;JI.H

p03B'.H3YBaHH.H aa,n;a~ Ha o6~HCJieHH.H o6'eMiB rrpOCTOpOBHX TiJI.
y rrpOCTOPOBIB rrp.HMOKYTHiii ,n;eKapTOBili CHC'l'eMi Koop,n;HHaT p03-
rJI.HHeMO TlJIO <I>, o6'eM .HKoro ,n;opiBHIOe V. Hexaii IIJIOIIJ;HHa x = x 0

88
 29. 06'11t1cneHHH o6'E:MiB Tin

n epeTHHae Tirro <I> no cpirypi 3 nJiom;e10 S (x0 ), z

a rrpoeKII,i€IO TiJia <I> Ha BiCh a6CII,HC e Bi,n;pi-
30K [a; b] (pHc. 29.3). HKm;o y=S(x) - He-
nepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a;b] cpyHKD;iH, TO
06' €M TiJia <I> MOJKHa o6"t!HCJIHTH 3a <PopMy- 0
JIOIO
b

V= JS(x)dx (2)
a
PRC. 29.3
11.10 <POPMYJIY MOJKHa ,D;OBeCTH, BHKOpHCTO-
BYIO"t!H i,n;e10 ,D;OBe,n;eHHH TeopeMH 28.1.
IloKameMO, HK 3a ,D;OIIOMOrOIO OTpHMaHOl <}>opMyJIH BHBeCTH cpop-
MYJIY 06' eMy rri paMi,n;H.
Hexa:H: ,n;aHo rripaMi,n;y 3 BHCOTOIO OM, piBHOIO h, i ocHOBOIO, nJio-
m;a HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe s (pHC. 29.4). ,IJ;oBe,n;eMO, m;o o6'eM nipaMi,D;H

,n;opiBHIO€ v =!sh. YBe,n;eMO CHCTeMy KOOp,D;HHaT TaK, m;o6 BepmHHa

3
rripaMi,n;H 0 36irJiacH 3 no"t!aTKOM Koop,n;HHaT, a BHCOTa nipaMi,n;H OM
HaJiemaJia ,n;o,n;aTHiH .rriBOCi oci a6cri;HC (pHC. 29.5). To,n;i OCHOBa ni-
paMi,D;H JiemHTh y nJIOID;HHi x = h. ToMy npoeKn;ie10 nipaMi,n;H Ha Bich
a6CII,HC e Bi,n;pi30K [0; h ].

A
PHC. 29.4 PHc. 29.5

Hexa:H: nJIOID;HHa · x = x 0 rrepeTHHae nipaMi,n;y no MHoroKyTHHKY

3 rrJiorn;e10 S (x 0 ). 3po3yMiJio, m;o IIJIOID;HHa rrepepiay napaJieJihHa
IIJIOID;HHi OCHOBH rripaMi,lJ;H. ToMy MHOI'OKYTHHK, YTBOpeHHH y rrepe-

89
§ 4. IHrerpan Ta V!oro 3aaocysaHH5t

piai, no,z:r;i6HHH MHOrOKYTHHKY OCHOBH nipa.Mi,ZJ;H. IlpH ~hOMY Koe<Pi-

~ieHT no,z:r;i6HocTi ,z:r;opiBHIOe Xo • CKopHcTaBmHCh TeopeMoro npo

h
Bi,ZJ;HomeHHH IlJIOIIJ; no,z:r;i6HHX <l>iryp, MOmHa aanucaTH!
S (x0 ) x 02
s -11·
2
Xo
3Bi,z:r;cH S (x0 ) =2 s. Tenep MomHa aanHcaTH:
h
h h x2 S h 2 S xa h S ha 1
V= Js(x)dx= J-Sdx=-fx
2 2 dx=-·-
2
=-·-=-Sh.
2
0 0 h h 0 h 3 0 h 3 3

nP l<J1 «l>irypa, o6MemeHa rpa<PiROM <l>YHK~il f (x) = x 2 +1

i IIPHMHMH x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 (pHC. 29.6), o6epTa€ThCH HaBKOJIO oci
a6c~Hc, yrBoproro-qH TiJio o6'eMy V (pHc. 29. 7). 3Haii,z:r;iTh V.

y
y A

y
A

0 1 x
P:ac. 29.6 PHc. 29. 7 Pnc. 29.8

Po38'R3a1t1-lR. IlpH nepeTHHi yTBopenoro TiJia IIJIOIIJ;HHOIO x = x 0 ,

,ZJ;e Xo E [O; 1], YTBOpIOeTbCH Kpyr (pHc. 29.8), pa,z:r;iyc HKOro ,i:J;opiBHIO€

f (x0 ). To,z:r;i IIJiom;a ~boro Rpyra ,z:r;opiBHIOe

S(x0 )=nf 2 (x0 )=n(x~ +1) =n(xi +2x~ +1).
2

ToMy
i 1 (xs 2xa ) i
V =JS (x)dx= f n(x 4 +2x 2 +l)dx=n -+-+x
0 0 5 3 0

=1t (! + +1J =
5
2
3
287t .
15

90
 «Po3yMOM BiH nepesepWV1B piA IllOACbKV1 Vt»

Yaara.ni, Mae Micn;e TaKe TBep,zpKeHH.H.

KoJIH npH o6epTaHHi <PirypH, o6MemeHo1 rpa<PiKoM HenepepB:ao1
Ta HeBi,n;'eMHOl Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] <PYHKD;il f i np.HMHMH x = a, x === b,
y = 0' HaBKOJIO oci a6cn;Hc YTBOpIO€TbC.H Ti.TIO 06 '€MY v, TO
b

V =1t ff
a
2
(x) dx

29.t: 3Hali,n;iTb o6'eM TiJia, YTBOpeHoro o6epT8.HH.HM HaBKOJIO oci

a6cn;Hc <PirypH, o6Me.meHOl JiiHi.HMH:
1) y = 2x + 1, x = 1, x = 0, y = O; 4) y = x2, y = x;
1 1
2) y = x2 + 1, x = 1, x = 2, y = O; 5) y =-, y = 0, x =-, x = 2, y : : :. x.
x 2
3) y = rx, x = l, x = 4, y = O;
29.2. 3Hali,n;iTh o6'eM TiJia, yTBopeHoro o6epTaHH.HM HaBKOJIO oci
a6cn;Hc <PirypH, o6Me.>KeHOl JiiHiSIMH:

1) y=~cosx, y = 0,
1t
X= - -, X -
- - ·'
7t
3) y=rx, y = 1, x :::; 2.
4 4
2) y = x - x 2 , y = 0;

29.3. • Y KyJii pa,n;iyca R Ha Bi,n;cTaHi R Bi,n; u;eHTpa Ky.Tii npoBe,n;ea:o

2
IIJIOID;HHy, SIKa poa6HBae KYJIIO Ha ,n;Bi "t!aCTHHH. 3Hali,n;iTh o6'e~li
II;HX "t!aCTHH.
4
29.4: ,l1;oBe,n;iTh, m;o o6'eM Ky.Tii pa,n;iyca R ,n;opiBHIOe nR 3 •
3
29.5: BHBe,n;iTh <PopMyJiy ,ZJ;.TI.H o6"t!HCJieHH.H o6'eMy KOHyca.

KOJl~ 3P06J1EHO YPOK~

«Po3yMoM eiH nepe epwMB piA 1110 CbK VI»

II;i Be.JIHqHi CJIOBa HaIIHCaHi HaID;a,ZJ;KaMH npo BH,ZJ;aTHOro aHrJliB-
CbKOro HayKoBu;.a - <PiaHKa i MaTeMaTHKa IcaaKa HhroToHa. B icTopil
HayKH nop.H,n; a I. HbroTOHOM CTOlTh m;e o,n;Ha Be.TIHKa nocTaTh - a:i-
r
Meu;bKoro HayKOBII;.H OT<lJpi,n;a Bi.Tihre.TibMa Jieli6Hin;a, .HKHH 3a.TIHillnB
nic.JI.H ce6e HeMepKHy-qHli c.rri,n; y <Pi.Jioco<lJil, -MaTeMaTHII;i, ropHcnpY-

91
 § 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3aaocysaHH5l

,n;eHn;il, Jiorin;i, ,n;HrrJioMaTli, icTopil, rroJiiToJioriL Cepe,n; BeJIHKOI Ha-

yKoBo1 cna,n;m,HHH I.J;HX reHia.JlbHHX yqeHHX oco6JIHBe Micu;e HaJiemHTb
,ll;OC.HrHeHH.HM' IIOB '.H3aHHM ai CTBOpeHH.HM ,n;HcpepeHu;iaJihHOro Ta
iHTerpaJibHOrO l.!HCJieHH.H - HaYKH rrpo noxi,n;Hi Ta nepBiCHi.
CJii,n; rri,n;KpecJIHTH, m,o HhIOTOH i Jlen6Hiu; CTBopIOBaJIH cBo1 Teo-
pil B l.!aCH, KOJIH 3BHl.!Hi ,Zl;JI.H Hae IIOH.HTT.H i TepMiHH a6o B3araJii He
icHyBaJIH, a6o He MaJIH TO"crHoro aMicTy. Crrpo6y:0:Te y.HBHTH co6i rri,n;-
pyqHHK 3 aJire6pH, y .HKOMY HeMae TepMiHiB «MHOJKHHa»' «cl>YHKI.J;i.H»,
«,n;ilicHe l.!HCJIO», «rpaHHli/.H» Tom,o. BiJihm Toro, 6araTo 3PYl.JHHX
Cy't!aCHHX II03Hal.!eHh TO,n;i m,e He Ha6yJIH 3araJibHOIIpHHH.HTOro BmHT-
Ky. ,II;e.HKi a HHX HhIOTOHY Ta Jle:0:6Hiu;y ,n;oBeJIOC.H CaMHM BHHaxo,n;HTH,
yaaraJihHIOBaTH i rrpHcTocoByBaTH ,n;o rroTpe6. Harrp~KJia,n;, Jlen6Hin;
IIOl.!aB II03Ha"tfaTH orrepau;i10 MHOmeHH.H KparrKOIO (paH:ime BHKOpHC-
TOByaaJIH CHMBOJIH: D, x, *, M Tom,o), orrepau;iro ,n;iJieHH.H - ,n;Bo-
KparrKoro (pa.Hime l.!aCTO BHKopHcTOBYBaJIH JiiTepy D); HhIOTOH rro-
IIIHpHB II03Hal.!eHH.H ,Zl;JI.H CTeIIeH.H an Ha BHIIa,D;OK D;iJIHX Ta ,n;po60BHX
aHa"tleHb n, a rroaHal.!eHH.H .f;, y3araJihHHB ,n;o ~- TepMiH «cl>YHKI.J;i.H»
i CHMBOJI iHTerpaJia « f~ Brrepme 3YCTpil.!aIOTbC.H B po6oTax Jie:0:6-
HlI.J;a.
Yaarani, icTopiro poaBHTKY MaTeMaTHKH MOmHa cMiJIHBO poa,n;i-
JIHTH Ha erroxH ,n;o i nicJI.H IIO.HBH rroxi,n;Ho1 Ta iHTerpaJia. Bi~pHTT.H
HhIOTOHa Ta Jleli6Hiu;a ,n;oaBOJIHJIH HayKOBI.J;.HM IDBH,Zl;KO i rrpocTo

IcaaK HhIOTOH
r OTcppi,n; Bi.JrbreJibM
Jleli6HiD;
(1643- 1727)
(1646-1716)

• 92
 «P03YMOM BiH nepesepWV1B pi,o. mo,o.CbKl.-1~»

p03B' H3yBaTH 3a,n;a""Cii, HKl paHirne BBaJKaJIHCH a6cOJIIOTHO HerrpH-

CTYIIHHMH.
HaBe,n;eMo rroRaaoB:ali npHRJia,n;. Y nepmili rroJIOBMHi XVII cToJiiTTH
BH,n;aTHHH iTa.rrilichRHH MaTeMaTHK BoHaBeHTypa KaBa.rrhepi sanporro-
HYBaB HOBHli MeTo,n; ,n;JI.a ofrcnrc.rreHH.a rrJiom . .KopHCTYIO"t!HCh II;HM Me-
s
TO,lJ;OM, .KaBa.rrhepi 3Mir o6"CJHCJIHTH rr.rromy KPHBOJiiHiHHOl Tpaneu;il,
o6MeJKeHOl rpa<l>iKOM <l>YHKD;il y = xn' BiCCIO a6cn;:ac i BepTHKaJihHOIO_
rrp.aMoro x = 1, rrp:a ,n;e.aRHX 3Ha"tJeHH.ax n (p:ac. 29.9). HanoJier.rr:aBo
rrpau;IOIO"CJH rrpOTHI'OM 6iJihlll HiJK 10 poRiB, IIIJI.HXOM Ha,ZJ;3BH"'C!aHHO
cRJia,ZJ;HHX Ta rpoMia,n;RHX MiPKYBaHh KaBa.rrhepi 3Mir posB' .H3aTH aa-
,n;a-qy JIHIIIe ,n;.rr.a HaTypaJihHHX 3Ha"t!eHh n, MeHIIIHX Bi,n; 10.
ro,n;i H Ra3aTH, mo, BHKOpHCTOBYIO"tJH cpopMyJiy HhIOTOHa-Jieii6-
Hin;a, myRaHy IIJiomy MOJKHa 3HaHTH B O,ZJ;HH p.a,n;oK He TiJihKH ,ZJ;JI.H
HaTypa.rrhHHX, a ii ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix ,n;o,n;aTHHX 3Ha"'C!eHb n:
1
1 n +l
s = Jxn dx =:::______ 1 0 1
o n+l o n+l n+l n+I
IlpoTe B Ti -qac11 MeTo,n;, 3anporroH0BaHHH KaBa.rrhepi, MaB Ha,n;-
3BH""CialiHo BaJKJIHBe 3Ha"tJeHH.H, ocRiJihKH ,n;o XVII cTo.rriTT.H npoT.HI'OM
KiJihKOX THC.H"'C! poRiB yci HaMaraHH.H HayKOBD;iB P03B'.H3aTH TaKy a6o
no,n;i6Hy aa,n;a-qi 6y.rr11 B3ara.rri 6eapeay.rrhTaTHHMH.
,lJ;JI.H CBOlX poapaxyHKiB .KaBa.rrbepi ccpopMyJIIOBaB TaKHH npHHIJ,HIT:
JlKl40 Bci npJiMi, napaJLeJLbni Mi:HC co6010, nepemuna10mb <jJiiypu F 1
i F 2 no Bi8pi3Kax oonaKoBo~ ooBJJCunu (p:ac. 29.10), mo maKi <jJiiypu
MaJOmb piBni nJL0114i.
03Ha:ROMHBIIIHCh i3 II;HM npHHD;HIIOM, y 1644 pon;i BH,ZJ;aTHHH
iTa.rrilichRHH MaTeMaTHK i <l>iaHK EBaH,n;meJiicTa Toppi"tieJIJii rrHcaB:
«Bea CyMHiBiB, reoMeTpuqH:aii rrpHHD;HII KaBa.rrhepi e ,n;HBOBHJKHHM 3a
cBoero eRoHoMiero saco6oM ,n;JI.H aHaxo,n;meHH.H TeopeM .•• IJ;e - crrpaB,n;i
n;apChKa ,n;opora cepe,n; xam MaTeMaTH"tJHOI'O TepHHKY».

HanpMRJia,n;, a npHHD;HIIY KaBa.rrhepi BHITJIHBae, ~o np.HMOKYTHHK

i napa.rreJiorpaM 3 O,ZJ;HaKOBHMH CTOPOHOIO i BHCOTOIO MaIOTh piBHi
n.rromi (p:ac. 29 .11). Arre rrpHHD;HII KaBa.rrhepi npan,roe i ,n;.rr.a 6iJihIII

93
§ 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3aaocysaHHH

CKJia,D;HHX cpiryp. HarrpHKJia,n;, o6"tfllcJIHMO rr;ro~y «KPHBOJiiHiliHoro

tJOTHPHKYTHHKa» ABCD, o6MemeHoro JiiHi.aMH y = Fx, y = Fx + 1,
x = 0, x = 1.
y Ilop.a,n; 3 «KpHBOJiiHiHHHM 't:IOTHpHKYT-
HHKOM » poarJIHHeMo O,ZJ;HHH't:IHHH KBa,n;paT

---£--- ---
. . ~ -.. y--~
(pHc. 29.12). KomHa BepTHKaJihHa rrp.aMa
rrepeTHHae o6H,n;Bi cpirypH IIO Bi,n;pi3Kax
D - o,n;HHH't:IH01 ,n;oBmHHH. To,n;i a rrpHHD;Hrry
KaBaJihepi BHIIJIHBae, ~o rr;rom;a «KpHBO-
JiiHiiiHoro 't:IOTHPHKYTHHKa» ABCD ,n;opiB-
1 x
HIOe IIJIO~i O,ZJ;HHH't:IHOro KBa,n;paTa, T06TO
O,ZJ;HHHD;i.
IIpocropoBHli aHa.rror rrp:mm;mry KaBaJihe-
PRC. 29.12 pi ,ZJ;03BOJIH€ o6't:IHCJIHTH, HarrpHKJia,n;, o6'eM
rriBKyJii qepe3 o6'eMH D;HJiiH,n;pa i KOHyca.
Ha pHcyHKY 29.13 ao6pameHo rriBKyn10 pa,n;iyca R i D;HJiiH,n;p,
3 HKOro «BHPiaaHO» KOHyc. Pa,n;iycH OCHOB, a TaKOm BHCOTH D;HJiiH,n;pa
i KoHyca ,n;opiBHIOIOTh R. MomHa rroKaaaTH (apo6iTh u;e caMocTlliHo),
m;o KomHa ropH30HTaJihHa IIJIO~HHa rrepeTHHae rriBKyn10 no Kpyry,
IIJIO~a HKOro ,n;opiBHIOe IIJIO~i KiJihD;H (pHC. 29.14).

PHC. 29.13 PHc. 29.14

To,n;i 3 rrpocTopoBoro rrpHHD;HIIY KaBaJihepi BHIIJIHBae, m;o o6'eM

rriBKY Jii .n;opiBHIO€

V = V~HJti.H.zu>a -V1<oayca = 7tRa _ .!_ ._, u:ins = 2 7tRa •

3 3
I.n;e1, 6JIH3hKi .n;o rrpHHD;Hrry KaBaJihepi, HaIIITOBXHYJIH HhIOTOHa
i Jleli6Hin;a .n;o CTBOpeHHH apyqHOl aaraJihHOl Teopil (,ZJ;HB. cpopMyJIH
(1) i (2) Ha c. 88, 89), HKa ,ZJ;03BOJI.He rrpOCTO i IIIBH,ZJ;KO o6't:IHCJIIOBaTH
IIJIO~i Ta 06' €MH pi3HOMaHiTHHX cpiryp.

94
 EnEMEHTVl KOM61HATOPV1KV1, '

TEOPH VlMOBIPHOCTEVl
I MATEMATVlY HO.i
CTATV1CTV1K.V1

EneMeHTM KOM6iHaTopMKM
Ta 6iHOM HblOTOHa

y 9 KJiaci BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 OCHOBHHMH npaBHJI8.MH KOM6iHaTO-

pHKH, ,ZJ;i3HaJIHCSI, m;o TaKe nepecTaHOBKH, poaMim;eHHH Ta cnOJIYKH
(KoM6iHan;il), i BHBllHJIH cpopMyJIH ,ZJ;JISI i:x o6llHCJieHHSI. Hara,u;aeMo
OCHOBHi 03HalleHHSI Ta cpopMyJIH.
H q 11 IlepecTaHo ROJO c1d1£11eHHoi MHOatHHH M HaauBa-
IOTL 6y,a;L-JIKHH ynopH,l(ROBaHHH Ha6ip, yrBopeHHH 3 ycix eJieMeHTiB
MHOatH&H M.
HarrpHKJia,u;, icHye 6 nepecTaHOBOK MHomHHH M = {a, b, c}:
(a, b, c), (a, c, b), (b, a, c), (b, c, a), (c, a, b), (c, b, a).
KiJihKiCTb nepecTaHOBOK n-eJieMeHTHoi: MHOmHHH noaHatia.IOTh Pn.
,I1;JISI 6y,u;h-SIKoro n E N U {O} cnpaBe,ZJ;JIHBa cpopMyJia

P.=~
a Ha 'I e SI. By,zi;L-JIKHi k-eJieMeHTHHi ynopJI,a;ROBaHHi Ha6ip eJie-
MeHTiB ,ZJ;aHOl n-eJieMeHTHOl MHOatHHH Ha3HBaIOTL p 0 Mi w; H M
3 n eJieMeHriB IIO k eJieMeHTiB.

HarrpHKJia,u;, HKm;o M = {a, b, c}, To icHye 6 po3Mim;eHh a 3 eJie-

MeHTiB no 2 eJieMeHTH:
(a, b), (a, c), (b, a), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b).
KiJibKiCTh po3Mi~eHh 3 n eJieMeHTiB no k eJieMeHTiB II03Ha'tlruoTh A:.
,l1;JIH 6y,n;h-HKHX llHCeJI n E N U {O} i k E N U {O}, .n;e k ~ n, cnpa-
Be,n;JIHBa <l>OPMYJia
A!= nt
(n - k)!

95
§ 5. EneMeHH-1 KOM6iHaTOp1'1Kl'1, Teopi1 iilMOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTl'1YHO'I crar1i1cn1K"1

By,n;L-HKY k-eJieMeHTHY ni,n;MHO~BHY aa,n;aaoi

n-eJieMeHTHOl MH03tHHH Ha3BBaJOTL c 0 JI y 0 JO ( 0 M 6 i Ba~ i JO )
a n eJieMeHTiB no k eJieMeHTiB.

HanpHKJHl'A, mu::u;o M ={a, b, c, d}, TO icHYe 6 KOM6iHruti:H a 4 eJie-

MeHTiB no 2 eJieMeHTH:
{a, b} {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, c}, {b, d}, {c, d}.
KiJihKiC'J'.h KOM6iH~iH a n eJieMeHTiB no k eJieMeHTiB no3Ha"t!aIOTb
enll •
,ll;Jisr 6y,n;b-HKHX "t!HceJI n E N U {O} i k E N U {0}, ,n;e k ~ n, cnpa-
Be,ZJ;JIHBa cpopMyJia

cit= n!
n (n-k)! k!

IlepecTaHOBKH, poaMi:cn;eHHH i KOM6iHa:a;il aacToCOBYJOTb npH poa-

B' Sl3YBaHHi 6araTbOX 3a,ZJ;aTI. 0,n;HHM 3. TaKHX npHKJia,ZJ;iB e aa,n;a-qa
aHaxo,n;meHHH cpopMyJIH cKopoqeHoro MHomeHH.H .ZJ;JIH BHpaay (a+ bY.
<t>opMyJIH CKopoqeHoro MHOmeHHSl ,ZJ;JI.H BHna,n;KiB' KOJIH noKa3HHK
CTeneHSI n Ha6YBae 3HaqeHb 1 2' 3' B8.M ,n;o6pe Bi,n;oMi. 3HaH,ZJ;eMO
cpopMyJiy ,n;Jix aaraJibHoro BHna,n;Ky n E N.
BHpa3 (a+ b r e ,n;o6yTKOM n O,ZJ;HaKOBHX MHOmHHKiB (a + b).
Y ,n;o6yTKY
(a+b) (a +b) (a+b) ... (a+b) (1)
n MBO}t(RffJCiB

p03KpHeMO BCi ,u;y.mKH o,n;paay. ,ll;JISI D;bOro B KOmHiH 3 n ,n;ymoK (a + b)

Heo6xi,ZJ;HO o6paTH 3MiHHY a a6o b, nepeMHOmHTH o6paHi 3MiHHi i ,n;o-
,n;aTH BCi TaKi ,n;o6yTKH.
HanpHKJia,n;, xK:cn;o y Bcix ,n;ymKax o6paTH 3MiHHY a:
(£ +b)( +b)( +b) ... ( +b),
/ /

TO ,n;icTaHeMO BHpa3 a", :cn;o e O,ZJ;HHM 3 ,n;o,n;aHKiB CyMH, SIKY OTpH-

MaeMO nicJix poaKpHTTSI ,n;ymoK B ,n;o6YTKY (1). HK:cn;o B rrepmoMy
MHOmHHKY (a +b) ,n;o6yTKY (1) o6paTH 3MIBHY b, a B ycix iHmHX -
3MiHHY a:
(a+ )( +b)( +b) ... ( +b),
J / /
1
TO OTpHMaeMO ,ZJ;O,ZJ;aHOK a" - 1 b. 3ayBamHMO, ID;O ,ZJ;O,ZJ;aHOK a" - b MOm-
Ha oTpHMaTH ii iHmHMH crroco6a.MH, HanpHKJia,n;, o6HparoqH 3 ,n;pyroro
MHO.mHHKa 3MiHHY b i 3 pemTH - 3MiHHY a:

96
 30. EneMeHTVI KoM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHoM HbtOTOHa

( +b)(a+ b)(a +b) ... (a +b).

~V'--~
Y3ara.rri, HKrn;o B k MHOJKHHKax (a+ b) ,n;o6yrKy (1) o6paTH 3MiH-
HY b, a B pemTi (n-k) MHOJKHHKaX o6paTH 3MiHHY a, TO OTPHMa€MO
,n;o,n;aHOK BH,ZJ;Y an - kbk' ,n;e 0 ~ k ~ n. Cepe,n; n MHOJKHHKiB (a+ b) 06-

paTli k MHOJKHHKiB (,ZJ;JIH BH6opy B HHX 3MiHHOl b) MOJKHa c: CIIOC0-

6aMH. ToMy B pe3yJibTYIO"CiiH cyMi KiJihKiCTb ,n;o,n;aHKiB BH,ZJ;y an - kbk

,n;opiBHIOBaTHMe c:.
TaKHM "C!HHOM, rriCJIH p03KpHTTH ,ZJ;YJKOK BHpa3 (a+br MOJKHa
no,n;aTH y BHrJIH,ZJ;l cyMH

0TpHMaHy ¢>opMyJiy Ha3RBaIOTh c}>opMyJioro 6iuoMa HLroToua,

a Koe¢>i:u;i€HTH c: - 6iHOMiaJibHHMH KOec}>in;i€HTaM11.
3ayBaJKHMo, m;o y cpopMyJii 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa BHpa3 (a+ bt rro-
,n;filio HK CYMY n +1 ,n;o,n;aHKa, ,n;e (k + 1) -H ,ZJ;O,ZJ;aHOK Mae BHI'JIH,ZJ;

~k + l = Ckan
l
.5I1<m;o y cpopMy Jii 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa 3HaK 3MiHHo1
n
- kbkJ
J
b rroMiHHTH Ha
rrpOTHJieJKHHH, TO 0TpHMa€MO <POPMYJIY
(a-br =an - C~an - 1 b 1 +C!an - 2 b2 -C!an - 3 b3 + ... +(-l)"bn.
nPlllKnAA 1 P03KPHHTe ,ZJ;YJKKH y BHpa3i (a+ b)5 •
Poae'Jl3allllJl. OcKiJibKH c~ =5, =10, =10, c: c; c; =5, TO
MOJKHa 3aTIHCaTH
4
(a+b) 5 =a 5 +5a b+10a 3 b2 +10a 2 b3 +5ab 4 +b 5 • •

nPlllKnAA 2 BHpa3
(
v5
+ 2x 3 J40 p03KJia.T.IH aa ¢>opMyJIOIO 6iHOMa

HbroToHa • .5IKHH "CIJieH poaKJia,ZJ;Y He 3aJieJKHTb Bi,n; x?

Poae'.Raann.R. 3anHmeMo (k+l)-H "CIJieH po3KJia,n;y
40 - k 3
- k _5_ ( 3 )k - k 40 - k k -4 (40 - k) + 3k
~+1 - C 40 (11.G J
~x3
2x - C 5 40 2 x .

3
,IJ;o,n;aHOK Tk + l He 6y,n;e 3aJieJKaTH Bi,n; x, HKm;o --(40-k)+3k=O.
4
3Bi,ZJ;CH k =8 i Tg = c:o 5 32
2
8
•
32 8
Bionoeiob: T9 = C!0 5 2 •

97
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpV1Kll1, Teopi'i iilMOBipHocreilt i MaTeMaTw-mo'i CTaT111CTll1Kll1

BHKOpHCTOBYIO't£H <};>opMyJiy 6iHoMa HhlOTOHa, aarrHmeMo poaKJia-

.IJ;H B11paa1B (a+ br, .zi;e n E N u {O}, y TaKili cpopMi:
(a+b) 0 :

(a+b) 1 : • a1 . b1 +
2 2 1 1 2
(a+b) : · a + 2 •a b + ·b
(a+b)
3
: 1 . aa + . ~ . a2b1 + 3 . a1b2 + . ba
(a+b) 4
: • a4 + . aab1 + 6 . a2b2 + . aiba + 1 · b4
(a+b) 5 : • as + 5 • a4 b 1 + 0 · a 3 b2 + 0 · a 2 b 3 + 5 • a 1b4 +

ByJio noMi't£eHo, ~o afilIHcaHi B TPHKYTHY Ta6JIHU.IO 6iHoMiaJihHi

KOecpin;ieHTH fix BH,n;.iJieHO -qepBOHHM KOJil>OpOM) MaIOTb 6araTO U.iKa-
BHX BJiaCTHBOCTeiL HarrpHKJI~, MO:>KHa rro6a't!HTH, ~o, .zi;o.zi;aBmH ,n;Ba
cyc~Hix 't!epBOHHX 't£HCJia, oTpHMaeMo iHme 't!epBoHe "t!HCJIO, aan:HcaHe
B HacTynHOMY p.H.zi;Ky Mi:>K .ll;BOMa .zi;aHHMH 't!HCJiaMH (pnc. 30.1).

1
l )l j( 1
1 )(. 2 Jt l
1 j( 3 )l 3 )lj( l

1 j( 4 )lj( 6 )lj( 4 ~j( l

1 ~,;t 5 J( lO)l lO)l 5 ~j( l

PHC. 30.1

<t>paHU.Y3hKHH MaTeMaTHK, <};>i3HK,

JiiTepaTop i <};>iJiococp. 0,n;HH ia aacHOB-
HHKiB MaTeMaTHqHoro aHaJiiay' Teopil
HMOBipHocTeH i rrpoeKTHBHo1 reoMeTpiL
CTBOPHB rrepmi apaaKH 06"tIHCJI10BaJihH01
TeXHiKH.

BJiea IlacKaJih
(1623-1662)

98
 30. EneMeHTll1 KoM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHOM Hbt0T0Ha

IJ;SI BJiaCTHBiCTb BHIIJIHBae 3 piBHOCTi c: + c:+l = c: : ~, SIKY BH.

po3r JISI.D;aJIH B 9 KJiaci.
TaK:aM 11:aHoM, cyMa ,n;Box cyci,n;Hix 6iHoMiaJihHHX Koecpiu;ieHTiB
c: i c:+l
,n;opiBHIOe 6iHOMiaJihHOMY KOecpiu;ieHTY c::~, SIKHH 3aIIH.-
caHO B HaCTyrrHOMY pSI,n;Ky Ta6JI:au;i Mi:>K i
1
+ . c: c:
Ha cpop3an;i 4 MO:>KHa rro6a11:aTH 6iJihIIIY KiJihKiCTh pSI,n;KiB Tp:aKyT-
HOI Ta6JI:a:a;i 6iHoMiaJihHHX Koecpiu;ieHTiB. I! Ha3HBaIOTh TpHKYTJIHKOM
IlacKaJIH Ha 11ecTh cppaH:a;y3hKoro MaTeMaT:aKa BJie3a IlacKaJISI, SIKHH
Harr:acaB ,n;eTaJihHHH TpaKTaT rrpo u;ro TPHKYTHY Ta6JI:au;10 11:aceJI.

nPMKJ1A.Q ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cyMa 1IHCeJI y KO:>KHOMY psr,n;Ky TpliKYT-

1
HHKa IlacKaJISI e CTerreHeM ,D;BiHKH •

Po3e'.R3ann.R. ¥ cpopMyJiy 6iHoMa llhIOTOHa

1 ·an+ C!. an - 1b1 +C! · an - 2 b 2 + ... +c:- 1 ·a 1bn -l+1 · bn =(a+ bt
rri,n;cTaBHMO 3Ha11eHHSI a= b = 1. MaeMo
l+C! +C! + ... +c: - 1 +1=2n.
3 aJIHIIIHJIOCSI JIHI.IIe 3ayBamHTH., IIJ;O 1 , Cnl , c2
n, ... , en
n
-1
,
1 € 1IHC-
JiaMH o,n;Horo pSI,n;Ka TPHKYTHHKa IlacKaJISI. •

¥ TpHKYTHHKY IlacKaJISI rrp:axoBa- •

•••
HO 6araTO u;iKaBHX 3aKOHOMipHOCTeH. •••••
Harrp:aKJia,n;, SIKrn;o 3aMiCTh Herrap- •••• •••••
•
H:ax 11HceJI TPHKYTHHKa IlacKaJISI ••••••••••••
••
IIOCTaBHTH 1IOpHy T01IKY •, a 3aMiCTb
. . •
••
•••• • ••••••••
rrapHHX Hl1IOrO He CTaBHTH B3araJil •••• •••• •••• ••••
••••••••••••••••
(6iJia T01IKa), TO MO:>KHa OTPHMaTH •
•• •
••
2
p:acyHOK 30.2. IJ;eli p:acyHOK MO:>K-
•
••
•••• • •••••••
•
Ha rro6y,n;yBaTH, Kepy1011HCh TaKHM •••• ••••
•••••••• •
••• ••••
••••••••
rrpaBH.JIOM: Mi:>K T01IKaMH o,n;HaKOBOro
••••
• ••••• ••••• •••••
KOJibopy B HaCTYIIHOMY pSI,n;Ky Tpe6a •••• •••• •••• ••••
CTaBH.TH 6iJiy T01IKY' a Mi:>K TO"'CJKaMH
pi3Horo KOJibOpy - "'CJOPHY T01IKY. PHc. 30.2

1
3 iHmHM ,D;OBe,n;eHH.HM n;ie! BJiaCTHBOCTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHC.H B ni,n;p~ -
HHKY «Anre6pa-9», c. 246.
2
TaKi cpiryp.H B MaTeManrn;i Ha3HBaIOTb cppaKmaJtaMu (JiaT. fractus -
no,n;pi6HeHHH, ,n;po60BHH).

99
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'I ~MOBipHOCTeVI i MaTeMaTV1YH0·1 CTaTV1CTV1KV1

BnpaeM
0
30.1. 3ain1miTh yci lJ.BOu;:mppoBi qHcJia, YTBopeHi a u;:acpp l, 2, 3 a6o
4. IIi/1,paxyliTe KiJihKiCTh TaKHX .qHcen.
0

30.2. 3arrHmi Th yci TPHIJ;HcppoBi qHcna, yTBopeHi a IJ;HtPP 1, 2, 3 a6o

4, .HKID;O IJ;H<j)pH B tIHCJii He MO.iKYTh IIOBTOpIOBaTHC.H. Ili/1,paxyliTe
KiJihKiCTh TaKHX qHceJI.
0
30.3. 3arrHmi Th yci qoTHPHIJ;H<j)poBi qHCJia, YTBOpeHi 3 n;Hcpp 1 a6o
2. Ili/1,paxyliTe KillhKiCTb TaKHX qHceJI.
4

30 4 3arrHmi Tb yci TPHIJ;H<j)poBi qHcJia, YTBOpeHi 3 IJ;Hcpp l, 2' 3' 4

a6o 5, .HKID;O IJ;HtPPH y qHcJii He MO.iKYTh IIOBTOpIOBaTHC.H i MaIOTb
6yTH p03Mim;eHi B rrop.HlJ.KY 3pOcTaHH.H. Ili/1,paxyliTe KiJihKiCTh
TaKHX qHCeJI.
(a+ b) 6 •
0

30.5. 3arrHmiTh <j)opMyny 6iHoMa HbroToHa /1,JI.H

0
30.6. 3arrHmiTh cpopMyny 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa /1,JIH (a+ bf.
30.7: Q6qHCJiiTh KiJihKiCTb /1,0/1,aHKiB niCJI.H p03KpHTT.H /J.Y.iKOK y BH-
pasi (a1 +a2 + ... +a10 )(b1 +b2 + ... +b20 ).
30.8: 06qHcJiiTh KiJihKiCTb /1,0/1,aHKiB rriCJI.H po3KPHTT.H ,n;y.moK y BH-
paai ( a 1 + a2 + a 3 ) (b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 ) ( c 1 + c 2 ).
30.9. • CKiJihKOMa cnoco6aMH B Ta6nHn;i poaMipoM n xn Mo.mHa 06-
paTH n KJiiTHHOK TaK, m;o6 y KO.iKHOMY PH/1.KY i B KO.iKHOMY CTOBIT-
qHKY 6yna 0/1,Ha o6pa.Ha KJiiTHHKa?
30.10: Ha IIJIOID;HHi II03HaqeHO 10 TO't!OK, .iK0/1,Hi TPH 3 .HKHX He Jie-
.maTb Ha OlJ.Hili rrp.HMili. CKiJihKH pi3HHX JiaMaHHX a BepmHHaMH
B /1,aHHX TO'tlKax MO.iKHa no6y/1,YBaTH, .HKID;O JlaMaHa Mae rrpOX0/1,HTH
qepes KO.iKHY 3 /1,eC.HTH TO't!OK no 0/1,HOMY pa3y?
30. .• CKiJihKOMa crroco6aMH 30 yqHiB MomyTh poacicTHCH sa
15 rrapTaMH?
30.12: KepiBHHD;TBO <j)ipMH rrpH/1,6a.no /1,JIH cBo1x cniBpo6iTHHKiB
6 TypHCTHqHHX rryTiBOK /J.O pi3HHX Kpa1H. CKiJihKOMa crroco6aMH
n;i rryTiBKH MO.iKHa p03II0/1,iJIHTH Mi.m 25 crriBpo6iTHHKaMH, .HKID;O
0/1,HH crriBpo6iTHHK He MO.me OTpHMaTH 6iJihme 0/1,Hie! rryTiBKH?
30.1 .• y Kopo6n;i Jie.iKHTh n KapTOK 3 qHCJiaMH Bi/1, 1 /1,0 n. 3 KOpo6KH
1'pe6a rrocni/1,0BHO BH6paTH n' .HTh KapToK. CKiJihKOMa crroco6aMH
MO.iKHa 3p06HTH TaKHH BH6ip?
30.14: Ha KOJii nosHaqeHo 25 TO't!OK. CKiJihKH icHye mecTHKYTHHKiB
3 BepIIIHHaMH B u;:ax TO"qKax?
30.15: Cepe/1, ycix CTOD;HtPPOBHX IIOCJii/1,0BHOCTeli,. CKJia/1,eHHX 3 Hy-
JiiB i 0/1,HHHD;h, 3HaH/1,iTh KiJII>KiCTb THX, y HKHX 40 0/1,HHHIJ;b
i 60 HyJiiB.

100
 30. EneMeHr111 KOM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHOM HblOTOHa

30.16: 06l:HfCJiiTb cyMy 3n +c~3n - 1 2 1 +c!3n - 22 2 + ... +c; - 1 3 12n - l +2n.

30.17. · 06qHcJiiTb cyMy C~00 - c;00 + c;00 - c;00 + ..• + c;gg.
· 0.18 06qHcJiiTb cyMy
2 300 - cl300 2299 + c2300 2298 - ca300 2297 + . . . - c299
300
2+1
.
30.19: ,rr;oBe,n;iTb, m;o
1 + ci100 3 + c2100 3 2 + . . . + c99
100 3
99 + 3100 = 5100 _ c1 599 +
100
+ c:oo 598 - ... - cl9go 5 + 1.
30.2 • ,rr;oBe,n;iTb, m;o
1 3 c2 3 2 c99 99 100
1 + C100 + 100 + ..• + 100 3 + 3 =
1 c2 2 c199 3 199 3 200
=1 - C200 3 + 200 3 - .•• - 200 + •
30.21: 3HaI1:,n;iTb Bi,ZJ;HOIIleHHH cyMH qHceJI y 20-My pH,n;Ky TpHKYTHHKa
IlaCKaJIH ,n;o cyMH qHceJI y 19-My pH,n;Ky. .
30 3Hali,n;iTb Bi,n;HomeHHH cyMH qHceJI y 100-My pH,n;Ky TpHKYT-
HHKa IIacKaJIH ,n;o cyMH q11ceJI y 200-MY pH,n;Ky.
100
.J5
30.23: y BHpa3i ( + '13) p03KPHJIH ,n;yJKKH 3a cpopMyJIOIO 6iHOMa
HbIOTOHa. CKiJibKH 3 oTpHMaHHX ,n;o,n;aHKiB e pa:a;ioHaJibHHMH?
3r;; 4 tn)800
30 . y BHpa3i ( ~ 5 + ~ 2 p03KpHJIH ,n;ymKH' 3a cpopMy JIOIO 6iHOMa
HbIOTOHa. CKiJibKH panJoHaJibHHX ,n;o,n;aHKiB 6yno OTpHMaHo?
30.25.· IlpH HKOMY 3HaqeHHi n BOCbMHH qJieH p03KJia,n;y BHpa3y

( ~ + x~ J aa cpopMyJioro 6iHOMa HhIOTOHa He aa.rremHTh Bi,n; x?

30.26: y BHpaai ( JX + J; J' p03KPHJIH .n;y»tKH aa i!>OPMYJIOIO 6iHO-

Ma HbroToHa • .HKHH qJieH po3KJia,n;y MOJKHa no,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i cx 2 ,

,n;e c - ,n;eHKa CTaJia?

0.2 : y BHpaai (x• + :J poaKpHJIH .n;ymKH aa i!>OPMYJIOIO 6iHOMa

HbIOTOHa. Bi,n;oMo, m;o mocTHH qJieH po3KJia,n;y Mae BHrJIH,n; 56x 7•

3HaH,ZJ;iTb n.
30.28. · CKiJibKOMa cnoco6aMH MOJKHa po3KJiacTH n pi3HHX KY Jib no
TpbOX pi3HHX HID;HKax (,n;eHKi HID;HKH MOJKYTb 3aJIHIDHTHCH IIO-
pomHiMH)?
30.29: KomHy KJiiTHHKY npHMOKYTHHKa 3 x 5 MOJKHa rrocpap6YBaTH
B CHHiH, JKOBTHH a6o qepBOHHH KOJiip. CKiJibKOMa cnoco6aMH
MOJKHa po3cpap6YBaTH IIPHMOKYTHHK?

101
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpVIKVI, reopi'I liiMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-lHo'I CTaTVICTVIKVI

30.30. CKiJibKOMa crroco6aMH MO)KHa po3KJiaCTH 6 MOHeT pi3Horo

HOMiHa.rry no 4 Bi,n;,n;iJieHH.HX raMaHn;.H?

30.31:· CKiJibKOMa crroco6aMH MO)KHa po3KJiaCTH n pi3HHX KYJib no

TpbOX pi3HHX .HID;HKax TaK, m;o6 )K0,l1;HHH .HID;HK He 3aJIHIIIHBC.H
nopO)KHiM?

30.32:· CKiJibKOMa cnoco6aMH MO)KHa po3KJiaCTH n piaHHX KYJib no

TpbOX O,lJ;HaKOBHX .HID;HKax TaK, m;o6 )K0,l1;HHH .HID;HK He 3a.JIHIIIHBC.H
nOpO)KHiM?

30.33 · CKiJibKOMa cnoco6aMH MO)KHa po3KJiacTH n pi3HHX KY Jib no

TpbOX O,l.1;HaKOBHX .HID;HKax (,n;e.HKi .HID;HKH MO)KYTb 3aJIHUIHTHC.H
rropO)KHiMH)?

30.34. ·· CKiJibKOMa crroco6aMH MO)KHa poaKJiaCTH n o,n;HaKOBHx KY Jih

no TpbOX pi3HHX .HID;HKax (,n;e.HKi .HID;HKH MO)KYTh 3aJIHlIIHTHC.H
nopO)KHiMH)?

30.35.·· CKiJibKOMa crroco6aMH MO)KHa p03KJiaCTH n 0,lJ;HaKOBHX KYJib

no TpbOX pi3HHX .HID;HKax TaK, m;o6 )K0,l.1;HHH .HID;HK He 3aJIHIIIHBC.H
nopO)KHiM?

30.36:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o CYMH tIHCeJI TPHKYTHHKa IIacKa.rr.H, .HKi CTO.HTb

Ha qepBOHHX np.HMHX (p:ac. 30.3), 36iraIOTbC.H 3 tIHCJiaMH <I>i6o-
Hatitii, T06TO 3 tIHCJiaMH IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi (un ), aa,n;aHOl peKypeHTHO:

ul =1, U2 =l, un +2 =Un +l +un, n EN.

P:ac. 30.3
3 37 Hexa:li B TPHKYTHHKY IlacKa.rr.H o6paHo ,n;e.HKe "CJHCJIO. ,JJ;o-
Be,n;i Th, m;o cyMa 't!HCeJI TPHKYTHHKa IlacKa.rr.H, poaTarnoBaHHX
napa.rreJibHO CTOpOHi Tj>HKYTHHKa Bi,n; o6paHoro "t!HCJia ,n;o O,l.1;HHHD;i

102
 30. EneMeHT1t1 KOM6iHarop1t1K1t1 ra 6iHOM HblOTOHa

(HarrpHKJia,ZJ;, Ha pHCYHKY 30.4 o6paHHM e qHCJIO 10), ,n;opiBHIOe

qHcJiy' m;o CTOlTh rrpaBopyq Bi,n; ,ll;aHOI'O B HaCTYIIHOMY p.H,ZJ;KY (Ha
pHCYHKY 30.4 cyMa -qepEOHHX "t!HCeJI ,n;opiBHIOe 3eJieHOMY "t!HCJiy).
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 4 1
1 5 5 1
1 6 15 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
PHC. 30.4
30.3s:· Ilo.HCHiTh, qoMY 3HaqeHH.H BHpa3iB 112 =121, 113 =1331
cxomi Ha pH,n;KH TPHKYTHHKa IIacKaJIH. 06"tJ:HCJiiTh 11 4 •
30.39:· 3Hali,n;iTh KiJihKiCTh HyJiiB y KiHII,i ,n;ec.HTKOBOI'O 3arrHcy lIHC-
1000
Jia 1001 -1.
30. 0 .. 3Hali,n;iTh KiJihKiCTh HyJiiB y KiHu;i ,n;ec.HTKOBOI'O 3aIIHCY lIHC-
Jia 9991001 + 1.
30.41:· BHKOPHCTOByIOqH cpopMyny 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa, ,n;JIH Bcix x ~ 0
i n E N ,n;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh BepHyJIJii (1 + xr ~ 1 + nx.
30.42:· HK BHri,n;HiII.Ie IlOKJiaCTH rpomi B 6aHK Ha piK: rri,n; 12 o/o Ha
piK l!H rri,n; 1 °/o Ha MiCHI1,h?
30 . • ,Il;JIH Bcix x > 0 i n E N, n > 1 ,n;oBe,n;i Th HepiBHiCTh
!{./1+x<1+ x.
n
30.44... ,Il;nH Bcix x E JR in E N ,n;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTh (1 + xt + (1-xt ~ 2.

30.4 rr JIH Bcix

,.u,
x E JR i n E N ,n;oBe,n;iTh HepiBHicTh sin zn x + cos 2n x ~ ~
2n - 1 •
200
30.46:• y BHpa3i (1 + .J2) p03KpHJIH ,n;yJKKH 3a cpopMyJIOIO 6iHOMa
HhIOToHa. flKHH a oTpHMaHHX ,n;o,n;aHKiB Hali6inhmHli?
50
30 .• y BHpa3i (a+ b) po3KpHJIH ,n;yJKKH 3a cpopMyJIOIO 6iHOMa
HhIOTOHa rrpH a= 2, b =-.J3. flKHH 3 oTpHMaHHX ,n;o,n;aHKiB Hali-
MeHmHli?
30.48. •• Q6qncni Th cyMH
+ 101 + 101 + ... + 101 1. B = co101 + c2101 + c4101 + ... + cioo
i ca cs c101
A = C101 101 •

103
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, reopi'I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTlll'·IH0°I CTaTlllCTlllKlll

30.49. * 06tIHCJii Tb CYMY le~ + 2e~ + 3e: + ... + ne: .

co cl c2 en
30 .50. . 06tIHCJiiTb CYMY __!!... + __!!... + __!!... + ... + _n_.
1 2 3 n+l
30.51. * .
,[(oBe,D;lTb, m;o (eno)2 + (en1)2 + (en2)2 + · .. + (enn )2 = e2nn ·
30.52.* 3Hali,n;iTb rreprni 1000 IJ;Hcpp rriCJI.H KOMH B ,n;ec.HTKOBOMY 3a-
ITHCi l!HCJia ( J50 + 7 )1ooo .
30.53. * Ilocni,n;oBHiCTb (an) 3a,n;aHo peKypeHTHHM. crroco6oM: a 1 = 9,
ak +l = 19a!0 + 20a! 9 • ,[(oBe,n;iTh, m;o ,n;ec.HTKOBHH 3aITHC tIHCJia a21

3aKiHtIY€TbC.H He MeHrne Hi.IK Ha 1 000 000 ,n;eB'.HTOK.

LlaCTOTa Ta MMOBlpHICTb BMnaA oao'i noAl'i

Hara,n;aeMo li yTotIHHMO OCHOBHi Bi,n;oMOCTi npo "tfaCTOTY Ta HMO-
BipHiCTh BHITa,D;KOBOl no,n;il, 3 .HKliMH BH 03HaHOMHJIHC.H B 9 KJiaci.
HaM Hepi,n;Ko ,n;oBo,n;HThC.H rrpoBo,n;HTH cnocTepemeHH.H, ,n;ocJii,n;H,
6paTH yqacTh B eKcnepHMeHTax a6o BHnpo6YBaHH.Hx. 'l!acTo no,n;i6Hi
,n;ocJii,n;meHH.H 3aBepIIIyIOTbC.H ,n;e.HKHM pe3yJ!bTaTOM, .HKHH 3a3,n;aJieri,n;b
nepe,n;6atIHTH HeMOJKJIHBO. Poa,n;iJI MaTeMaTHKH, .HKHH BHBtiae aaKoHo-
• • 11/11::: .. v •
MlpHOCTl BHila,D;KOBHX .HBHm;, Ha3HBaIOTb Teop1c10 HMOBlpHOCTeH.
PoarJI.HHeMo KiJihKa npHKJia,n;iB.
• CTpiJI.HIOtIH no MirneHi, HeMOJI<.JIHBO 3HaTH aaa,n;aneri,n;h, cKiJihKH
Ot:IOK BH BH6'eTe.
• HeMOJI<.JIHBO ,n;o not:J:aTKY cpyT60JihHoro MaTtIY BH3Hat:IHTH, a .HKHM
paxyHKOM aakiH'IHTbC.H rpa.
• HeMae rapaHTil, m;o a Kyp.Htioro .HMIJ;.H, noKna,n;eHoro ,n;o iHKy6aTopy,
BHBe,n;eTbC.H Kyptia.
• HeMOJI<.JIHBO TOt:J:HO rrepe,n;6atIHTH qac, .HKHH HacTynHoro ,n;H.H aaliMe
y BacHJI.H 3arrJiyTaE:Ka ,n;opora ,n;o IIIKOJIH.

y
HaBe,n;eHHX rrpHKJia,n;ax eKcnepHMeHT BH3Hal!a€TbC.H .HKHMOCb
KO.MITJieKCOM YMOB. HanpHKJia,n;, cpyT60JibHHH MaT"tf noBHHeH rrpoxo-
,n;HTH aa npaBHJiaMH; Kyp.Htii .HHIJ;.H MaIOTb 3Haxo,n;HTHC.H B iHKy6aTopi
He MeHrne Him 21 ,n;eHb 3 ,n;oTpHMaHH.HM BH3HatieHOI MeTO)J;HKH 3MiHH
TeMnepaTypH i BOJIOrOCTi IIOBiTp.H.
TaKom Ba.IKJIHBOIO pHcoro poarJI.HHYTHX ,n;ocJii,n;iB e Te, m;o !x MOJI<.Ha
Bi,n;TBoproBaTH 6araTo paaiB. HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyT60JihHi MaT"tfi npoxo,n;HTh
npaKTHtIHO m;o,n;eHHO.

104
 By,n;h-.HKHH pe3yJihTaT eKcnepHMeHTY Ha3HBaIOTh eJieMeHTapHHM
uacJiiAKOM. MHO)KHHY Bcix eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB Ha3HBaIOTh
npOCTOpOM eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJiiAKiB ,n;aHOI'O eKcnepHMeHTY i II0-
1
3Ha"t!aIOTh U •
HanpHKJia,n;, KOJIH MH KynyeMo JIOTepeliHHH 6iJieT, Hae U.iKaBHTh,
BHrpaeMO MH "'C!H Hi, TOMY Ma€MO ,n;Ba eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KH:
ul = «6iJieT BHrpaB » Ta U2 = «6iJieT He BHrpaB ». 'Y II;bOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i
rrpocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB - u;e MHO)KHHa u
= { «6iJieT BH-
rpaB », «6iJieT He BHrpaB »}.
lHmHli npHKJia,n;. HKru;o HaBMaHH.H Bi,n;KpHTH u;ro KHHry i 3anH-
caTH HOMep Bi,n;rro;si,n;HOl CTOpiHKH, TO B TaKOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i eJieMeHTap-
HHM HaCJii,n;KOM € 6y,n;h-.HKe HaTyparrbHe "'C!HCJIO Bi,n; 1 ,n;o 272, TOMY
u = {l, 2, ... , 272}.
HaroJIOCHMO, ru;o npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB rroBHiCTIO BH-
3Ha""Ciae BCi MO)KJIHBi pe3yJihTaTH ,n;aHoro eKCII HMeHTY.
HKru;o U - npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB ,n;ocJii,n;y, TO BHna,zi;-
KOBOIO IlOAi€IO Ha3HBaIOTh 6y,n;h-.HKY ni,n;MHO)KHHY MHO)KHHH u.
HaBe,n;eMo npHKJia.n;. MHO)KHHa X = {'95, 96, ... , 172} e ni,n;MHO)KH-
HOIO MHO)KHHH u = {l, 2, ... ' 272} TOMY II;.H MHO)KHHa € BHIIa,D;KOBOIO
rro,n;iero B OIIHCaHOMY BHm;e )J;OCJii,n;i 3 ni,n;py-qHHKOM. TaKa BHIIa,n;KOBa
x
rro,n;i.H 03Ha"'C!ae, ru;o, Bi.n;KpHBaIO"'C!H HaBMaHH.H II.IO KHHry' BH IIO-
TpaIIHTe .n;o rr' .HToro naparpacpa, a.n;)Ke BiH IIO"tlHHaeThC.H Ha c. 95
i 3aKiH""CIY€ThC.H Ha c. 172.
HKm;o eJieMeHTapHHH HacJii,n;oK x 3 rrpocTopy eJieMeHTapHHX Ha··
cJii.n;KiB U e eJieMeHTOM BHrra.n;KoBo1 no,n;il A, ,n;e A c U, TO Ka)KyTh,
m;o eJteMenmapnuu nacJLiooK x cnpuJie eunaoKoeiu nooi'i A. HKru;o
pe3yJihTaTOM ,n;ocJii,n;y € eJieMeHTapHHH HacJii,n;OK X, .HKHH cnpH.H€ BH-
Ila,ZI;KOBiH no.n;il A, To Ka)KyTh, ru;o B pe3yJihTaTi .n;ocJii,n;y eio6yJLacJl
eunaoKoea nooiJl A.
TaK, .HKIIJ.O B ,n;ocJii,n;i 3 rri,n;py-qHHKOM KHHry Bi.n;KpHTO, HarrpHKJia,n;,
Ha CTopiHu;i 105, T06TO x = 105, TO KHHry Bi,n;KpHTO B rr'.HTOMY rrapa-
rpacpi, T06To Bi.n;6yJiaC.H BHIIa,n;KOBa no,n;i.Hx = {95, 96, ... , 172}.
3a3HaqHMO TaKO)K, ru;o OCKiJihKH u cu i 0 cu, TO MHO)KHHH u
i 0 TaKO)K BBa)KaIOTh BHila,D;KOBHMH rro,n;i.HMH. IlopO)KH.H MHO)KHHa 0
He MiCTHTh )KQ,D;HOI'O eJieMeHTa, TOMY BHrra,n;KOBa rro,n;i.H 0 HiKOJIH He
MO)Ke Bi,n;6yTHC.H. TaKy BHrra.n;KoBy no,n;iro Ha3HBaIOTh HeMOjKJIHBOIO.
Bo,n;Ho"t!ac, ocKiJihKH MHO)KHHa U MiCTHTh yci eJieMeHTapHi HacJii,n;KH,

1
,Il;JI.a rrpocTopy eJieMeHTapHHx HacJii,n;KiB BHKOpHCTOBYIOTh :H iHUii no-
3Ha~eHHH, HarrpHKJia,n;n.

105
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111K111, Teopi'I iilMOBipHOCTeilt i MaTeMaTwmo'1' CTaTll1CT111Kll1

TO BHIIaf);KOBa IIOJJ;iH u Bi,ZJ;6yBaTHMeTbC.H 3aB'1<f);H. TaKy BHIIaf);KOBY

IlOJJ;iIO Ha3HBaIOTb )l;OCTOBipHOIO (Bipori,n;Horo).
HaBeJJ;eMo m;e o,n;HH npHKJia,n;. Y't!HTeJih HaBMaHH.H BHKJIHKae
~H.H ,n;o ,ZJ;OIIIKH. y IJ;bOMY eKcnepHMeHTi npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
HaCJii,n;KiB u CKJia,ZJ;aE:TbC.H 3 ycix Y't!HiB KJiacy' OCKiJibKH BHKJIH-
Ka TH MomyTh 6y,n;h-Koro. ToMy ,n;oBiJihHa ni,n;MHOmHHa MHOmHHH
~HiB KJiacy e BHIIa,n;KOBOIO no,n;iero. HanpHKJia,n;, MHOmHHa A Bcix
,n;iB't!aT - n;e BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.H A - «BHKJIH't!YTh ,n;iB't!HHKY», MHO-
mHHa B Bcix xJionn;iB - n;e BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.H B - · «BHKJIH't!YTh
XJIOIT't!HKa», o,n;HoeJieMeHTHa MH0'1<HHa C, ,n;o .HK01 Bxo,n;HTh cTapocTa
KJiacy' - :u;e BHna,n;KOBa no,n;i.H c- «BHKJIH't!YTb CTapOCTY KJiacy»
Tom;o.
HKm;o B KJiaci HaBqaeThC.H 6iJihIIIe ,n;iB't!aT, Him xJionn;iB, To
B OITHCaHOMy ,n;ocJii,n;i IIIaHCH Toro, m;o B't!HTeJib BHKJiliflle ,n;o ,ll;OIIIKH
,n;iBl:fHHKy, 6y,n;yTb 6iJibIIIHMH, Him IIIaHCH Toro, m;o B'IHTeJib BHKJIH'le
,n;o ,n;omKH XJIOIT't!HKa. Kamyrh, m;o iiMoBipHic:i-i, BHJia,n;KoBoi' rro.n;ii' A
6iJihrna, Him HMOBipHiCTb BHIIaJJ;KOBo1 no,n;il B.
0Tme, y D;hOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i BHITaJJ;KOBHM no,n;iaM Ai B MOmHa nocTa-
BHTH y Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTb 'IHCJia - HMOBipHocTi HacTaHH.H n;Hx no,n;ili.
TaKHM "t!HHOM, li,n;eTbC.H rrpo <PYHK:u;iro, HKa BHIIaJJ;KOBIB no,n;il CTaBHTb
y Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTb 'IHCJIO. Ta1<y cpyHK:u;iro B Teopil HMOBipHocTeli npH-
HH.HTo II03Hal:faTH 6yKBOIO p (neprnoro 6yKBOIO cppaHD;Y3hKOro CJIOBa
probabilite - liMoBipHicTb).
,Il;JI.H ,n;aHOl BHIIaf);KOBOl no,n;ii: 3Ha- x
'leHH.H <PYHKD;il p (X) Ha3HBaIOTb iiMoBip-
u HiCTIO BHIIaAKOBOl no,n;ii' x.
"llHCJIO p (X)
BHpamae maHCH IIOTpanHTH y MH0'1<HHY x
x IIPH BH6opi ( 3 f);OTpHMaHH.HM KOMIIJieKcy
yMoB npoBe,n;eHH.H ,n;ocJii,n;y) eJieMeHTa MHO-
mHHH U (pHC. 31.1).
PHC. 31.1
06'IHCJieHH.H HMOBipHocTeli BHna,n;Ro-
BHX no,n;il e o,n;Hiero 3 rOJIOBHHX 3a,n;a-q
1
Teopil HMOBipHOCTeH.
0,n;HH i3 MeTo,n;iB ,n;JI.H 3Haxo,n;meHH.H 'IHCJIOBo1 ou;iHKH HMOBipHocTi
BHIIa,IJ;KOBOl no,n;il 6a3yE:TbC.H Ha pe3yJibTaTax l:fHCJieHHHX CIIOCTepe-
meHb a6o e1<cnepHMeHTiB. TaK, JIIO,ZJ;H ,n;aBHO noMiTHJIH, m;o 6araTo

1
IlHTaHHH, IIOB'H3aHi 3 o6JiaCTIO BH3Ha'C{eHHH <PYHKD;il p, BHXO.ZJ;HTb 3a
Me.mi mKiJihHOl nporpa.MR i B rri,n;p~HHKY He po3rJI.a,n;aIOThCH. Ha,n;aJii 6y,n;e-
MO poarJI.a,n;aTR TiJihKH BHila,ZJ;KOBi no,n;ii:, ~o HaJie.maTh o6JiaCTi BH3Ha'tJeHHSI
<PYHKIJ,ii: p.
106
 31. Yaaora ra il!MosipHiCTb s11maAKOB0·1noAi.I

no,n;iH Bi.n;6YBa€TbC.H 3 TiE:IO 'tJH iHIIIOIO, Ha IIO,D;HB IIOCTiHHOIO, 11ac-

TOTOIO.
Hara,n;aeMo, m;o KOJIH o,n;HH i TOH caMHH ,n;ocJii,n; rrpoBe,n;eHo n paaiB
i rrpH II,bOMY BHIIa,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yJiaC.H nA paa1B, TO 11acTOT010
BHITaAKOBoi no,ZJ;:il A Ha3HBaIOTb BeJIHtIHHy:

KiJibKiCTb IIO.HB BHrra,n;KOBOl IIO,IJ;il A nA

"tJaCTOTa = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
KiJibKiCTb rrpoBe,IJ;eHHX BHrrpo6yBaHb (,n;ocJii,n;iB) n

HarrpHKJia,n;, .HKID;O y BHrrpo6ysaHHi crrocTepiraIOTb aa cTaTTIO

HOBOHapO,D;)KeHHX, TO rrpOCTOpOM eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,IJ;KiB e ,D;BO-
eJieMeHTHa MHO)KHHa u= { «HapO,IJ;HBC.H XJIOII'tJHK»' «Hapo,IJ;HJiaC.H
,IJ;iB"tJHHKa»}. CTaTHCTHtIHi ,IJ;aHi, oTpHMaHi B pi3Hi "tJacH i B piaHHX
KpalHax, CBi,IJ;"tJaTb rrpo Te, m;o Ha KO)KHY 1000 HOBOHapo,n;)KeHHX
rrpHrra,n;ae B cepe,IJ;HbOMY 512 XJIOII"tJHKiB. OT)Ke, tIRCJIO
. . .
KlJib~lCTb. HOBOH~pO,IJ;)KeHHX XJIOII'tJHKlB :::::: O,
512
KlJibKlCTb yc1x HOBOHapo,n;)KeHHX

Ha3HBaIOTb 11acTOTOIO BHna,ZJ;KOBOl no.zi;il

«Hapo,n;)KeHH.H XJIOII"tJHKa». HaroJIOCHMO,
m;o IJ,e 't!HCJIO oTpHMaHo B peayJibTaT1
aHaJiiay 6araTbOX CIIOCTepe)KeHb. y Ta-
KHX BHIIa,D;Kax Ka)KyTb, m;o HMOBipHiCTb
BHIIa,D;KOBOl rro,n;il « Hapo,n;)KeHH.H XJIOII'tJH-
Ka » rrpH6JIH3HO ,n;opiBHIOe 0,512.
BH 3HaeTe, w;o KypiHH.H IIIKi,n;JIHBe
,IJ;JI.H a,n;opos' .a. 3a ,n;aHHMH opraHi3a:u;iH
3 oxopOHH 3,D;OpOB '.H KypII,i CKJia,n;aIOTb
rrpH6JIH3HO 90 °/o Bi,n; ycix XBOpHX Ha
paK JiereHi.B. "l!HCJIO 0, 9 - IJ,e "tJaCTOTa
BHIIa,D;KOBOl rro,n;il «TOH, XTO 3axBopiB Ha
paK JiereHiB, - KYPHTb», .HKa BH3Ha"tJa-
E:TbC.H TaKHM Bl,ll;HOIIleHH.HM:

KiJihKiCTb KypIJ,iB cepe,IJ; THX, XTO aaxsopiB Ha paK JiereHiB

tiaCTOTa=-------------------------~
KiJihKiCTb ycix JIIO,IJ;eli, .HKi 3aXBOpiJIH Ha paK JiereHiB

Y TaKHx BHrra,n;Kax Ka)KyTh, m;o HMOBipHicTb HaTparrHTH Ha KYPIJ,.H

cepe,n; THX, XTO aaxBopiB Ha paK JiereHiB, rrpH6JIH3HO ,n;opiBHIOe 0, 9
(a6o 90 o/o ). .
Jno6 ,n;eTaJihHillle oaHaHOMHTHC.H a rroH.HTT.HM HMOBipHoc·ri BH-
rra,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il, 3BepHeMOC.H ,n;o KJiaCHtIHOro rrpHKJia,n;y 3 KH,D;aHH.HM
MOHeTH.

107
§ 5. EneMeHr111 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi'i iilMosipHocreiit i MareMarw-iH0·1· crar111cr111K111

Po3rJIHHeMo BHIIpo6yB8.HHH, HKe IIOJIHrae B TOMy, m;o KH,n;aIOTb

MOHeTy i CIIOCTepiraIOTb 3a THM, Ha HKY CTOPOHY BOHa BIIa,n;e. MaeMO
u = {«BHIIaB rep6»' «BHIIaJIO . 't!HCJIO» }. IlpHIIYCTHMO, m;o n;eli ,n;ocJii,n;
IIOBTOPHJIH ,n;Billi i ,n;Bitti BHilaB rep6. To,n;i B ,n;aHiH cepil, HKa CKJia,n;a-
€TbCH 3 ,ZJ;BOX BHnpo6yBaHb, 'tlaCTOTa BHIIa,n;iHHH rep6a ,n;opiBHIO€:

KiJibKiCTb BHna,n;iHb rep6a 2 1

'tlaCTOTa = =- = .
KiJihKiCTb KH,ZJ;aHb 2
l:JH n;e 03Ha'tla€, m;o HMOBipHiCTb BHna,n;iHHH rep6a ,n;opiBHIO€ 1?
3BiCHO, Hi.
,ll;JIH Toro m;o6 sa 'tlaCTOTOIO BHna,n;KOBOl no,n;il BapTO 6yJIO on;iHIO-
BaTH 11 HMOBipHiCTb, KiJihKicTb BHnpo6yBaHb Mae 6yTH ,n;ocTaTHhO
BeJIHKOIO.
I!otIHHaIO't!H a XVIII CT., 6araTo ,n;ocJii,n;HHKiB npoBO,D;HJIH cepil
BHIIpo6yBaHh 3 KH,n;aHHHM MOHeTH.
y Ta6JIHn;i HaBe,n;eHO pe3yJibTaTH ,n;eHKHX TaKHX BHilpOOYBa.Hh (llac-
TOTY BHIIa,n;iHHH rep6a o6l!HCJieHO 3 TOlIHiCTIO ,n;o ,n;eCHTHTHCHlIHHX).

KiJibKiCTb KiJibKiCTb qaCTOTa

,noc.Jli,ZJ;HHK KH,D;aHb BHil8.,Z(iHb BHIIa,ZJ;iBH.fl '
MOHeTH rep6a rep6a
mopm Bro<t><t>oH 4040 2048 0,5069
OracTec ,n;e MopraH 4092 2048 0,5005
BiJibHM ,IJ;meBOBC 20 480 10 379 0,5068

BceBoJio,n; PoMaHOBCbKHH 80 640 39 699 0,4923

KapJI IIipcoH 24 000 12 012 0,5005

BirrhHM <l>eJIJiep 10 000 4979 0,4979

3a HaBe,n;eHHMH ,n;aHHMH rrpocTemyeTbCH aaKoHoMipHiCTb: npH

6araTopa30BOMy KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH tiaCTOTa IIOHBH rep6a He3HatIHO Bi,n;-
XHJIH€ThCH Bi,n; l!HCJia 0,5. 0Tme, MOmHa BBamaTH, m;o HMOBipHiCTh
BHila,ZJ;KOBOl no,n;il «BHna,n;iHHH rep6a» rrpH6JIH3HO ,n;opiBHIO€ 0,5.
A l!H MomHa aa HaBe,n;eHHMH ,n;aHHMH ,n;ocJii,n;HHKiB rapaHTOBaHo
CTBep,n;myaaTH, m;o HMOBipHicTb BHIIa,n;KoBoi: rro,n;li «BHrra,n;iHHH rep6a»
TO't!HO ,n;opiBHIO€ l!HCJIY 0,5? Bi,n;noBi,n;h Ha n;e aanHTaHHH HeraTHBHa.
Cnpaa,n;i, aa HaBe,n;eHHMH ,n;aHHMH MOmHa cKaaaTH, m;o -qacToTa noHBH
rep6a He3Ha't!HO Bi,ZJ;XHJIH€TbCH, HanpHKJia,n;, Bi,n; 't!HCJia 0,502 a6o Bi,n;
't!HCJia 0,4997' T06TO "CJ:HCJIO 0,5, HK i 't!HCJia 0,502 i 0,4997' MOmHa
po3rJIH,n;aTH JIHIIIe HK Ha6JIHmeHy on;iHKy HMOBipHocTi BHIIa,n;KoBoi:

108
no,n;n. LfUM 6i.nbULY 1<:i.nb1<:icmb eunpo6yeanb npoeecmu, muM 6i.nbwi
wancu ompuMamu mo11,niwy OlltinJCy iiMoeipnocmi eunao1<:oeo!£ nooff
3a Li 11,acmomo10.
TaRy on;iHKY liMoBipHocTi BHIIa,n;KoBoi: rro,n;i1 Ha3HBaIOTb cTaTHC-
Tll'IHOro. h BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb y pi3HHX ra.rry3.HX ,n;i.HJibHOCTi JIIO,D;HHH:
cl>i3HD;i, xiMil, 6ioJioril, CTpaxOBOMY 6i3Heci, con;ioJiorii:, eKOHOMin;i,
oxopoHi a,n;opoB' .H, crropTi Tom;o .
.HKm;O B rrepllIOMY rrpHKJia,n;i BHna,n;KOBy rro,n;iro «Hapo,n;meHH.H
XJIOII't!HKa» rroaHa't!HTH 6YKBOIO A, TO oTpHMaHHH peayJihTaT 3aIIH-
cyIOTb TaK:
p (A) z 0,512.
3 orJIH,n;y Ha Ha6JIHmeHHH xapa.KTep CTaTHCTJ{t{HOl on;iHKH OTPHMa-
Hi 3Ha"CieHH.H ,n;o3BOJI.HeThC.H oRpyrJIIOBaTH. HarrpHKJia,n;, KOJIH 't!aCTOTa
BHIIa,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,512, TO MomHa narr11caTH, m;o
p (A) z 0,51 a6o p (A) z 0,5.

n MKn A 3 Kopo6KH, .HKa MiCTHTb 33 pi3HHX rrpe,n;MeTH -

10 OJiiBD;iB, 15 pyqoK Ta 8 cPJIOMaCTepiB, HaBMaHH.H 6epyTb 4 OJiiBn;i,
2 pyqKH Ta 3 cPJIOMacTepH. C1dJihKH eJieMeHTapHHx HacJii,n;KiB icHye
B Ta.ROMY ,n;ocJii,n;i?
P038'Jl3llH,H,Jl. 3 10 pi3HHX OJiiBD;iB o6paTH 4 MOmHa c;o crroco-
6aMH. TaK CaMO 2 pyqKH MOmHa o6paTH c;5 crroco6aMH, a 3 cPJIOMac-
TepH - c;. BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H KOM6iHaTopHe rrpaBHJio MHomeHHH,
MaeMO, m;o 4 OJiiBn;i, 2 pyqKH Ta 3 cPJIOMacTepH MOmHa o6paTH
c:o •c; c:
5 • CIIOC06aMH.
TaKHM "t!HHOM, y ,n;aHOMY ,D;OCJii,n;i icHye c:c, c;5 c: eJieMeHTapHHX
HaCJii,D;KIB. •

nPMK.flAA I'pa.rrbHHH Ky6HK rri,n;KH,D;aIOTb O.D;HH pa3 i CIIOCTepiraIOTb

3a 't!HCJIOM, .HKe BHIIa,n;e Ha BepxHiH rpaHi Ky6HKa. CKiJibKH BHIIa,n;-
KOBHX rro'Aili icnye B TaKOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i?
Po3e'Jt3annJt. IIpocTopoM eJieMeHTapn11x HacJii,n;KiB ,n;anoro ,n;o-
CJii,n;y e MHOmHHa U = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Komna BHIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;i.H A
e rri,n;MHOmHHOIO mecTHeJieMeHTHo1 MHOmHHH U. HarrpHKJia,n;, rri,n;-
MHOmHHa A = {l, 2, 5} - n;e BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H «BHrra,n;e a6o 1, a6o 2,
a6o 5».
1
KiJihKiCTb ycix rri,n;MHomHH MHOmHHH U ,n;opiBHIOe 2 6 • D;e 't!HCJIO
,n;opiBHIOe KiJihKOCTi BHIIa,D;KOBHX rro,n;ili y ,D;aHOMY eRcrrepHMeHTi.

1 ,Il;HB. «AJire6pa-9», KJuoqoBa 3a,n;aqa Ha c. 235.

109
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, reopi'I i11MosipHOCTeil1 i MaTeMaTW·-IH0°l CTaTll1CTll1Kll1

nPMKJlA.Q Ili,n; qac eK3aMeHy CTy,n;eHTH OTpHMYIOTb OD;iHKH: «Bi,n;-

MiHHO», «,n;o6pe», «3a,n;oBiJibHO» Ta «He3a,n;oBiJihHO». AHani3yIO"t!H
piBeHb 3HaHb CTy,n;eHTiB rreprnoro Kypcy, BHKJia,ZJ;a'C! 3a<l>iKcyBaB, w;o
3 90 CTy,n;eHTiB 15 OTpHMaJIH ou;iHKY «Bi,n;MiHHO»' 23 - ou;iHKY «,Zl;0-
6pe», 35 - «3a,ZJ;OBiJibHO» i « 17 » - He3a,n;OBiJibHO. 06"<IHCJiiTb "t!aCTOTY
BHIIa,ZJ;KOBo1 rro,n;il «CTy,n;eHT OTpHMae on;iHKY «,n;o6pe». On;iHiTh liMo-
BipHiCTb Toro, m;o CTy,n;eHT OTpHMae II03liTHBHY ou;iHKY ( «Bi,n;MiHHO»,
«,n;o6pe» a6o «3a,n;oBiJihHO» ).
1
Po36 Jl3annJl. qacToTa Toro, m;o cTy,n;eHT oTpHMae ou;iHKY «,n;o-
. 23
6pe » , ,n;op1BH10e -
90
.HKID;O BHIIa,n;KOBY rro,n;iro OTPHMa.FIH.H II03HTHBHOl on;iHKH II03Ha-
15+23+35 73
"t!HTH A, TO qacToTa rro,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe ToMy
90 90
73
p(A)~- a6o p(A):::::0,81. •
90

Bnpaaa.t
31 .. Ha IITaxo<l>epMi 3 1000 .Hen;h BHJIYIIHJIOC.H 84 7 Kyp"t!aT. qoMy
y D;hOMY ,n;ocni,n;i ,n;opiBHIOe "<IacToTa Hapo,n;meHH.H Kyp-qa 3 alin;a?
31.2. 1IacToTa ,n;e.HKo1 BHrra,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,48. CKiJibKH
pa3iB Bi,n;6yBanac.H rro,n;i.H A, .HKill;O 6yno rrpoBe,n;eHo: 1) 50 ,n;oc;ri,n;iB;
2) 150 ,n;OCJii,n;iB; 3) 575 ,n;ocni,n;iB?
3 .. Y 't!eMrrioHaTi YKpa1HH 3 <1>YT6ony 2009-10 poKiB 6y;ro airpaHo
240 Ma~iB. CKiJihKH MaTqiB aaBepIIIHJIHC.H a paxyHKOM 3 : 0 Ha
KOpHCTb o,n;Hie1 3 KOMaH,Zl;, .HKID;O "t!aCTOTa u;ie1 BHTia,ZJ;KOBOl rro,n;il
,n;opiBHIOe 0,0625?
31 . . IlpH npoBe,n;eHHi ,n;eaKoro ,n;ocni,n;y 6yno BCTaHOBJieHo, m;o -qac-
TOTa BHIIa,n;KOBOl no,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,9. 1IH MOJKHa rapaHTyBaTH,
ru;o npH npoBe,n;eHHi 10 TaKHX ,n;oc;ri,n;iB BHna,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6y-
,n;eTbC.H 9 pa3iB? npH rrpoBe,n;eHHi 100 ,n;ocni,n;iB rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6y,n;eTbC.H
IIpHHaHMHi O,ll;HH pa3?
31. . Bi,n;oMo, m;o -qacToTa no,n;il KYIIHTH 6paKoBaHHli eneKTpo-
npHna,n; ,n;opiBHIOe 0,007. 1IH npaBHJibHO, ru;o B 6y,n;h-.HKili napTil
3 1000 eJieKTponpHna,n;iB e 7 6paKOBaHHX?
3 06qHcJIHBIIIH -qacToTy, BcTaHOBHJIH, ru;o HMOBipHiCTb B.rrycIHTH
B MiIIIeHb CKJia,n;ae rrpH6JIH3HO 25 o/o. qH Mome 6yTH TaK, m;o
B cepil 3 100 IIOCTpiJiiB 6y,n;e 98 BJiy"tleHb y MimeHb?

110
 31. LJaCToTa ra iliMOBipHiCTb s111naAKOB0·1noAi"I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

31.7: y Kopo6u;i ne.maTb 7 CHHix Ta 10 11epBOHHX pyqoK. flKy HaH-

MeHmy KiJibKiCTb pyqoK Tpe6a BHHHRTH HaBMaHHR, rn;o6 rapaH-
TOB8HO ,n;icTaTH rrpHHaHMHi: 1) O,ll;HY CHHlO pyqKy; 2) ,ll;Bi qepBOHi
pycIKH; 3) )J;Bi pyqKH pi3HOl'O KOJibOpy?
3 .. y KOpo6u;i JiemaTb 8 CHHiX i 5 3eJieHHX OJiiBu;iB. flKy HaHMeHIIlY
KiJibKiCTb OJiiBIJ;iB Tpe6a BHHHRTH HaBMaHH.H, rn;o6 rapaHTOBaHO
OTpHMaTH rrpHHaHMHi O,ll;HH KOMIIJieKT: 1) i3 CHHbOro Ta 3eJieHoro
OJiiBu;iB; 2) i3 ,ll;BOX CHHiX i O)J;HOl'O 3eJieHoro OJiiBIJ;iB; 3) i3 ,ll;BOX
3eJieHHX i O,ll;HOI'O CHHbOl'O OJiiBIJ;iB?
31.9: Y cnoBi «30IDMT» HaBMaHHR BH6HpaIOTb O,ll;HY 6YKBY. Orr:amiTb
eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,lJ;KH IJ;bOl'O BHIIpo6yBaHHR.
31.10: ,IJ;ocJii,n; IIOJI.HI'ae B o,n;HoqacHOMY rri,n;KH,lJ;aHHi rr'.HTH MOHeT. Pe-
3YJibTaTOM ,ll;OCJii,n;y e KiJibKiCTb rep6iB, rn;o BHrra,n;yTb rrpM IJ;bOMY.
OrrnmiTb eJieMeHTapHi HacJii,n;KH TaKoro BMrrpo6yBaHH.H.
31.11: Ha saBo,n;i BHnycKaIOTb )J;eTani rrapTi.HMM no 100 rnTyK. KoHT-
poJiep rrpOBO)J;MTb ,ll;OCJii,lJ;, y .HKOMY nepeBip.ae .HKiCTb O)J;Hie! rrapTil
,n;eTaJieH i 3aIIHcye KiJibKiCTb 6paKOBaHHX ,n;eTaJieH y rrapTll. 3a-
IlHIIIiTb npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii)J;KiB IJ;bOl'O BMrrpo6yBaHH.H.
3 : CTpineu;b O,ll;HH pa3 cTpin.He B MimeHb,
so6pa.meHy Ha pHCYHKY 31. 2' i CIIOCTepirae
3a pesyJibTaTOM IIOCTpiny (Ha6paHHMH oqKa-
MH). OnHIIIiTb eJieMeHTapHi Hacni,n;KH u;horo
BHrrpo6yBaHH.H.
31.13: Y6oJiiBaJibHHK crrocTepirae aa cpyT-
6oJihHHM MaT1IeM i cpiKcye lioro KiH:a;eBHH
pe3yJibTaT. Orr:arniTb npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
HaCJii,n;KiB y D;bOMY CIIOCTepe.meHHi. PHc. 31.2
31. : TpeHep crrocTepirae aa pe3yJibTaTOM 3a6iry cnopTcMeHa Ha
neBHY ,n;icTaH:a;iro, cpiKcyroqH qac 3a6iry. OnHrniTb rrpocTip ene-
MeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB y I.J;bOMY CIIOCTepe.meHHi.
31.15: I'paJibHHM Ky6HK rri,n;KH,lJ;aIOTb ,ll;Biqi nocniJib i 3aIIHCyIOTb y Bi,n;-
IIOBi,lJ;HIB IIOCJii)J;OBHOCTi KiJihKOCTi 01IOK, .HKi BHilaJIH Ha Ky6HKY
rrpH rreprnoMy i ,n;pyroMy rri,n;KH,lJ;aHH.HX. OnHIIIiTb eJieMeHTapHi
HacJii,n;KH :a;horo eKcnepHMeHTY. CKiJibKH eJieMeHTiB MicTHTh npo-
cTip eJieMeHTapHMX HaCJii,n;KiB?
31.16: ,IJ;o IIIKiJihHOl'O napnaMeHTY BXO,lJ;.HTb 30 ycIHiB, cepe,n; .HKHX
TaeMHMM l'OJIOCYBaHH.HM MalOTh o6paTM crriKepa, Bi:a;e-cniKepa Ta
ceKpeTap.H. CKiJihKM eneMeHTapHMx Hacni,n;KiB Mae u;eli BMrra,n;Ko-
BMH ,lJ;OCJii,lJ;?

111
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6it-raropV1KV1, reopi "i illMOBipHOCTeill i MaTeMan1YHo"i cra·i'V1CTV1KV1

3 ,I:(JI.H CKJia,n;aHH.H HOpMaTHBiB 3 cpi3KYJihTYPH 3 25 yq:HiB KJiacy

BHrra,n;KOBHM 1:!HHOM cpopMyIOTh rrepmy rpyrry s 8 yq:HiB. CKiJihKH
eneMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB Mame rrpH D;hOMY YTBOPHTHC.H?
31.18: MoHeTy rri,n;KH,ZJ;aIOTh O,ZJ;HH pa3 i CIIOCTepiraIOTh aa THM, Ha
SIKHH 6iK. BOHa Brra,n;e. 3arrHIIIiTh yci BHIIa,ZJ;KOBi rro,n;ii: y D;hOMY
,n;ocni,n;i.
31.19: IIIicTh BOJieli6oJihHHX KOMaH,n; ,n;iJI.HTh Ha ,n;Bi rpynH Ai B, no
3 KOMaH,n;H B KOmHili. CKiJihKH BHrra,n;KOBHX no,n;ili icHye y n;hoMy
,n;ocni,n;i?
3 Y Kopo6n;i nemHTh ,n;eKiJihKa CHHix, -qepBoHHX i moBTHX KYJih.
,IJ;ocJii,n; IIOJI.Hrae B TOMY' m;o HaBMaHHSI 6epyTh O,ZJ;HY Ky JIIO i BH-
3Ha"t!aIOTh 11 KOJiip. CKiJihKH BHrra,n;KOBHX rro,n;ili icHye y D;hOMY
,n;ocni,n;i '?
31.21: EKcrrepHMeHT IIOJISirae B O,ZJ;HO"t!aCHOMY KH,ZJ;aHHi ,ZJ;BOX MOHeT.
IlpoBe,n;iTh n;eli eKcnepHMeHT: 1) 10 pa3iB; 2) 20 pa3iB; 3) 50 paaiB,
4) 100 pa3iB. Pe3yJihTaTH, oTpHMaHi B KOmHitl 3 qoTHpbox cepili
eKcrrepHMeHTiB' 3aHeci Tb y Ta6JIHII;IO.

HoMep cepu 1 2 3 4
KiJibKiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB (KH,n;aHh)
10 20 50 100
y cepii:
KiJihKiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB, y .HKHX
BHIIaJIO ,ZJ;Ba rep6H
KiJibKiCTh eKcrrepHMeHTiB, y SIKHX
BHIIaB JIHIJJe O,ZJ;HH rep6
KiJII>KiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB, y SIKHX
He BHrrano mo,n;Horo rep6a

y KOmHiH 3 "t!OTHpbOX cepili eKcnepHMeHTiB ni,n;paxyliTe "t!aCTOTY

BHIIaJ];KOBOl no,n;ii::
1) BHna,n;iHH.H ,ZJ;BOX rep6iB;
2) BHna,n;iHHSI JIHIJJe O,ZJ;HOro rep6a;
· 3) BHIIa,ZJ;iHH.H ,ZJ;BOX "tfHCeJI.
qH MOmHa Ha OCHOBi 3p06JieHHX CITOCTepemeHb npHnyCTHTH, m;o
BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.H «BHrra,n;e JIHme o,n;HH rep6» 6iJihIJJ HMOBipHa, Him
BHITa,n;KoBa rro,n;iSI «He BHrra,n;e mo,n;Horo rep6a»? II(o o6r'pyHTOBye
TaKe rrpHrrym;eHHSI? qH MOmHa Ha OCHOBi D;HX CITOCTepemeHh
rapaHTyBaTH, m;o rreprna Ha3BaHa no,n;iSI 6iJihIII HMOBipHa, Him
,n;pyra?

112
 31. Yacror a r a LilMosipHiCTb svmagKoso·i nogi·i

3 : IIpoBe,n;iTh cepiro, HKa CKJia,n;aeThCH i3 200 eKcnepHMeHTiB,

y HK.HX ni,n;KH,n;aIOTh KpHIIIKY Bi,n; HaIIOIO
(pHC. 31.3). 3Hali,n;iTh tiaCTOTY no,n;il «KpHm-
Ka Bna,n;e eM6JieMOIO HanOIO BHH3 ». 3a OTpH-
MaHHMH peayJihTaTaMH on;1H1Th liMoBipHicTh
no,n;il « KpHrnKa Bna,n;e eM6JieMoro Hanoro ,n;o-
ropH ».

31.23: EKcnepHMeHT IIOJIHrae B KH,n;aHHi MO- PHC. 31.3

HeTH ,n;oTH, ,n;oKH He BHna,n;e rep6. Pe3yJih-
TaToM eKcnepHMeHTY € KiJihKiCTh 3p06JieHHX ni,n;KH,n;aHh MOHeTH.
3Hali,n;iTh npocTip eneMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB. IIpoBe,n;iTh TaKHli
eKcnepnMeHT 50 paaiB. PeayJihTaTH aaHeciTh y Ta6n11u;ro. 3Ha-
li,n;iTh tiaCTOTY BliIIa,D;KOBOl no,n;il «KiJihKiCTh ni,n;KH,n;aHb y ,n;ocni,n;i
€ HenapHliM tiliCJIOM » •

l\iJihKiCTh
,ZJ;OCJii,n;iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB a pe3yJihTaToM « 1 »
KinhKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB 3 peayJII>TaTOM «2 »
KinhKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB 3 peayJihTaTOM «3 »
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB a pe3yJihTaToM «4 »
...
3 .2 .• EKcrrepHMeHT rronHrae B o,n;HotiacHoMy KH,n;aHHi 5 o,n;HaKOBHX
MOHeT. Pe3yJihTaTOM eKcnepHMeHTY € KiJihKiCTh rep6iB, HKi BMIIa-
Jili Ha D;liX 5 MOHeTax. 3Hali,n;iTh npocTip eJieMeHTapHliX HaCJii,n;KiB.
IIpoBe,n;iTh TaKHli eKcnepHMeHT 100 paaiB. PeayJihTaTH aaHeciTh
y Ta6JIHD;IO i 3HaH,D;iTh tiaCTOTY Bliila,D;KOBOl rro,n;il «Blina,n;e 6iJibIIIe
TphOX rep6iB » .

KiJihI·dCTL
,n;ocni,n;iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 0 rep6iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHTiaB 1 rep6
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 2 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocJii,n;iB, y ·HKHX BHnano 3 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHnano 4 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 5 rep6iB

113
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, Teopi 'I iliMOBipHOCTeili i MaTeMaTW·IH0°l CTaTll1CTll1Kll1

31.25: lli,n; qac eni,n;eMil rp11ny 6yno o6cTemeHo 80 000 JKHTeJiiB.

BH.HBHJioc.a, m;o cepe,n; HHX -qacToTa BHna,n;KiB aaxBoproBaHH.H Ha
rp11n CKJia,n;ae 12,3 o/o. KpiM II;horo, 6yno a'.acoBaHo, m;o cepe,n;
aaxBopin11x 2245 nro,n;eli po6HJIH ru;enneHH.a rrpoTH rp11ny. On;iHiTh
HMOBipHiCTh no,n;il «HaBMaHH.a o6paHa JIIO,D;HHa cepe,n; THX, XTO
XBopie Ha rpHn, po6HJia ru;enJieHH.H npOTH rpHIIY~.
3 Y't!HTeJih MaTeMaTHKH cnocTepiraB 3a yq:HeM IleTpoM CrraTH-
nro6oM rrpoT.aroM 175 HaB't!aJihHHX ,n;HiB. BH.HBHJioc.a, m;o qacToTa
cniaHeHb ,n;o IDKOJIH IleTpa CKJia,n;ae 20 % . KpiM II;hOro, yq:HTeJih
IlOMiTHB, m;o 'llaCTOTa OTpHMaHH.H HeraTHBHOl on;iHKH IleTpOM y ,ZJ;Hi
crriaHeHh CKJia,n;ae 40 % . 3Hali,n;iTh KiJihKiCTb HeraTHBHHX on;iHOK,
.HKi OTpHMaB IleTpO 't!epe3 crri3HeHH.H.
31.27." Y 2010 pon;i 9788 yq:HiB M. KHeBa 6paJIH yqacTh y aoBHirn-
HhOMY He3aJieJKHOMY on;iHIOBaHHi 3 MaTeMaTHKH, ,n;am npo .HKe
HaBe,n;eHO B Ta6JIHII;i (,n;HB. c. 115).
On;iHiTh HMOBipHiCTh BHIIa,n;KoBo! rro,n;il:
1) oTpHMa'J;'H peayJihTaT Bi,n; 136 ,n;o 150 6aniB cepe,n; yq:HiB rono-
cilBChKoro palioHy;
2) OTpHMaTH peayJihTaT 6iJiblliHH 3a 183 6aJIH cepe,n; yq:HiB Ileqep-
CbKOro palioHy;
3) rro.aBH yq:HiB ConoM' .HHChKoro palioHy cepe,n; THX yq:HiB MicTa
KHeBa, .aKi Ha6pan11 peayJihTaT Bi,n; 195,5 ,n;o 200 6aniB;
4) IIO.HBH yq:HiB IlleB'l!eHKiBCbKOro palioHy cepe,n; THX yq:HiB MiCTa
KHeBa, .aKi 6panH yqacTb y TecTyBaHHi;
5) oTpHMaTH peayJihTaT 6inhII.IHH aa 150 6aniB cepe,n; y'llHiB
M. K11eBa .
• y Ta6JIHII;i (,n;HB. c. 116) HaBe,n;eHO ,n;aHi rrpo KiJihKiCTb ,ZJ;HiB
2009 poKy, y .HKHX y M. XapKoBi Ha 12:00 6yno aa<PiKCOBaHO ,n;aHy
TeMITepaTypy Ta ,n;aHHH piBeHb BOJIOrOCTi IIOBiTp.a.
IIi,n;paxyliTe 't!acToTy cnocTepemeHH.a B 2009 pon;i:
1) TeMrrepaTypH IIOBiTp.H B ,n;iarra30Hi Bi,ZJ; 11 °C ,n;o 20 °C cepe,n; THX
,ZJ;HiB, KOJIH aa<PiKCOBaHa BOJIOriCTb 6yJia He 6iJihIIIe 3a 40 % ;
2) BOJIOI'OCTi IIOBiTp.H B ,n;iarra30Hi Bi,n; 71 % ,n;o 80 °/o cepe,n; THX
· ,ZJ;HiB, KOJIH aa<PiKCOBaHa TeMrrepaTypa 6yJia MeHII.IOIO Bi,D; 0 °C;
3) TeMrrepaTypH IIOBiTP.H B ,n;iarrasoHi Bi,n; 11 °C ,n;o 30 °C Ta O,D;HO-
'llaCHO BOJIOI'OCTi IIOBiTp.H B ,n;iarraaoHi Bi,n; 41 % ,n;o 70 % .
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114
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,n;eTa.Jri cepe,n; BHpo6neHHX Ha nepmoMy aBTOMaTi CKJia,n;ae 0,06, Ha

,n;pyroMy aBTOMaTi - 0,02. KpiM II;horo, aBTOMaTH Ha.rramTOBaHi
npan;roBaTH TaK, w;o Ha KOHBeep ,n;eTa.rri 3 nepIIIoro aBToMaTa no-
cTynaroTh y cepe,n;HhOMY BTpHlli 'tlaCTirne, Him 3 ,n;pyroro aBTOMaTa.
Ou,iHiTh HMOBipHiCTh Toro, w;o HaBMaHH.H B3.HTa ,n;eTaJih 3 KOHBeepa
€ 6paKOBaHOIO.
3 30:• € KiJibKa KOpo60K ,ZJ;BOX THIIiB, y KOmHiH 3 .HKHX JiemaTb
6ini Ta "C!OpHi KyJii. Ha ni,n;cTaBi BeJIHKOl KiJihKOCTi BHIIpo6yBaHb
(HaBMaHH.H o6HpaJIH KOpo6Ky i KYJIIO B HiH) 6yJio BCTaHOBJieHO,
rn;b 'tlacToTa BHna,n;KoBo1 no,n;il «B3.HTO 6iny Kynro 3 Kopo6KH nep-
rnoro THITY» ,n;opiBHroe 0,3, a 'tlaCTOTa BHna,n;KoBo1 no,n;il «B3.HTO
6iny Kynro 3 Kopo6KH ,n;pyroro THITY» - 0,8. KpiM II;boro, 6yno
3' .HCOBaHO, rn;o 1IaCTOTa BHila,ZJ;KOBOl no,n;il «KYJIIO B3.HTO 3 KOpo6KH
nepmoro THny» ,n;opiBHroe 0,4. Ou,iHiTh HMOBipHiCTh Toro, w;o
B3.HTa HaBMaHH.H KYJI.H BH.HBHTbC.H 6inoro.

Ha no'tlaTKY CTBopeHH.H HayKH npo 3aKOHOMipHOCTi BHITa,n;KOBHX

.HBHIIl; (TaK caMO, .HK i Ha ITO'tlaTKY CTBOpeHH.H, HanpHKJia,n;, reoMeTpil)
,n;mepenoM ni3HaHH.H e JIHIIIe JIID,ZJ;CbKHH ,n;ocBi,n;. Ha IJ;bOMY eTani Ha-
YKOBU,i HaMararoTbCSI OilHCaTH xapaKTepHi 03HaKH BHila,ZJ;KOBHX SIBHIIl;
TaK, w;o6 BOHM Bi,n;nOBi,n;a.;m 3,ZJ;OpOBOMY I'JIY3,ZJ;y i eKcnepHMeHTaJibHHM
CITOCTepemeHH.HM.
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3p03YMiJIH, w;o u;ro BeJIH'tlHHY MOmHa BHKOpHCTOByBaTH ,ZJ;JI.H ou,iHKH
liMoBipHOCTi BHrra,n;KoBo1 no,n;il i ,n;n.a 3Haxo,n;meHHSI BJiaCTHBOCTeli
cpyHKII;il p, w;o BH3Ha'tla€ HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHX no,n;ili.
Po3rJI.HHeMo ,n;ocni,n; 3 npocTopoM eneMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB U. He-

xa:H Ac U, T06To A - BHIIa,n;KoBa no,n;i.a. To,n;i "'l{aCTOTa nA BHna,n;-

n

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n
"'l{HCeJibHOl ou,iHKH HMOBipHOCTi BHila,ZJ;KOBOl no,n;il BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb
'tlaCTOTY u,ie! no,n;il, TO BBamalOTb, rn;o HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOl no-
,n;il A aa,n;oBOJihH.He BJiacTHBiCTh:
1. O~p(A)~l.
IIi,n;paxyeMo 'tlaCTOTy HeMomJIHBOI no,tJ;il 0 i qacToTy ,n;ocToBipHo1
no,n;il U. OcKiJihKH HeMOmJIHBa no,n;i.a He Bi,n;6yBaeTbC.H B mo,n;HoMy
,n;ocni,n;i, TO iI "'l{aCTOTa ,n;opiBHroe Hynro. HaBnaKH, ,n;ocToBipHa rro,n;iSI

117
§ 5. EneMeHn1 KOM6iHarop1t1Kll1, reopi"I ii1MosipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW·iHo"I CTaT1t1CTl11Kll1

Bi,n;6yBaeThC.H B KOJKHOMY BHrrpo6yBaHHi, TOMY iI "t!aCTOTa ,n;opiBHIOe

O,ZI;HHHIJ;i. D;e ,n;ae rri,n;cTaBH ,l.l;OMOBHTHCb rrpo TaKe:
2. p (0) = 0, p (U) = 1.
PoarJI.HHeMo ,n;Ba ,n;oBiJibHHX eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,ZI;KH Ui_, u 2 a rrpo-
cTopy eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB U Ta BHrra,n;KoBi no,n;il A= {Ui_},
B = {u2 }, C = {ul' u 2 } • .HKm;o BHrrpo6yBaHH.H 6yJio rrpoBe,n;eHo n pasiB
i IIPH IJ;bOMy BHila,ZI;KOBa IIO,ZI;i.H c Bi,n;6yJiac.H nc pa3iB, TO tiaCTOTa BH-
n
IIa,ZI;KOBo1 rro,n;il C ,n;opiBHIOe _Q_. BHrra,ZI;KOBa no,n;iH C = { ul' u 2 } Bi,n;-
n
6yBaeTbC.H TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH peayJihTaTOM BHnpo6yBaHH.H e a6o eJieMeHTap-
HHH HacJii,ZI;OK u 1 (Hexa:H u;e Bi,n;6yJioc.H nA paaiB), a6o eJieMeHTapHHH
HaCJii,ZI;OK U2 (Hexa:H u;e Bi,n;6yJIOC.H nB pa3iB), T06To nc 7 nA + nB. Arre

tiacToTa rro,n;il A= {u1 } ,n;opiBHIOe nA, a tiacToTa rro,n;i! B = {u2 } ,n;o-

n
nB
plBHIOe 0TJKe' Mae Micu;e piBHiCTb
n
nc nA nB
-=-+-
n n n
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cyMi tiaCTOT BHila,ZI;KOBHX no,n;ili A= {u1 } i B = {u 2 }. IJ;e ,n;oaBOJIHe
BBamaTH, m;o aHanori11Hy BJiaCTHBiCTh MaIOTb i liMoBipHOCTi BHna,n;-
KOBHX rro,n;i:H A, Bi C:
3. .HKm;o ul' U2 - ,ZI;OBiJibHi eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,ZI;KH 3 npOCTOPY
eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB u' TO
p ( {u1 , u2 } ) = p ( { u 1 } ) + p ( {u 2 } ) • (1)
BHKOPHCTOBYIOtIH MeTo,n; MaTeMaTHtIHo1 iH,n;yKn;il, piBHiCTb (1)
MOJKHa ysaraJibHHTH ,D;JI.H k pi3HHX eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,ZI;KiB
Ul' u2 , ... , Uk :

p ( {Ul' U 2 , ... , Uk}) = p ( {Ui_ }) + p ( {U2}) + ... + p ( {Uk}). ( 2)

.HKm;o rrpocTip u
eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeTbC.H 3 n eJie-
MeHTiB u = {Ui_, U2, ... , u,J,
TO, BHKOPHCTOBYIOtIH cpopMyny (2), MOJKHa
3aIIHCaTH:
p ({u1 }) + p ( {u2 }) + ... + p ({un}) = p ( {u1 , U 2 , ••• , Un})= p (U) = 1.
0TJKe' Mae Micu;e piBHiCTb
p ( {Ui_}) + p ( {U 2 }) + ... + p ( {Un}) =1. (3)
CcpopMyJihoBaHi BJiaCTHBocTi cpyHKu;il p onHcyroTh xapaKTepHi
BJiaCTHBOCTi liMoBipHocTi B ,n;oBiJihHHx BHrrpo6YBaHHHX. BiJihIII 3Mic-

118
 32. KnaCV1YHe BV13HaYeHHs:! illMOBipHOCTeill

TOBHi BHCHOBKH MOmHa 3p06HTH )J;JI.H eKcrrepHMeHTiB 3 piBHOMOmJIH-

BHMH eJieMeHTapHHMH HacJii,z:r;KaMH.
) a q H . .H1em;o eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,l(KH U1 E u, U2 E u MalOTI>

O,D;HaKOBi maHCH HaCTaHH.11, T06TO p({u1})= p({u2}) TO lx Ha3HBaJOTI>

piBBOMOatJIHBHMH ·
HarrpHKJia,z:r;, npH rri,z:r;KH,D;a.HHi rpanhHoro Ry6HKa
(pHC. 32.1) npocTip eneMeHTapHHX Hacni,z:r;KiB CKJia-
,z:r;aeTbC.H 3 rnecTH eJieMeHTiB u = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Bi,z:r;-
IlOBi,z:r;HO ,z:r;o Toro, .HKe 't!HCJIO 6y,z:r;e Ha BepxHiH rpaHi
rpaJihHoro Ky6HKa, KOJIH BiH yrra,z:r;e. OcKiJihKH
rparrhHHH Ky6HK e CHMeTpH'tIHHM i 3po6JieHHH 3 o,z:r;-
HOpi,z:r;Horo MaTepiaJiy, TO illaHCH BHrra,z:r;iHH.H KOmHOl
rpaHi e piBHHMH (y mo,z:r;HOl rpaHi HeMae Hl.HKHX
nepeBar rrepe,z:r; iHIIIHMH rpaHHMH). ToMy
P:ac. 32.1
p ( {l}) = p ( {2}) = ... = p ( {6} ).
KpiM Il;hOro, BHKOPHCTOBYIO't!H lPOPMYJIY (3), MaeMO, II.J;O
p ( {l}) + p ( {2}) + ... + p ( {6}) = 1.
1
ToMy RomHa 3 liMoBipHocTe:H p ( {l} ), ... , p ( {6}) ,z:r;op1BHroe
6
.HKII.J;O y Il;hOMY ,z:r;ocni,z:r;i po3rJI.HffYTH, HanpHKJia,z:r;, BHila,lI;KOBy no-
,z:r;iro A = {l, 3, 5} - « npH ni,z:r;RH,z:r;aHHi rpaJihHoro Ry6HKa BHna,z:r;e He-
rrapHa KiJihKiCTh O't!OK» - i CKOPHCTaTHC.H lPOPMYJIOIO (2), TO MOmHa
3Ha:HTH liMoBipHicTh rro,z:r;i1 A:
3
p (A)= p ( {l, 3, 5}) = p ( {1}) + p ( {3}) + p ( {5}) = = ~.
6 2
Y3arani, .flX:W,O Bunpo6yBann.fl .Mae cx:in1lennuu npocmip U 3 n
piBnOMO:JICJlUBU.Mu eJLe.Menmapnu.Mu nacJLiiJx:a.Mu, mo ilMOBipnicmb

nacmann.fl x:o:>1enozo eJLe.Menmapnozo nacJLiiJx:y iJopiBn10e ..!:.. . .Hx:w,o

n
y lfbOMY Bunpo6yBanni BunaiJx:oBa noiJi.fl A cx:JLaiJaembC.fl 3 k eJleMen-
mapnux nacJLiiJx:iB, mo
k
p (A)=-.
n
BH3Ha'tleHH.H liMoBipHocTeli BHna,z:r;KOBHX rro,z:r;ili y BHnpo6yBaHHi 3i
CKiH'tleHHOIO MHOmHHOIO piBHOMOjKJIHBHX eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,z:r;KiB
Ha3HBaIOTh KJiacuqHHM BHauaqeHH.11M ilMoBipuocTe:H.
nPHKnAA Hexa:H y KOpo6:a;i JiemaTh 10 -qepBOHHX KYJihOK·• .HKa
liMoBipHiCTh Toro, II.J;O B3.HTa HaBMaHH.H KYJihKa 6y,z:r;e -qepBOHoro KO-
Jihopy? jKOBTOro KOJibopy?

119
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpVIKVI, reopi'I iltMOBlpHOCTeill i MaTeMaTVIYHo'( CTaTV1CTV1Kll1

Po 3 8' JL3a1-l 1-lJL. OtieBH,n;Ho, m;o npH BHnpo6yBaIIHi 3a ,n;aHHX yMoB

6y,n;h-.HKa B3.HTa HaBMaHH.H KYJibKa 6y,n;e tiepBoHoro KOJibopy. ToMy
npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeThC.H 3 o,n;Horo eJieMeH-
Ta U = {«B3HTa KYJibKa tiepBOHoro KOJibopy» }. 3 BJiaCTHBOCTeli HMO-
BipHocTi MaeMO, m;o p (U) = 1.
TaKom otieBH,n;Ho, m;o B3HTa KYJibKa He Mome 6yTH moBToro Ko-
Jihopy, a,n;me B Kopo6u;i 1x HeMae. ToMy BHrra,n;KoBili rro,n;il «B3.HTa
KYJibKa moBToro KOJibopy» Bi,n;noBi,n;ae HeMO»eJIHBa rro,n;iH 0. 3 BJiac-
THBOCTi HMOBipHOCTi MaeMO, m;o p (0) = 0.
nPffiKJlAA PoarJIHHeMo eKcrrepHMeHT, HKHH IIOJI.Hrae B TOMy, m;o
o,n;Hopi,n;Hy MOHeTy ni,ZI;KH,ZI;aIOTb O,ZI;HH pas. 3Hali,n;iTb HMOBipHiCTb
BHna,n;iHHH rep6a.
p 0 3 8' Jl .3a1-l1-l Jl. y D;bOMy eKcrrepHMeHTi npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
HaCJii,n;KiB CKJia,ZI;a€TbC.H 3 ,ZI;BOX eJieMeHTiB: r - « BHITa,n;e rep6 »
i q - «BHna,n;e tIHCJIO», To6To U = {r, q}, OcKiJihKH MoHeTa e o,n;Ho-
pi,n;Horo i CHMeTpHtIHOIO, TO eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,ZI;KH r i q € piBHO-
MO»CJIHBHMH. ToMy, BHKopHcToByIOtIH KJiaCHtIHe BH3HatieHHH liMo-

BipHocTeli, OTPHMY€MO p ( {r}) = .!. .

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Po 38'JL3a1-l 1-l JL. Y II;bOMy eKcnepHMeHTi npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeTbC.H 3 ,n;Box eJieMeHTiB: B - «6iJieT BHrparnHHH»
irr - «6iJieT nporpallIHHH»' T06TO u
= {B, IT}. llpoTe HeMae rri,n;cTaB
BBamaTH u;i eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,ZI;KH piBHOMO»CJIHBHMH.
,[(JIH Toro m;o6 poaB' H3aTH 3a,n;atiy, orrHrneMo 11 yMoBy iHrnoro
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B mo,n;Horo 3 6iJieTiB HeMae nepeBarH m;o,n;o Toro, 6yTH tIH He 6YTH
KYIIJieHHM: 0Tme, y TaKiH MO,ZI;eJii eKcnepHMeHT ITOJI.Hrae y BHna,n;KO-
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eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB Mae BHrJI.H,ZI; u = { 1, 2' 3' ... ' 1 000 000}.
Tenep yci eJieMeHTapHi HacJii,n;KH e piBHOMO»eJIHBHMH. llo,n;iH, HKa
Hae u;iKaBHTb, cKJia,n;aeTbCH a 10 eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB. ToMy aa
KJiaCHtIHHM BH3HatieHH.HM HMOBipHocTeli HMOBipHiCTh BHrparny npH
. .
Kyn1BJI1 o,n;Horo
6"IJieTa ,n;op1BHroe
. 10 1
1 000 000 100 000
120
 32. Knac111YHe 81113HaYeHHH ii1MOBipHOCTeV!

nPfAKJ1AJl 4 KH,n;aIOTh o,n;HO"t!aCHO ,n;Ba rpa.JihHHX Ky6HKH:: CMHiM

i moBTHM • .HKa liMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o cyMa "t!HCeJI Ha ,n;Box Ky6HKax
• ,n;opiBHIOBaTHMe 11?
Po a 8' Jl a a 1-l 1-l Jl. 3a ,n;orroMororo Ta6JIHII,i, so6pameHo1 Ha pHcyH-
KY 32.2, MM MomeMO BCTaHOBHTH, m;o B ,n;aHOMY eKcrrepHMeHTi MOm-
Ha oTpHMaTH 36 eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB. KomHHli HacJii,n;oK sa,n;a-
eThCSI BITOpSI,n;KOBaHOIO rraporo 'tlHCeJI (a; b), ,n;e HaTypa.JihHi 'tlHCJia a
i b Ha6yBaroTh 3Ha'tleHh Bi,n; 1 ,n;o 6. BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a «CYMa 'tlHCeJI,
III;O BHIIa,n;yTh, ,n;opiBHIOe 11 » sa,n;aeThCSI ,n;BOeJieMeHTHOIO MlIOmHHOIO
A= {(5; 6), (6; 5)}.

KiJibKiCTb oqoK Ha »WBTOMY Ky6HKY

1 2 3 4 5
--- 6

»
::i::
:sl
~12
»
~
0
,.Q
tr: 3

1::i::

.i ~4~~~~~-4-~~ ~+-~~~~4--~~~--1f.--~~~-4~~~~-1
......

.~ 51
~

I6
PHC. 32.2
jl\:HTTE;BHM ,ll;OCBi,n; rri,n;Ka3y€, III,O BCi 36 eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,D;KIB
e piBHOMomJIHBHMH. Harne rrpHrrym;eHHSI MOmHa rri,n;KpirrHTH TaKHMH
MipKyBaHH.HMH. PosrJI.HHeMo, HarrpHKJia,n;, ,n;Ba eJieMeHTapHHx HacJii,n;-
KH (l; 2) i (3; 5). HMoBipHiCTh BHrra,n;iHH.H KOM6iHaII,il (1; 2) TaKa caMa,
.HK i liMoBipHiCTh BHrra,n;iHH.H KOM6iHaII,il (1; 5). Crrpas,n;i, napH (l; 2) i
(1; 5) Bi,n;pi3H51IOThC.H JIHme 't!HCJIOM, SIKe BHIIaJIO Ha mOBTOMy Ky6HKy,
a moBTHM rpa.JihHHM Ky6HK e CHMeTpWIHHM. ToMy mo,n;Ha 3 nap (l; 2)

121
§ 5. EneMeHTV'I KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'I' LirMOBipHOCTe~ i MaTeMarwrno'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1

i (l; 5) He Ma€ nepeBar nepe,n; iHIDOIO. A.Ha.Jiori1IHO, O,ll;HaKOBi maHCH

BHna,n;iHH.H MaIOTb napH (1; 5) i (3; 5). :o;e 03Ha11ae, rqo
p ( { (l; 2)}) = p ( { (1; 5)}) = p ( { (3; 5)}).
TaK caMo BCTaHOBJIIO€MO, rqo Bci 36 eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJil,ll;KlB
e piBHOMOmJIHBHMH. ToMy 3a KJiaCH1IHHM BH3Ha11eHH.HM HMOBip-
HOCTeli
2 1
p(A)=-=-. •
36 18
3a3Ha1IHMo, rqo npH 3anHci po3B' .H3YBaHb liMoBipHiCHHX 3a,n;a11
y npoCTHX BHna,n;Kax (3a,n;a11i 3 MOHeTaMH, rpaJibHHMH Ky6HKaMH
TOiqO) o6r'pyHTyBaHH.H piBHOMOmJIHBOCTi eJieMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB,
HK npaBHJIO, onycKaIOTb.

nP&.1KJ1A.ll Y ,ll;BOX ypHax JiemaTb KyJii, .HKi Bi,n;piaH.HIOTbC.H TiJibKH

KOJibopoM. Y nepmili ypHi nemHTb n KYJib: ,n;Bi 6ini, a pemTa 1IOpHi,
a B ,n;pyrili - m KYJib: TPH 6ini, a pemTa 1IOpHi. 3 KOmHOl ypHH Ha-
BMaHH.H ,n;iCTaIOTb no o,n;HiH KyJii . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, rqo xo11a 6
o,n;Ha 3 ,ll;BOX Ky Jib BH.HBHTbC.H 6iJIOIO?
Po 3 B' .fl 3 an n .fl. D;eli ,n;ocni,n; Mae Ta.Ki eneMeHTapHi Hacni,n;KH:
1) o6H,n;Bi Kyni, HKi BHT.HrJIH, e 6iJIHMH;
2) o6H,n;Bi KyJii, .HKi BHT.HrJIH, e 1IOPHHMH;
3) KYJIH 3 nepmo1 ypHH - 6ina, a 3 ,n;pyro1 - 1IOpHa;
4) Kyn.a 3 nepmo1 ypHH - 1Iopna, a 3 ,n;pyro1 - 6iJia.
IlpoTe HeMae rri,n;cTaB BBamaTH II,i Hacni,n;KH piBHOMOmJIHBHMH.
,Il;JIH Toro rqo6 MaTH 3MOry B ,n;aHOMY ,n;ocni,n;i po3rJI.H,D;aTH piBHO-
MOmJIHBi peayJibTaTH, rrpoHyMepyeMo Bci n + m KYJib. To,n;i eJieMeH-
TapHHM HaCJii,D;KOM ,n;aHoro BHnpo6yBaHH.H 6y,n;e 6y,n;b-HKa rrapa 1IHCeJI
(a; b), ,n;e 1IHCJIO a BKa3ye Ha HOMep Kyni, HKY B3.HTO 3 rrepmo1 ypHH,
a 1IHCJIO b - Ha HOMep Kyni 3 ,n;pyro1 ypHH. Kyni 3 ypH 6epyTh Ha-
BMaHHH. ToMy B ,n;aHoMy eKcrrepHMeHTi eneMeHTapHi Hacni,n;KH e piB-
HOMomJIHBHMH.
OcKiJihKH B rrepmili ypHi JiemHTb n KYJII>, a B ,n;pyrili m KYJib, To
3 HHX MOmHa yTBOpHTH n • m yKa3aHHx nap (a; b). OcKiJihKH B nep-
mili ypni nemaTb (n - 2) 1IOpHi Kyni, a B ,n;pyri:H: - (m - 3) qopHi, .
TO icnye (n - 2) • (m - 3) nap KYJII> 1IOpHoro KOJibopy. ToMy
KiJihKiCTb nap KYJib, cepe,n; .HKHX e rqoHaliMeHme o,n;na 6ina, ,n;opiBHIOe
nm - (n - 2) • (m - 3) = 3n + 2m - 6. 0Tme, KiJibKiCTb peayJibTaTiB,
crrpH.HTJIHBHX ,n;n.a rro,n;il «Xoqa 6 o,n;Ha 3 KYJib BH.HBHTbCH 6iJIOIO» (rro-
,n;i.a A), ,n;opiBHIOe 3n + 2m - 6.

T aKHM 1IHHOM, P(A) -- 3n+2m-6.

nm
122
 32. KnaGtJYHe 81113HaYeHHfl il1MOBipHOCTeii1

nPt.11<.nAA 6 Y rrapTil 3 200 n;erJIHH e 5 6paKOBaHHX . .HKa HMOBip-

HiCTh Toro, rn;o 3 8 BH6paHHX HaBMaHH.H u;erJIHH u;ie1 rrapTil 2 6y,n;yTh
6paKOBaHi, a 6 - I;Ie 6paKOBaHi?
Poaa'a3anna. IlepeHy-MepyeMo n;erJI~HH 'tlHCJiaMH Bi,n; 1 ,n;o 200.
To,n;i eneMeHTapHHM Hacni,n;KOM ,n;aHoro BHrrpo6yBaHH.a MOJKHa BBa-
JKaTH 6y,n;h-.HKY 8-eJieMeHTHY rri,n;MHOJKHHY MHOJKHHH {l, 2, ... , 200}.
ToMy rrpocTip eneMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB CKJiaAaeThC.H 3 c:00 eJieMeH-
TiB. OcKiJihKH u;erJIHHH o6HpaIOTh HaBMaHH.H, TO Bci eneMeHTapHi
HaCJii,ZJ;KH € piBHOMOJKJIHBHMH.
Ili,n;paxyeMO KiJihKiCTh TaKHX 8-eJieMeHTHHX ni,n;MHOJKHH, cepe,n;
.HKHX ,n;Ba 'tlHCJia Bi,n;noBi,n;aIOTh 6paKOBaHHM u;erJIHHaM, a pellITa 6 -
He 6paKOBaHHM. 3 5 6paKOBaHHX u;erJIHH o6paTH 2 u;erJIHHH MOJKHa
c; CIIOC06aMH, a 3 195 He6paKOBaHHX u;erJIHH o6paTH 6 MOJKHa
c:95 cnoco6aMH. BHKOpHCTOBYIO'tlH rrpaBHJIO MHOJKeHH.H, Ma€MO, rn;o
icHye c; . C~95 cnoco6iB o6paTH 8-eJieMeHTHY ni,n;MHOJKHHY u;erJIHH,

cepe,n; .HKHX piBHo 'ABi 6paKoBaHHX (rro,n;i.H A). ToMY p (A)= C

.
2
5

C200
;i
6
9
s.

Bnp L1

2.1: y rnyxn.a,n;i JieJKaTh 8 CHHiX Ta 12 qepBOHHX OJiiBD;iB . .HKa HMO-

BipHiCTh B3.HTH HaBMaHH.H 3 myXJI.H,n;H: 1) PY'IKY~ 2) OJiiBe:r.i;h?
32.2. 0
HaTypaJihHe 't!HCJIO a BHIIaAKOBHM 't!HHOM rrepeTBOpIOIOTh a6o
Ha tIHCJIO 2a + 4, a6o Ha qHcJio a (a + 1) . .HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro,
rn;o OTPHMaHe 't!HCJIO 6y,n;e: 1) rrapHHM; 2) HerrapHHM?
0
32.3. Y rraqu;i rpomeli 100 6aHKHOT. Ilpop;aBeu;h MaraaHHY ,ZJ;JI.H po3-
paxyHKY 3 IIOKyrru;eM o6Hpae HaBMaHH.H O,ZJ;HY Kyrrropy 3 rra't!KH •
.HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, rn;o BiH o6epe 6aHKHOTY 3 Hali6iJihIDHM
cepiHHHM HOMepoM?
3 . . Ha6Hparo't!H HoMep TenecpoHy cBoro TOBapHrna, MHKona aa6yB
ocTaHHIO u;Hcppy • .HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o BiH a rrepmo1 crrpo6H
Ha6epe rrpaBHJihHHH HOMep?
0

32.5. 3 MHOJKHHH {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTh o,n;He

't!HCJIO . .HKa liMoBipnicTh Toro, m;o u;e 't!HCJIO ,n;opiBHroe:
1) ,ZJ;BOM;
2) II' .HTH;
3) HerrapHOMY 'tlHCJiy;
4) l!HCJIY' .HKe KpaTHe 4;
5) l!HCJIY' .HKe He ,n;iJIHThC.H Hau;ino Ha 3?
123
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi"1' ii1MosipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTV1YH0·1 CTaTV1CTV1KV1

3 6 Y Kopo6~ Jie)KaTh 1 7 KapToK, rrpoHYMepoBaHHX HaTypaJihHHMH

l!HCJiaMH Bi,n; 1 ,n;o 1 7. 3 KOp06KH HaBMaHHJI 6epyTh o,n;Hy KapTKY •
.HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o Ha aili aarrHcaHo tIHcJio:
1) 12; 3) KpaTHe 3; 5) ,D;BOD;H<t>poBe;
2) rrapHe; 4) He KpaTHe 5; 6) npocTe?
0
32.7. y KOpo6o;i Jie)KaTb a CHHix, b )KOBTHX Tac qepBOHHX KYJihOK .
.HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o BH6paHa Ha.BMaHHH KYJibKa BHHBHTbCJI:
1) )KOBTOIO; 2) CHHhOIO; 3) He qepBOHOIO?
3 8. Y MimKy ,IJ;i,n;a Mopoaa Jie)KaTb n nJiromeBHX Be,n;Me,n;HKiB, m
o;yKepoK i k MaH,n;apHHiB . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o BH6paHHH
'
HaBMaHHH rro,n;apyHOK BHHBHThCJI: 1) Be,n;Me,D;HKOM; 2) lCTiBHHM;
3) He D;YKepKOIO?
32.9: 3i CJIOBa «JIACOIIJJ» IIOCJii,D;OBHO HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb 4 6yK-
BH . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, rrr;o, rrocJii,n;oBHO aarr11caBmH BH6paHi
tIOTHpH 6yKBH, OTpHMaIOTh CJIOBO «CAJ10»?
• 3i cJioBa «IIIB,IJ;EHh » nocJii,n;oBHO HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb
6 6yKB • .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o, nocJii,n;oBHO aarr.Hca.Bm.H B.H-
6paai miCTb 6yKB, OTpHMaIOTb CJIOBO «Bl,IJ;EHh»?
32.11: A6oHeHT aa6yB ,n;Bi OCTaHHi D;H<l>PH HOMepa TeJie<t>oHy i Ha-
6.Hpae !x HaBMaHHH • .HKa HMOBipHiCTh rrpaBHJihHO Ha6paTH HOMep
a rrepmo! crrpo6.H, HKrrr;o a6oHeHT TiJibK.H naM' .aTae, rrr;o ,n;Bi ocTaHHi
n;11<t>p.H: 1) napHi; 2) piaHi i HerrapHi?
32.12: 3 60 Ky6HKiB poaMipoM 1 x 1 x 1 CKJiaJIH npHMOKYTH.HH na-
pMeJierrirre,n; poaMipoM 3 x 4 x 5 i lioro rroBepxHIO rro<Pap6yBaJIH
B CHHiH KOJiip. IIicJI.a D;hOro 60 Ky6.HKiB peTeJihHO nepeMillaJI.H •
.HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, rrr;o y Ky6HKa 1 x 1 x l, .aKHH yaHTO Ha-
BMaHH.a: 1) TPH CHHi rpaai; 2) piBHO ,D;Bi CHHi rpaHi; 3) piBHO o,n;Ha
CHH.H rpaHh; 4) )KO,D;Ha rpaHh He€ CHHhOIO?
32.13: Y myxJIH,n;i Jie)KaTh oJiiBo;i Ta pyqKH. Bi,n;oMo, rrr;o oJiiBo;iB Ha
12 mTyK MeHme, Hi)K pyqoK. CKiJihKH oJiiBn;iB Jie)K.HTh y myxJIH,n;i,
HKrrr;o HMOBipHiCTb Toro, rrr;o BH6paH.HH HaBMaHH.H rrpe,n;MeT:

1) e pyqKOIO, ,n;opiBHIO€ ~;2) e OJiiBn;eM, ,n;opiBHIO€ ? .!.

8 . 6
: IIo,n;apyHKOB.HH KOMnJieKT MicTHTh 12 aeJieHHX i ,n;eKiJII>Ka
tiepBOHHX aa,n;yBH.HX KYJih. CKiJihKH tiepBOHHX KYJih y KOMIIJieKTi,
HKm;o HMOBipaicTh Toro, m;o B.H6paaa Ha.BMaHHH KYJIH:
3
1) BH.HBHTbC.H 3eJieHOIO, ,n;opiBHIO€ ;
7
2
2) BH.HBHTbC.H -qepBOHOIO, ,n;opiBHIO€ ?
5
124
 32. Knac111YHe BV13HaYeHHfl iilMosipHoaeiil
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

32.15: y KJiaci Ha.BqaJOThCH 30 ~HiB - 18 XJIOIID;iB i 12 ,n;iB"t!aT. ,ll;JIH

-qepryBaHH.H B lJJ;aJihRi Tpe6a 4 ~Hi, HKHX o6:apaIOTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBO.
5IKa MMOBipHiCTh Toro, rn;o n;e 6y,n;yTh "t!OTHPH ,n;iB"tJHHKH?
3 .1 : Y cKap6HH"tJD;i AH,n;piH 40 MOHeT pi3HHX Kpa.lH, cepe,n; HKHX
6 yKpalHChKHX. AH,n;pili 6epe HaBMaHHH 3 MOHeTH. 5IKa HMOBip-
Hicrrh Toro, rn;o BCi n;i MOHeTH 6y,n;yTh yKpalHChKHMH?
32.17: Ha ToproBeJihHOMY JIOTKY JieJKaTb H6JiyKa - 20 JKOBTHX
i 9 -qepBOHHX. IloKyrreu;h xo-qe rrp:a,n;6aTH 4 .H6JiyKa, .HKi rrpo,n;aBeD;b
o6Hpae HaBMaHHH. 5IKa MMOBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o BCi H6JIYKa IIOKYIID;.H
BHHBJIHTbCH o,n;Horo KOJibOpy?
3 . ,ll;JIH IllKiJibHOl JIOTepe1 rri,n;rOTOBJieHO 100 6iJieTiB, 3 HKHX
9 rrpH30BHX. Y"t!eHb BH6Hpae HaBMaRHH 7 6ineTiB. 5IKa MMOBipHiCTh
Toro, rn;o cepe,n; BH6paHHX 6y,n;e 2 rrpH30BHX 6iJieTH Ta 5 HerrpH-
30BHX 6iJieTiB?
32.19: Ha ,n;Box rrapaneJibHHX rrpHMHX rro3Ha"t£eHo TO"t!KH - 8 Ha o,n;-
Hili rrp.HMiM i 12 Ha iHilliH. 3 D;HX 20 TO'tlOK HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb
TpH. 5IKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, rn;o TPH o6paHi TO"t!KH e BeprnHHaMH
TPHKYTHHKa?
3 20. Ha ,n;Box rrapaneJihHHX rrpHMHX rro3Ha"tleHo TO"t!KH - 16 Ha
o,n;HiH rrpHMiM i 10 Ha iHilliH. 13 D;HX 26 TO't!OK HaBMaHHH o6Hpa-
10Tb "tJOTHpH. 5IKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o u;i 'tlOTHpH o6paHi ToqKH
€ BeprnHHaMH 'tlOTHpHKYTHHKa?

32.21 .• ,D;oc;ri,n; IIOJI.Hrae B TOMY, rn;o MOHeTy rrocni,n;OBHO KHJJ;aIOTb TPH

pa3H i 3aIIHCyIOTb, HKOIO CTOpOHOIO BilaJia MOHeTa rrpH KOJKHOMY
3 Tpbox rri,n;KH,n;aHb. 5IKa MMOBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o:
1) BHIIa,n;yTb TPH rep6H;
2) JKO,n;Horo pa3y He BHrra.n;e :q:HCJIO;
3) rrpH ,n;pyroMy KHJJ;aHHi MOHeTH BHrra.n;e rep6;
4) rrepmHM pa3 rep6 BHrra.n;e rrpH .n;pyroMy KHJJ;aHHi MOHeTH;
5) piBHO ,n;Bi"tJi BHrra.n;e rep6;
6) rrpHHaHMHi )l;Bi'tli BHrra.n;e rep6;
7) rep6 i qHCJIO BHIIa,ZJ;YTb rrp:aHaMMHi 110 OJJ;HOMY pa3y?
32.22: I'paJibHHM Ky6HK KH)l;aIOTb 2 pa3H. 5IKa MMOBipHiCTb Toro,
rn;o:
1) BHIIa,ZJ;YTb ,n;Bi IlliCTKH;
2) BHIIa,ZJ;YTb tIHCJia, cyMa .HKHX ,n;opiBH10€ 4;
3) ,n;pyroro pa3y BHrra.n;e TpiliKa;
4) rrepmoro pa3y BHrra.n;e MeHme 5 oqoK, a ,n;pyroro - 6inhrne 2;
5) rrepmoro pa3y BHrra.n;e 6inhme O"t!OK, Him ,n;pyroro?

125
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, Teopi"I LllMOBipHOCTeLlt i MaTeMaTl!1LfH0°l CTaTl!1CTll1Kll1

32.23: 0,n;HO'llacHo rri,n;Ka,n;aIOTb ,n;Ba rpa.JihHHX Ky6HKH. HKa HMOBip-

HiCTb Toro, m;o:
1) BHIIa,D;YTb IIIiCTKa i TpiliKa;
2) BHIIa,ZJ;YTb 'l!HCJia, CYMa HKHX ,n;opiBHIOe 8;
3) rreprnoro pa3y B!fIIa,n;e O'l!OK y,n;Bi'lli 6iJibIIIe, Him ,n;pyroro?
32.24:• I'paJihHHH Ky6HK rri,n;KH,D;aIOTb ,D;OTH, ,D;OKH He 3' HBHTbCH
rrepma micTKa. 3Hali,n;iTh liMoBipHiCTb IIOHBH rreprno! micTKH Ha
k- MY rri,n;KH,n;aHHi Ky6HKa.
32.2...:. • 3HaH,ll;iTh HMOBipHiCTb Toro, ID;O B cepll 3 10 IIi,n;KH,D;aHb MOHeTH
rep6 rreplliHH pas 3 'HBHTbCH Ha 'l!eTBepTOMy rri,n;KH,n;aHHi.
32.26:· 3Hair,n;iTb HMOBipHiCTb IIOHBH 6 rep6iB rrpH O,D;H011aCHOMY
ni,n;KH,n;aHHi 9 MOHeT.
32.27. •• KomHe a 10 TeCTOBHX aanHTaHb Mae 4 BapiaHTH Bi,n;noBi,n;eli,
a HKHX TiJihKH o,n;Ha rrpaBHJihHa. Y'lleHb Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae Ha TecTOBi 3a-
IIHTaHHH HaBMaHHH. HKa iiMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o BiH ,n;acTh piBHo
7 rrpaBHJibHHX Bi,n;rroBi,n;eli?
32. :· y KO:>KHiH 3 8 KOpo60K Jie.maTb TIO 3 KYJii - o,n;Ha 3eJieHa
i ,n;Bi 'llepBOHi. 3 KO:>KHOl KOp06KH HaBMaHHH 6epyTb TIO o,n;Hili
KyJii. HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o cepe,n; B3HTHX 8 KYJih BHHBHThCH
3 aeJieHi?
32.29 .•• y HID;HKY Jie:>KaTb 7 6iJIHX i 3 'l!OpHHX KyJii. 3 HID;HKa Ha-
BMaHHH BH,D;aJIHIOTb ,n;Bi KyJii, npo KOJiip HKHX Hi'l!oro He Bi,D;OMO.
IIicJIH :o;horo a HI:o;HKa BHHMaIOTh o,n;Hy KYJIIO. 3uali,n;iTb liMoBip-
HiCTh Toro, m;o .:o;H KYJIH 'l!OpHa.
32.30:· y KOpo6:o;i Jie:>Ka.JIH 25 OJiiB:o;iB - 15 CHHiX i 10 qepBOHHX.
3 'l!acoM o,n;HH oJiiBe:o;h 3ary611:BcH. KoJIH TiiCJIH :o;horo 3 Kopo6KH
HaBMaHHH ,n;icTa.JIH O,D;HH OJiiBeD;b, TO BiH BHHBHBCH CHHiM. HKa
HMOBipHiCTh Toro, r:o;o aary6HBCH 'l!epBOHHH oJiiBe:o;h?
32.31:· y 3B' H3D;i n KJIIO'lliB, cepe,n; HKHX JIHIIIe O,D;HH ni,n;xo,n;HTb ,n;o
3aMKa. EJIIO'lli nocJii,n;oBHO 0611:paroTh HaBMaHHH i HaMaraIOThCH
Bi,n;KpHTH 3aMOK (HKID;O KJIIO'l! He Tii,n;iHIIIOB, TO iioro 6iJihme He
BHKop:acToByIOTh). HKa liMoBipnicTh Toro, r:o;o aaMOK 6y,n;e Bi,n;-
Kp'HTO Ha k-li cnpo6i?
32 3 . IIIKiJibHOl JIOTepe1 BHrOTOBHJIH n 6iJieTiB' cepe,n; HKHX
,Ll;JIH
JIHrne o,n;HH BHrpamHHH. Tpoe ,n;pyaiB BHpimHJIH B3HTH yqaCTh
y JIOTepe!, npH,n;6aBmH no qepai no o,n;HoMy 6iJieTy. 3 'HcyliTe,
y KOro 6iJihme IIIaHCiB KynHTH BHrpamHHH KBHTOK - y Toro, XTO
KYIIHTh nepmH~, ,n;pyrHM 'l!H TpeTiM?

126
 32. Knac1111.1He BV13HaYeHHfl LilMosipHocreLil
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

32.33. •• KJiac 3 28 yqHiB 3a:liIIIOB ,n;o Ka6iHeTy, y HKOMY 15 napT

(no 2 ycmi 3a napTOIO). "YtIHi p03Ca,D;:>KyIOThCH BHna,n;KOBHM tIHHOM.
fl.Ka HMOBipHiCTb Toro, ID;O o,n;Ha napTa 3aJIHIIIHTbCH BiJibHOIO?

3 CiMHa,D;II;HTb KapTOK rrpOHYMepoBa.HO HaTypaJibHHMH tIHCJiaMH

Bi,n; 7 ,n;o 21. HaBMaHHH BH6HpaIOTb ,n;Bi 3 HHX . .HK a liMoBipHiCTh
Toro, ID;O CYMa HOMepiB BH6pa.HHX KapTOK 6y,n;e HenapHHM tIHC-
JIOM?

32.35 .•• ,D;ocJii,n; nOJI.Hrae B o,n;HotiaCHOMY KH,ZI;aHHi tIOTHpbOX rpaJibHMX

Ky6HKiB. 3Hali,n;iTb HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o BHna,n;yTb:
1) ,ZI;Bi II' HTipKH i ,ZI;Bi TpiHKH;
2) tIOTHpH pi3Hi I..I;HcppH;
3) piBHO TpH O,D;HHHII;i;
4) JIHIIIe I..I;Mc}>pH, ID;O 6iJihIIIi 3a tieTBipKy.
39 • rpanbHHH Ky6HK KH,lJ;aIOTb TpH'li nocniJib. 3Hali,n;iTb HMO-
BipHiCTb Toro, m;o:
1) BHna,n;yTb O,ZI;HHHII;H, ,n;BiHKa in' HTipKa B ,ZI;OBiJibHOMY nopH,n;Ky;
2) He BHna,n;e JKO,D;HOl micTKH;
3) BHna,n;yTb JIHIIIe TpiHKH a6o ,n;BiHKH;
4) neprna micTKa BHna,n;e npH ,n;pyroMy rri,n;KH,n;aHHi Ky6HKa.

32.37 .•• Ha KOJKHiH 3 10 TapiJIOK Jie:>KaTb no O,D;HOMY H6JiyKy' nepCHKY'

arreJibCHHY' rpyIIIi Ta CJIHBi. 3 KOJKHOl TapiJIKH HaBMaHHH 6epyTb
no o,n;HoMy IIJIO.ZI;Y . .HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o cepe,n; B3HTHX rrJio,n;iB
He 6y,n;e Hi H6JiyKa, Hi rpyIIIi?

. 8 3Hali,n;iTb HMOBipHiCTb Toro, ID;O mo,n;eH 3 5 HaBMaHHH BH-

6paHHX JIIO,n;e:li He Hapo,n;HBCH B He,n;iJIIO.

32.39:· y .HI.IJ;HKY Jie:>KaTb 20 qepBOHHX, 10 JKOBTHX i 5 3eJieHHX

H6JiyK. HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb 7 H6JiyK . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o
cepe,n; BH6paHHX H6JiyK e 2 -qepBOHHX, 4 JKOBTHX i 1 3eJieHe?

3 • ,ll;JIH rpH 3arOTOBJieHO 24 KapTKH - 12 IDTYK i3 CHHbOro

rrarrepy, 8 ia JKOBToro Ta 4 a qepBoHoro. HaBMaHHH BH6MpaIOTb
9 KapToK . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o cepe,n; BH6paHHX KapTOK
e 4 CHHi, 3 JKOBTi i 2 tiepBOHi KapTKH?

32.41."" PH,n; KiHOTeaTpy MiCTHTb 20 MiCII;b, Ha .HKi BHIIa,D;KOBHM l:JH-

HOM ci,n;aIOTb 20 yqHiB o,n;Horo KJiacy' y TOMY tIHCJii 3 Bi,n;MiHHHKH.
3Hali,n;iTb HMOBipHiCTb Toro, ID;O Bci TPH Bi,n;MiHHHKH cH,n;iTHMYTb
rropyq.

127
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111KLll, reopi'I iilMOBipHOCTetil i MaTeMaTLllYH0°I era fLllCTLllKlll

32.42:· Y 'tfepry BHrra,n;KOBHM 'tfHHOM CTaIOTh n JIIO,n;eli: A 1 , A 2 , ••• , An.

BH3Ha'tfTe HMOBipHiCTh TaKHX rro,n;ili:
1) A 1 6y,n;e rrepIIIHM y 'tfep3i;
2) A n He 6y,n;e ocTaHHiM y -crep3i;
3) A 1 , A 2 , A 3 cTo.HTHMYTh y 'tfep3i o,n;HH sa o,n;HHM caMe B TaKOMY
rrop.H,n;Ky.
32.43:· ,Il;ocni,n; IlOJI.Hrae B ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH. ,Il;JI.H o:a;iHKH HMOBip-
HOCTi no,n;il A - «rrp11 rri,n;KH,n;aHHi MOHeTH BHrra,n;e rep6» - ,n;ocni,n;
rrnaHyeThC.H rrpoBeCTH 10 paaiB i o6'tfHCJIHTH qacToTy rro,n;i1 A. HKa
liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o o61IHCJieHa rrp11 D;hOMY qacToTa no,n;il A BH-
.HBHThC.H MeHIIIOIO Bi,ZJ; 0, 3?
32.44:· ,Il;JI.H rri,n;rOTOBKH ,n;o 3aJiiKOBOl po60TH sarrporrOHOBaHO 45 sa-
,n;aq. Yl:!eHh ni,n;roTyBaB poaB·' .H3aHH.H TiJihKH 35 aa,n;aq. Po6oTa
CKJia,n;a€ThC.H 3 5 3aB,ZJ;aHh, .HKi 0611paIOTh BHIIa,ZI;KOBHM l:JHHOM,
i BBaJKa€TbC.H aapaxoBaHOIO, .HKID;O rrpaBHJibHO p03B'.H3aHO rrpH-
HaHMHi 4 sa,n;aqi. HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o yqeHI> CKJia,n;e sa-
niKoBy po6oTy?
3 •yKOHBepTi ,n;iB'tfHHKH nemaTh 50 CBiTJIHH, cepe,n; .HKHX e 'tfOTH-
PH o,n;HaKoBi. ,Il;iB'tfHHKa a6Hpa€TbC.H rro,n;apyBaTH o,n;Hy s o,n;HaKOBHX
CBi TJIHH rro,n;py.m:a;i. ,Il;JI.H D;bOro BOHa HaBMaHH.H ,n;icTae 3 KOHBepTy
8 CBiTJIHH. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o cepe,n; HHX 6y,n;e rrpHHaliMHi
o,n;Ha myKaHa CBiTJIHHa?
32.46. •• BacHJib 1<.11,n;ae rpanhHHH Ky611K. H.t<.m;o BHrra,n;ae MeHme Him
TpiliKa, BacHJib 1<.11,n;ae 1<.y6HK m;e pa3 i BBa.mae pe3yJII>TaTOM ,n;o-
cni,n;y cyMy 'tfHCeJI, m;o BHIIaJIH. y rrpOTHBHOMY pa3i peayJII>TaTOM
,n;ocni,n;y e q11cno, m;o BHrrano rrp11 rrepmoMy rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi. HKa
HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o peaynhTaT ,n;ocni,n;y 6inhIIIe Him 5?
a· '1 01<.caHa i Map11Ha rpaIOTh y TaKy rpy. CrroqaTKY 0KCaHa
KH,ZJ;a€ rpaJibHHH Ky6HK O,ZJ;HH pas, a IIOTiM Map11Ha - m;e ,ZJ;Bi'tfi.
Map11Ha BHrpae, .HKm;o BOHa 3a ,n;Ba cBo1x rri,n;KH,n;aHH.H 1<.y611Ka
B cyMi Ha6epe O'tfOK piBHO cTiJII>KH, cKiJII>KH OKcaHa Ha6pana sa
o,n;He rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHH.H. HKa liMoBipHiCTh BHrpaIIIy MapHHH?
32.48:· ~~pili Ta 19 lioro O,ZJ;HOKJiaCHHKiB, cepe,n; .HKHX 10 ,n;iBl:!aT
i 9 xnorr:a;iB, BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHM "CJHHOM ci,n;aIOTh 3a 1<.pyrJIHH cTiJI. HKa
liMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o nop.H,n; s AH,n;pieM 6y,n;YTh cH,n;iTH ,n;Bi ,n;iB-
't!HHKH?
3 . Y -crepry BHIIa,ZI;KOBHM "CJHHOM cTaIOTh 20 JIIO,n;e:0:: A, B, C, ....
B113Ha'tfTe HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o A 6y,n;e CTO.HTH paHime Him B
i o,n;Ho-cracHo B 6y,z:r;e CTO.HTH paHiIIIe Him C.

128
 32. KnaCV1YHe BV13HaYeHHs:l illMOBipHOCTeill

32.50:· C 3 npOHYMepoBaHHX .am;HKH Ta 20 KYJih. Yci 20 KYJih Ha-

BMaHH.a nocJii,n;oBHO po3KJia,n;aIOTh no .am;HKax. flKa iiMoBipfilcTh
Toro, m;o .n;o neprnoro .am;HKa noTpanJIHTh 10 KYJih, ,n;o ,n;pyroro -
6, a ,n;o TpeThoro - 4?
32.51:· Ha KiHil,eBili 3YTIHHil,i ,n;o BaroHy MeTpo yBilirnJIH n nacaJKH-
piB. KoJKHHli 3 HHX 3 o,n;HaKOBOIO liMoBipHicTro MoJKe BHHTH Ha
6y,n;h-.HKili HacTynHili CTaHil,il MeTpo (BiTKa MeTpO CKJia,n;aeTbC.H
3 k + 1 CTaHn;il, BKJIIOqaroqH ,n;Bi KiHil,eBi). 3Hali,n;iTh HMOBipIDCTh
no,n;n:
1) yci n nacaJKHpiB BHH,Zl;YTb Ha ,n;pyrili CTaHn;il;
2) yci n nacaJKHpiB BHli,n;yTh Ha o,n;Hili CTaHil,ii:;
3) yci n nacaJKHpiB BHli,n;yTh Ha pi3HHX CTaHn;i.ax.
32.52.* y KJiaci 22 XJionqHKH, HKHX BHila,Zl;KOBHM 'tJHHOM ,n;iJIHTb Ha ,n;Bi
KOMaH,n;H no 11 't!OJIOBiK ,n;n.a rpH y cpyT6oJI. flKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro,
m;o ,n;Ba HaHCHJihHimHX rpaBil,i IlOTpanJIHTb .n;o pi3HHX KOMaH,n;?
32.53. * ,ll;Ba rpaBn;i KH,n;aroTb MOHeTy. IleprnHH rpaBeil,b KH,n;ae MOHe-
TY 50 pa3iB, a .n;pyrHli 51 paa. IloaHa't!HMO 'llepea n KiJihKiCTh
rep6iB, m;o BHna,n;yTh y rrepIIIoro rpaBn;.a, a 11epea m - KiJihKiCTh
rep6iB, m;o BHna,n;yTh y .n;pyroro rpaBn;.a. flKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro,
m;o n<m?
32.54. * II' HTh KYJih HaBMaHHH poaKJia,n;aroTh no n' HTH .am;HKax. flKa
liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o piBHO o,n;HH .am;HK 3aJIHIDHThCH BiJihHHM?
32.55. * rpaBn;i A i B ni,n;KH,ZJ;aIOTb MOHeTy. flKm;o BHna,n;ae rep6, TO
o,n;He O"t!KO oTpHMye rpaBeIJ,h A, y npoTHBHOMY paai - rpaBeil,h B.
y rpi BHrpae TOH, XTO nepIIIHM Ha6epe 7 oqoK. IlicJI.a 9 ni,n;KH,n;aHh
rpaBn;i 3ary6HJIH MOHeTy i rpy ,n;oBeJIOCH npHIIHHHTH 3 paxyHKOM
6 : 3 Ha KOpHCTh rpaBu,.a A. HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o y n;ili rpi
nepeMir 6H rpaBeil,h A, HK6H rpy 6yno aaKiH't!eHo?
32.56.* y KOMnJieKTi 13 RapTOK, 10 3 HKHX rri,n;IIHCaHO HaTypaJibIDIMH
qHCJiaMH Bi,n; O,ll;HHHil,i ,n;o .n;ec.aTH, a 3 KapTKH ni,n;nHCaHO JiiTepaMH
A, B, C. 3 KOMIIJieKTY HaBMaHHH B3HJIH 4 RapTRH, c·epe.n; .aRHX
BHHBHJiac.a KapTKa 3 JiiTeporo. flKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o cepe,n;
Il,HX 4 KapTOK € m;e npHHaHMHi o,n;Ha RapTKa 3 JiiTeporo? qH 3Mi-
HHTbCH Bi,n;noBi,n;h Ha nocTaBJieHe 3aIIHTaHHH, .HKIT(O Bi,n;OMO npo
Ha.HBHiCTh cepe.n; 4 o6paHHX RapTOK He npOCTO KapTKH 3 JiiTeporo,
a RapTKH 3 JiiTeporo A?
32.57.* 3 MHOJKHHH {l, 2, 3, ... , 20} HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTb n'HTH-
eJieMeHTHY ni,n;MHOJKHHY. flKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o cepe.n; o6pa-
HHX n' HTH "tlHCeJI € ,n;Ba nocJii,ZJ;OBHHX HaTypaJibHHX 'tJHCJia?

129
§ 5. EneMeHTvt KOM6iHaTOpvtKvt, Teopi'I il!MosipHOCTeill i MaTeMan1YH0·1 CTaTvtCTVIKvt

Po3r JI.HHeMo BHnpo6yBaHH.H 3 npocTopoM eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;-

KiB U. Hara,n;aeMo, m;o BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOIO rro,n;iero Ha3HBaIOTh ,n;oBiJibHY
ni,n;MHOmHHY rrpOCTOpy eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB u. 0Tme, BHIIa,ZJ;KOBi
rro,n;il - n;e MHOmHHH, a 3 MHOmHHaMH MOmHa BHKOHyBaTH rreBHi
orrepan;i1: o6'e.n;HYBaTH, rrepeTHHaTH Tom;o. ToMy rrp:apo,n;Ho, m;o aHa-
JioritIHi orrepa:u;il p03I'JI.H,ZJ;aIOTh i ,ZJ;JI.H BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHX rro,n;i:li, Ha,n;aroq:a
lM HMOBipHiCHOI'O 3MiCTY.
TaKom Hara,n;aeMo, m;o BMIIa,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H X Bi,n;6yBaeThC.H JIHme
TO,n;i, KOJIH ,n;ocJii,n; 3aKilf"lIHBC.H eJieMeHTapHHM HaCJii,ZJ;KOM u, .HKHH
€ eJieMeHTOM MHOjKHHH x.
Hexa:li ,n;ocJii,n; IIOJI.Hrae B ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi rpaJihHoro Ky6:aKa, T06To
U = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Po3rJI.HHeMo ,n;Bi BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il: A= {3, 4, 5, 6} i
B = {l, 2, 3, 4}, To6To rro,n;i.H A Bi.n;6YBa€TbC.H To,n;i, KOJIH BHIIaJIO tIHCJIO,
m;o He MeHme Bi,n; 3, a no,n;i.H B - To,n;i, KOJIM BHrraJio q:acJio, m;o He
6iJibille 3a 4. MHOmHHa An B = {3, 4} - n;e BHIIa,n;KOBa rro,n;i.H, .HKa
Bi,n;6yBa€ThC.H TO,n;i, KOJIH BHIIaJIO qHCJIO, m;o He MeHme Bi,n; 3 i He
6iJihme 3a 4.. TaKHM qHHOM, BHIIa,n;KOBa rro,n;i.H An B Bi.n;6YBaeThC.H
TO,n;i i TiJibKH TO,n;i, KOJIH O,ZJ;HOtiaCHO Bi,n;6YBaIOTbC.H BHrra,n;KOBi rro,n;il A
i B.
e u n . Hexa:H A i B - Buna.n;icoBi no,zdl ,zi;eHKoro BHnpooy-
BaHHH. Buna.n;icoBy no,zi;iro, HKa Bi,zi;6YBa£TLCH JIHme To,zi;i, KOJIH si,zi;-
OYBalOTLCH i suna,zi;icoBa no,zi;iH A, i BHna,zi;KoBa no,zi;iH B, uaaHBaroTL
nepeTHBOM BHna,IJ;KOBHX no,IJ;iii A i B.
0Tme, An B - :u;e rrepeTMH BHrra,n;KoBHX rro,n;i:li Ai B.
IIepeTHH BHrra,n;KOBHX no,n;i:li A i B rrpo-
iJIIOCTPOBaHO Ha pHCYHKY 33.1.
AHaJioritIHHM tIHHOM 03HatiaIOTb rrepeTHH
TPhOX Ta 6irrbmo1 KirrhKOCTi BHila,n;KOBHX rro,n;ili.
y ,n;ocJii,n;i 3 rpaJibHHM Ky6HKOM p03I'JI.H-
HeMO BHIIa,n;KoBi rro,n;il: C = {l, 2} i D = {5, 6},
PHC. 33.1
T06To rro,n;i.a c Bi,ZJ;6YBa€TbC.H TO,n;i, KOJIH BH-
IlaJIO tmcJio, m;o He 6irrbme 3a 2, a rro,n;i.a D -
TO,ZU, KOJIH BRIIaJIO q:acJio, m;o He MeHIIIe 3a 5. MHom:aHa CUD=·
= {l, 2, 5, 6} - :u;e BHIIa,n;KOBa no,n;i.H, .HKa Bi,n;6yBa€ThC.H To,n;i, KOJIH BH-
IlaJIO q:acJio, m;o a6o He 6iJihme 3a 2, a6o He MeHme Bi,n; 5. TaKHM
q:aHoM, BHna,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H C U D Bi,n;6yBa€ThC.H To,n;i i TiJibKH To,n;i,
KOJIH Bi.n;6YBa€ThC.H rrp:aHaHMHi o,n;Ha 3 ,n;Box rro,n;ili - a6o C, a6o D.

130
 33. Onepau,i'I 3 s11maAKOBV1MV1 noAiflMll1

0 u a 'I e SI. Hexail A i B - BHIIMKOBi no,z:tii ,n;esiKoro BBnpo-

6YBaHHH. BBrra,n;KoBy rro,n;iro, HKa Bi,n;6YBaCTI>CH JIHme To,zi;i, KOJIH
Bm6YBaCT:&CH npBHaH:MHi o,n;Ha a ,n;Box rro,n;iil A a6o B, HaaHBa10T1>
o.6'£,n;HaHHHM nnna,n;KOBHX: nop;ii Ai B.

0Tme, A U B - n;e o6'e,n;Ha.HH.H BHrra,n;KOBHX rro,n;ili Ai B.

06'e,n;iraHH.H BHrra.,n;KoBHX rro,n;ili Ai B npoiJIIOCTpoBaHo Ha pHcyH-
' Ky 33.2.
TaK caMo oaHa'IaroTh 06' e,n;HaHH.H Tphox Ta 6iJibmo1 KiJibKOCTi
BHIIa,D;KOBHX no,n;iii •
.HKIIJ;O B ,n;ocJii,n;i 3 rpaJibHHM Ky6HKOM po3rJI.HHYTH BHIIa,D;KOBi IIO-
,n;il A= {3, 4, 5, 6} i C ={l, 2}, TO B rrpocTopi eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB
u = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} KOmHa 3 HIDC € oonoenen1iJl,.M iHmo!, T06TO A n c =0
-
i AU C = U. ,IJ;onoBHeHH.H MHOmHHH A rroaHai:raroTb A. 0Tme, Mom-
- -
Ha 3arrHcaTH: A= C i C =A.
3p03YMiJio, rn;o BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.a A Bi,n;6yBa€TbC.H JIHme To,n;i, KOJIH
He Bi,n;6yBa€ThC.H BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a C. TaK caMo BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a C
Bi,n;6yBaeTbC.H JIHme To,n;i, KOJIH He Bi,n;6yBa€TbC.H BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a A.

0 3 n a q e u H n. Hexail A - BHIIMKOBa rro,z:tis ,n;eHKoro BHnp06YBaHHH.

BHrra,z:t;KOBY no,z:tiJO, HKa Bm6YBaE:Tl>CH JIHme TO,n;i, KOJIH He Bm6YBa-
€Tl>CH rro,zi;is A, Ha3BBa10T1> p; on o Bue Bu 11 M no p; i I A.

0Tme, A - n;e ,n;orroBHeHH.H BHrra,n;KoBo1 no,n;il A.

,IJ;orroBHeHH.H BHrra,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il A npoiJIIOCTpoBaHo Ha pHcyH-
KY 33.3.

Pa:c. 33.2 P:ac. 33.3

BHKOpHcT0By10i:rH orrepan;il rrepeTHHy, o6'e,n;Ha.HH.H Ta ,n;orroBHeHH.H,

MOmHa oaHai:raTH iHmi orrepan;il 3 BHIIa,D;KOBHMH rro,n;i.HMH. HarrpH-
KJia,n;, orrepan;i10 pi3HHn;i BHIIa,ll;KOBHX no,zi;iH: A i B (rroaHai:raIOTb
A\ B ) 03Hai:raIOTb piBHiCTIO A\ B =An B.
BHna,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a A \ B Bi,n;6yBaeThC.H JIHme To,n;i, KOJIH Bi,n;6yBa-
€ThC.H rro,n;i.a A i o,n;Hoi:racHo He Bi,n;6yBaeThC.H no,n;i.a B.

131
§ 5. EneMeHn.1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'i ii'1MosipHOCTeii'1 i MaTeMan1YHo'i CTaTV1CTV1KV1

Pi3HHIJ;IO BHIIMKOBHX rro,n;ili A i B rrpoin10cTpoBaHo Ha pHCYH-

KY 33.4.
0 aH "I e H • HKm;o ,z:i;Bi BHna.,z:i;KoBi no,z:i;il A i B ,z:i;esKoro BHnpo6y-
BaHHH He nepeTHHalOTLCH, T06To An B =: 0, TO ix uaaHBalOTL
ecyMiCBHMH.

lHIIIHMH CJIOBaMH, BHIIMKOBi rro,n;il A i B Ha3HBaIOTb HeCYMiCHHMH,

HKIII;O BOHH He MomyTh Bi,n;6yTHCH o,n;HoqacHo.
HanpHKJIM, y ,n;ocJii,n;i 3 rri,n;KH,n;aHHHM rpaJihHoro Ky6H:Ka BHIIM-
KOBi rro,n;il C = {l, 2} i D = {5, 6} e HecyMiCHHMH. BHIIMKOBi rro,n;ii: A
i B \A 3aB.m,n;H HecyMicHi, so:KpeMa, HecyMiCHHMH e rro,n;il A i A.
HecyMicHiCTh BHIIMKOBHX rro,n;ili Ai B rrpo1n10cTpoBaHo Ha pH-
cyHKY 33.5.

PHc. 33.4 PHc. 33.5

CcpopMyJIIOeMo BJiacTHBOCTi cpyHRIJ;il liMoBipHOCTi p, rroB' H3aHi

3 orrepau;iHMH HM BHIIMKOBHMH rro,n;iHMH.
1. HXUfO BunaiJxoBi noiJi"i A i B iJeaKozo Bunpo6yBanna e ne-
cyMicnuMu, mo
p(AU B)= p(A)+ p(B) (1)
PiBHiCTh (1) MO.mHa rri,n;TBep,n;HTH, BHKOPHCTOBYIO't!H rroHHTTH qac-
TOTH. CnpaB,n;i, Hexali BHIIp06yBaHHH 6yno npoBe,n;eHe n pa3iB i npH
IJ;bOMY BHIIMKOBa no,n;iH A Bi,n;6yJiacH nA paaiB, a rro,n;iH B Bi,n;6yJiacH
n 8 pa3iB. Oc:KiJihKH rro,n;ii: Ai B e HecyMiCHHMH, TO BHIIMKOBa no,n;iH
C =AU B Bi,n;6ynacH nc = nA + n 8 pa3iB. Mae Micu;e piBHiCTh
nc nA nB
-=-+-
n n n
Bi,n;HomeHHH nA - u;e -qacToTa rro,n;il A, a Bi,n;HorueHHH n 8 - u;e
n n
-qacToTa no,n;il B.
TaKHM 't!HHOM, -qacToTa BHIIMKOBOI rro,n;il C = A U B ,n;opiBHIOe CYMi
qacTOT HecyMiCHHX BHIIMKOBHX rro,n;ili Ai B, m;o li Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae piBHO-
cTi (1).

132
 33. OnepauJi 3 svmaAKOBV1MV1 noAiHMV1

BHKOpHCTOBYIOl'..!H MeTo,n; MaTeMaTHl'..!HOl iH,n;yKn;il, piBHiCTb (1)

MOmHa nomHpHT.H Ha TPH a6o 6irrhmy KiJibKiCTb nonapHo HecYMicHHX
BHIIa,D;KOBHX no,n;iii::
p(Ai U~ U ••. UA,)=p(Ai)+p(~)+ ... +p(An).
TaK.HM '1HHOM, UMOBipnicmb CK.iu11,ennozo 06' eiJnannR no nap no ne-
cyMicnux eunaiJK.oeux noiJiu aopien10e cyMi uMoeipnocmeu ztux noiJiu.
3 cpopMyJIH (1) MO:>KHa OTpHMaT.H TaKi HaCJii,n;KH.
2. HKUfO A - BunaiJKo8a noiJia, mo

p(A)+ p(A)=l

CnpaB,n;i, BHna,n;KoBi rro,n;il A Ta A e HecyMiCH.HM.H. KpiM D;bOro,

A U A = U. To,n;i
p(A)+ p(A)= p(A U A)= p(U)=l.
3. HKUfO A i B - 8unaiJKo8i noiJi'i iJeaKoio Bunpo6yBanna
i Ac B, mo
p(A)~p(B)

CnpaB,n;i, HKID;O Ac B, TO B.Hna,n;KoBy no,n;iro B MOmHa no,n;aT.H

y BHrJix,n;i o6'e,n;HaHHH ,n;Box HecyMiCHHX BHIIa,D;KOBHX no,n;lli A i B \A
(pHc. 33.6). To,n;i p (B) = p (A)+ p (B \A). OcKiJibKH p (B \A)~ 0, To
p(B)~ p(A).

PHc. 33.6 PHc. 33.7

T p 3 3 1 H KUfO A i B - BunaiJKoBi noiJi'i iJeaKozo Bu-

npo6yBanna, mo

p(A u B)=p(A)+p(B)-p(An B) (2)

!{ 0 6 ea e
n JI,. Po3rJIHHeMO Ta:Ki BHila,D;KOBi no,n;il:
H,

cl =A \B, c2 =B\A, Cg =AnB.

HeBamKo nepeKoHaTHCH (,n;HB. pHc. 33. 7), m;o n;i no,n;il nonapHo
HecyMicHi i BHKOHY€TbCH piBHiCTb
A u B =cl u c2 u Cg.
133
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi'i LllMOBipHOCTei71 i MaTeMan1YH0°i CTaTV1CTV1KV1

To,n;i, BHKOPHCTOBYIOlIH piBHiCTb (1), MaeMo:

p(A u B)=p(C1 U C2 U C3 )=p(C1 )+p(C2 )+p(C3 ).
3Bi,D;CH
p (AU B)+ p (An B) = p (C1 )+ p (C2 )+2p (C3 ). (3)
Bo,n;HOliaC, OCKiJibKH A= cl u C3 i B = C2 u C3, TO MOmHa 3aTIH-
CaTH, m;o
p (A)= p (C1 U C3 ) = p (C1 )+ p (C3 ),
p (B) = p (C2 U C3 ) = p (C2 )+ p (C3 ).
,IJ;o,n;aIOtIH ,n;Bi ocTaHHi piBHOCTi, oTpHMyeMo:
p (A)+ p (B) = p (C1 ) + p (C2 )+2p (C3 ). (4)
3 piBHOCTeH (3) i ( 4) BHIIJIHBae crrpaBe,D;JIHBiCTb piBHOCTi (2). ..

nPfllKnA.Q 1 3 KOp06KH, y .HKiH JiemaTb ,D;HT.Hlii rripaMi,D;KH Ta Ky6H-

KH, HaBMaHH.H 6epyTb O,D;HY irpaI.IIKY (KOmHa 3 irpaIIIOK mOBTOro a6o
6JiaKHTHoro KOJibopy). Bi,n;oMo, m;o HMOBipHiCTb B3.HTH rripaMi,n;Ky
.
,n;op1BHIOe 26 JiaKHTHY irpamKy
-, . - -,2 a moBTHH... KY 6 HK - 1 .aKa
er
5 3 4
liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o BHT.HrHyTb 6JiaKHTHY rripaMi,n;Ky?
p 03e'.fl3a1i1i .fl. ,Il;JI.H 3PYlIHOCTi 6y,n;eMO BHKOpHCTOByBaTH TaKi
CKOpotieHH.K: «II» - rripaMi,D;Ka, «K» - Ky6HK, «m» - irpamKa
moBToro KOJibopy Ta «6 » - irpamKa 6JiaKHTHoro KOJibopy. To,n;i
B ,n;aHOMy BHIIpo6yBa.HHi rrpocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB Mae BH-
rJI.K,ZJ; U = {Ilm, II6, Km, K6}.
Hexa:H BHIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;i.a A IIOJI.Hrae B TOMy, m;o BHT.HrHyJIH rri-
paMi,n;Ky, T06To A = {Ilm, II6}; BHIIa,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H B rroJI.arae B TOMY,
m;o BHT.HrHyJIH irpamKy 6JiaKHTHoro KOJibopy, T06To B = {II6, K6};
rro,n;i.H c- y TOMy, m;o BHT.HrHyJIH mOBTHH Ky6HK, T06To c
={Km};
a rro,n;i.a x - y TOMY' m;o BHT.HrHyJIH 6JiaKHTHY rripaMi,n;Ky' T06TO
X = {II6}.
HeBamKo rro6aqHTH, m;o BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.a X = {II6} e rrepeTHHOM
BHIIa,D;KOBHx rro,n;i:H A= {Ilm, II6} i B = {II6, K6}. 0Tme, Tpe6a 3HaliTH
liMoBipHicTb p (X) = p (An B).
Bo,n;Iiotiac BHIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;i.a A U B = {Ilm, II6, K6} e ,n;orroBHeH-
3
H.HM BHIIa,n;KoBo! rro,n;il C = {Km}, To6To p (A U B) = 1- p ( C) = .
4
B11KopncTOBYIOlIH cpopMyJiy TeopeMH 33.1, 3IJaxo,n;HMO
2 2 3 19
p(X)= p(AnB)= p(A)+ p(B)-p(A U B)=-+---=-. •
5 3 4 60

134
 33. Onepau,i'l 3 s11maAKOB111M111 noAis:IMlll

Po3rJI.HHeMo ,n;ocJii,n;, y .HKOMY MoHeTy ni,n;KH,n;aroTh ,n;BiTii nocniJih.

To,n;i npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeThC.H 3 4 eJieMeHTiB:
u ={IT, rq, qr, qq},
,n;e r 03Hal:fae BHila,ZJ;iHH.H rep6a, a q - BHIIa,n;iHH.H lfHCJia Ha MOHeTi.
Po3rJI.HHeMo ,n;Bi BHna,n;KoBi no,n;il:
A = {rr' qr} (npH ,n;pyrOMY ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH BHIIaB rep6);
B = {rr, rq} (npH nepllIOMY ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH BHilaB rep6).
OcKiJihKH u;eli ,n;ocJii,n; a piBHOMOJKJIHBHMH eJieMeHTapHH~H Ha-
cJii,n;KaMH, TO HMOBipHOCTi no,n;ili Ai B MOmHa o6'lHCJIHTH, BHKOpHc-
TOBYIO'l.H KJiaCHl:IHe BH3HatieHH.H HMOBipHocTeli:
2 1
p (A)= p (B)=- =-.
4 2
A tIH 3MiHHThC.H HMOBipHiCTb BHna,n;iHH.H rep6a npH ,n;pyroMy ni,n;-
KH,ZJ;aHHi (rro,n;i.H A), KOJIH Bi,n;oMo, m;o npH nepmoMy ni,n;KH,n;aHHi Bme
BHIIaB rep6 (Bi,n;6yJiac.H no,n;i.H B)? Ham ,n;ocBi,n; ni,n;Ka3ye, m;o HMOBip-
HiCTb He IlOBHHHa 3MiHHTHC.H, OCKiJibKH ,n;pyre ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHH.H MOHeTH
BHKOHyeTbC.H He3aJieJKHO Bi,n; pe3yJihTaTy nepmoro ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHH.H.

0a "e si. Hexail A i B - BHna,n;KoBi no,n;il ,n;esiKoro BHnpo-

6YBaHHH. HKm;o HMOBipHiCTL no)J;il A He 3MiHIOCTLCSI Bi,n; Toro, m;o
Bi,n;6yJiacs: 110)'.l;isi B, a HMOBipuicTL no)J;il B He aMiHIOE:TLCSI Bi,n; Toro,
m;o Bi,n;6YBaJiacSI no)J;iSI A, TO BHna,n;KoBi no)J;il A i B Ha3HBaIOTL
eaaJiem HMB .

HanpHKJia,n;, Hexali rpaJibHHH Ky6HK ni,n;KH,n;aIOTb ,ZJ;Bl'll i npH

nepmoMy ni,n;KH,n;aHHi BHnaJia micTKa (no,n;i.H A). IloBi,n;oMJieHH.H npo
Te, m;o Bi,n;6yJiaC.H BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.H A, He 3MiHroe rnaHcH BHna,n;iHH.H,
HanpHKJia,n;, TpiliKH npH ,n;pyroMy ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi Ky6HKa (no,n;i.H B).
TaK caMo iHcpopMar.ti.H npo Te, m;o npH ,n;pyroMy ni,n;KH,n;aHHi Ky611Ka
BHIIaJia TpiiiKa, He 3MiHIO€ MMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o npH nepllIOMY
ni,n;KH,n;aHHi Ky6HKa BHnaJia IIIiCTKa. 0Tme, BHna,n;KoBi no,n;il A i B
e He3aJieJKHHMH.
HKm;o B n;ooMy ,n;ocJii,n;i poar JI.HHYTH m;e o,n;Hy BHna,n;KoBy no-
,n;iroc- «CyMa l!HCeJI, m;o BHilaJIH Ha Ky6HKY npH nepmoMy i ,n;pyro-
MY rri,n;KH,n;aHH.HX, ,n;opiBHroe 12», TO BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il Ai C e 3aJiem-
HHMH o,n;Ha Bi,n; o,n;Hol. CrrpaB,n;i, BHna,n;KoBa no,n;i.H C Bi,n;6YBa€TbC.H

JIHme To,n;i, KOJIH 0611:,n;Ba pa3H BHna,n;yTb IlliCTKH, TOMY p (C) = _!_,
36
HKm;o m Bi,n;oMo, m;o Bi,n;6yJiac.H BHIIa,n;KoBa no,n;i.H A, TO BHna,n;KoBa
no,n;i.HcBi,n;6yBa€TbC.H TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH IIPH ,n;pyroMy ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi TaKOJK

BHna,n;e IlliCTKa. HMoBipHiCTh n;ooro ,n;opiBHIOe .!.. 0Tme, MMOBipHiCTh

6

135
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi "I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW4H0°l CTaTV1CTV1KV1

BHIIa,n;KOBOl rro,n;il c 3MiHHJiaC.H rrpH IIOBi,ll;OMJieHHi rrpo Te, m;o Bi,n;-

6ynac.H BHrra,n;Koaa rro,n;i.H A, i cTana piBHOIO !. IJ;eli cpaKT aanHcyroTh

6
1
TaK: PA (C)=-.
6
¥ aarani, KOJIH li,n;eThC.H rrpo MMOBipHiCTh BHIIa,D;Koao1 rro,n;il A
3a yMOBH, m;o ai,n;6ynac.H rro,n;i.H B, TO TaKy liMoaipHiCTh rro3Ha-
'1aIOTh PB (A) i Ha3HBaIOTh yMoeno10 UM06ipnicm10. HarrpHKJia,n;,
,n;JI.H po3rJI.HHyToro ,n;ocni,n;y MomHa 3arrHcaTH, m;o PB (A)= p (A) i
p A (B) = p (B). IJ;i piBHOCTi 03Ha'IaIOTb, m;o BHrra,n;KoBi rro,n;il A i B
€ He3aJieJKHHMH .
.HKm;o MMOBipHiCTh BHrra,n;Koao! rro,n;il B He ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO, To
,ll;JI.H 06'1HCJieHH.H pB(A) MOJKHa BHKOpHCTaTH <l>OPMYJIY

(A)=p(AnB)_ ( 5)
PB p (B)

Ili,n;Taep,n;HMO piBHiCTh (5), crrHpaIO'IHCh Ha IIOH.HTT.H 'IaCTOTH BH-

rra,n;Koao1 rro,n;iL
Hexali BHrrpo6yaaHH.H rrpoae,n;eHo n pa3iB i rrpH D;hOMY BHIIa,n;KoBa
rro,n;i.H B Bi,n;6ynac.H nB paaiB, a rro,n;i.H C =An B - nc paaiB. To,n;i

nB, nc - 'IaCTOTH BHrra,n;KOBHX rro,n;ili B i C Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho.

n n
.HKm;o Bi,n;6yJiac.H BHIIa,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H B, TO rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yBa€TbC.H
To,n;i i JIHIIIe To,n;i, KOJIH Bi,n;6yaaeT1>C.H rro,n;i.H C =An B. ToMy .HKID;O
cepe,n; n rrpoae,n;eHHX BHIIpo6yBaHb po3rJI.HHYTH JIHme Ti, y .HKHX Bi,n;-
6yJiaC.H BHIIa,ll;KOBa rro,n;i.H B, TO cepe,n; D;HX nB BHIIpo6yBaHb BHIIa,n;-
KOBa rro,n;i.H A ai,n;6ynac.H nc pa3iB. 0Tme, KOJIH n 8 EN, TO 'IaCTOTa
BHrra,n;Koao1 rro,n;il A 3a yMOBM, m;o ai,n;6yJiac.H BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H B,

,n;opiBHIO€ IIeperrHmeMo :a;e Bi,n;HorneHH.H TaK:

OcTaHH.H piBHiCTh oaHa'Iae TaKe: 'IacToTa BHIIa,n;KoBo! rro,n;il A 3a

yMOBH, m;o Bi,n;6ynac.H BHrra,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H B, ,n;opiBHIO€ Bi,n;HorneHHIO
'IaCTOTH BHrra,n;Koao! rro,n;il C = A n B ,n;o 'IaCTOTH BHrra,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il B,
m;o Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae piBHOCTi (5).

136
 33. Onepau,i'1' 3 svmaAKOBVIMVI no,o,i~MVI

T op 33. 2. HK~O
6Unao1'06i nooa A i B 0€Jl1(,0ZO 6Unpo-
6y6a1£1£Jf, e ne3ane:HCnuMu, mo
p(AnB)=p(A)p(B). (6)
j{oBeaennR. CrrollaTKY po3rJIHHeMo BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH p(B)=O.
OcKiJihKH An B c B, TO p (An B) ~ p (B) = 0. 3Bi,ZJ;CH MaeMO, ru;o
p (An B) = 0. 0Tme, piBHiCTh (6) BHKOHyeThCH.
Po3rJIHHeMo Terrep BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH p (B).> 0 . .HKm;o Ai B - He-
3a;remHi BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il, TO liMoBipHiCTh rro,n;il A He 3aJiemHTh Bi,n;
Toro, l!H Bi,n;6y;racH rro,n;iH B, T06To
PB (A)= p (A).
A;re 3 cpopMyJIH (5) MaeMo, = p(AnB). To My
m;o PB (A) P (B)

p (A)= p (An B). 3Bi,ZJ;CH BHilJIHBae cpopMyJia (6).

p(B)

IlOHHTTH He3aJiemHOCTi BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHX rro,n;ili MOme 6yTH rromHpeHe

Ha TPH Ta 6iJihillY KiJihKiCTh rro,n;ili. y TaKOMY BHila,n;Ky TaKom Mae
Mic:a;e TBep,n;meHHH: JtK~o BunaoKoBi noiJi"i iJeaKozo Bunpo6yBanna
e ne3ane:HCnuMu, mo iiMoBipnicmb nepemuny lfUX BunaiJKo6ux no-
iJiu iJopiBn10e iJo6ymKy ~x uMoBipnocmeu •
1

n ~ IlpH o6cTpiJii CYMimi i30TOIIiB Ypa.Hy IIyqKOM HeHTPOHiB

HMOBipHiCTb IIOl!aTKY KepOBa.HOl H,n;epHOl Jia.HU.IOI'OBOI peaK:a;il CKJia,n;ae
40 o/o • .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o 3 Tphox TaKHX He3aJiemHHx ,n;o-
c.rri,n;iB JIHme B nepmoMy po3IIOl!HeThCH KepoBaHa R,n;epHa JiaH:a;10roBa
peaK:a;iH? .
Po 3 B' .fl 3 an n .fl. Hexali BHrra,n;KoBa no,n;iH A noJIRrae B TOMY, ru;o
B nepmoMy ,n;oc;ri,n;i peaK:a;iH po3rro-qa;rac.a, a BHrra,n;KoBi rro,n;il B i C
. . . .
IIOJIHI'aIOTb y TOMY' ru;o B ,n;pyroMy 1 TpeThOMy ,ZJ;OCJII,n;ax Bl,ZJ;IIOBl,ZJ;HO
peaK:a;iH He p03IIOl!aJiaCH. To,n;i A n B n c - BHila,ZJ;KOBa rro,n;iH, HMO-
BipHiCTh HKOl Tpe6a 3HaHTH.
3po3YMiJio, m;o p (A)= 0,4, a p (B) = p (C) = 0,6.
3 yMOBH sa,n;a-qi BHITJIHBae, m;o BHrra,n;KoBi rro,n;il A, B, C e He3a-
JiemHHMH. ToMy
p (An B n C) = p (A) p (B) p (C) = 0,4. 0,6 2 = 0,144.
BianoBiab: 14,4 o/o.

1
lHO,D;i D;IO BJiaCTHBiCTb BliKOpliCTOBYIOTb RK 03HatieHHR He3aJiemHliX
(HeaaJiemHHX y cyKynHOCTi) BRila,D;KOBHX no,z:i;ili.

137
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaropviKvi, reopi 'i LllMosipHocreill i MaTeMarwmo·i aarviaviK111

nPMK.nAA Y napTil 3 20 000 eJieKTPOJiaMIIOl!OK e 500 6paKOBa-

HHX. ,ll;ocJii,n; IIOJI.Hrae B TOMy, m;o IIOCJii,n;OBHO HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTb
40 JiaMIIOtIOK . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o 6paKOBaHoro BH.HBHTbC.H
JIHme rrepma Jia.Mno-qKa 3 40 o6paHHx?
P 03 6 1
.fl3 a H Ii.fl. BHKOpHcToByro"llH KOM6iHaTopHi cpopMyJIH, po3B' .a-
3aTH 3a,n;a-qy HeBa.tKKO. EneMeHTapHHM HacJii,n;KoM ,n;aHoro BHnpo6y-
BaHH.H BBaJKaTHMeMO 6y,n;b-.HKHH 40-eJieMeHTHHH ynop.a,n;KOBaHHH
Ha6ip "t!Hcen 3 MHO.IKHHH {l, 2, ... , 20 000}. ToMy rrpocTip piBHOMOJK-
JIHBHX eJieMeHTapHHX Hacni,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeTbC.H 3 Aigooo eJieMeHTiB.
Bo,n;Ho"llac KiJII>KiCTb TaKHX 40-eneMeHTHHX Ha6opiB, cepe,n; .HKHX
JIHIIIe rreprnlili eneMeHT Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae 6paKoBaHili naMrroq:a;i (no,n;i.a X),
,n;opiBHIOe ~ooA3:500 (rro,n;yMaliTe "l!OMy). ToMy
1 39
= ~00~9500
p (x) 40 •
~0000
Bi,n;noBi,n;b oTpHMaHo, i 3a,n;aqy po3B'.H3aHO. IIpoTe nocTaBHMO ,n;em;o
Hecrro,n;iBaHe 3aIIHTaHH.H: .HK CKOpliCTaTHC.H TaKOIO Bi,n;rroBi,n;,n;ro Ha
npaKTHD;i? 0TpliMaHe "l!HCJIO BeJIHKe "l!H Ma..rre? .HK y ,n;ec.HTKOBOMY
3aIIHCi "l!HCJia p (X) 3HaHTH 60,n;ali ,n;eKiJibKa 3HaKiB niCJI.H KOMH?
MapHa cnpaBa crro,n;iBaTHC.H ni,n;paxyBaTH Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi tIHCJia Ha Ka.Jib-
KYJI.HTopi, OCKiJibKH Ha.BiTb rriCJI.H CKOpOtieHH.H BCix OTJ>HMaHHX ,n;po6iB
1
,n;oBe,n;eTbC.H npa:a;roBaTH 3 6iJibIII Him 100-u;HcppoBHMH "t!HCJiaMH •
y TaKHX BHIIa,n;Kax y Teopil HMOBipHOCTeM ,n;onycKaeTbC.H p03B' .H3y-
BaTH 3a,n;a-qy 3 rreBHOIO IIOXH6KOIO (TaK Ca.MO, .HK, HaIIpHKJia,n;, y IIIKiJib-
HOMy Kypci cpi3HKH HeXTYIOTb orropoM IIOBiTp.H npH po3paxyHKY pyxy
npe,n;MeTa).
HaBe,n;eMo Bi,n;noBi,n;Hi MipKyBaHH.H.
3ayBaJKHMO, m;o HMOBipHiCTb, y3.HBIDH o,n;Hy naMnoqKy, HaTpaIIH-

TH Ha 6paKOBaHY cTaHOBHTb x = SOO = 0,025. OcKiJihKH tIHCJIO 40

20000
e Ma.JIHM nopiBH.HHO 3 20 000 i 500, TO BBaJKaTHMeMo, m;o Ha KOJK-
HOMY i3 40 KPOKiB HMOBipHiCTb HaTpaIIHTH Ha 6paKOBaHY JiaMIIO"t!KY
,n;opiBHIOe x i He 3aJieJKHTb Bi,n; pe3yJibTaTiB, .HKi 6yno OTpliMaHO Ha
norrepe,a;H1x KpoKax.

1 3a ,D;OIIOMOrOIO crreu;iaJii30BaHHX o6"IJHCJIIOBa.JibHRX nporpaM, HKi nip;-

TpHMYIOTb po6oTy 3 6araTOD;HcppoBHMH 't!HCJiaMH, 6yJio 3Halip;eHo, rqo
Al A 39
p (X) = soo;o""195oo = 0,00932 ....
~0000
138
 33. Onepau,i"I 3 svmaAKOB1t1M1t1 noAiHM1t1

Ilo3HaqHMO 11epe3 Ak BHIIa,D;KOBY rro,n;iro - «B3.HTH He 6pa.KoBaHy

JiaMrro11Ky Ha k-My Kpo:a;i», ,n;e 2 ~ k ~ 40, a 11epe3 B1 rroaHa11HMO BH-
rra,n;KoBy rro,n;iro - «B3HTH 6paKOBaHy JlaMII011KY Ha nepmoMy Kpo:a;i».
= = = =
To,n;i p (Ak) 1-x 0,975, p (B1 ) x 0,025. B11na,n;K0By rro,n;iro X -
«6paKOBaHOIO e JIHIIIe rrepma JiaMII011Ka 3 40 o6paHHX» - MO-'KHa
rro,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,n;i
x = B1 n ~ n A.a n A 4 n ... n A 40 •
3r~Ho 3 HaIIIHMH ,n;oMOBJieHOCT.HMH BHrra,n;KoBi rro,n;il B1 , ~, A.a,
A4 , ••• , A 40 e He3a.JiemHHMH. OT.me,
P (X) = p (B1 ) p (~) p (A.a) ... p (A40 ) = x (1-x) 39 ~ 0,00931.
TaKHM 11HHOM, IIIyKaHa RMOBipHiCTh rrpH6JIH3HO ,n;opiBHIOe 1 o/o •
nPMKnA.Q y ,n;e.HKOMY BHrrpo6yBaHHi BHila,D;KOBa no,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yBa-
eThC.H 3 HMOBipHiCTIO p. B11rrpo6yBaHHH rroBToproIOTb 5 pa3iB (Ko.mHe
3 5 BHIIpo6yBaHb Bi,n;6yBaeTbCH ~e3a.Jie.l.KHO Bi,n; pe3yJibTaTiB iHIIIHX
BHrrpo6yBaHb) . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o rro,n;i.aA B~6y,n;eTbC.H piBHO
2 pa3H?
Po3B'a3anna. Ilo3HaqHMO qepe3 ~' Ai, ... , A
BHrra,n;KoBi
rro,n;il, .HKi rroJI.araroTh y TOMY, :r:a;o BHITa,D;KOBa rro,n;i.H A B~6yJiac.H Bi,n;-
rroBi,n;Ho y rrepIIIoMy, ,n;pyroMy, .•. , rr' .HTOMY BHrrpo6yBaHHi. To,n;i
P CAi) =P (~) =··· =P CA>= p,
p (Ai)= p ( ~) =... =p (As) =1- p.
Ilo,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yBaeThCH piBHO 2 pa3H, s:Km;o Bi,n;6yBaeTbC.H o,n;Ha
3 TaKHX BHrra,n;KOBHX rro,n;ili:
Bl =Ai n ~ n A.a n A4 n A (rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yJiaC.H B rrepmoMy i ,n;py-
roMy BHrrpo6yBaHHHX),
- - -
B2 =Ai n ~ n A.a n A4 n As {rro,n;i.a A Bi,n;6yJiac.a B rrepIIIOMY: i Tpe-
ThOMY BHIIpo6yBaHHHX)'

Bk= Ai n ~ n A.an A4 n A (rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yJiaC.H B qeTBepTOMY

i rr' .HTOMY BHrrpo6yBaHH.HX).
3p03YMiJIO, m;o B HaBe,n;eHOMY rrepeJiiKy KiJihKiCTb BHIIa,D;KOBHX
rro,n;ili Bl' B2' ... ' Bk ,n;opiBHIOe c;.
06tIHCJIHMO HMOBipHiCTh rro,n;il B 1 • OcKiJihKH KO.mHe 3 5 BHrrpo-
6yBaHh Bi,n;6yBaeThCH He3a.JieJ:KHO Bi,n; pe3yJibTaTiB iHIIIHX BHrrpo6y-
BaHh, TO
P ( B1) = P {Ai) P ( ~) P (As) P ( A 4 ) P (As) = P {1- p )
2 3
•

139
§ 5. EneMeHT"1 KOM6iHaTOpV1K"1, reopi 'I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW-lHO'I CTaT"1CTli1K"1

A.Ha.rrorii:mo 3Haxo,n;HMO, ~o HMOBipHicTD KOJKH01 3 no,n;lli B2 , ••• , Bk

2 3
,n;opiBHIOe p (1- p ) •

KpiM D;boro, BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il B1 , B2 , ••• , Bk nonapHo HecyMicHi.

.
HanpHKJia,n;, no,n;il B 1 i B 2 He MO:>KYTh Bi,n;6yrHCH o,n;Ho"tfaCHO, 60
B ,n;pyroMy BHnpo6YJJaHHi npH HaCTaHHi no,n;il Bi no,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yBa-
eThCH, a npH HacTaHHi no,n;il B2 no,n;i.H A He Bi,n;6yBaeTbc.H.
ToMy HMOBipHiCTb Toro, ~o rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6yJiaC.H piBHO 2 pa3H,
,n;oplBHIOe
p(B1 )+ p(B2 )+ ... + p(Bk)=C:p 2 (l-p) 3 •
BiiJnoBiiJb: c; p 2
(1- p )3 •

.1. qH e BHna,n;KoBi rro,n;il Ai B HecyMiCHHMH B ,n;ocJii,n;i, HK~o:

1) MOHeTy ni,n;KH.ZJ;aIOTb o,n;HH pa3, A - «BHnaB rep6», B - «BH-
na.rro "CIHCJIO »;
2) rpa.rrhHHH Ky6HK ni,n;KH.D;aIOTb ,n;Ba paaH, A - «BHrra.rra o,n;HHHD;H
rrpH nepmoMy ni,n;KH,n;aHHi » , B - «BHrra.rra micTKa npH ,n;pyro-
. .
MY IIl,D;KH,D;aHHl » ;
3) y MimeHh cTpiJIHIOTb ,n;Ba pa3H, A - «Y MimeHh BJIY"CIHJIH ,n;Bi"ll»,
B - «Y MimeHb BJIY"CIHJIH piBHO o,n;HH pa3».
0
33.2. y ,n;e.HKOMY BHnpo6yBaHHi 3 rrpOCTOpOM eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;-
KiB U = {u,, , u2 , u 3 , u4 , u 5 } poarJIH,ZJ;aIOTb BHIIa.,n;KOBi no,n;il: A = { u,, , u2 } ,
B = {u,,' U3' U5}' c ={U4' U5}. 3Ha.H,n;i Tb yci eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,D;KH'
HKi HaJie:>KaTb BHna,n;KoBiH no,n;il:
1) AnB; 3) A n C; 5) B\C;
2) B U C; 4) B; 6) A n C.
0
33.3. y ,n;eHKOMY BHnpo6yBaHHi, ,n;e npocTopoM eJieMeHTapHHX Ha-
cJii,n;KiB e MHO:>KHHa ,n;iHCHHX "llHCeJI u = JR, poarJIH,n;aIOTb BHIIa,n;-
KOBi no,n;il: A= [O; 1], B = (O; +oo), C = [1; 3). 3a ,n;onoMororo TfHC-
JIOBHX npoMi:>KKiB 3an11miTh BHna,n;KOBY no,n;iro:
1.) A U B; 3) B; 5) A n C;
2) A n C; 4) B\C; 6) A U B U C.
33.4: Hanepe,n;o,n;Hi <lJyr6oJibHoro MaT1IY «illaxTap» - «,Il;HHaMo»
B60JiiBaJihHHKH o6rOBOpIOIOTh TaKi BHil8.,n;KOBi no,n;il:
A - «,,,Il;HHaMO" He nporpae » ;
B - «MaT"tf aaKiH"llHTbC.H BHitIHIO a paxyHKOM 1: 1 »;
C - «,,maxTap" nepeMome 3 paxyHKOM 3: 0 » ;

140
 33. Onepau.i·1· 3 svma,o,KOBV1MV1 no,o,is:iMV1

D - «Y MaTtJi 3a6'10Tb He 6i.rrbme ,n;Box roJiiB» •

.HKMH paxyHOK Mome 6yTM Ha Ta6JIO rricJI.H 3aBepmeHH.H MaTt.IY'
.HKID;O Bi,n;6y,n;eTbC.H BMIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;i.H:
1) AnB; 3) AnD; 5) D\B;
2) BUC; 4) AUC; 6) CUD?
33.5: Cepe,n; yqHiB 11 KJiacy HaBMaHHH 0611:paIOTb o,n;Horo. B11:rra,n;K0Ba
rro,z:6.H A rroJIHrae B TOMY, m;o ~eHb mMBe B rrpHBaTHOMY 6y,n;MHKY,
rro,n;i.H B - y ToMy, m;o yqeHb JII06MTb Mopo3HBO, a rro~i.H C -
y TOMy, m;o BiH Mae KOMII'IOTep.
1) y l!OMY IIOJI.Hrae BMIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;iH An B n C?
2) KoJIM Mae Micn;e piBHiCTb An B =A?
3) KoJIM Mae Micn;e piBHiCTb BU C =C?
3 .. y Kopo6n;i JiemaTb CMHi, 3eJieHi Ta 't!epBOHi ID.YJibKM. 3 Kopo6KM
IIOCJii,D;OBHO HaBMaHH.H 6epyTb ,D;Bi KYJibKH i po3rJI.H,D;aIOTb TaKi
BMIIa,D;KOBi rro,n;il:
A - «06H,n;Bi KYJibKM o,n;Horo KOJibopy»;
B - «rrepma B3.HTa KYJibKa 3eJieHa»;
C - «,n;pyra B3.HTa KYJibKa He CHHH»;
D - «rrepma KYJihKa t.IepBoHa, a ,n;pyra He 'lepBoHa».
III;o 03Ha'lae BMIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;iH:
1) AnB; 3) AnD; 5) B\C;
2) CUD; 4) D; 6) AnBnC?
33.7: Hexali A, B, C - BMrra,n;KoBi no,n;i! ,n;e.HKoro BHrrpo6yBaHHH
3 rrpocTopoM eJieMeHTapHMX HacJii,n;KiB U. CrrpocTiTb BMpa3:
1) AnA; 4) AUA; 7) An(BuA);
2) AU0; 5) (AUB)UA; 8) AUB;
3) AnU; 6) (A \B) nA; 9) (AUB)n(BUC).
• . Hexali A, B, C - BMIIa,n;KoBi rro,n;il ,n;e.HKoro BMrrpo6yBaHHH.
CnpocTiTb BMpa3:
1) AUA; 3) (AnB)nA; 5) AnB;
2) An0; 4) (A \B)\B; 6) (AnB)U(BnC).
33.9: Hexali A, B, C - BHIIa,D;KOBi no,n;il ,n;eHKoro BMnpo6yBaHH.H.
Po3TamyliTe B rrop.H,n;Ky cna,n;aHH.H HMOBipHOCTeli BMila,D;KOBi rro,n;il:
AUC, A \B, A \(B\C), 0, (AnC)\B, A, AUBUC.
Hexali A, B, C - BMna,n;KoBi no,n;il ,n;e.HKoro BMnpo6yBaHH.H.
Po3TamyliTe B rropH,n;Ky apocTaHH.H HMOBipHocTeli BMIIa,n;KoBi rro,n;il:
BUC, A \(A \B), An(BUC), AnBnC, AUBUC, (AnB)UC.

141
§ 5. EneMeHTl/1 KOM6iHaTOpll1KV1, Teopi"i iliMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-IH0°i CTaTVICTVIKVI

33.11: Hexa.H A i B - Heaa.rremHi BHIIa,D;KOBi no,n;i1 ,n;eHKOro Blinpo-

6yBaHHH 3 HeHyJihOBHMH HMOBipHOCTHMli. "'llH MomyTh BHIIa,n;KoBi
no,n;il A i B 6yTH HecyMiCHHMH?
33.12: Ilpo BHna,n;KOBi rro,n;il A i B ,n;eHKOI'O BHrrpo6yBaHHH Bi,D;OMO,
r.n;o p (A)= p (B) = 0. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, r.n;o:
1) p(AnB)=O; 2) p(A\B)=O; 3) p(AUB)=O.
33 Ilpo BHIIa,D;KOBi rro,n;iY A i B ,n;eHKoro BHrrpo6yBaHHH Bi,n;oMo,
r.n;o p (A)= p (B) = 1. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, r.n;o:
1) p(AUB)=l; 2) p(AnB)=l.
33.14. · Po6iTHHK sa 3MiHy BHrOTOBJIHe n ,n;eTaJieli. B11rra,n;K0Ba rro,n;iH
Ak IIOJIHrae B TOMY' r.n;o ,n;eTaJib 3 HOMepoM k BHHBHTbCH 6paKO-
BaHOIO. BHKOpHCTOBYIO'tfH orrepan;il Ha,n; rro,n;iHMH, aanHIIIiTh BH-
na,n;KoBy rro,n;1ro:
1) rrepIIIa ,n;eTa.rrb He Mae ,n;ecpeKTiB;
2) mo,n;Ha 3 ,n;eTa.rreli He Mae ,n;ecpeKTiB;
.
3) JIHme rreprna ,n;eTaJib e 6paKOBaHoio;
4) JIHIIle ,n;eTa.rri 3 napHHMH HOMepaMH e 6paKOBaHHMH.
3 • HayKoBeu;b npoBO,D;HTb 4 ,n;ocJii,n;H. BHna,n;KoBa no,n;iH Ak no-
JI.arae B TOMY' r.n;o ,D;OCJii,n; 3 HOMepOM k BHHBHTbCH B,D;aJIHM. BH-
KOpHCTOByro'tfH onepan;il HM rro,n;iHMH, 3anHmiTb BHrra,n;KoBy note.ro:
1) yci 4 ,D;OCJii,D;H B,D;aJii;
2) He MeHme Him O,D;HH ,D;OCJii,n; e B,D;aJIHM;
3) .mo,n;eH 3 ,D;OCJii,n;iB He e B,D;aJIHM;
4) JIHIIIe ,n;pyrHH ,D;OCJii,n; e B,D;aJIHM;
5) He MeHme TpbOX ,D;OCJii,n;iB e B,D;aJIHMH.
33.16: Hexali Ai, ~, ... , An - BHIIa,D;KOBl no,n;ii: ,n;eHKOro
,D;OCJii,n;y. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, r.n;o:
1) p(Ai U~)~p(~)+p(~);
2) p(~ u~ u ... uA,J~p(~)+ p(~)+ ... + p(~).
33.17: I'pa.rrbHHH Ky6HK rri,n;KHHYJIH ,n;Bi'tfi. Hexali BHna,n;KoBa rro,n;ia A
IlOJIHrae B TOMy, r.n;o CYMa Q"t{OK, HKi BHilaJIH Ha Ky6HKy, rrapHa;
BHIIa,n;KoBa rro,n;iH B noJiarae B TOMY, r.n;o npHHaHMHi o,n;HH pas
BHrra.rra o,n;HHHI.I;H. OrrHmiTb i 3Hali,n;iTh HMOBipHiCTh BHIIa,D;KoBoi:
no,n;u:
1) A; 2) AnB; 3) AUB; 4) A \B.
3 · IIpaBHJihHY TPHKYTHY nipaMi,n;y, rpaHi HKo1 rrocpap6oBaHi
B .iKOBTHH, 3eJieHHH, -qepBOHHH Ta CHHiH KOJihOpH, rri,n;KHHYJIH
,n;Bi'tfi. Hexali BHIIa,D;KOBa rro,n;iH A rroJiarae B TOMY, r.n;o 0611,n;Ba

142
 33. Onepau/l 3 svma,o,KOBV1MV1 no,o,iHMlll

pa3H rripa.Mi,n;a Bna.rra Ha o,n;Hy i Ty CaMY rpaHh; BHIIa)l;KOBa rro-

,n;iH B rroJIHrae B TOMY, m;o rrepmHR pa3 nipaMi,n;a BnaJia Ha )KOBTY
rpaHh a6o Ha 3eJieHy rpaHh. OnHmiTh Ta sHaR,n;iTh RMOBipHiCTh
BHIIa)l;KOBOl rro,n;il:
1) A; 2) A n B; 3) A U B; 4) B\A.
33.19: Cepe,n; a6iTypie:8:TiB MexaHiKo-MaTeMaTH"t!Horo cpaKyJihTeTy
yHiBepcRTeTy e npH3ep11 o6JiaCHHX oJiiMrria.n; i Bi,n;MiHHHKH. MMo-
BipHiCTh HaTpaIIHTH cepe,n; a6i TypieHTiB Ha rrpH3epa o6JiaCHOl
OJiiMrria.n;H ,n;opiBHIOE: 20 o/o' Ha Bi,n;MiHHHKa - 35 °/o' a Ha rrp:~rnepa
o6JiacHo1 oJiiMnia.n;H a6o Bi,n;MiHHHKa - 43 °/o . .HKa RMOBipHiCTh
HaTparrHTH cepe,n; a6iTypieHTiB Ha rrpH3epa o6JiaCHOl OJiiMrria.n;H
i Bi,n;MiHHHKa B o,n;HiR oco6i?
33.20.· BHrrycKHHK yHiBepCHTeTY XO"t!e rrpau;roBaTH B 6ruray a6o B CTpa-
XOBiR KOMIIaHiL IIo6YBaBIIIH y II;HX YCTaHOBax Ha crriB6eci,n;ax, BiH
on;iHIOE: RMOBipHiCTh 6yTH rrpHRHHTHM Ha po6oTy ,n;o 6aHKY B 0,5,
a ,n;o cTpaxoBo1 KOMrraHil - y 0,6. KpiM n;horo, BiH BBa)Ka€, rn;o
ROMY Ha;::t;iR,n;e rrporro3HD;iH 3 o6ox MiCD;h 3 RMOBipHiCTIO 0,4 . .HK
Ma€ BiH ou;iHHTH RMOBipHiCTh 6yTH rrpHRHHTHM Ha po6oTy?
33.21 .• Mi)KHapo,n;Hi cpiHaHcoBi aHaJiiTHKH rrpoBeJIH ,n;ocJii,n;)KeHHH
i 3' HCyBa.rrH, rn;o RMOBipHiCTh 3pocTaHHH Kypcy eBpo ,n;o ,n;oJiapa
B HacTynHoMy MicH:u;i CKJia.n;ae 0,55, RMOBipHiCTh 3pocTa.HHH Kypcy
mBeRu;apchKoro cppaHKa ,n;o ,n;oJiapa - 0,35, a RMOBipHiCTh Toro,
m;o 3pOCTYTh KypCH o6ox €BporreRChKHX Ba.JIIOT ,n;o ,n;oJiapa - 0,23.
3Ha.H,n;iTh RMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o 3pOCTe Kypc rrpHHaHMHi o,n;Hie!
E:BporreRChKOl Ba.JIIOTH.
33.22: CTpiJieD;h BJiy-qae B MirneHh 3 RMOBipHiCTIO p. ,IJ;ocJii,n; rroJI.Hrae
B TOMY' rn;o CTpiJieD;b BHKOHY€ IIOCTpiJIH ,ZJ;OTH, ,ZJ;OKli He BJiy-qHTh
y MirneHh. 3HaR,n;iTh RMOBipHiCTh Toro, rn;o ROMY ,n;oBe,n;eThCH
CTpiJIHTH 6 pa3iB.
33 23: y HeHKicHiR napTll ,n;eTa.rreR RMOBipHiCTh HaTpaIIHTH Ha 6pa-
KOBaHy ,n;eTaJih CKJia.n;ae 0,2. KoHTpoJiep rrepeBipHe ,n;eTa.rri ,n;oTH,
,ZJ;OKH He BHHBHTh rreprny 6paKOBaHy. 3Hali,n;iTh RMOBipHiCTh Toro,
m;o ROMY ,n;oBe,n;eThC.H rrepeBipHTH 8 ,n;eTa.rreR.
33.24: AH,n;pili BJiy-qae B MiIIIeHb 3 HMOBipHiCTIO 0,4, CepriR - 0,5,
a IleTpO - 0' 7. y ci Tpoe po6JI.HTh no O,ZJ;HOMY IIOCTpiJiy. .HKa
RMOBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o:
1) BJiy-qaTh yci xJiorrn;i;
2) )KO,ZJ;eH 3 XJIOIID;iB He BJiycIHTb;
3) JIHme AH,n;piR BJiy"t!HTh;
4) piBHO O,ZJ;HH 3 XJIOIIII;iB BJiy"t!HTh;
143
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi "i illMosipHOCTeill i MaTeMaTW~Ho"i CTaTV1CTV1KV1

5) He B~HTh JIHme IleTpo;

6) JIHIIIe O,ZJ;HH 3 XJIOIID;iB He BJI~HTh;
7) npHHaHMHi ,ZJ;BOe 3 XJIOIID;iB BJI~aTh?
33.25. • Cepe,n; JIOTepeliHHX 6ineTiB 10 o/o BHrpamHHX. I'paBeD;h rrpH-
,n;6aB 3 6ineTH . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o cepe,n; rrpH,n;6aHHX
6iJieTiB:
1) He 6y,n;e BHrpamHHX; 3) 6y,n;e piBHO ,n;Ba BHrpaIIIHHX;
2) 6y,n;e piBHO O,ZJ;HH BHrpamHHH; 4) 6y,n;yTh yci BHrpamHi?
• MMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o <J>yT60JihHHH MaTq Mi.m KOMa.H,n;aMH A
i B 3aBeplllHThCH BfilqHro, CKJia,n;ae 50 °/o. MMoBipHiCTh rrepeMOrH
KOMaH,ZJ;H A ,n;opiBHIOe 20 % , a KOMaH,n;H B - 30 °/o . KoMaH,n;H A
i B rrJiaHyIOTh npoBeCTH cepiro 3 "tIOTHphox rroe,n;HHKiB Mi.m co6oro .
.HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o:
1) yci irpH 3aBeplllaThCH BHilIHIO;
2) KOMaH,n;a B He rrporpae .mo,n;Horo MaT"tly;
3) KOMaH,n;a A 3,n;o6y,n;e rrepeMory JIHille B ,n;pyrili rpi;
4) KOMaH,n;a A 3,n;o6y,n;e nHme o,n;Hy rrepeMory B cepil;
5) KOMaH,n;a B 3,n;o6y,n;e rrpHHaHMHi TPH rrepeMorH B cepi!?
33.27: EneKTpHqHHH 6JIOK (pHc. 33.8) rrpau;roe 6e3Bi.n;MOBHO rrpoTHrOM
poKy 3 HMOBipHicTro p. ,1l;nH 36inhmeHHH Ha,n;iliHocTi eJieKTpHq-
HHH 6JioK ,n;y6JiroIOTh m;e o,n;HHM Ta.KHM caMHM 6noKoM TaK, m;o
YTBOpeHa CHCTeMa rrpau;roe TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH rrpau;roe rrpHHaHMHi O,ll;HH
3 6JIOKiB (pHC. 33.9) . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh 6e3Bi,ZJ;MOBHOl po6oTH CHC-
TeMH rrpoTHrOM poKy?

p
p
p
p

PMc. 33.8 PMc. 33.9 PMc. 33.10

33.28: EJieKTPHl.IHHH 6noK (pHc. 33.8) rrpau;roe 6e3Bi,n;MOBHO rrpoTHrOM

poKy 3 HMOBipHicTro p. ,1l;nH 36inhmeHHH Ha,n;iliHocTi eneKTpHqHHH
6JIOK ,n;y6JIIOIOTh m;e TphOMa TaKHMH caMHMH 6JIOKaMH Ta.K, m;o
YTBOpeHa CHCTeMa rrpau;roe TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH rrpau;roe rrpHHaHMHi O,ZJ;HH
3 6noKiB (pHc. 33.10) . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh 6e3Bi,n;MOBH01 po6oTH
CHCTeMH rrpOTHrOM poKy?
33.29: CxeMa cKna,n;aeThCH 3 3 eJieKTpKCIHHX 6noKiB (p:ac. 33.11),
KO.iKHHH 3 HKHX rrpau;roe 6e3Bi,n;MbBHO rrpOTHrOM poKy 3 HMOBip-

144
 33. Onepau,i'I 3 s111naAKOB111M111 noAiHMlll

HiCTIO p. H1u:a;o BHXO,ZJ;HTb 3 Jia,n;y XO'tla 6 O,ZJ;HH 6JIOK, TO CHCTeMa

rrepecTae rrpan;IOBaTH. ,I.J;JIH s6iJibllieHHH Ha,ZJ;iHHOCTi cxeMy ,n;o-
IIOBHIOIOTb rn;e 3 6JIOKaMH (pHc. 33.12). HKa HMOBipHiCTh 6e3-
Bi,ZJ;MOBHOl po60TH HOBOYTBOpeHOl CHCTeMH rrpOTHrOM poKy? "lfH
s6iJihlliHThCH Ha,n;iliHiCTh CHCTeMH, HKID;O BHKOpHCTaTH cxeMy,
306pa.meHy Ha p:acyHKY 33.13?

p p p
p p p
p p p

PHC. 33.11 PHC. 33.12

p p

p p

PHC. 33.13 PHC. 33.14

3 ,I.J;eHKi (HaliMeHm Ha,n;iliHi) 6JIOKH eJieKTpH'tIHOl cxeMH ,n;y6JIIO-

IOTb (pHC. 33.14). llMOBipHOCTi 6esBi,ZJ;MOBHOl po60TH KOJKHoro
6JioKa rrpoTSiroM poKy so6pa.meHo Ha n;hoMy pHcyHKY. HKa liMo-
BipHicTb 6e3Bi,ZJ;MOBHOl po60TH HOBOYTBOpeHOl CHCTeMH rrpOTHrOM
poKy?
33.31: IlpH O,ZJ;HOMY o6epTi JIOKaTopa pa.n;ioJIOKaD;iHHa CTaHD;iH BHHB-
JISie o6'eKT 3 HMOBipHiCTIO 70 °/o. BHHBJieHHH o6'eKTY Ha KOJKHOMY
o6epTi He aane.mHTb Bi,n; rronepe,n;Hix o6epTiB. CKiJihKH o6epTiB Mae
3po6HTH pa.n;ioJIOKa:a;iliHa CTaH:a;iH, rn;o6 BHHBHTH o6'eKT 3 HMOBip-
HiCTIO, 6iJihillOIO 3a 99,9 °/o?
3 2. • MMoBipHiCTh Toro, r:a;o BacHJih CrraTHJII06 ,n;acTh rrpaBHJihHY
Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,ZJ;b Ha IIOCTaBJieHe 3aIIHTaHHH B'tIHTeJIH, CKJia,n;ae 7 o/o.
CKiJihKH 3aIIHTaHb Mae aa.n;aTH Bt:IHTeJih, rn;o6 BacHJih ,n;aB xo'tla 6
o,n;Hy rrpaBHJibHY Bi,n;rroBi.ZJ;h 3 HMOBipHiCTIO, 6iJibIJJOIO sa 50 °/o?
33.33.· Hexali A i B - BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il ,n;eHKoro ,n;ocJii,n;y. Bi,n;oMo,
rn;o p (A)~ 0,8 i p (B) ~ 0,8. ,I.J;oBe,n;iTb, r:a;o p (An B) ~ 0,6.
3 .3 . BHrra,n;KoBa no,n;iH A rroJIHrae B TOMy, r:a;o noTeHn;iliHHli no-
Kynen;h no6a'tIHTh peKJiaMY TOBapy no TeJie6a't!eHHIO, a BHIIa,ZJ;KOBa
no,n;iH B - y TOMy, r:a;o BiH rro6a"tIHTb peKJiaMy Toro caMoro TOBa-
py B raseTi. Bi,n;oMo, rn;o p (A)> 0,8, p (B) > 0,3. "lfH MOJKYTb BH-
rra.n;KoBi no,n;il A i B 6yT:a HecyMiCHHMH?

145
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6 iHarop111K111, r eopi'i illMosipHocTeiit i MaTeMan11YH0·1 a aTV1CTV1KV1

33.35:· CTpiJien;h BJiyqae B MiIIIeHh 3 liMoBipHiCTIO p. 3Hali,n;iTh

HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o 3 8 IlOCTpiJiiB CTpiJieD;h BJiycIHTh y MiIIIeHh
p1BHO TPH pasH.
0-- 33.36 .•• y BHilp06YBaHHi BHIIa,ZJ;KOBa IIO,l(iH A Bi,D;6YBa€ThCH 3 HMO-
BipHiCTIO p. BHnpo6yBaHHH noBTOpHJIH n pasi:a . .HK.a liMoBipHiCTh
Toro, m;o no,n;iH A Bi,n;6yJiacH piBHO k pasiB?
33.37:· € r HID;HKiB, y KO»<:HOMY 3 HKHX Jie»<:aTh n 't!OpHHX i m 6iJIHX
KYJih. 3 KO»<:Horo HID;HKa HaBMaHHH 6epyTh no o,n;HiH KyJii. .HKa
liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o cepe,n; B3HTHX KYJih 6y,n;e piBHO k 't!OpHHx?
33.38:· .HK.a HMOBipHiCTh Toro, ru;o s n rri,n;KH,n;aHh rpaJihHoro Ky6HKa
micTKa BHrra,n;e He MeHIIIe TpbOX pa3iB?
33.39.·· € n HID;HKiB, npoHyMepoBaHHX HaTypaJibHHMH 't!HCJiaMH Bi,n;
1 ,n;o n, i k KYJih. Y ci k KYJih HaBMaHHH posKJia,n;aroTh no HID;HKax .
.HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o saraJihHa KiJihKiCTh KYJib, HKi noTpa-
IIJIHTb ,n;o HID;HKiB 3 HOMepaMH Bi,n; 1 ,n;o r' ,n;opiBHIO€ m?
33.40:· CTpiJieIJ;h BJiyqae B MiIIIeHb s HMOBipHiCTIO 0,85. BHrra,n;KoBa
no,n;i.s: Ak IIOJIHrae B TOMY, ru;o 3 60 IIOCTpiJiiB CTpiJieIJ;b BJiycIHTb
y MimeHb piBHO k pasiB. IlpH HKOMY k HMOBipHiCTh p (Ak) Ha-
6yBae Hali6iJihITIOro 3Ha't!eHHH?
33.41:· y HOB036y,n;oBaHiH KBapTHpi BKPYTHJIH 10 HOBHX JiaMIIO't!OK.
HMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o JiaMIIO't!Ka nponpan;roe He MeHme poKy,
CTaHOBHTh 0,9 . .HKa liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o rrpoT.s:roM poKy ,n;o-
Be,n;eThCH 3aMiHHTH piBHO 3 Jla.MIIO't!KH?
33.42 .•• ,[(JIH peKJiaMH rrpoxoJio,n;myBaJibHOro Harroro BHp06HHK BHpi-
IIIHB saKpHTH KpHmKaMH 3 npHXOBaHHM HaIIHCOM «npH3 » 30 000
IIJIHIIIOK s 500 000 BHnym;eHHx. CepriliKo, HKHH rroJiro6JIHe rr;eli
Hanili, IIJiaHye aa JiiTO BHIIHTH 45 IIJIHIIIOK Hanoro . .HKa HMOBip-
HiCTb Toro, ru;o CepriiiKo Has6Hpae He MeHIIIe 2 KpHIIlOK s HanHCOM
«nPHa»? Bi,n;rroBi,n;h oKpyrJiiTh ,n;o ,n;ecHTHX Bi,n;coTKa.
33.43:· y ,n;eHKiH Kpa!Hi 6JIH3bKO 30 MJIH BH6opn;iB, cepe,n; HKHX rrap-
TiIO A rri,n;TpHMyIOTh 6JIH3hKO 10 MJIH . .HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o
cepe,n; 10 Jiro,n;eli, HKHX 06Hpa10Th HaBMaHHH, napTiro A ni,n;TpHMye
MeHme Him 4 oco6H? Bi,n;noBi,n;h oKpyrJiiTh ,n;o ,n;ec.HTHX Bi,n;coTKa.
0-W 33.44. * Hexali A, B i C - BHrra,n;KoBi no,n;il B ,n;e.HKOMy ,n;ocJii,n;i.
,[(oBe,n;iTb, m;o:
1) p (A U B U C) = p(A) + p (B) + p (C) - p(A n B) - p(A n C)-
- p(B n C) + p(A n B n C);
2) p(A n B n C) = p(A) + p (B) + p(C) - p(A U B) - p(A u C) -
- p (B U C) + p (A u B U C).

146
 34. reoMeTpV1YHa 111MOBipHiCTb

33.45. * BHITYCKHHKH KypciB iH03eMHHX MOB BHB"tla.JIH aHrJilHCbKY'

HiMe~hKY Ta cppaH~Y3hKY MOBH. MMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o Ha.BMaHHH
o6paHHH BHITYCKHHK 3Ha€ aHrJiiHCbKY i HiMe~hKY MOBH, .n;opiB-
HIO€ 0,6, HiMe~hKY i cppaH~Y3hKY - 0,5, a aHrJiiHChKY i cppaH-
~Y3bKY - 0,4. qH MOJKe a,n;MiHicTpa~i.a KypciB rapaHTyBaTH,
lll;O B cepe,n;HhOMY KOJKHHH "tleTBepTHH BHITYCKHHK 3Ha€ BCi TPH
MOB:R?
33 46. ,[(o cpiHa.rry KOHKypcy «Mic 11-Ti KJiacH » BHHinJIH 3 KpacyHi.
Bi.n;oMo, m;o KOJKHOMY 3 xJion~iB mKOJIH no.n;o6aeThCH npHHa:liMHi
o,n;Ha 3 KpaCYHb, KpiM ~boro, nepmili KpacyHi CHMITaTH3Y€ KOJKeH
.n;pyrHH XJIOile~h, APYrili KpacyHi - KOJKeH TpeTiH, a OCTaHHiH -
KOJKeH "tleTBepTHH y-qeHb. ,[(oBeAiTh, m;o AeHKi ,n;Bi KpacyHi MOJKYTb
1
rapaHTyBaTH, rn;o 3 liMoBipHiCTIO, He MeHmo10 Bi,n; , o6paHHH
36
HaBMaHHH xJione~h CHMnaTH3ye IM o6oM.

«MopCbKHH 6ili» - rpa, 3HaHOMa MaHJKe KOJKHOMY IDKOJI.apy.

y HKHH KOpa6eJib 6iJihIDe maHciB BJIY"tJ:HTH - y ,1.1;BOITaJiy6HHH "t{H
"tlOTHpHna.rry6HHH? 3BiCHO, rn;o B "t{0THpHnaJiy6HHH, 60 BiH CKJIMa-
€TbCH 3 6iJibmo1 KiJihKOcTi KJiiTHHOK. Te caMe MOJKHa cKa3aTH iHaK-
me: OCKiJihKH «ITJiom;a» liOTHpHrra.rry6Horo KOpa6JI.a 6iJihIIIa 3a «IIJIO-
m;y» ABOrra.rry6Horo, TO HMOBipHiCTh BJIY"tJ:HTH B "tlOTHpHnaJiy6HHH
KOpa6eJih 6iJibIDa, Him HMOBipHiCTb BJIY"tJ:HTH y ABOrra.rry6HHH.
3Malii, y HKHX HMOBipHiCTb BHIIMKOBOl IlOAil MOJKHa 3HaHTH,
o6liHCJIHBIIIH neBHi reoMeTpH"tlHi BeJIH"tlHHH, e HenoOAHHOKHMH. Ha-
Be,n;eMo m;e 0,1.1;HH npHKJIM.
3ra,n;aliMo, m;o KOJIH nepmi KparrJii AOID;Y rraAalOTh Ha cyxy ac-
cpa.rrhTOBaHy 6acKeT60JibHY IlJIOID;MKY
(pHC. 34 .1)' TO 3aJIHIDalOTb Ha HiH
TeMHi TO"tlKH-BiAMiTHHH . .HKa HMOBip-
HiCTh Toro, rn;o -qeproBa TeMHa TO"tlKa
3'.HBHTbCH B ~eHTpaJibHOMY Kpy3i
rrJiorn;aAKH (noAiH A)? IlpHpo,n;Ho BBa-
maTH, rn;o HMOBipHiCTh BHrra,n;KoBo!
ITOAll A .n;opiBHIOBaTHMe Bi,n;HomeHHIO
ITJiom;i ~eHTpaJibHOro Kpyra AO IIJiom;i
Bcie1 IIJIOID;MKH. HanpHKJIM, HKm;o P:ac. 34.1

147
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi'I iilMosipHocreiil i MareMarwrno'i craTV1CTV1KV1

rrJiom;a,zvca Mae poaMipH 26 M x 14 M, a pa,n;iyc u;eHTpaJibHoro Kpyra

,z:r;opiBHIOe 1,8 M, TO
2
p (A)= ;
6 :~ 4 ;: : 0,03.
1

YaaraJihHHMO Hanii MipKyBaHHH.

PoarJI.HHeMo TaKe BHrrpo6yBaHHH. Y IIJIOCKili cpirypi U a HeHyJibO-
BOIO rrJiom;ero S HaBMaHH.H o6:apaIOTb TOtIKY X. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro,
m;o TO't!Ka x
IIOTparrHTb ,z:r;o ,z:r;aHOl cpiryp:a A c 3 IIJiom;ero Au s
(p:ac. 34.2)? 3a3BHlfali BBamaroTh, m;o TaKa HMOBipHiCTb ,z:r;opiBHIOBa-
THMe Bi,z:r;HOilleHHIO IIJIOID;i sA cpiryp:a A ,z:r;o IIJIOID;i s cpiryp:a u'
T06TO

p(A)= SA
s

u
t e ) u
A
..
x

PHC. 34.2 PHC. 34.3

3ayBamHMO, m;o ,lI;Jl.H ,z:r;ocJii,z:r;iB 3 BH6opoM TO'lKH Ha rrp.aMiH a6o

B npocTopi MomHa aarrHcaTH aHaJiorilIHi Bi,z:r;HorneHH.H. HanpHKJia,n;,
Hexaii TOlfKY x o6HpaIOTb HaBMaHH.H Ha npoMimKy u 3aB,lI;OBmKH l
(pHc. 34.3). HKm;o rrpoMimoK A aaB,z:r;oBmKH lA HaJiemHTh npoMim-
Ky U, TO liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o TOtIKa X rroTparrHTb ,z:r;o npoMimKy A,
MOmHa o6't!HCJIHTH 3a cpopMyJIOIO

p(A)= lA
l
y ,z:r;ocJii,z:r;i 3 BH60pOM TOl!KH 3 TiJia u 06 'eMy v BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb
cpOpMyJIY

VA
p(A)=-,
v
,z:r;e VA - o6'eM TiJia A, m;o e tiacTHHOIO TiJia U.
llMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,Zl;KOBOl rro,z:r;ii, m;o BH3HatieHa B TaKHH cnoci6,
Ha3HBaIOTh reoMeTpKCiaoro HMOBipaicTro.

148
 34. leoMeTpV1YHa iilMOBipHiCTb

y np.HMOKYTHHH TPHKYTHHK 3 KaTeTaMH 5 i 12 Ha-

BMa.HHH KH.D;a.IOTb TO"t!KY. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o TO'IKa noTpanHTb
y Kpyr, BIIHCa.HHH y Il,eH TpHKYTHHK?
5 "12 30 B
P 0 3 8 ' .fl3 an ll.fl. II Jiom;a TpHKYTHHKa ,n;oplBHIOe
. S = -2- = . H-

KOPHCTOBYIO'IH Q;>opMyJiy r = s' o6lJHCJIHMO pa,D;iyc BIIHCaHoro Kpyra.

p
MaeMo r =2 • To,n;i nJiom;a BIIHcaHoro Kpyra ,n;opiBHIOe Sxpyra = 4n.
0Tme, HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o HaBMaHHH o6paHa TOlJKa IIOTpaIIHTb
u 4n 2n
y BilHCaHHH Kpyr' CTaHOBHTb - - - •
30 15
nPMKnAA 2 IOHaK Ta ,n;iB'IHHa .D;OMOBHJIHCH rrpo rro6alJeHHH 3 15:00
,n;o 16:00. Bi,n;OMO, m;o KOmHHH 3 HHX npHXO.D;HTb y 6y,n;h-HKHH 'lac
a 15:00 ,n;o 16:00 HeaanemHo Bi,n; iHmoro. HKm;o IOHaK npHli,n;e i He
aycTpiHe ,n;iB'IHHy, TO BiH 6y,n;e qeKaTH iI m;e npOT.HrOM 20 XB. ,Il;iB-
qHHa B aHaJIOri-c.rHiH CHTyarr,il 6y,n;e 'IeKaTH IOHaKa npOTHrOM JIHme
10 xB. HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o no6a-c.reHHH Bi,n;6y,n;eTbCH?
Po38'Ji3ann.fl. Hexali x i y - -c.rac
(y XBHJIHHax) npHxo,n;y Ha no6aqeHHH y
. . . . 60~-----L
IOHaKa 1 -qac npHxo,n;y ,n;rnqHHH Bl,ll;IIOBl,ll;-
HO, Bi,n;paxoBa.Hi Bi,n; 15:00. HanpHKJia.D;, Q(x; y)
HKIIJ;O IOHaK rrpHfunOB 0 15:20, TO X = 20 XB. y -------
OnHcaTH He3anemHHH i BHIIa.D;KOBHH BH-
6ip 3MiHHHX x E [O; 60] Ta y E [O; 60] MOm-
Ha Ta.I<. 06epeMO HaBMaHHH B KBa,D;paTi M
OKLM ToqKy Q (x; y) (pHc. 34.4). To,n;i x 60 x
KOOp,ll;HHaTH x i y T01IKH Q BH3Ha'IaIOTb
. . . PHc. 34.4
qac rrpHxo,n;y IOHaKa 1 .D;lB'tIHHH Bl,ll;IIO-
Bl,ll;HO.
3'HcyeMO, 3a HKHX YMOB B~6y,n;eTbCH no6alJeHHH.
HKm;o IOHaK rrpHHillOB pa.Hime Bi,n; ,n;iB'IHHH, T06To x < y, TO II0-
6aqeHHH Bi,n;6y,n;eTbCH 3a YMOBH, m;o ,n;iB'IHHa npHli,n;e He ni3Hime Him
-qepe3 20 XB, T06TO -qac y Mae 3a,D;OBOJibHHTH yMOBY y ~ x + 20.
HKm;o IOHaK rrpHlimoB He pa.Hime Bi,D; ,ll;IB'IHHH, T06TO y ~ x, TO no-
6a'IeHHH Bi.D;6y,n;eTbCH 3a YMOBH, m;o IOHaK rrpH:li,n;e He rriaID.me Him 'Iepe3
10 xB rricJIH ,n;iB-c.rHHH, TOOTO i:rac x Mae aa,n;oBOJibHHTH YMOBY x ~ y + 10.
TaKHM -c.rHHOM, no6a-c.reHHH Bi,n;6y,n;eThCH To,n;i, KOJIH 'tIHCJia x i y
3a,D;OBOJibHHTHMYTb cyKyIIHiCTh HepiBHOCTeH

[ y ~x ~ y +lO.
x<y~x+20,
1

149
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'i illMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-IHo·1 CTaTVICTVIKVI

IIo6Y'AYBaBIIIH rpacpiK :a;ie! cyKynHoc-

y K E
60 1-----.,.......,.....---. L Ti IIpH XE [0; 60] i y E [0; 60] (pHC. 34.5),
N oTpHMaeMo cpirypy A.
0T:>Ke, IOHaK i 'AiB"CJHHa 3yCTpiHYTbCSi
TO'Ai i JIHIIIe TO'Ai, KOJIH HaBMaHHSi BH-
6paHa B KBa'ApaTi OKLM TO'lKa noTpa-
IIHTb 'AO cpirypH A. ,lJ;JIH 3HaXO'A:>KeHHH
M
x rrnom;i SA cpirypH A rri'ApaxyeMo IIJIOIIl;y
0 60
·KB~paTaOKLM i nnom;i TpHKYTHHKiB
PHC. 34.5 KEF i MTN. MaeMo:
2 1 2
SOKLM = 60 = 3600, SKEF = -40 = 800,
2
1 2
= -50 = 1250.
SMTN
2
3Bi'ACH SA =3600-800-1250=1550.
BHKOpHCTOBYIO'lH reoMeTpH'lHe BH3Ha'leHHH iiMoBipHocTi, oTpH-
= 1550 = 31.
MyeMO p (A) 3600 72 •

Bnpae1,1
0

34.1. Ha Bi'Api3Ky [-2; 2] HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb 'lHCJio x. HKa liMo-

BipHicTb Toro, m;o I x I< 1?
0

34.2. y Ky6 IIOMiCTHJIH iHIIIHH Ky6 3 Y'ABi'li MeHIIIOIO CTOpOHOIO. HKa

HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o HaBMaHHH o6paHa y BeJIHKOMY Ky6i TO'lKa
IIOTpaIIHTb 'AO MeHrnoro Ky6a?
3 . y Kpyr p~iyca 1 BIIHCaJIH KBa'ApaT. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro,
m;o HaBMaHHH o6pa.Ha TO'lKa Kpyra He IIOTparrHTb 'AO BIIHCaHOro
KBa~paTa?

34.4.• y KBMpaTi 3 CTOPOHOIO 3 HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb TO'lKY. HKa

HMOBiplti.CTb Toro, m;o Bi'ACTaHb Bi~ o6paHOl TO'lKH ~o HaH6JIH:>K'lOl
CTOPOHH KBMpaTa He rrepeBHm;ye 1?
34.5. • Bi~ ~BOX IIaJIIPlOK 38.B~OB:>KKH l BHIIMKOBHM 'lHHOM B~pi3aIOTb
no mMaTKy. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o 'AOB:>KHHa KO:>KHoro 3 :a;Hx
. BHHBHTbCH 6"lJll>IIIOIO aa -l?
IIIMaTKlB
5
y rrpHMOKYTHHKY ai CTopoHaMH 5 i 7 HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb
TO'lKY. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o Bi~CTaHb Bi'A o6pfilro1 TO'lKH 'AO
Bcix CTOpiH IIPHMOKYTHHKa BHHBHTbCH MeHIIIOIO Bi'A 4?

150
 34. reoMeTpV1YHa illMOBipHiCTb

34. 7 .• y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepmHHaMH B TO"tfKax 3 KOOp,ZJ;HHaTaMH (O; 0),

(l; 0), (O; 1), (l; 1) HaBMaHHH o6Hf>aIOTh T01IKY Q (x; y). ,Il;JIH BH-

A= {(x; y) Ix< 0,4}

IIa,ZJ;KOBHX rro,n;ili i B = {(x; y) Iy > 0, 7} ,n;oBe,n;iTb
piBHicTb p (An B) = p (A) p (B).
34 .8. y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepIIIHHaMH B TO"t!Kax 3 KOOp,ZJ;HHaTaMH (O; 0),
(l; 0), (O; 1), (l; 1) HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb T01IKY Q (x; y). ,Il;JIH BH-

A= {(x; y) Ix~ 0,5}

Ila,ZJ;KOBHX rro,n;ili i B = {(x; y) Iy < 0,3} ,n;oBe,n;iTI>
piBHicTh p (An B) = p (A) p (B).
34.9: Y Kynro pa,n;iyca R BIIHCaJIH Ky6. HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o
TO"t!Ka, HaBMaHHH o6paHa B KyJii, IIOTparrHTh ,n;o BIIHCaHoro Ky6a?

3 io: HaBKOJIO II;HJiiH,n;pa 3 pa,n;iycoM OCHOBH R i BHCOTOIO H OITH-

Ca.JIH Kynro. HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, m;o TO"CJ:Ka, HaBMaHHH o6paHa
B KyJii, IIOTparrHTb ,n;o II;HJiiH,n;pa?

34.11: y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepIIIHHaMH B TO"tfKaX 3 KOOp,ZJ;HHaTaMH (0; 0),

(l; 0), (O; 1), (l; 1) HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb T01IKY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTh

HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOl rro,n;il:

1) {(x; y) Ix< 0,3}; 3) {(x; y) Imax {x, y} ~ 0, 7}.
2) {(x;y)lx+y>0,2};
34.12: y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepIIIHHaMH B TO"tfKax 3 Koop,n;HHaTaMH (O; 0),
(1; 0), (O; 1), (1; 1) HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb T01IKY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTb

HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOl no,n;i1:

1) {(x; y) Iy ~ 0,8}; 3) {(x; y) Imin {x, y} <0,4}.
2) {(x;y)lx-y<0,3};
34.13.· Ha rrnom;HHi rrpoBe,n;eHo HecKiH"tfeHHY KiJihKiCTb rrapaneJII>HHX
rrpHMHX. Bi,n;cTaHI> MiJK cyci,n;HiMH rrpHMHMH ,n;opiBHIOe 5. HKa
HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o MOHeTa pa,n;iyca l, HKY BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHM 1IHHOM
KR,Zl;aIOTb Ha IIJIOIIJ;HHy, rrepeTHe O,ZJ;HY 3 rrapa.rreJibHHX rrpHMHX?

34. 4.· Ha Koop,n;HHaTHY rrnom;HHY BHrra,n;KOBHM 1IHHOM KH,n;aIOTb

MOHeTy pa,n;iyca ~. HKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o BOHa rrepeTHe o,n;Hy

4
3 rrpHMHX BH,n;y y = k a6o x = k, ,n;e k E Z?
34.15:· y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepIIIHHaMH B TO"tfKax 3 KOOp,ZJ;HHaTaMH (O; 0),
(1; 0), (O; 1), (l; 1) HaBMaHHH o6HpaIOTb T01IKY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTb

HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOl rro,n;il:

1) {(x;y)ly<x 3 }; 3) {(x;y)j5xy<l}.
2) {(x; y) Isin nx < y};

151
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi·i iilMOBipHOCTeill i MaTeMaTwmo·i CTaTV1CTV1KV1

34.16:· Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [-1; 1] KOOp,n;HHaTHOl np.HMOl HaBMaHH.H o6Hpa-

IOTb ,n;Bi TOtIKH. Hexali p i q- Koop,n;HHaTM n;Hx TOtIOK. 3Hali,n;iTh
MMOBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o piBHHHHH t 2 + 2pt + q = 0 Mae KopeHi.

34.17 .• y KBaApaTi 3 BepmMHaMH B TOtIKax 3 KOOp,ZJ;MHaTaMH (O; 0),

(l; 0), (O; 1), (1; 1) HaBM8.HH.H o6HpaIOTb TO"l!KY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTb

MMOBipHiCTb BHilaAKOBOl rro,n;il:

1) {(x; y) Iy > x 2 }; 3) {(x; y) I2xy > l}.

2) {<x; y) Icos "; ;:;, y };

34.18. •• Y rrp.HMOKYTHHM piBHo6e,n;peHHM TPMKYTHMK ABC ( L C = 90°)
BIIHCaHo KBaApaT CDEF, BepmMHH HKoro Jie.maTh Ha cTopoHax
TpMKYTHMKa. Y TPMKYTHMKY ABC HaBMaHHH o6MpaIOTb rr'HTb
TO"l!OK. HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o piBHO TPH 3 HHX rroTparrJIHTb
,n;o KBaApaTa CDEF?
3 19. · ToqKa C ,n;iJIHTb Bi,n;pi3oK AB Ha Bi,n;pi3KM 3aB,n;oB.mKH AC= a1
i CB= a 2 • Ha Bi,n;pi30K AB HaBMaHHH KH,n;aIOTb n TOtIOK. HKa

liMoBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o Ha BiApi3oK AC rroTparrJI.HTb k TaKHX To-

"tlOK?

34.20 .•• y KBaApaTi 3 BepmMHaMH B TOtIKax 3 KOOp,ZJ;MHaTaMH (0; 0),

(l; 0), (O; 1), (l; 1) HaBMaHH.H o6MpaIOTb TOtIKY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTb

TaKe l!HCJIO z, m;o MMOBipHiCTb BHKOHaHH.H HepiBHOCTi x 2y ~ z

,n;opiBHIOe 50 o/o •
3 • ... y KBa,n;paTi 3 BepmMHaMH B TO"t£Kax 3 KOOp,ZJ;MHaTaMH (O; 0),
(1; 0), (O; 1), (1; 1) HaBMaHH.H o6MpaIOTb TOtIKY Q (x; y). 3Hali,n;iTb

y ~ ZX
2
TaKe l!HCJIO z, m;o MMOBipHiCTb BHKOHaHH.H HepiBHOCTi

,n;opiBHroe 30 °/o •
34.22.·· AHAPili Ta MHKOJia ,n;oMOBMJIMCH rrpo 3ycTpitI o 12:00. Ko.mHHM
3 HHX rrpMXO,ZJ;HTb Ha 3YCTpitI y 6y,n;b-.HKHM "tJaC 3 11:50 ,n;o 12:10
He3aJie.mHO Bi,n; iHIIIOro. ,Zl;py3i ,ZJ;OMOBHJIHC.H "tleKaTH O,ZJ;HH o,n;Horo
10 xB. HKa liMoBipHicTh Toro, rn;o 3ycTpitI Bi,n;6y,n;eThC.H?

23 •• IIofa,n;M MeTpO XO,ZJ;.HTb KO.mHi 3 XB. IlOCMKa rraca.mHpiB TpMBae

rrpoT.HroM 20 ceKYHA· HKa liMoBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o naca.mMp nicJI.H
npMxo,n;y Ha CTaHII;iro rrpOT.HrOM 1 XB C.H,n;e y BarOH MeTpo?

34.24:· Bi,n; Tpbox rraJIM"tJOK 3aB,n;oB.mKM l BHrra,n;KOBHM q11:HoM Bi,n;pi-

3aIOTb no IIIMaTKy. HKa MMOBipHiCTb Toro, rn;o 3 Tpbox Bi,n;pi3aHHX
mMaTKiB MO.mHa 6y,n;e CKJiaCTH TPHKYTHHK?

152
 MeTOA MOHTe-Kapno i 3a,D,aYa 5tacpcpoHa

34.25:· Ha Bi,n;pi30K HaBMa.HH.H IIOCJii,n;OBHO KH,ZJ;aIOTb ,n;Bi TOl!KH . .ffKa

HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o 3 Tpbox yTBopeHHX qacTHH MOJKHa 6y,n;e
CKJiaCTH TPHKYTHHK?
.' 6. • Ha Bi,n;pi30K HaBMaHH.H rrocJii,n;oBHO KH,n;aIOTb TPH TOtIKH •
.ffKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o TpeT.H TOl!Ka IIOTparrHTb MiJK ,ZJ;BOMa
rrepmHMH?
34.27. * AB HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTb TOtIKY C. IloTiM Ha
Ha Bi,n;pi3KY
Bi,n;pi3KY AC HaBMa.HH.H o6nparoTh TO"t!KY D . .ffKa HMOBipHiCTh Toro,
AB
m;o AD<-?
3
34.28.* 3 MHOJKHHH {l, 2, 3, ... , n} HaBMa.HH.H o6HpaIOTb lJHCJIO x,
a IIOTiM m;e o,n;He l!HCJIO y (tIHCJia x i y MOJKYTb 6yTH piBHl:IMH).
IIo3HatIHMO -qepe3 Pn RMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o x 2 + y 2 ~ n 2 • 3Hali,n;iTh
lim Pn·
n ~co

KOJU1 3P06nEHO YPOKH

MeTOA MoHTe-Kapno i 3aAa"fa 610<l><l>0Ha

reoMeTpHl:!HY RMOBipHiCTb BHKOpHCTOBYIOTh y p03,ZJ;iJiaX MaTeMa-
Tlil:!HOl HayKH, .HKi, Ha nepmHH rrorJI.H,n;, He MaIOTh Hi.HKOro Bi,n;HO-
meHH.H ,n;o Teopil HMOBipHOCTeli. IloKameMo, RanpHKJiaA, .HK 3a ,n;o-
noMororo reoMeTpli"t!HOl HMOBipHOCTi Ha6JIHJKeHo o6l:!HCJIIOIOTh rrJiom;i
CKJiaAHHX cpiryp.
Po3rJI.HHeMo cpirypy A, 3aAaHY Ha Koop-
y
,n;:aHaTHili IIJIOIIJ;HHi xy' HanpHKJia,n;, HepiB-
1
+ ~y-y 2 ) 2y Jx-x ~ 1
2
HicTIO ( X (pHC. 34.6).
IIo6y,n;yBaTH rpacpiK (HaBiTh rrpH6JIH3HHli)
1 A
TaKo1 HepiBHOCTi - CKJia,n;Ha 3a,n;aqa • He-
. .
3p03YM1JIO TaKOJK, .HK Bl,ZJ;OMMMH MeTo,n;a-
MH o6"'C!HCJIHTH rrJiom;y cpirypH A. M
CKopncTaeMoc.H cpopMyJioro reoMeT- --cJj 1 x
pHtIHOl MMOBipHOCTi p (A)= SA' 3Bi,ZJ;KH
s P:ac. 34.6
s s p (A).
A= 0Tme, ,ZJ;JI.H o6tJHCJieHH.H IIJIO-

1
I'pacpiK p;aHOl HepiBHOCTi, 306pameHHH Ha pHCYHKY 34.6, no6y,n;OBa.HO
3a ,ll;OIIOMOrOIO KOMII'IOTepa.

153
§ 5. EneMeHTl/1 KOM6iHaTOp111KV1, reopi"i illMOBipHOCTeiit i MaTeMaTW·IH0°l° CTaTll1CTV1KV1

m;i cpirypH A Heo6xi,n;Ho 3HaTH rrJiom;y S cpirypH U, .H:Kili HaJieJKHTh

cpirypa A, Ta HMOBipHiCTh rroTpaIIJI.HHH.H TO"CJKH y cpirypy A npH BH-
rra,n;KOBOMY BH6opi TO"t{KH y cpirypi u.
OcKiJihKH o6nacTh BH3Ha"CJeHH.H ,n;aHo1
HepiBHOCTi aa,n;aeThc.a YMOBaMH 0 ~ x ~ 1,
• L
• 0~y~1, TO BCi TO'tfKH cpirypMA Ha-
• • JieJKaTb o,n;HHHt:IHOMY KBa,n;paTy OKLM
(pHc. 34. 7). ToMy aa cpirypy U Bi3hMeMo
• o,n;HHH"t{HHH KBa,n;paT OKLM a nJiorn;ero
S=l.
• M ...x Be.JIH'CIHHY p (A) MOJKHa Ha6JIHJKeHo
0 1
ou;iHHTH, o6'CJHCJIHBIIIH t.IaCTOTY 110Tpan-
JI.HHH.H TOtIKH y cpirypy A. ,Il;JIH u;horo
P:ac. 34.7
Tpe6a N paaiB HaBMaHH.H BH6paTH TO'tf-
KY Q (x; y) c KOOp,n;HHaTaMH x E [O; 1],
y E [0; l] i rri,n;paxyBaTH KiJihKiCTh THX BHrra,n;KiB, KOJIH BHKOHyBaTH-
MeTbC.H ,n;aHa HepiBHiCTb (pHC. 34. 7). 3a3BHt.Ia:0: TaKi BHIIp06YBaHH.H
MO,ZJ;eJIIOIOT.h aa ,ZI;OIIOMOI'OIO KOMII'IOTepa. BHKOpHCTOBYIO'tfH CTaH,n;apT-
HHH reHepaTop BHIIa,n;KOBHX 'tfHCeJI, Ha KOMII'IOTepi JierKo peaJii3YBa-
TH BHna,n;KoBe o6paHH.H l.JHCeJI x E [O; l], y E [O; 1]. KpiM D;hOI'O, y Ta-
KHH crroci6 Heo6xi,n;Hy BeJIHKY KiJihKiCTh BHnpo6yBaHh MOJKHa
npoBeCTH aa Jiit.IeHi ceKYff,ZJ;H.
6
IIpoBiBIIIH N = 10 TaKHX BHrrpo6yBaHh, aBTOpM rri,n;pyt.IHHKa
3'acyBaJIH, m;o B NA =457134 BHII~Kax HaBMaHH.H o6paHa TOt.IKa
. 457134
noTpanHJia ,n;o cp1rypM A. 0Tme, p (A)~ ~ 0,457. CKopHcTaB-
106
IIIHCb cpopMyJIOIO sA = p (A) s, MaeMO, rn;o sA ~ 0,457.

Hapo,n;HBC.H y JlhBOBi, 3aKiHt.IHB

Jl.hBiBCbKHH IIOJiiTeXHi'tfHHH iHCTHTyT.
Y 1936 p. nepe1xaB ,n;o CIIIA. OcHOBHi
lioro a,n;o6yTKH HaJieJKa1'b ,n;o TOITOJIOriI,
cpyHKu;ioHaJihHoro aHaniay, Teopil HMO-
BipHocTeli, Teopil MHOJKHH.

CTaHicJiaB Y JiaM
(1909- 1984)
154
 MeroA MoHre-Kapno i 3aAaYa 6t0cpcp0Ha

TaKHH MeTo.ZJ; Ha6JIHmeHoro o6'l!HCJieHHH nJiom;i Ha3HBalOTb MeTo-

,1.1;0M MoHTe-KapJio.
HaaBa MeTo,zcy MoHTe-KapJio noxo,D;HTb Bi,n; Ha3BH MicTa KHH3iBCTBa
MoHaKo. MicTo MoHTe-KapJio Bi.ZJ;OMO 'l!HCJieHHHMH KaaHHO, a o,n;HHM
3 HaHilpOCTiillHX MeXaHi'lfHHX npHCTpOIB .ZJ;JIH YTBOpeHH.H BHila,D;KOBHX
'l!HCeJI e irpoBa pyJieTKa.
0.ZJ;HHM ia aacHOBHHKiB MeTo,D;a MoHTe-KapJio BBamaroTb Bi,n;oMoro
MaTeMaTHKa CTaHiCJiaBa YJiaMa, .HKHH cepe,n;HHi XX CT. onHcaBy
MOmJIHBOCTi n;horo MeTO.ZJ;Y. IlpoTe roJIOBHa i,n;e.H MeTo,n;y MoHTe-
EapJio 6yJia Bi,n;oMa Ha6araTo paHime. ~e y XVIII CT. Q;>paH:a;yabKHH
HaTypaJiiCT, 6iOJIOr, MaTeMaTHK i IIHCbMeHHHK jl\opm Jly! JleKJiepK
BroQ;>Q;>oH aanponoHyBaB liMoBipHiCHHH cnoci6 oaHa'tfeHH.H i o6'l!HC-
JieHH.H 'l!HCJia TC.
3A.QA4A 6I0<1><1>0HA Hexali Ha IIJIOID;HHi npoBe,n;eHo HecKiH'tfeHHY
KiJihKiCTh napaneJihHHX np.HMHX. Bi,n;cTaHb Mim cyci,n;HiMH np.HMHMH
,n;opiBHroe 4. Ha IIJIOID;HHY HaBMaHH.H KH,n;aroTh roJIKY 3aB,D;OBmKH 2.
3Haii,n;iTh HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o roJIKa nepeTHe o,n;Hy a np.HMHX.
Po36'JLaannJL. IloJiomeHH.H roJIKH 6y,n;eMo BH3Ha'tfaTH KYTOM x
Mim np.HMOIO, m;o MiCTHTh roJIKy, i npoBe,n;eHHMH np.HMHMH, a TaKom
Bi,n;CTaHHIO y Bi,n; cepe,n;HHH roJIKH ,n;o HaH6JIHjK'l{0l np.HMOI (pHC. 34.8).

3poaYMino, ~o x E [ O; ; Ji y E [O; 2]. MoJKHa BBaJKaTH, ~o KYT x

i Bi,D;CTaHh y o6Hpal0Tb HaBMaHHH .HK KOOp,D;HHaTH TO'l!KH Q (x; y)

np.HMOKYTHHKa OFGH ai cTopoHaMH 7t i 2 (pHc. 34.9). PoarJI.HHeMo

2
npHMOKYTHHH TPHKYTHHK ABC, KaTeT AC HKoro napaneJihHHH ,n;aHHM
npHMHM (pHc. 34.8). OcKiJihKH roJIKa AB Mae ,n;oBmHHY 2, TO cepe,n;-

HH JiiHi.H KL TPHKYTHHKa ABC ,D;opiBHIOe KL= BC =AB sin x =·sin x.

2 2

'' y
'
2 H G

B
''
'' y
''
''
x ', }
0 x -1t x
2
PHc. 34.8 PHC. ·34.9

155
..
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi'1' VlMOBipHOCTeVt i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1

JierKo sposyMiTH, m;o roJIKa nepeTHe npoBe.n;eHy npHMY To.n;i i TiJihKH

To.n;i, KOJIH y ~KL, T06To rrpH y ~sin x. lHIIIHMH CJIOBaMH, ronKa
nepeTHe rrp.HMY To.n;i, KOJIH B3.HTa HaBMaHHH TOl!Ka Q (x;y) HaJiema-
THMe <t>irypi A, m;o posTamoBaHa B rrp.HMOKYTHHKY OFGH HHmtie Bi.n;
rpa<t>iKa <l>YHKII;il y =sin x (pHc. 34.9). 06tIHCJIHMO nnom;y <t>irypH A.
7t
2 7t
2
MaeMo SA= fsin x dx =-cos x =1. IInom;a npHMOKYTHHKa OFGH
0 0

1
.n;opIBHroe S = n · 2 = n. ToMy p (A)=.!. 3Bi.n;cH n =
2 n p(A)
0Tme, BeJIHtIHHa, o6epHeHa .n;o HMOBipHocTi Toro, m;o ronKa nepe-
THe npoBe.n;eHi npHMi, .n;opiBHIO€ n.
BasyrotIHCb Ha OTpHMaHoMy BHCHOBKY, HayKoBn;i npoBO)'.(HJIH
eKcnepHMeHTaJihHe BH3HatieHH.H tIHCJia n. Ix pesyJihTaTH HaBe.n;eHo
B Ta6JIHII;i.
- - - --;;::_- _---:-;-

'
KiJibKiCTb Ha6JIHmeae 3HatieHHJJ
.[f;ocJii)'.(HHK
:a:HnpooyBaHb ,HCJia 1t
.
Bo JI hep 5000 3,1596
, CMiT 3204 3,1553
<l>OKC 1120 3,1419

HKm;o 3Mo.n;enroBaTH Ha KOMn'roTepi BHna.n;KoBe KH.n;aHH.H roJIKH,

TO, npoBiBIIIH BeJIHKY KiJihKiCTb TaKHX «BHIIp06y-BaHb»' MOmHa 3Ha-
HTH .n;eKiJihKa .n;ec.HTKOBHX 3HaKiB l:fHCJia TC.
Cnpo6y:HTe i BH o6tIHCJIHTH KiJibKa sHaKiB l:fHCJia TC.

y 9 KJiaci BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 eJieMeHTaMH MaTeMaTHl:fHOl CTa-

THCTHKH - HaYKH npo oTpHMaHH.H, o6po6JieHH.H :H aHania .n;aHHX, .HKi
xapaKTepH3YIOTb MaCOBi HBHm;a.
y CTaTHCTHn;i CYKYIIHiCTb si6paHHX .n;aHHX, Ha OCHOBi HKHX npo-
BO)l;HTb .n;ocni.n;meHHH, Ha3HBaIOTb BH6ipKOIO. <l>aKTHl!HO 36HpaHH.H
.n;aHHX - n;e neBHe BHIIpo6yBaHH.H, HKe npOBO)'.(.HTb KiJibKa pa3iB.
IIpocTip eneMeHTapHHX Hacni.n;KiB n;horo BHnpo6yBaHHH y cTaTHCTHn;i
npn:HH.HTO Ha3HBaTH reHepaJILHOIO CYKynuicTro (pnc 3 5 .1).

156
 35. Crar111cn1YH111ilt aHani3 ,o.aHV1X

I'eHepaJibHa cyKynHiCTb
BH6ipKa

0
• •• 0

•
•

Pnc. 35.1

HarrpHKJia,n;, ,ZJ;JI.H rrpoBe,n;eHHH ecpeKTHBH01 peRJiaMHo1 KaMrraHn

,n;e.HKa cpipMa BHpilllHJia CKJiaCTH IICHXOJiori"tfHHH rropTpeT CBOro TH-
IIOBOro KJii€HTa. ,11;JIH D;bOI'O aarrJiaHOBaHO OIIHTaTH ,n;e.HKY KiJihKiCTb
HaBMaHHH o6paHHX KJiieHTiB cpipMH. To,n;i MHO:>KHHa Bcix K.rrieHTiB
cpipMH YTBOpl0€ reHepaJibHY CYKYIIHiCTb, a MHO:>KHHa THX KJiieHTiB,
J:IKHX 6y,n;e OTIHTaHo, YTBoproe BH6ipKy.
0,n;Ha 3 roJIOBHHX aa,n;a-q CTaTHCTHKH IIOJIHrae B TOMY' m;o6 Ha OCHO-
Bi a.Ha.rriay ,ZJ;aHHX BH6ipKH 3po6HTH BHCHOBOK rrpo BCIO reHepaJibHY
cyKyrrHiCTb. AHa.rriayrotJR ai6paHi ,n;aHi, BH,n;iJIHIOTb o,n;HH a6o KiJibKa
aaraJibHHX IIOKa3HHKiB, J:IKi xapaKTepH3YIOTb HaH6iJiblll Ba:>KJIHBi
oco6JIHBOCTi reHepa.rrbH01 cyKyrrHOCTi. HarrpHKJia,n;, HKm;o BH6ipKa
CKJia,n;aeTbCJ:I 3 tJHCJIOBHX ,ZJ;aHHX, TO pi3HHII,l0 Mi:>K Hali6iJiblllHM i HaH-
MeHIIlHM 3HatJeHHHMH ,n;aHHX BH6ipKH Ha3HBaIOTb p03MaXOM BH6ipKH.
Ba:m.rrHBHMH rroKa3HHKa.MH BH6ipKH TaKo:m e cepewu:: aHa'leHHH,
Me.11:iaHa Ta MO,ll;a. Hara,n;aeMo :0: yTotJHHMO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi oaHatJeHH.H.
Hexali BH6ipKa CKJia,n;aeTbCH 3 tJHCJIOBHX ,n;aHHX X1' X2' ••• ' xn.
Cepe.11:aiM aHa'leHHHM nJe1 BH6ipKH (Bu6ipKOBHM cepe.11:aiM) Ha3HBa-
- X1 + X2 + ... + Xn
lOTb "t!HCJIO X = .
n
HanpHK.rra,n;, y Ta6JIH:u;i rro,n;aHo peay.rrhTaTH BHcTyrriB YKPalHCbKHX
mKOJIHpiB Ha Mi:mHapo,n;HHX MaTeMaTHtJHHX o.rriMrria,n;ax rrpoT.HroM
2001-2010 pp. (KOMaH,n;a y-qaCHHKiB Ha Mi:>KHapo,n;HHX MaTeMaTHtJHHX
oJiiMrria,n;ax CKJia,n;aeThCH He 6iJihme Hi:>K ia 6 oci6.)

le
PiK 2001
. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
··' •'
2007 2008 2009 2010
KiJihKiCTb
6 4 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6
Me,n;a.rreli

157
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi ·I ~MOBipHOCTei71 i MaTeMaTW-lH0·1 CTaTV1CTV1KV1

,Il;JUI .n;aHOl BH6ipKH cepe.n;He 3Ha't!eHHH .n;opiBHIOe

x = 6+4+6+6+6+5+6+6+6+6 = 57 =5,7.
10 10
OcKiJihKH 3a piK MO.mHa BH6opOTH He 6iJihme 6 Me.n;a.rreli, TO BH-
6ipKOBe cepe.n;He 5, 7 CBi'A'tlHTb rrpo Te, m;o KOMaH.n;a °YKpalHH ri.n;Ho
BHCTyrrae Ha II;bOMY rrpeCTH.)KHOMY cpopyMi.
3BepHiTh yBary Ha Te, m;o cepe.n;He 3Ha't!eHH.H BH6ipKH BH3Ha"tiaIOTb
JIHme y BHIIa.n;Ky' KOJIH ai6paHHMH .n;aHHMH e 't!HCJia.
Po3rJIHHeMo BH6ipKy, m;o CKJia.n;aeThCH 3 TaKHx .n;aHHX, HKi Mo.m-
Ha rropiBHIOBaTH o.n;He 3 O.D;HHM • .HKm;o KiJihKiCTb .D;aHHX HerrapHa i lX
yrropH.n;KOBa.HO X1 ~ X2 ~ ••• ~ X2n - 1' TO Me,n;iaHOIO .D;aHOl BH6ipKH Ha-
3HBaIOTb X n, T06TO Te 3 .D;a.HHX, HKe B rrepeJiiKy Xl' X 2, ••• , X 2n _ 1

poaMim;eHe nocepe.n;HHi.
HanpHKJia.n;, y 6araTI>OX yHiBepcHTeTax °YKpfilHH aarrpoBa.n;.meHo
ou;iHIOBa.HH.H 3HaHb CTy.n;eHTiB :ae 3a 't!HCJIOBOIO illKaJIOIO, a aa IIIKaJIOIO
6YKB: A, B, C, D, E, F (A- HaliBHm;a, F- HaHHH.m't!a ou;iHKa). Hexali
rrpH OIIHTYBaHHi 9 CTJT.D;eHTiB npo peayJihTaTH CKJia.n;aHH.H HHMH OCTaH-
HhOro eK3aMeHY 6yJio OTpHMa.HO TaKY IlOCJii'AOBHiCTb ou;iHoK (BH6ipKy):
F,F,D,D, C,C,C,B,A.
Ba'tlHMo, m;o rrocepe.n;HHi poaMim;eHa JiiTepa C. OT.me, Me.n;ia.HoIO
.D;aHOl BH6ipKH e on;iHKa «C» •
.HKm;o BH6ipKa CKJia.n;aeThCH 3 rrapHOl KiJibKOCTi .n;aHHX:
X1 ~ X2 ~ ••• ~ X2n' TO Me,n;iaHOIO .D;aHOl BH6ipKH Ha3HBaIOTb 6y.n;h-HKe

3 .n;aHHX Xn a6o Xn +l' T06TO Ti .D;BOe .n;aHHX, IIJ;O p03TaIIIOBaHi IlOCepe-

.D;HHi B rrepeJiiKy X1' X2' ••• ' X2n.
HarrpHKJia,n;, .aKm;o .n;o 9 Hase.n;eHHX BHm;e on;iHoK cTy.n;eHTiB .n;o.n;aTH
II(e o.n;Hy on;iHKY E, To oTpHMaeMo TaKY rrocJii'AOBHiCTh:
F,F,E,D, D, ,C,C,B,A.
BallHMO, m;o rrocepe.n;HHi aHaxo.n;HThCH JiiTepH Di C. OT.me, Me.n;i-
a.HOIO .n;aHo1 BH6ipKH e on;iHKH D i C.
3BepHi Tb yBary Ha Te' m;o B HaBe.n;eHHX npHKJia,ZJ;ax 3Haxo.n;.meHH.H
Me.n;iaHH BH6ipKH .n;ocJii'A.myBaHi .n;aHi He e 't!HCJiaMH .
.HKm;o .n;ocJii.n;.mYBaHHMH .n;aHHMH e 't!HCJia, TO y BHIIa.n;Ky napHOl
KiJib~OCTi .n;aHHX X1 ~ X2 ~ ••• ~ X2n Mep;iaHOIO BH6ipKH .n;onycKa€TbCH

xn + xn +l
BBa.maTH i BeJIH'IHHY • HarrpHKJia.n;, HKm;o poarJI.HHYTH BH-
2
6ipKy 3 't!OTHpbOX 'tlHCJIOBHX .D;aHHX:
1, 2, 3, 7,
2 3
TO llHCJIO ; =2,5 € Me.n;iaHOIO u;ie! BH6ipKH.

158
 35. Cr ar 111CTV1YH111ili aHan i3 AaH111x

Hexaii BH6ipRa CRJHt,z:r;aeThC.H 3 ,ZJ;aHHX X1' X2' ••• ' xn. Mo,n;o10 ,z:r;aHOI
BH6ipRH Ha3HBaIOTh Te 3 ,z:r;aHHX, .HRe 3YCTpi'tlaeTbC.H B rrepeJiiRy
X1 , X 2 , ••• , Xn Ha.iftiaCTiIIIe . .flRIIJ;O TaKliX HaH~acTiIIIHX ,ZJ;aHHX RiJih-
Ka, TO KO.mHe 3 HHX e MO,ZJ;OIO ,z:r;aHOl BH6ipKH. HarrpHRJia,z:r;, .HKIIJ;O
BH6ipKa CKJia,z:r;aeTbC.H 3 rr'.HTH pi3HHX ,z:r;aHHX: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, TO RO.mHe
3 II;HX rr' .HTH 't!HCeJI e MO,ZJ;OIO ,z:r;aHOl BH6ipKH.
3BepHeMO yBary Ha Te, m;o MO,ZJ;Y BH6ipKH MO.mHa Bli3Ha't!HTH ,ZJ;JI.H
,ZJ;a.HHX 6y,z:r;h-.HKOl rrpHpO,ZJ;H, Ha Bi,ZJ;MiHy Bi,z:r; ,z:r;aHHX, Heo6xi,z:r;HHX ,ZJ;JI.H
BH3Ha'tleHH.H cepe,ZJ;Hhoro 3Ha'tleHH.H ('tIHCJIOBi ,z:r;aHi) a6o Me,n;iaHH (,z:r;aHi,
.HKi MOmHa rropiBHIOBaTH o,n;He 3 O,ZJ;HHM).
Hexali y BH6opax ,z:r;o rnKiJibHoro rrapJiaMeHTY 6epyTh y'tlaCTh TPH
rrapTil: «3a MaTeMaTHKY»' «3a CY't£aCHY MY3HKY» i «3a RpacyHh ,n;i-
B~aT». OrrHTaBIIIH 30 Y't£HiB, 3'.HcyBaJIH, m;o rrapTiIO «3a MaTeMaTHKY»
rri,z:r;TpHMye 7 oci6, «3a cy'tlaCHY MY3HKY» - 14 oci6, «3a RpacyHh
,n;iB'tlaT» - 9 oci6. :Ue 03Ha~ae, m;o cepe,z:r; 30 oTpHMaHHX ,z:r;aHHX, m;o
YTBOpIOIOTh BH6ipKy' Hali6iJihIIIY rri,n;TpHMKY Mae rrapTi.H « 3a CY't£aCHY
MY3HRY». ToMy Ha3Ba :a;ie! rrapTil e Mo,z:r;oro ,z:r;aHo! BH6ipKH.
3ayBa.mHMO, m;o B HaBe,n;eHOMY rrpHKJia,z:r;i HeMo.mJIHBO BH3Ha't!HTH
Hi cepe,z:r;He 3Ha'tleHH.H, Hi Me,n;iaHy BH6ipKH.
He3BamaIO~H Ha Te, m;o OIIHCaHi BHm;e y3araJihHIOIO'tli IIORa3HHRH
(cepe,n;He 3Ha~eHH.H, Me,z:r;iaHa, MO,z:r;a) rro-pi3HOMY xapaRTepH3YIOTh BH-
6ipRy, ~acoM !x He,n;ocTaTHhO ,ZJ;JI.H Toro, m;o6 ,z:r;aTH KopeRTHY o:a;iHRY
BCie! reHepaJibHOl cyRyIIHOCTi.
Hexali rroTpi6Ho 3'.HcyBaTH cepe,z:r;Hili piBeHh 3apo6iTH01 rrJiaTH
B YRpa!Hi. 3a iHQ:>opMa:a;iero o,n;Horo s cTaTHCT~HHX ,z:r;ocni,n;.meHh Bi,n;o-
Mi ,z:r;aHi rrpo 3apo6iTHY rrJiaTy B reorpaQ:>i't!HHX perioHax YRpai:HH.

PiBeBL aapo6iTuo1 nJiaTH

Periou YKpaiHH
HaCeJleHHH y Ci"llm 2011 poKy
ll;eHTpanhHHH perioH YRpa1HH 2319 rpH
IliB,z:r;eHHo-Cxi,n;HHH perioH y Rpa.lliM 2410 rpH
3axi,ZJ;HHH perioH y RpalHH 1934 rpH

5IR:r:a;o ,ZJ;JIJI TpbOX HaBe,z:r;eHHX ,ZJ;aHHX xl = 2319, X2 = 2410, X3 = 1934

o6't!HCJIHTH cepe,n;He 3Ha'tleHH.H, Me,z:r;ia.Hy i Mo,z:r;y BH6ipKH, TO OTPHMa-
eMO TaRi 3Ha'tleHH.H:
2319 + 2410 + 1934
Cepe,z:r;He 3Ha'tleHH.H = = 2221,
3
Me,n;iaHa = 2319,
Mo,z:r;a = 2319, a6o 2410, a6o 1934.

159
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi 'i i71MosipHoaeii1 i MaTeMarw-rno·i aa r111a111K111

HacrrpaB,n;i .mo,n;He 3 D,HX 3Ha't!eHb He Bi,n;o6pa.mae KopeKTHO a6o,

HK m;e Ka.iKyTb, a,n;eKBaTHO cepe,n;Hili piBeHb 3apo6iTHOl IIJiaTH B 'YKpa-
lHi. IlpH't!HHa IIOJI.Hrae B TOMy, m;o B pi3HHX perioHax .iKHBe i np~l0€
piaHa KiJihKiCTh Jiro,n;eli. TaK, y ll;eHTpaJihHOMY perioHi 'YKpa1HH
rrpaD,10€ 6JIH3bKO 7 MJIH JIIO,n;eli, y IliB,n;eHHo-Cxi,n;HOMY - 10 MJIH, a
B 3axi.n;HOMY - 5 MJIH. I.J;e 03Ha't!a€, m;o rrpaD,iBHHKH I.J;eHTpaJibHOro
perioHy aapo6HJIH 7 x 1 MJIH rpH, lliB,n;eHHo-Cxi.n;Horo - 1 Ox2 MJIH rpH,
a 3axi.n;Horo - 5x3 MJIH rpH. OT.me, y ci't!Hi 2011 poKy .iKHTeJii
'YKpaIHH BChoro aapo6HJIH 7x1 +10x2 + 5x3 MJIH rpH. OcKiJihKH aa-
raJihHa KiJihKiCTb rrpa.u;roroqoro HaceJieHH.H 'YKpalHH CTa.HOBHTb 6JIH3b-
KO 7 + 10 + 5 = 22 MJIH JIIO,n;eli, TO cepe,n;HIO aapo6iTHY IIJiaTy B 'YKpa-
IHi MO.iKHa on;iHHTH TaK:
7x1 +10x2 +5xa 2273
22 ~ rpH.
7x1 +10x 2 +5x3
BeJIH'tlHHY Ha3HBaIOTh cepe,z:i;HiM aBameHHM 3Ha-
22
'leHHHM 't!HCeJI xl' X2' X3 3 BarOBHMH Koe<t>i:u;ieHTaMH 7' 10 i 5
. .
Bl,ZJ;IIOBl,ZJ;HO.
'Y 3araJii, Cepe,ZJ;HiM 3BameHHM 3Ha'leHHHM 't!HCeJI X1 , X2 , ••• , Xn

3 ,ZJ;O,ZJ;aTHHMH BarOBHMH KOecpiD,i€HTaMH m 1 , m 2 , ••• , mn Ha3HBaIOTb

't!HCJIO
m1X1 +m2X2 + ... +mnxn
x- = ---------
ml +m2 + ... +mn
HKm;o cepe.n; ,n;aHHx BH6ipKH 3ycTpi't!aIOThC.H o,n;HaKoBi, TO ,ZJ;JI.H
o6't!HCJieHH.H cepe,ZJ;HbOro 3Ha't!eHH.H BH6ipKH 3py't1HO CKOPHCTaTHC.H
cepe,ZJ;HlM 3Ba.iKeHHM 3Ha't!eHH.HM.
HanpHKJia,n;, nexali BH6ipKa CKJia,n;aeThC.H 3i 100 't!HCJIOBHX ,ZJ;a.HHX,
cepe.n; .HKHX 40 pa3iB 3YCTpi't!a€TbC.H 't!HCJIO X1 = 2, 50 pa3iB - 't!HCJIO
x 2 = 3, 10 paaiB - 't!HCJIO x 3 = 4. To.n;i cepe,n;He 3Ha't!eHHH ,n;aHo1 BH-
6ipKH ai 100 't!HCeJI .n;opiBHIOBaTHMe cepe,ZJ;HbOMy 3Ba.meHOMY 3Ha't!eH-
HIO 't!HCeJI xl = 2, X2 = 3 Ta X3 = 4 3 BarOBHMH KoecpiD,i€HTaMH ml = 40,
m 2 = 50, m 3 =10. CrrpaB,n;i,
2+2+ ... +2 + 3 +3+ ... +3 + 4 +4+ ... +4
40 JlO)la.HKiB 50 )lO)l8JJKiB 10 JlO)lBHKiB
X=----------------=
100

40·2+50·3+10·4 m,x1 +m2 x 2 +m3 x 3

40+50+10 m, +m2 +m3

160
 35. Crar111cr111YH111ii1 aHani3 AaH111x

nPMKJlAJl 1 Y ,n;e.HKOMY MlCTl ,D;JI.H BM3HaqeHH.H BeJIJrCIMHH BHTpaT

o,n;Hie! JIIO,ll;HHH Ha JiiKapCbKi 3aco6M 6yJIO rrpoBe,n;eHO OilHTYBaHH.H
1000 oci6, cepe,n; .HKHX 400 6yJIH MOJIO,D;IIIi Bi,n; 20 poKiB, a 600 -
cTapmi 3a 20 poKiB. 3 '.HCyBaJIOC.H, III,O JIIO,D;H, MOJIO,n;mi Bi,n; 20 poKiB,
y cepe,n;HhOMy BHTpaqaIOTb Ha MiC.HII,b Ha JiiKapChKi 3aco6H 22 rpH,
a JIIO,D;M, CTapmi 3a 20 poKiB, - 4 7 rpH. Ill;o B ,ll;aHOMy CTaTMCT~HOMY
.n;ocni.n;meHHi e reHepaJihHOIO cyKyrraicTro? Ill;o e BH6ip1<010? On;iHiTh
piBeHh BHTpaT Ha JiiKapChKi 3aco6H Ha MiC.HII,b ,ll;Jl.H O,D;Hie! JIIO,ll;HHM.
p 0 3 8' Jl3aIi1-lJl. y ,ll;aHOMY CTaTHCTHqHoMy .n;ocni,n;meHHi MHO)KHHa
BCiX MeIDKaHII,iB MicTa € reHepaJihHOIO cyKyIIHiCTIO, a 1000 OIIMTaHHX
oci6 YTBOpIOIOTb BM6ipKy.
Po3rJI.HHeMo BM6ipKy (BeJIMqHH BHTpaT MemKaHII,iB MicTa Ha
nii<apchKi 3aco611 rrpoT.HroM MiC.HII,.H), oTpHMaHy B pe3yJihTaTi rrpo-
Be,n;eHoro OIIHTyBaHH.H.
3Ha:li,n;eMO cepe,n;He 3Ha"t!eHH.H n;ie! BM6ipKH:
22 + 22 + ... + 22 + 4 7 + 4 7 + ... + 4 7
x = -400-.noJXa1rnie
------ - - - = 3 7.
600 .no.naHKiB
1000
Te caMe cepe,n;He 3Ha"t.£eHH.H BH6ipKM MomHa o6tIHCJIMTM .HK cepe,n;He
3BameHe 3HatieHH.H "t!MCeJI 22 i 4 7 3 BarOBHMM Koecpin;ieHTaMM 400
i 600 Bi,n;rroBi,n;ao. MaeMo:
400·22+600·47 37
X = 1000· = rpH.
qMCJIO 3 7 110Ka3y€, III,O cepe.n; OIIMTaHHX JIIO,n;eli cepe,n;HiH piBeHb
BMTpaT CKJia,n;ae 37 rpH Ha MiC.HIJ,b • •

Cepe,n;He sBameHe 3Ha"t.£eHH.H B cTaTMCTMII,i BMKOpMCTOBYIOTh To,n;i,

KOJIM 3i6paHi ,n;aHi He e piBHOII,iHHMMM' T06TO ,n;e.HKi ,n;aHi MaIOTb 6iJib-
my BamJIMBiCTb (3HatiyIII,iCTb), a ,n;e.HKi - MeHrny.
HarrpMKna.n;, .HKIII,O B yMoBi rrpMKJia,n;y 1 .n;o,n;aTKOBO Bi,n;oMo, III,O
qacTKa JIIO,n;eli BiKOM ,n;o 20 poKiB CKJia,n;ae 24 o/o ycix MeIDKaHII,iB
II,bOrO MiCTa, TO Bi,n;rroBi,D;h Ha IIOCTaBJieHe B 3a,n;a"t.£i 3aIIMTaHH.H cni.n;
3MlHMTM.
0TpMMaHi 1000 ,n;aHMX Hee piBHoII,iHHMMH. Pi"t.£ y TiM, m;o crriBBi.n;-
HorneHH.H oci6 BiKOM .n;o 20 poKiB i IIiCJI.H 20 poKiB y Hamili BM6ipn;i He
Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae !x crriBBi.n;HomeHHIO B II,hOMY MicTi. ToMy .n;n.a po3paxy1udB
cni,n; .n;i6paTM BarOBi KOecpiII,i€HTM TaKMM "t!MHOM, III,06 BOHM Bi.n;o6pama-
JIM peaJihHHH p03IIO,D;iJI HaceJieHH.H MiCTa 3a II,HMH BiKOBMMH rpynaMM.
Oci<iJihKM B II,hOMY MicTi "t!aCTKM nro.n;eli BiKoM .n;o 20 poKiB i rricJI.H
20 poKiB CKJia,n;aIOTb 24 % i 76 % Bi,D;IIOBi,D;HO, TO Tpe6a o6tIMCJIMTM
cepe,n;He 3BameHe 3Ha"t!eHH.H tIMCeJI 22 rpH i 4 7 rpH 3 BarOBMMM KOecpi-
II,ieHTaMM 24 i 76. MaeMo:

161
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Te opi'i illMosipHOCTeill i MaTeMaTW-lHo'i CTaTV1CTV1KV1

__ 24·22 + 76·47 - 41
y- 100 - .
BeJn1qHHY 41 rpH MOJKHa BBaJKaTH ou.iHKOIO cepe,n;Hhoro piBHH BH-
TpaT Ha JiiKapcbKi saco6H ,D;JIH O,D;Hie1 JIIO,D;HHH Ha MiCHIJ,b y IJ,bOMY MiCTi.

BnpasM
3anHIIIiTb rrpi3BHm;a ~HiB, HKHX 6yJio OIIHTaHO B"tlHTeJieM Ha
0
35.1.
. . .
BaIIIOMY OCTaHHbOMY ypou;1 II~ qac nepeBlpKH ,D;OMaIIIHbOro 3aB,n;aH-
HH. ~o € reHepaJibHOIO CyKYIIHiCTIO i BH6ipK010 B CTaTHCTHqHoMy
,n;ocni,n;JKeHHi B"tlHTeJIH 3 rrepeBipKH ,D;OMaIDHbOro 3aB,n;aHHH?
0
31.2. PesyJibTaTOM po6oTH KOMrr'10TepH01 rrporpaMH, m;o Mo,n;en10e
CTaTHCTHt.IHe ,n;ocni,n;JKeHHH, € ,n;eHKe IJ,iJie t!HCJIO B ,n;iarra30Hi Bi,n;
-128 ,n;o 128. 'Y pesyJibTaTi rr'HTH IIOCJii,n;OBHHX sanycKiB rrporpaMa
BH,D;aJia TaKi pesyJibTaTH: 62, - 15, 31, 103, - 22. ~o B ,n;aHOMY
CTaTHCTHt.IHOMY ,n;oc.rr.i,n;JKeHHi € reHepaJibHOIO cyKyrrHiCTIO? ~o
€ BH6ipKOIO? 3Hali,n;iTb poaMax BH6ipKH.
0
35.3. 'Yt!HiB OIIHTaJIH npo IX yJII06JieHHH rrpe,n;MeT y lIIKOJii . .ffKi CTa-
THCTHt!Hi IIOKa3HHKH (cepe,n;He 3Hat£eHHH, cepe,n;He 3Ba.JKeHe 3Ha-
t£eHHH, Me,n;iaHa, MO,n;a) MOJKHa BH3HaqHTH ,ZJ;JIH si6paHHX ,n;aHHX?
35 Ha 3aMOBJieHHH rri,n;rrpHeMCTB nerKo1 rrpoMHCJIOBOCTi rrpoBe,n;eHo
,n;ocni,n;JKeHHH, pesyJibTaTaMH HKOrO e p03MipH O,D;Hry B MiJKHapo,n;-
HOMY <PopMaTi (cHMBOJIH: XS, S, M, L, XL, XXL, XXXL) . .ffKi
CTaTHCTH"tIHi IIOKa3HHKH (cepe,n;He 3Ha"tleHHH, cepe,n;He 3BaJKeHe 3Ha-
t£eHHH, Me,n;iaHa, Mo,n;a) MOJKHa BH3Ha"tlHTH ,D;JIH si6paHHX ,n;aHHX?
35.5.° KopHCTyIO"tlHCb Ta6JIHIJ,eIO cepe,n;Hix TeMrrepaTyp IIOBiTpH B Cit!Hi
B ,n;eHKHX MiCTax CBiTy, o6t£HCJiiTb p03Max, cepe,n;He 3Hat.IeHHH,
Me,n;iaHy i MO,D;y ,n;aHOl BH6ipKH.
"
TeMne- TeMne ..
MicTo MicTo
paTypa, °C paTypa, °C
AMcTep,n;aM 3 MocKBa -10
A<l>iHH 8 Haii:po6i 27
ByeHoc-AHpec 23 Hb10-Ilop1< 0
I'oHKOHr 24 Pio-,n;e-maHelipo 30
€pyCaJIHM 8 PHM 8
KHIB -6 CiHrarryp 27
MoHpeanb - 11 To Kio 3

162
 35. Crar111cr111YH1111it aHani3 ,o,aH111x

3 KopHcTyIOTIHCh Ta6JI:an;e10 ypomaifHocTi HaciHH.H coH.HIIIHHKY

B YKpa.lHi, 06'-!HCJiiTh posMax, cepe.n.He 3Hat.JeHH.H, Me.n.iaHy i MOJJ.Y
,l1.aHOl BH6ipKH.
I

Ypomaihlicn, YpomaHHicTL,
PiK PiK
.u/ra ~/ra
1991 15 2003 11
1993 13 2004 9
1995 14 2005 13 .
1997 12 2006 14
1999 10 2007 12
2001 9 2008 15
2002 12 2009 15
0
35.7. Y t.JeMnioHaTi YKpa!HH 3 cpyT6oJiy 2009-2010 pp. KoMaH.n.a
«IIlaxTap» sirpaJia 30 MaTt.JiB, cepe.n. .HKHX OJI.HR pa3 sa6HJia
5 roJiiB, 3 pa3H - 4 roJIH, 6 pasiB - 3 roJIH, 9 pasiB - 2 roJIH,
9 pasiB - OJJ.HH roJI i y 2 MaTt.Jax He 3a6HJia mo.n.Horo roJiy. 06-
t.JHCJii Th, CKiJihKH B cepeJJ.HhOMy KOMa.HJJ.a «IliaxTap» sa6HBaJia
M' .Ht.JiB B 0,l1.HOMY MaT'lii.
35.8. CTyJJ.eHT npoT.HrOM HaBt.JaHH.H B iHCTHTyTi oTpHMaB 45 on;iHOK,
cepe.n. .HKHX 7 n'.HTipoK, 22 t.JeTBipKH Ta 16 TpiifoK. 06t.JHCJiiTb
cepe.n.HiH 6aJI CTy,l1.eHTa.
35.9: Ha y-qHiBChKHX oJiiMrria.n.ax rri.n. t.Jac BH3Hat.JeHH.H peifTHHry
KOMaHJJ. iHJJ.HBiJJ.YaJihHi pesyJihTaTH Yt.JaCHHKiB on;iHIOIOTh TaKHM
'IHHOM: JJ.HIIJIOM rrepmoro CTyIIeH.H .IIPHHOCHTh KOMaHJJ.i 5 6aJiiB,
JJ.HilJIOM .n.pyroro CTyrreH.H - 3 6aJIH, JJ.HilJIOM TpeTbOrO CTyneH.H -
.1 6aJI, JJ.HIIJIOM y-qaCHHKa OJiiMrri~H - 0 6aJiiB. y Ta6JIHD;i IIOJJ.aHO
.n.aHi rrpo pe3yJibTaTH .n.e.HKOl OJiiMni~H. 3Haif.n.iTh MO,l1.y, Me.n.iaHy
i cepe.n.He 3Hat.JeHH.H KOMaHJJ.HHX 6aJiiB, Ha6paHHX y-qaCHHKa.MH
OJiiMIIi~H.

KiJILKicn 6aJiiB, md KiJit.KiCTJ>

yqaCIDIK npHHiC KOMaHJ'(i yqacmmiB
5 14
3 29
1 46
0 88

163
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1Kll1, reopi'I iilMosipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1

35 10: Ha aoBHimHbOMY Heaa.r.remHoMy on;iHIOBaHHi IIIKOJIHpiB a Ma-

TeMaTHKH 2010 poKy 6y;ro aarrporroHoBaHo TeCTOBe aaB,n;aHHH:
«p 03B 'HJKi Tb HepiBHiCTb 10 - 3x > 4.
A B B r ,n;
(-2; +oo) (2; +oo) (-3; +ooJ (-oo; -2) (-oo; 2) »
Ha ,n;iarpaMi (pHc. 35.2) ao6pameHo ,n;aHi rrpo KiJibKiCTb ~HiB,
m;o Bi,D;IIOBi,n;aJIH Ha n;e 3aB,n;aHHH. 3Hai1:,n;i Tb Mo,n;y Bi,D;IIOBi,n;eli
~HiB. 3a rrpaBHJibHY Bi,D;IIOBi,D;b HapaXOBYBaBCH 1 6a.r.r, a aa He-
rrpaBHJibHY Bi,D;IIOBi,D;b - 0 6aniB. Q6qHcJiiTb cepe,n;He 3HaqeHHH
i Me,n;iaHy KiJibKOCTi 6aniB, HKY Ha6paJIH ~acHHKH TecTyBaHHH
aa n;ro aa.zr;aqy.

9o/o
A

23°/o B
DB
•r
,n;
8%
PRC. 35.2
35.11: Te;recpOHHa KOMIIaHiH xoqe ,n;i3HaTHCH rrpo KiJibKiCTb TeJie-
cpOHHHX ,D;3BiHKiB, HKi po6HTb JIIO,D;HHa rrpOTHrOM .n;o6H. ,IJ;aHi m;o.n;o
100 JIIO,n;eli IIO,D;aHO Ha ,n;iarpaMi (pHC. 35.3). Q6qHcJiiTb p03Max,
cepe,n;He 3Ha"CJeHHH, Me,n;iaHy i MO,D;Y n;ie1 BH6ipKH.
>" 20
til 14 15 14
C:J
8 15
:s:
= 10
0
..Q
e--.
.....
C) 5
~
..:i
.5 0 8 9 10 11
~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
lCTb ,D;3Bll l

PRC. 35.3
35 2 • Ha ,n;iarpaMi (pHc. 35.4) HaBe,n;eHo ,n;aHi rrpo KiJibKiCTb KHH-
moK, HKi rrpoqHTaJIH rrpoTHrOM MiCHD;H 50 OIIHTaHHX IlIKOJIHpiB.
Q6qHcJiiTb p03Max, cepe,n;He 3HaqeHHH, Me,D;ia.Hy i MO,D;Y ,n;aHOl BH-
6ipKH.

164
 35. CTaTL4CTll1YH111li1 aHani3 ,o.aH111x

0 1 4 6
KiJibKicTb npoq1 TaHH KHH.iKOK

P:ac. 35.4
35.13: y ,n;e.HKOMY JI1n;e1 O,ZJ;HHa,n;n;.HTHKJiaCHHKH, .HKi HaBqaIOThC.H
B KJiacax cpi3HqHoro, eKoHoMiqHoro Ta cpinonoriqHoro rrpocpiJiiB,
HaIIHCaJIH crriJihHY KOHTpOJihHY po6oTy 3 MaTeMaTHKH. 3a ,lJ;aHHMH
a,n;MiHicTpan;fi nin;e10 cepe,n;Hiii 6an yqHiB cpi3HqHoro rrpocpinro ,n;o-
piBHroe 8, 9, eKOHOMiqHoro - 7, 7, a cpinonoriqHoro - 7, 1.
1) On;iHiTb cepe,n;Hiii 6an yqHiB n;horo Jiin;ero 3a KOHTPOJihHY po6oTy
3 MaTeMaTHKH.
2) HK cni,n; 3MiHHTH Bi,n;rroBi,n;h, .HKrn;o ,n;o,n;aTKOBO Bi,n;oMo, rn;o B KJia-
ci cpi3HqHoro rrpocpiJIIO HaBtiaIOThC.H 23 yqHi, eKOHOMiqHoro -
25 yqHiB, a y ,n;Box KJiacax epiJioJioriqHoro rrpocpiJI10 - 46 yqHiB?
35. 4: y illKOJii OIIHTaJIH ,n;e.HKHX XJIOIID;iB i ,n;iBtiaT rrpo qac, .HKHH
BOHR BHTpaqaIOTh Ha ,ZJ;OIIOMOry 6aThKaM no ,n;oMamHhOMY roc-
rro,n;apCTBY. BH.HBHJIOC.H, rn;o xnorrn;i B cepe,n;HhOMY BHTpaqaIOTh
1, 1 ro,n; Ha ,n;o6y, a ,n;iB'CJaTa - 1, 7 ro,n; Ha ,n;o6y.
1) KopHCTYIO'CJHCh n;liMH ,n;aHHMH, on;iHiTh cepe,n;Hiii tiac, .HKHH
BHTpatiae yqeHh illKOJIH Ha ,ZJ;OIIOMOry 6aTbKaM Ha ,n;o6y.
2) HK cni,n; 3MiHHTH Bi,n;rroBi,n;h, .HKrn;o ,n;o,n;aTKOBO Bi,n;oMo, rn;o
y illKOJii HaBqaeTbC.H 400 ,n;iBqaT i 560 XJIOIID;iB?
35.15: y Ta6JIHD;i HaBe,n;eHO ,n;aHi rrpo l:!aCTOTY BHIIa,n;iHH.H rep6a IIPH
rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH B ,n;ocni,n;ax, rrpoBe,n;eHHX ,n;e.HKHMH B'qeHHMH.

qaCTOTa
J];ocJii,n;HHK
BHUa,n;imu1 repoa
mopm BrocpcpoH 0,5069
OracTec ,n;e MopraH 0,5005
BiJih.HM ,IJ;meBoHc 0,5068
BceBoJio,n; PoMaHOBChKliH 0,4923
Kapn IlipcoH 0,5005
BiJih.HM <t>ennep 0,4979

165
§ 5. EneMeHTVl KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi 'I iilMosipHocreiil i MaTeMaTW·lHO'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1

1) Ha OCHOBi IJ;HX ,n;aHHX o:u;iHiTh HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;IBHH rep6a

rrpH ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH.
2) flKOIO 6y,n;e Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,ZJ;h, HKID;O ,n;o,n;aTKOBO ypaxyBaTH ,n;a.Hi rrpo
KiJihKiCTb KH,ZJ;KiB MOHeTH B IJ;HX ,ZJ;OCJii,n;ax?
'

. KiJibKiCTb
)J;ocJiiAJIHK
KH~RiB MOHe'tH

JR:opm Bro<P<PoH 4040

OracTec ,n;e MopraH 4092
BiJihHM ,D;meBoHc 20 480
BceBoJio,n; PoMaHOBChKHH 80 640
KapJI IlipcoH 24 000
BiJihHM <I>enJiep 10 000
Bi,n;rroBi,n;h ,n;a.HTe a TOtIHicTro ,n;o COTHX Bi,n;coTKa.
35.16." y Ta6JIH:u;i HaBe,n;eHO po3Mipli rrpo:u;eHTHHX CTaBOK ,n;eHKHX
6aHKiB y KpalHH 3a CTpOKOBHMH ,n;eII03HTaMH HaCeJieHHH B Ha:u;io-
HaJihHiH BaJIIOTi i cyMH BKJia,n;iB y II;HX 6aHKax.

I•
HoMep I'

6aHKY 1 2 3 :t 5 6 1;
7 8 9 10
y BH6ipu;i
'
Po3Mip
rrpon;eHTHOl 11 17,2 11,3 14,5 14 14 11,9 15,8 12 15,5
CTa.BKH, o/o

CyMa
BKJia,n;iB, 2242 783 42 4793 2222 239 296 1204 2768 5564
MJIH rpH

1) On;iHiTh cepe,n;He 3Hal!eHHH BH6ipKH poaMipy rrpo:u;eHTHo1 CTaBKH

6aHKiB.
2) HKHH cepe,n;Hili rrpH6yToK (y rrpo:u;eHTax) O!I'pHMYIOTh BKJia,ZJ;HH-
KH II;HX 6aHKiB Bi,n; BKJia,n;iB y Ha:u;ioHaJihHiH BaJIIOTi?
Bi,n;rroBi,n;h ,n;aliTe 3 TOT.JHiCTIO ,n;o COTHX rrpon;eHTa.
35 17 .• y TpeTbOMY CTOBrr:u;i Ta6JIHII;i HaBe,n;eHO ,n;aHi MimHapo,n;Horo
BaJIIOTHOro <PoH,n;y m;o,n;o BHyTpiIIIHhOro BaJIOBOro rrpO,ZJ;YKTY (BBII)
,n;eHKHX KpalH y 2010 po:u;i Ha ,n;ymy HaceJieHHH B rpOIIIOBOMY
eKBiBaJieHTi.

166
 35. Crar111cT1t1YH1t1tl1 aHani3 .o,aH111x

1) KopHcTyroqHch :a;HMH .n;aHHMH, o:a;iHiTh cepe.n;Hili piBeHh BBII

y 2010 po:u;i Ha ,n;yrny HaCeJieHHH y CBiTi.
2) .HK cni.n; 3MiHHTH Bi,n;rroBi.n;b, HKID;O BpaxyBaTH iHcpOpMau;iro rrpo
KiJihKiCTb HaCeJieHHH Bi.n;IIOBi,ZJ;HHX KpalH (qeTBepTHH CTOBIIeII;h
Ta6JIHII;i)? Bi,n;rroBi,ZJ;b .n;aliTe 3 TQqHiCTIO ,n;o COTeHh .n;onapiB
CIIIA.
I'

BBilna~na- KiJILKiCTb
M Kpalua ceJieHHH, THC. AO- uaceJieBHH,
JiapiB CIDA MJIH

1 raM6i.a 2,0 1,8

2 rpe:u;i.a 28,8 11,3

3 lH)J;OHe3iH 4,4 237,6

4 KHTali 7,5 1341,0

5 KocTa-PHKa 10, 7 4,6

6 JlaTBiH 14,3 2,2

7 JlIOKCeM6ypr 80,3 0,5

8 Poci.a 15,8 141,9

9 CIIIA 47,1 311,0

10 YKpa1Ha 6,7 45,8

35.ls:· Po3rn.aHeMo rrocni,n;oBHicTb i3 ceMH qHcen, KomHe 3 HKHX .n;o-

piBHIOe 0 a6o 3. ,Il;JIH OTPHMaHHH TaKOl IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi (BH6ipKH)
6acKeT60JiiCT IIJiaHye 3p06HTH 7 TpHoqKOBHX KH,ZJ;KiB M'.aqa (HKID;O
crropTCMeH BJiyqae B KOIIIHK - IIHIIIYTh 3' a HKID;O He Bnyqae -
IIHIIIYTb 0). BacKeT6onicT Bnyqae B KOIIIHK i3 HMOBipHiCTIO 80 o/o.
3Hali,n;iTh HMOBipHiCTh Toro, rn;o:
2
1) cepe,n;He 3HaqeHHH BH6ipKM BHHBHTbCH piBHHM 1 ;
7
2) cepe,n;He 3HaqeHHH BH6ipKH BHHBHThCH MeHilIHM Bi,n; 2,5;
3) Me,n;iaHa BH6ipl<H BHHBHTbCH piBHOIO 0 (,n;aiiTe Bi,n;rroBi,D;h 3 Toq-
HiCTIO ,n;o ,n;eCHTHX Bi,D;COTKa);
4) MO,n;a BH6ipKH BHHBHThCH piBHOIO 3 (,n;aHTe Bi,n;rroBi.n;b 3 TQqHiCTIO
,n;o ,n;ec.HTHX Bi,ZJ;COTKa).

167
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1Klt1, Teopi'I i71MOBipHOCTei71 i MaTeMarwrno'I CTaTVICTVIKVI

35.19:· Po3rJI.aHeMo rrocJii,n;oBHicTh 3 9 tn1ceJI, .aKa CKJia,n;aeThc.a

3 HyJiiB i O,Zl;HHHIJ;h. ,il;JI.a OTpHMaHH.H TaKOl IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHOCTi (BH6ip-
KH) IIJiaHyIOTh 9 pasiB ni,n;KHHYTH MOHeTy (.aK~O BHrra,n;e rep6 -
IUUIIYTh 0, a .HK~O n;Mcppa - IIHIIIYTh 1). 3Hali,n;iTh HMOBipHiCTh
Toro, ~o:
1) Me,n;iaHa BH6ipKH BH.HBHThC.H piBHOIO O;
2) Mo,n;a BH6ipKH BH.HBHThC.H piBHOIO 1;
1
3) cepe,n;He 3HatieHH.H BH6ipKH BH.HBHThC.H piBHHM 3;
4) cepe,n;He 3HatieHH.H BH6ipKH BH.HBHThC.H 6iJihIIIHM sa 0, 7.

KOnl.'1 3P06J1EHO YPOKl.'1

Y 1889 pon;i cppaHn;yshKHH MaTeMaTHK JKosecp Jly! <l>paHcya Bep-

TpaH HaIIHCaB ,Zl;HBHY HayKoBy po6oTy. y Hili BiH sanporroHyBaB sa-
,n;at.J:y Ta HaBiB ,n;eKiJihKa 11 posB'.asaHh. IIpoTe posB'.a3aHH.H HayKoBn;.a
rrpHBO,Zl;HJIH ,n;o pisHHX Bi,n;noBi,n;eli! :o;ro sa,n;aqy Ha3BaJIH napa,n;OKCOM
BepTpaHa.
nAPA.QOKC & PTPAHA y KOJIO 3 n;eHTPOM y TOtII.I;i 0 BIIHCaHo
piBHOCTopoHHili TpHKYTHHK • .HKa liMOBipHiCTh Toro, ~o ,n;oB:>KHHa
1
BH6paHOl HaBMaHH.H xop,n;M KOJia 6iJihIIIa 3a CTOpOHY I.I;hOro TPHKYT-
HHKa?
II epwe·po3e' Jt3aH1ui. 3acpiKcyeMo ,n;e.aKHli pa,n;iyc OM. OcKiJihKH
KO:>KHa xop,n;a neprreH,n;HKyJI.apHa ,n;o ,n;e.aKoro pa,n;iyca, TO, He o6Me-
:>KyIOtIH saraJihHOCTi, "6y,n;eMo BBa:>KaTH, ~o HaBMaHHSI o6HpaIOTb
xop,n;y, nepneH,n;HKyJI.apHy ,n;o pa,n;iyca OM. 06paTH HaBMaHH.H TaKy
xop,n;y osHatiae o6paTH HaBMaHH.H Ha BHyTpirnHocTi Bi,n;pisKa OM
TOtIKY Ni rrpoBeCTH qepes He! xop,n;y XY, rreprreH.D;HKyJI.apHy ,n;o OM
(pHC. '35.5).
BnHmeMo B ,n;aHe KOJIO piBHOCTopoHHili TPHKYTHHK ABC TaK, ~06
cTopoHa BC 6yJia nepneH,n;HKyJI.apHa ,n;o pa,n;iyca OM (pHc. 35.6). IIo-
3HatIHMO qepes K TOtIKY nepeTHHY Bi,n;pisKiB BC i OM. OcKiJihKH

1
'Y rrapa,n,oKci BepTpaHa poarJrn:,n,~T1>csi Jrn:me xop,n,n, Bi,n;MiHHi BJA ,n,ia-
MeTpiB.

168
 3aga11a ogHa - signosigi pi3Hi

L OBK = 300 , TO OK . 300 = 1 ; 3Bl,D;CM

OB = sin . BMIIJIMBae, m;o K - cepe-
2
,D;MHa OM.

PMc. 35.5 PHc. 35.6

,Il;oBmMHa xop,n;M XY 6y,n;e 6iJihIIIOIO 3a cTopoHy BC, .HKIII;O TO"CJKa N

HaJiemaTMMe BHyTpimHOCTi Bi,n;pi3Ka OK. BHKOpMCTOBYIO'Ili reoMe-
TpliI"t!He BH3Ha"CJeHHH HMOBipHocTi, CTBep,n;myeMo, m;o HMOBipHiCTb
o6paTM xop,n;y XY, 6iJihlIIY 3a cTopoHy BC, ,n;opiBHIOe Bi,n;HomeHHIO
OK O . OK 1 ~ . . . 1
CKlJlbKH - - = - , TO TaKa HMOBlpHlCTb ,n;oplBHIOE: -.
OM OM 2 2

j{pyie po38' Jl3a1l1Ul. 3acpiKCYE:MO Ha KOJii ,n;e.HKY TO't!KY . x

i ,n;ia-
MeTpaJibHO rrpO'l'HJiemHy ,n;o Hel TOt.IKy xl (pHC. 35. 7). He o6Memyro-
"CJM 3araJibHOCTi, 6y,n;eMO BBamaTM, m;o HaBMaHH.H o6:HpaIOTb xop,n;y
3 KiHn;eM y TO"CJI.I;i. x.
06epeMO HaBMaHH.H Ha KOJii iHIIIHH KIHeI.I;b
xop,n;H - TO"CJKY y.
BnHIIIeMo B KOJIO piBHOCTopoHHi:H TPMKYTHMK XAC.
3p03YMiJio, m;o ,n;oBmHHa xop,n;M XY 6y,n;e 6iJihmoro 3a cTopoHy
BIIliICaHoro piBHOCTOpOHHhoro TPMKYTHMKa,
y
.HKIII;O TOlffia HaJiemaTMMe ,n;y3i AX1 KOJiac x~-~
i 6y,n;e Bi,n;MiHHOIO Bi,n; TO"CJOK A, xl, c
(pHc. 35. 7). BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H reoMeTpH'q}Ie
BH3Ha'tleHHH HMOBipHocTi, CTBep,n;myeMo,
m;o HMOBipHiCTb o6paTliI xop,n;y XY, 6iJihIIIY
3a cTopoHy TPMKYTHHKa XAC, ,n;opiBHIOE: c
Bi,n;HoIIIeHHIO ,n;oBmHHH ,n;yrlil AC ,n;o ,n;oBmliI-
HH Bchoro KOJia. OcKiJihKH TO"CJKH X, A, C
po36HBaIOTb KOJIO Ha TPH piBHi ,n;yrH' TO
1
TaKa HMOBipHiCTb ,n;opiBHIOE: PHC. 35.7
3
169
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KVI, Teopi 'i iilMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTV1YH0'1' CTaTVICTV1KV1

Tpeme po3e' R3anJ-t.fl. Hexali N - ,u;oBiJihHa TO't!Ka BHyTpinrHoc-

Ti Kpyra, Bi,u;MiHHa Bi,u; TOtJKH 0. IIo6y,u;yeMo TaKY xop,u;y XY, m;o
TOtJKa N e 11 cepe,u;HH010 (p11c. 35.8). OcKiJihKH TPHKYTHHK OXY
piBHo6e,u;peHHM, TO ON e He JIHnre lioro Me,u;iaH010, a li BMCOT010.
0Tme, ,IJ;JISI rro6y,u;oBM IIIYKaHo1 xop,u;n XY Tpe6a tJepe3 TOtJKY N rrpo-
BeCTM xop,u;y, rreprreH,u;MKYJISIPHY ,u;o ON. 3po3yMiJio, m;o TaKa xop,u;a
e,u;11Ha. TaKMM 't!MHOM, o6paTM HaBMaHHSI xop,u;y XY 03Ha'tlae o6paTM
B Kpy3i HaBMaHHSI TO'tJKY N' Bi,u;MiHHY Bi,u; TOqKM 0' i rrpoBeCTH TaKy
xop,u;y XY, m;o TO't!Ka N e 11 cepe,u;11Ho10.

P11c. 35 .8 P11c. 35.9

BrrnmeMo B Kono piBHOCTopoHHili TpMKYTHHK ABC i po3r JISIHeMo

BrrMcaHe Kono ro II;horo TpHKYTHHKa (p11c. 35. 9). HeBamKo rrepeKo-

HaTMc.a, m;o pa,u;iyc r BIIMCaHoro Kona ro ,u;opiBHroe R, ,u;e R - pa,u;i-

. . 2
ye ,u;aHoro B YMOBl 3a,u;atI1 KOJia.
3po3yMino, m;o ,u;oB.iKMHa xop,u;n XY 6y,u;e 6inhmo10 3a cTopoHy
TPHKYTHHKa ABC, HKm;o TOtJKa N, Bi,n;MiHHa Bi,n; TOtJKM 0, Hanema-
TMMe BHyTpimHocTi Kpyra ro. BHKOPHCTOBYIOtIM reoMeTpMtIHe BH3Ha-
tieHH.fl liMoBipHocTi, CTBep,n;myeMo, m;o HMOBipHiCTb o6paTM xop,n;y
XY, 6iJibmy 3a CTopoHy TPHKYTHHKa ABC, ,n;opiBHroe Bi,n;HOilleHH10
rrnom; BIIHcaHoro Ta orr11caHoro KpyriB TpMKYTHMKa ABC. OcKiJibKH

-(~)
2

~ ~4
2

nr
2

nR 2
-(!:_J
- R - 2 - 4'
TO TaKa MMOBipHiCTb ,u;opiBHIOe •

y pef3YJibTaTi MM OTPMMaJIM, m;o MMOBipHiCTb O,IJ;Hie! BHIIa,IJ;KOBOl

. .. . . 1 . 1 . 1 I? a .
rro,n;n MO.iKe ,n;oplBlIIOBaTM 1 2, 1 3' 1 4 .nKe .iK 13 TpbOX HaBe,n;eHMX

MipKyBaHb e rrpaBMJibHMM, i ,n;e IIOMMJIKa B iHIIIMX ,n;Box?

Bi,n;rroBi,IJ;h Ha rrocTaBJieHi 3aIIMTaHHSI Ha,n;3BHtialiHo Hecrro,n;iBa-
Ha - yci 3arrporroHOBaHi poaB' .aaaHH.a e TIP ABMJibHMMM! KomHe
3 HaBe,n;eHMX MipKyBaHb KopeKTHO p03B'.flaye CB010 OKpeMy aa,u;atiy.

170
 3agaYa ogHa - signosigi pi3Hi

BnacHe, i,n;eThCH rrpo TPH piaHi aa,n;aqi i Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho rrpo TPH KopeKT-
HMX p03B' H3YBaHHH • .
,Il;JIH Toro m;o6 ,n;eTaJibHime poai6paTMCH B CKa3aHOMY' HaM ,n;oBe-
,n;eTbCH Kpam;e rrpoa.HaJii3yBaTH yMOBH HMOBipHiCHHX 3a,n;aq.
3ra,n;aeMo, m;o iHKOJIM IIPH CJIOBeCHOMY OIIHCi YMOBH 3a,n;aqi He
B,n;aeTbCH a6COJIIOTHO TOY.J:HO YHBMTH, HK cPaKTHqHo Bi,n;6yBaeTbCH BH-
rrpo6-yBaHHH, a OTme, HeMO)KJIHBO KOpeKTHO OIIHCaTH rrpocTip eJie-
MeHTapHMX HaCJii,n;KiB, ,n;oBeCTH lX piBHOMO)KJIHBiCTb TOIIJ;O.
HanpHKJia,n;, HKm;o cKa3aHo «3 MHOmHHH {l, 2, 3} HaBMaHHH o6H-
paIOTh ,n;Ba Y.J:MCJia»' TO He3p03YMiJIO, HK caMe 6epyTb n;i ,n;Ba Y.J:HCJia:
CIIOY.J:aTKY o,n;He, a IIOTiM iHllie, Y.J:H o,n;pasy ,n;Ba Y.J:HCJia KYIIOIO. y rrep-
llIOMY BapiaHTi Ma€MO 6 eJieMeHTapHHX Hac.hi,n;KiB:
u1 = {(l; 2), (l; 3), (2; 1), (2; 3), (3; 1), (3; 2)}.
Y ,n;pyroMy crroco6i e JIHIIIe 3 eneMeHTapHMx Hacni,n;KH:
u2 ={{1; 2}, {1; 3}, {2; 3}}.
<l>aKTHY.J:HO li,n;eThCH rrpo ,n;Ba pi3HMX eKcrrep:aMeHTH.
HaliY.J:acTirne roJIOBHa npo6neMa BHHHKae Y.J:epe3 Te, m;o cnoBo
. . .
«HaBMaHHH» ,n;onycKae 3aHa,n;To BlJibHl TpaKTyBaHHH 1 ,n;y.me CHJlhHO
CIIHpaeTbCH Ha no6yTOBMH ,n;ocBi,n; i Tpa,n;:an;il.
Po3rJIHHeMo, HanpMKJia,n;, aa,n;aqy.
y miHo-ciili CYMOY.J:IJ,i e ,n;Ba Bi,n;,n;iJieHHH, y KO.'>KHOMY 3 HKHX JiemaTh
no ,n;Ba TI06HKH 3 IIOMa,ZJ;OIO. y nepIIIOMY Bi,n;,n;iJieHHi o6H,n;Bi IIOMa,n;H
pomeBi, a B ,n;pyrOMY - Y.J:epBOHi. jKiHKa HaBMaHHH BHTHrye i3 Cy-
MOY.J:KM ,n;Ba TI06HKH 3 IIOMa,ZJ;OIO . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o o6M,n;Bi
BHTHrHyTi IIOMa,ZJ;H BHSIBJIHTbCH po.meBHMH (no,n;iSI A)?
IlpoY.J:MTaBIIIH TaKy yMoBy, MH ySIBJISieMo, SIK pyKa miHKH Bi,n;-
KpHBae cyMOY.J:KY, o6Mpae o,n;He 3 ,n;Box Bi,n;,n;ineHh i BHTSirye HKHHCb
TI06HK IIOMa,D;H 3 IJ,bOro Bi,n;,n;iJieHHSI. IloTiM D;SI rrpon;e,n;ypa IIOBTOpIO-
€TbCSI m;e pa3.
HMoBipHiCTb o6paTH Bi,n;,n;ineHHH 3 pomeBMMH noMa,n;aMM ,n;opiBHIOe
1
HK y nepmili, TaK i B ,n;pyrm cnpo6i. OcKiJihKM ,n;pyre Blirrpo6y-
2
BaHHSI Bi,n;6yBa€TbCSI He3aJiemHO Bi,n; pe3yJibTaTiB nepmoro, TO HMO-

,n;opiBHIO~
2
1 1
BipHiCTb BHTSirHyTH o6M,n;Bi pomeBi IIOMa,D;H ( 2 ) - 4.

PoarJIHHeMo m;e o,n;He TJiyMaY.J:eHHSI YMOBH n;ie1'. aa,n;aY.J:i. YHBiMo,

m;o .miHKa 3BHKJia ,n;o iHmoro cnoco6y BMTSiryBaTH ,n;Ba TI06MKH rro-
Ma,n;:a HaBMaHHa'. is cyMO"CJKH (XTO Mo.me nepe,n;6a"CJHTH ,n;il miHKH
B TaKili crrpaBi?). CrroY.J:aTKY BOHa cepe,n; niTep «a», «6», «B» HaBMaH-

171
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi 'I iltMOBipHOCTeilt i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1

H.H o6Hpae o,n;Hy. .HKm;o BH6paHO JiiTepy «a», TO miHKa BliT.Hrye

o6H,n;Ba TI06liKli IIOMa,D;li 3 rrepmoro Bi,n;,n;iJieHH.H, .HK:r:n;o Bli6paHO Jii-
Tepy «6 » ' TO - 3 ,n;pyroro' a .HK:r:n;o JiiTepy «8 » ' TO BOHa BliT .arye O,ll;liH
TI06HK IIOMa,n;H 3 rrepmoro, a m;e O,ll;HH TI06HK - 3 ,n;pyroro Bi,n;,n;iJieH-
HS:I HaBMaHH.H. IlpH TaKOMY crroco6i BH6opy o6H,n;Bi pomeBi IIOMa,n;H

6y,n;yTh Y3.HTi a HMOBipHicTro p (A)=..!:. (KOJIH o6paHo JiiTepy «a»).

3
To .a~e m i3 ,n;Box 3arrporroHOBaHHX po3B'.asyBaHb rrpaBHJibHe?
3BiCHO' m;o KOmHe' 60 n;e p03B 'S:l3aHH.H ,ll;BOX pi3HHX aa,u;a-q' m;o Bi,n;-
. .
IIOBl,ZJ;aIOTb ,ZJ;BOM pl3HHM TJiyMa"tJeHH.HM CJIOBa «HaBMaHH.H».
Te caMe .HBH:r:n;e Bi,n;6yBaeTbC.H i B rrapa,n;oKci BepTpaHa. KomHe
3 TpbOX 3aIIpOTIOHOBaHliX p03B 'S:l3YBaHb Bi,n;rroBi,u;ae CBOeMy crrenJaJib-
HOMY crroco6y BHIIa,D;KOBoro BH6opy xop,n;H. Terrep yme He ,n;HBHO, m;o
npli D;bOMY 6y JIO OTPHMaHO pi3Hi Bi,n;rroBi,n;i.

172
 KOMnnEKCHI V1CnA

MHO>KMHa KOMnneKCHMX "tMCen

Arrre6pal'1Hi piBH.HHH.H CJiyryroTb MaTeMaTH'llH:HMH MO,ZJ;eJIHMH pe-

aJibHHX rrpon;eciB, HKi BHB'llaIOTbC.H B Halipi3HOMaHiTHiIIIHX raJiy3HX
3HaHb. ToMy o,n;HHM ia Ba.mJIHBHX aaB,ZJ;aHb MaTeMaTHKH e ,n;ocJii,n;.meH-
H.H aJire6pai'lHHX piBHHHb.
BaM ,n;o6pe 3HaHOMHH JiaHn;ro.moK N c Z c Q c JR, .HKHH ,n;eMOHCTpye
cniBBi,n;HorneHH.H Mi.m 'llHCJIOBHMH MHO.mHHaMH. BiH iJIIOCTPY~ rrpo-
u;ec poarnHpeHH.H "t!HCJIOBHX MHo.mHH. BaraTo B 'llOMY u;e poarnHpeHHR
CTHMYJIIOBaJIOC.H poaBHTKOM Teopil poaB' .HsyBaHHH aJire6pa1'lHHX
piBH.HHb. Ilo.HCHHMO CKasaHe.
PiBHRHHH x + 2 =0 He Mae HaTypaJibHHX KopeHiB. Ilpn n;1>0-
MY saaHa'lleHe piBHRHHH Mae poaB' RSKH Ha MHO'-KHHi Z. PiBH.HHHH
2x - 1 = 0 He Mae posB'.H3KiB Ha MHO.W:HHi z, aJie BOHO Mae p03B'H3KH
2
Ha MHO.W:HHi Q. PiBHHHHH x - 2 = 0 He ' Mae p03B' H3KiB Ha MHO.W:H-
Hi Q, aJie BOHO Mae p03B'.H3KH Ha MHO.W:HHi JR.
IJJ npHKJia,ZJ;H TIOKa3ylOTb, m;o p03II.IHpeHHH 'llHCJIOBHX MHO.W:HH
MO.me 3po6HTH Hep03B' H3yBaHe piBHHHHH p03B' H3yBaHHM.
PiBHHHH.H x2 + 1 = 0 He Mae po3B'.H3KiB Ha MHO.mHHi JR. BHHHKae
rrpnpo,lUie 3aTIHTaHHH: 'll!I e Heo6xi,n;HiCTb p03IIIHpiiITH MHO.W:HHY JR
TaK, m;o6 n;e piBHHHHH CTaJIO p03B'.H3YBaHHM?
3
3BepHeMocR, HarrpHKJia,n;, ,n;o piBHHHH.H x -15x+10 = 0. Po3rJI.H-
3
HyBmH HerrepepBHY- cpyHKD;iIO f (x) = x -15x+10, 3a ,ZJ;OIIOMOroro

rrepmo1 TeopeMH BoJibD;aHo-Komi BCTaHOBJIIOeMo, m;o Ha KO.W:HOMY

3 npoMi.mKiB (-5; 0), (O; 1) i (l; 4) cpyHKII;iH f Mae HYJib.
IIpoTe rapaHTiH icHyBaHH.H KopeHiB ,n;aHoro Ky6i't1Horo piBH.HHHH
HiRK He ,n;onoMarae 3Ha:liTH 1x. IJ;e piBH.HHHH e CKJia,ZJ;HiiIM. HKm;o Me-
TO,ZJ;aMH p03B' .H3yBaiiH.H KBa,n;paTHHX piBHHHb BOJIO,n;imr m;e CTapo,n;aBHi
rpeKH, TO ,ZJ;JI.H Ky6i'llHHX piBHHHb, He3Ba/KaIO'lH Ha BeJIH"tle3Hi 3YCHJIJIH

173
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 41t1cna

6araTbOX IIOKOJiiHb yqeHMX, npOT.HrOM 6iJihIIIe TMCJft!i poKiB He B,ZJ;a-

BaJIOC.H 3HaHTM 6iJibIII-MeHIII 3araJibHOro crroco6y p03B '.H3yBaHH.H.
JIMme B XVI CTOJiiTTi iTaJiilichKi HayKoBn;i BMHaHIIIJIM npMMOM,
.HKMH MM rrpo,n;eMOHCTpyeMo Ha ,n;aHOMy Ky6itIHOMY piBH.HHHi.
5
3po6MBIIIM 3aMiHy x =z + ' OTpHMyeMO:
z
75 125 -15 ( z+-
z 3 +15z+-+- 5) +10=0.
3
z z z
3 125
3Bi,ZJ;CH Z +- +10=0.
z3
6 3
MaeMo: z +10z +125=0; (z +5) +100=0; (
3 2
z'1 ~ 5 J +1=0.

. za +5 .
B HKOHaBIIIH 3aMIHY = t' OTpHMa€MO plBHJIHH.H t2 + 1 = 0.
10
3BicHo, piBH.HHH.H t 2
+ 1 =0 He Mae KopeHiB. AJie 6amaHHH
p03B'H3aTH IIO"tlaTKOBe Ky6i"t£He piBH.HHHH CIIOHYKaJIO B't!eHHX BBeCTM
,n;o poarJIH,n;y ,n;eHKMR HOBMH o6'eKT (rro3Ha"t£MMO lioro, HarrpMKJia,n;,
CMMBOJIOM i) TaKMH, :m;o i 2 +1=0. BHKOHyIO"t!H ,n;il 3 D;MM o6'eKTOM
.HK 3 ,n;iHCHMMM llHCJiaMM, iTaJiiHCbKi B't!eHi 3MOI'JIM BMpa3MTM -qepe3
Hhoro sHa"tleHH.H 3MiHHo1 z, a rroTiM aHa:HTM ii x. BMHBMJIOCH, :m;o BM-
pa3M ,ZJ;JI.H 3Haxo,n;meHH.H 3MiHHOl x He MiCT.HTb CMMBOJIY i Ta BM3Ha-
lla:IOTb ,n;ilicHi KOpeHi ,ZJ;aHOro Ky6i'tJHOro piBH.HHH.H...
TaKMM 't!MHOM, poamMpeHH.H MHO:>KHHM JR ,n;o MHOmHHH, Ha HKili
2
piBH.HHH.H x +1=0 6y,n;e MaTM KOpeHi, € ,n;on;iJibHMM.
0KpeCJIMMO Ha:IIp.HMM IIOIIIYKY HOBOl 'tJMCJIOBOl MHO.iKMHM (6y,n;eMO
11 Ha3M~aTM MHO.iKMHOIO 1COMnJle1CC1iUX llUCeJl ):
1) MHO.iKMHa KOMIIJieKCHMX 'tJMCeJI IIOBHHHa MiCTHTM B co6i MHO-
)RMHY ,ZJ;iHCHHX 't!MCeJI;
2) Ha,n; eJieMeHTaMH MHO.iKHHM KOMIIJieKCHMX l:!MCeJI MaIOTb 6yTH
BM3Ha'tleHi apM<lJMeTHtIHi ,n;il (,n;o,n;a.BaHH.H, Bi,ZJ;HiMa:HH.H, MHO:>KeH-
HH i ,ZJ;iJieHH.H);
3) apM<lJMeTH't!Hi ,n;il IIOBMHHi MaTM BJiaCTHBOCTi Bi,n;IIOBi,ZJ;HMX ,n;ili
ia ,n;iHCHMMH l:!HCJiaMH;
4) piBH.HHH.H x 2 + 1=0 IIOBHHHO Ma TH p03B' .H30K Ha MHO)RMHl
KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tJHCeJI.

Cepe,n; MHO.iKMH, .HKi BM BMB'tlaJIH paHime B IIIKOJii, HeMae TaKOl,

.HKa aa,n;OBOJibH.H€ BCi rrepeJii'tleHi BHMOrM. AJie icHye MHO.iKHHa, :m;o
aa,n;oBOJibH.He ,n;eaKi s n;Hx yMoB.
Ha Koop,n;nHaTHili nJiorrt;MHi poarJI.HHeMo MHO:>KHHY (nosHa'tlaTM-

MeMo IT C) Bcix BeKTopiB OZ, ,n;e 0 - rro'tlaTOK Koop,n;HHaT, a Z -

174
 36. MHO>KV1Ha KOMnJleKCHV1X YV1CeJl

6y,n;h-.HKa TO'tfKa Ha IIJIOID;HHi. EJieMeHTH MH0'1UIHH C MomHa ,n;o,n;aBa-

TH i Bi,n;HiMaTH aa rrpaBHJiaMH, rro,n;i6HHMH THM, aa .HKHMH ,n;o,n;aroTh
i Bi,n;HiMaIOTb ,n;ilicHi "t!HCJia. HarrpHKJia,n;,

ozl + --
--
oz2= -
oz-2+ --
oz1
a6o

ozl -(oz2+ OZ3)=0Z1 -OZz-OZ3 .

.HKm;o Mim ,D;BOMa MHO)KHHaMH BCTaHOBJieHO B3a€MHO O,lI;H03Ha"t!HY
Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTh, TO eJieMeHTH o,n;Hi€1 MHOmHHH MOmHa OTOTOmHHTH
a eJieMeHTaMH ,n;pyroL HarrpHKJia,n;, TO"t!KY Koop,zvmaTHo1 rrp.HMo1 MM
Ha3HBaeMo ,n;ilicHHM 'l'.!HCJIOM, a ,n;iftcHe "t!HCJIO - ToqK010. IcHye ii
iHma reoMeTpH"t!Ha iHTeprrpeTau;i.H ,n;iHCHHX 'IHCeJI, KOJIH ,n;ilicHe 'l'.!HC-
JIO OTOTOmHIOIOTh s BeKTopoM:. Po3rJI.HHeMo TaKY iHTepnpeTan;i10.
Hexaft TO"t!Ka Z JiemHTh Ha oci a6cu;Hc
Y i Mae Koop,n;HHaTH Z(x; 0). To,n;i BeKTopy

oz 3 KOOp,D;HHaTaMH (x; 0) Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae ,n;ili-

CHe 'l'.!MCJIO x
36.1). I HaBIIaKH, KOm-
(pHC.
z HOMY ,n;iHCHOMY 'IHCJIY x Bi,n;nOBi,n;ae BeKTOp
0 x x
OZ s Koop,n;HHaTaMH (x; 0). HaBe,n;eHa Bi,n;-
IIOBi,n;HiCTb ,D;03BOJI.H€ OTOTOmHHTH ,n;ilicHe
PHc. 36.1 'l'.!HCJIO x i BeKTOp oz 3 KOOp,n;HHaTaMH
(x; 0). MHom11Ha TaKHX BeKTopiB e ni,n;MHO-

mHHOIO MHOmHHH C. ToMy MomHa BBamaTH, m;o JR c C.

TaKHM 'IHHOM, MHOJKMHa c "t!aCTKOBO 3a,D;OBOJihH.H€ OITHCaHi BHm;e
BHMOrII ,n;o MHOJKHHH KOMIIJieKCHHX tJ:HCeJI. ll,e ,n;ae rri,n;CTaBH 6y,n;YBaTH
MHOJKMHY KOMIIJieKCHMX "t!HCeJI, I'PYHTYIOl.JMCb Ha MHO)KHHi c.
OaH qenHH. KoMnJieKCHHM 'llHCJIOM ua3HBaJOTb BeKTop OZ,
.ri;e 0 - noqaTOK KOOp,ll;HHaT, a z- )J;OBiJihHa ToqKa DJIO~HH.

KoMrrJieKcHe 11HcJio OZ rroaHa11aroTh 6yKBOIO z. I1MII1YTI>: z =OZ.

PosrJI.HHeMo BeKTop OA 3 Koop,n;HHaTaMH (l; 0). ll,eli BeKTop

OTOTomHeHo 3 ,n;ilicHMM "tlHCJIOM 1. ToMy TaKe KOMIIJieKcHe tJ:HCJIO OA

II03Ha'l'.!al0Tb II;HcppolO 1i Ha3HBaIOTb O)J;HHHD;elO.

Po3r.JI.HHeMo BeKTop OB 3 Koop,n;HHaTaMH (O; 1). TaKe KOMrrJieKcHe

OB nosHaqaroTh 6yKBOIO i Ta Ha3HBaIOTh yHBHOIO o.ri;uuim;ero

'l'.!MCJIO
(pHC. 36.2).

BeKTOpH OA i OB HeKoJiiHeapHi. ToMY ,n;JI.H 6y,n;b-.HKoro BeKTopa

- - - -
OZ icHYe e,n;HHarrapa,n;ilicHMx "t!HCeJI (a; b) TaKa, m;o OZ = a· OA + b ·OB.

175
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna

3aYBamHMO, m;o rrapa ,n;iHCHHX 'IHCeJI (a; b) - n;e KOOp,n;HHaTH TO'I-

KH z i BeKTOpa oz (pHC. 36.3).

y y
b
1 B
i i
1 A
0 1 x 0 1 a x
PHc. 36.2 PHc. 36.3

3 ypaxyBaHHJIM BBe,n;eHHX II03Ha11eHh piBHiCTh OZ= a · OA + b · OB

MOmHa 3aIIHCaTH TaIC z =a· 1 + b. i.
TaKHM 'IHHOM, ooeiJt-bne KOMnJLeKcne llUCJLO z MOJ1Cna no8amu
y 8UZJlJlOi z =a· 1 + b. i, ,n;e a, b - ,n;e.HKi ,n;ilicHi 'IHCJia (Koop,n;HHaTH
TO-qKH Z i BeKTopa OZ).
HaroJIOCHMo, m;o B 3aIIHci z =a· 1 + b • i CHMBOJIH 1 Tai - n;e rro-
3Ha11eHH.H BeKTopiB 3 KOOp,n;RHaTaMH (l; 0) Ta (O; 1) Bi,n;rroBi,ll;HO.

?aMiCTb BHpa3y a . 1 + b . i ,ll;JI.H KOMIIJieKCHOro 't.!HCJia z IlpHHH.HTO

CKopo11eHHH 3aIIHC a + bi. IJ;e:H sarrHC Ha3HBaIOTb aJire6paI"tlHOIO ct>op-
MOIO KOMilJieRCHOrO 11HCJia.
y z = a + bi 'IHCJIO a Ha3HBaIOTb ,z:tiHCHOIO "tlaCTHHOIO KOMII -
3aIIHCi
JieKcHoro 'IHCJia z i rrosHa11aIOTh Re z, qHcJio b - ys:BHOIO -qacTHHOIO
i II03HaqaIOTh Imz (Bi,n; cppaHIJ;Y3bKHX CJiiB reele - ,n;iHCHHH
i imaginaire - YHBHHH), To6To Re z =a, Im z = b. ·
HanpHKJia,n;, ,n;JIJI KOMITJieKcHoro 'IHCJia z = 2 + 4i MaeMo: Re z = 2,
Im z = 4 (pHc.36.4) .
.HKrn;o Re z = 0, T06TO z = bi, TO TaKe KOMIIJieKCHe 'IHCJIO z Ha-

3HBaIOTb CYTO YHBHHM.

,lJ;aJii, .HK~O iHIIIe He o6yMOBJieHe, y sanHci
a + bi 'IHCJia a i b BBamaTHMeMO ,n;iHCHHMH. y,.
BH 3HaeTe, m;o ,n;Ba BeKTOPH piBHi To,n;i i TiJih- Im IZ = 4 z
KH TO,iJ;i, KOJIH piBHi lX Bi,n;IIOBi,n;Hi KOOp,ll;HHaTH. ~
ToMy KOMnJLeKcni llUCJta z1 i z2 pieni mo8i I
i mi.nbKU mo8i, KOJLU eonu MaKJmb o8naKoei
)
I ~
8iucni ttacmunu ma o8naKoei yMni llacniunu.
OcKiJihKH KOMIIJieKcHi 'IHCJia - u;e BeKTO-
0 Re Z= I: 2
pH, TO MOmHa BBamaTH, m;o ,ll;JI.H KOMIIJieKCHHX PHC. 36.4
"l!HCeJI BBe,n;eHo onepan;il: ,n;o,n;aBaHH.H, Bi,n;Hi-

176
 36. MHO)f(l!1Ha KOMnneKCHll1X Yl!1Cen

MaHHH Ta MHomeHHH Ha ,n;ilicHe lIHCJio. HanpHKJia,n;, BHKOHYIOThCH

piBHOCTi:
(a1 +b1 i)+(a2 +b2 i)=(a1 +a2 )+(b1 +b2 )i,
(a1 +b1 i)-(a2 +b2 i)=(a1 -a2 )+(b1 -b2 )i,
k(a+bi)=ka+kbi, k E JR.
Har~aeMo, ~o aanHcaHi piBHOCTi BHpamaroTb npaBHJia ,n;ili a BeK-
TopaMH B KOop,n;HHaTHiH cpopMi.

nP"1KnAA 1 Hexali zl = 3 + 2i, Z2 = -4 + i. BHKOHaliTe ,n;il:

1) Zi+2z 2; . 2)-i-a(z,+i}
Po3e'Jt3annJt. MaeMo:
1) Z1 +2z2 =(3+2i)+2(-4+i)=3+2i-8+2i=-5+4i;
Z1 ( z +-
2) ---3 Zl) =--z
1 3 =-2z -3z =
2 2 2 21 -3z2 --z
21 1 2

=-6-4i+l2-3i = 6-7i.
nP"1KJ1AA 2 3Hali,n;iTh ,n;ilicHi lIHCJia X i y 3 piBHOCTi
(3x + 2yi) + (-5y + 4xi) = · 1 + lOi.
p 0 3 e' Jl 3 an n Jl. ,Il;o,n;aMo KOMIIJieKCHi lIHCJia, .HKi CTOHTb y JiiBili
"CiaCTHHi piBHOCTi:
(3x - 5y) + (2y + 4x) i = 1 + lOi.
,IJ;ani, CKOpHCTaBllIHCb YMOBOIO piBHOCTi ,D;BOX KOMIIJieKCHHX lIHCeJI,
oTpHMyeMo:
3x-5y=l,
{ 2y+4x=10.
3Bi,n;cH 3Haxo,n;HMO, ~o x = 2, y = 1. •

3 Kypcy reoMeTpil BaM Bi,n;OMO, ~o Mo,n;yJie~ BeKTOpa oz Ha3H-

BaIOTb Bi,n;CTaHb Mi.iK TOl!KaMH 0 i z . .HK~O BeKTOp oz Mae KOop,n;H-
HaTH (a;b), TO I OZ l=.Ja 2 +b 2 • TaKHM
y qJ:iHOM, MOAyneM KOMnneKCHOro ~Hcna
z =a+ bi
b z=a+bi € "CIHCJIO .Ja2 +b2 • IlHmyTh:
Iz I= .Ja 2
+ b2 (pHc. 36.5).
Mo,n;ynh KOMIIJieKcHoro qHcJia e ,n;ili-
CHHM "CIHCJIOM.
0 a x HarrpHKJI~,

PHC. 36.5 I 3-4i 1=~3 2 +(-4) 2 =5,

177 .
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y1t1cna

I i I= '10 2 2
+ 1 = 1, I - 5 I= ~( -5) 2 + o~ = 5.
3 03Ha"t!eHH.H MO,n;yJI.H KOMIIJieKCHOrO qHcJia BHITJIHBae, rn;o ,D;JI.H
6y,n;h-HKoro z E C BHKoHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTb I z I~ 0, IIpH"t!OMY I z I= 0
To,n;i i TiJibKH To,n;i, KOJIH z = 0.
Ha MHO»<HHi C BH3Ha"t!eHo onepan;il ,n;o,n;aBaHH.H, Bi,n;HiMa.HH.H Ta
MHOmeHH.H Ha ,n;ilicHe "t!HCJIO. Hara,n;aeMO, rn;o O,D;HHM 3 MOTHBiB BBe-
,n;eHH.H KOMITJieKCHHX "t!HCeJI 6yJia Heo6xi,n;HiCTb 3HaHTH TaKe KOMIT-
JieKCHe qHCJIO, .HKe e p03B '.H3KOM piBH.HHH.H x 2 + 1=0, T06TO piB-
H.HHH.H x. x + 1=0. l];JIH D;bOrO 110Tpi6Ho ,n;aTH 03Ha"t!eHH.H ,n;o6yTKY
KOMIIJieKCHHX qHceJI. 3ayBamHMO, rn;o Bi,D;OMHH BaM CKaJI.HpHHH ,n;o-
6yTOK BeKTopiB ,n;JIH n;ie1 MeTH He ni,n;xo,n;HTh. CnpaB,n;i, CKaJI.HpHHH
,n;o6yTOK z. z ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-.HKOro BeKTOpa z E c ,n;opiBHIOe ,n;iHCHOMY

z 1 ~ 0,
2 2 2
"t!HCJIY I z1 • OcKiJihKH I TO z +1>0 npH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY z E C.
Cnpo6yeMo BBeCTH ,n;o6yToK KOMnJieKCHHX qHceJI z 1 = a 1 + b1 i

i Z2 = a2 + b2i TaK, rn;o6 36eperTH 3BHqHi BJiaCTHBOCTi MHOmeHH.H. l];JI.H

D;bOro y BHpaai (al+ b1i) (a2 + b2i) p03KpHeMO ,n;ymKH 3BlfCIIDIM CIIOCOOOM:
(a1 +b1 i)(a2 +b2 i)=a1 a 2 +a1 b2 i+a2b1 i+b1b2 (i·i). (1)
BaqHMo, m;o ,n;JIH 03Ha"t!eHH.H ,n;o6yTKY KOMIIJieKCHHX qHceJI
Z1 =al +bl i i Z2 = a2 + b2i Tpe6a JIHIIIe ,D;OMOBHTHC.H rrpo 3HaqeHHH ,n;o-

6yTKY i. i. IlpH D;hOMY ,n;o6yTOK i. i Mae 6yTH 03Ha"t!eHHH TaK, m;o6

piBH.HHHH z · z = ·-1, T06To piBH.HHHH z 2 + 1 = 0, Mano poaB' .H30K. To MY
2
,n;OMOBHJIHCH, m;o i .i =-1, T06TO i + 1 = 0. OT me' piBHiCTh ( 1) MOm-
Ha aaIIHCaTH TaK:
(a1 +b1 i)(a2 +b2 i)=a1 a 2 +a1 b2 i+a2 b1 i+b1 b2 -(-1)=
=(a 1 a2 - b1b2 ) + (a1 b2 + a 2 b1 ) i.
Terrep ,n;a.Mo TaKe 03Ha"t!eHHa:

Oaua t1euua . Ao6yTKOM KOMnJieKCBHX 'IHCeJI a1 +b1 i Ta

a2 + b2i Ha3HBa10T:b KOMDJieKCHe "llHCJIO (al a2 - bl b2) + (al b2 + a2bl) i.
HarrpHKJia,n;,
(2 +Si) (1- i) = (2 + 3) + (-2 + 3) i = 5 + i.
HeBamKo nepeKoHaTHCH, m;o BH3HaqeHHH y TaKHH cp:oci6 ,n;o6YTOK
KOMriJieKCHHX "t!HCeJI Mae Bci 3BHqHi BJiacTHBOCTi. HanpHKJia,n;,
1) Z1 Z 2 = Z 2 z17
2) ( z1 z2 ) z3 = z1 ( Z 2 z3 ) ,
3) Z1 ( z2 + z3 ) = Z 1 Z 2 + Z 1 z3 •
3 BJiaCTHBOCTeH onepan;il MHO.>KeHHJI BHTIJIHBae, m;o n;iJia HH3Ka
TOTO.>KHOCTeH, cnpaBe,n;JIHBHX ,D;JI.H ,n;iHCHHX qJiceJI, HanpHKJia,n;, cpop-

178
 36. MHO>KvtHa KOMnneKCHVIX '-lvtcen

MYJIH cRopo'1eHoro MHomeHHH a6o npaBHJia poaKpHTTH ,n;ymoK,

e cnpaBe,D;JIHBHMH i ,D;JIH KOMilJieKCHHX '1HCeJI. 0Tme, ,n;il 3 KOMilJieKC-
HHMH 't!HCJiaMH MOmHa BHKOHyBaTH aa npaBHJiaMH ,n;iii: 3 MHOr0'1Jie-
HaMH, aaMiHIOI0'1H i2 Ha -1.
nPLt1KJ1AA 3Haii,n;iTh yc1 TaKl KOMITJieKCHl '1HCJia z, m;o
z 2 = -8 + 6i.
2
Poae'.fl3ann.fl. Hexali z =a+ bi. To,n;i (a+ bi) = -8 + 6i.
2
3Bi,n;cH a + 2abi - b = -8 + 6i; (a - b ) + 2abi = -8 + 6i.
2 2 2

TaKHM '1HHOM, aa.,n;aqa 3BO,D;HThC.ff ,n;o nornyKy ,n;ilicHHX poaB' .ff3KiB

a 2 -b 2 =-8,
CHCTeMH
{ 2ab=6.

3 3 a=l,
b=-, 3 b=-, { b=3,
a b=-, a
2
a --=-8;
a2
9 {
a4 :8a 2
-9 =0;
a=l,
[ a=-1;
a:-1,
{b--3.
0Tme, aa.,n;a-qa Mae ,n;Ba poaB' .ff3KH: z 1 = 1 + 3i, z 2 = -1 - 3i. •
O a na11eHHSI. KoMIIJieKcHi 'IHCJia a+ bi Ta a - bi HaaHBaron cnpSl-
~eHHMH .

HanpHKJia.,n;, KOMIIJieKcHi '1HCJia 5 + 7i i 5-7i e crrpHmeHHMH.

TaKom KamyTh, m;o 't!HCJIO 5-7i e cnpgmeHHM 't!HCJIY 5 + 7i, a "tlHC-
no 5 + 7i e cnpHmeHHM 't!HCJIY 5 - 7i.
KoMnJieKcHe '1HCJIO, cnpHmeHe '1HCJIY z,
y II03Ha't!aIOTb z' T06TO HKID;O z =a+ bi, TO

b z = a +bi = a - bi.
HarrpHKJia,n;, 5 + 7i = 5-7i, i = -i.
x CnpHmeHi KoMnJieKcHi '1HCJia - n;e
BeKTOpH, CHMeTpH't!Hi Bi,n;HOCHO oci a6cn;Hc
(pHC. 36.6).
P:iac. 36.6 "l1Hcno, crrpHmeHe ,n;i:HcHoMy 't!HCJIY a,
a6iraeThC.ff a '1HCJIOM a. H~npHKJia.,n;, 5 = 5.
,D;JIH 6y,n;h-.ffKHX KOMIIJieKCHHX '1HCeJI Z1 i Z2 BHKOHYIOTbC.ff piB-
HOCTl:

1) z1 + Z 2 = Z1 + Z2 ;
2) z1 - Z 2 = Z1 - Z 2 ;

3) z1z2 = Z1 Z 2 •
,D;oBe,n;iTh :a;i BJiaCTHBOCTi caMOCTiHHO.

179
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi YvKJla

nPMKJlA.Q 4 P03KJia,n;iTh Ha MHO:>l<:HHKH BHpa3 a 2 + b2 , BHKOpHCTO-

BYIO"t!H cpopMyJiy pi3HHD;i KBa,n;paTiB.
Po3B';i3ann;i. MaeMo: a
2
+ b2 = a
2
- b 2 i 2 =(a - bi) (a+ bi). •
2 2
0TpHMaHy B rrpHKJia,n;i 4 TOTO:>I<:HiCTh (a - bi) (a+ bi) = a + b MO:>l<:-
Ha aanncaTH TaK: z· z =I z 1 2
• 3 n;iei: TOTomHocTi BHIIJIHBae, rn;o {}o-
6ym01c cnpJlJICel-lUX 1lUCeJL € OiUCl-lUM 1lUCJlOM.
,[(iIO ,n;iJieHHH KOMIIJieKCHHX "t!HCeJI 03Ha-ciaIOTh, BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H
,n;iIO MHomeHH.a. HanpHKJia,n;, ni,n; qacTKOIO 't!HCeJI -1 + i i 1 + i poay-
MiIOTh TaKe 't!HCJIO z, ~o z (1 + i) = -1 + i. OcKiJihKH i (1 + i) = -1 + i, TO
't!HCJIO i e qacTKOIO "t!HCeJI -1 + i i 1 + i.
Oaaa11eHHH. qacTKOIO KO n.11eKCHHX 11 ce.11 z 1 i z 2, ,1J;e z 2 -:t= 0,
Ha3HBaJOTL Taite KOMilJICKCHe 11HCJIO z, ~o z. z2 = zl.
z
IlHmyTh: Z1: Z2 =z a6o _!_ = z.
Z2

ITpH aa,n;aHHX z1 i z2 , ,n;e z2 -:t= 0, BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H BJiaCTHBOCTi

onepan;il MHO:>I<:eHH.H, IIOKameMO icHyBaHHH Ta e,n;HHiCTh TaKoro z, ~o

z · z2 =z 1 • THM caMHM ,n;oBe,n;eMo, rn;o -ciacTKa KOMIIJieKCHHX 't!HCeJI z 1

i Z2 icHye i BH3Ha't!aeThCH O,ll;H03Ha"t!HO.

IloMHO:>l<:HBIIIH o6H,n;Bi qacTHHll piBHOCTi z . Z2 = zl Ha Z2' OTpHMa-

zz2 z2 .= z 1 z2 • z
2
eMO TaKe: 3Bi,n;cH z I z2 1 = z1 2•
IlOMHO:>l<:HBilIH o6H,n;Bi qaCTHHH OCTaHHhOl piBHOCTi Ha ,n;ilicHe
. 1 Z1Z2
l.JHCJIO 2' OTpHMyeMo: z= 2.
I Z2 I I Z2 I
zz
HeBamKo nepeKoHaTHCH, rn;o oTpHMaHe -ciHcJio z= 1 2
2
aa,n;oBOJih-
1 Z2 I

H.ae piBHiCTh Z • Z 2 = Z1 •
TaKHM "t!HHOM, ,n;oBe,n;eHo, rn;o qacTKa KOMrrJieKCHHX --ciHceJI z 1 i z2 ,
,n;e Z2 ;;/:: 0, icHye Ta BH3Ha-ciaeThC.H O,ll;H03Ha't!HO.

., . 2-3i
nPMKJIAA 3 HaH,ll;lTh qacTKY . •
2+i
Z1
p 0 3 8' Jl3a1-l 1-lJl. ,[(JIH 3Haxo,n;meHHH qacTKH apyqHO ,ll;OMHO:>l<:H-

TH "tfHCeJihHHK i 3HaMeHHHK ,n;po6y Ha z 2•

2-3i (2-3i) (2 - i) 4-2i-6i-3 l-8i 1 8. •

MaeMo: - =--=---i.
2+i (2 + i)(2 - i) 4 +1 5 5 5

180
 36. MHO>KV'!Ha KOMnJleKCHV'IX 4V1CeJl

Ili,n;Be,n;eMo rri,n;cyMKH. MHomHHa C 3a,ZJ;OBOJihHHe Bci tiOTHPH c<lJop-

MYJihOBaHl BHm;e BHMOrH:
1) MHO)KHHa c MiCTHTb y co6i MHO)KHHY ,n;iMCHHX l!HCe.11;
2) Ha,ZJ; eJieMeHTaMH MHO)KHHH c BH3HatieHO apH<lJMeTHtIHi ,n;il;
3) apH<lJMeTHl!Hi ,n;il Ha MHO)KHHi c MaIOTb BJiaCTHBOCTi Bi,ZJ;IIOBi,n;-
HHX ,ZJ;IB 3 ,ZJ;iHCHHMH l!HCJiaMH;

4) piBHHHHH x
2
+1=0 Mae p03B' H30K Ha MHO)KHHi c.

BnpaaM
0
36.1. Ilo,n;aiiTe B aJire6paltIHiM <PopMi KOMIIJieKCHi l!HCJia, 306pameHi
Ha pHCYHKY 36. 7.
aa.2.· Ha3BiTh ,n;iiicHy i YHBHY tiaCTHHH KOMII- Y. z
·~

JieKCHOro l!HCJia:
, I
.
z
1) -5;
2) 3i;
86. ."
3) 3 + 2i;
4) 4 - 5i;
"YKamiTh, HKl 3 ,n;aHHX KOMIIJieKCHHX
5) i - 2;
6)-l-6i.
Z, -
'Ill[

--- i
j
I~

/ \ 1
--il
,. ~ ~

l!HCeJI piBHi:
~ z,
z 1 = 2 - 3i; Z
3
= 3 - 2 i; z5 = .J9 - j4;
lZ ,.
*"
Z2 =2-~ i; Z 4 = j4 - 3i; Z 6 = ~ - 3i. P:ac. 36. 7
0

36.4. 3Haii,n;iTh ,n;iiicHi "llHCJia x i y 3 piBHOCTi:

1) x + (x - y) i = -6 + i; 3) (x 2
+ 5yi) - (y + xi) = 3 + 3i.
2) x + xyi2
=9 - 2i;
36 3HaM,ZJ;iTh ,n;ilicHi "llHCJia x i y 3 piBHOCTi:

1) 5x - 7yi = 2 + 3i; 3) (x + 3y 2 i) - (2y - xi)= 1 + 6i.

2) 6x - y 2 i = -1 - 4i;
0
36.6. 3Ha:i1:,n;iTh cyMy KOMIIJieKCHHX i:urceJI:
1) (3 - 5i) + (2 + 3i); 2) 4i + (1 - i); 3) (4 - 3i) + 2.
3Haii,n;iTh pi3HHD;IO KOMIIJieKCHHX "llHCeJI zl i z2, HKm;o:
1) z 1 = -9 + 2i, z 2 = 2 - 5i; 3) z 1 = -3 - i, z 2 = 4 + i.
2) z 1 = 7, z 2 = 4 + i;
36.8.
0
3HaM,n;iTh 3Ha"tieHHH BHpaay 3zl - 2z2' .HKID;O Z1 = 5-6i, Z2 = 1- 9i.
0
36.9. Po3B'HmiTh. PiBHHHH.a -2(z+i)=4-3i.
3 . 0 Po3B' amiTh piBHHHH.a 3 (z - 1) = i- z.

181
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna

0
36.11. HarnnniTb T.JHCJIO, cnpH)KeHe ,n;aHOMy:
1) 2 - 7i; 2) -3 + 5i; 3) 6; 4) -7i.
0
36. 2. HanHIIriTb T.JHCJio, crrpH)KeHe ,n;aHoMy:
1) 8 - 3i; 2) -6 + lli; 3) -12; 4) 9i.
0

36.13. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, :rn;o: 1) z+z=2Rez; 2) z-z=2ilmz.

0

36.14. 3Hali,n;iTb MO,ZJ;YJlb KOMIIJieKCHOro T.JHCJia:

1) -7i; 2) 3; 3) 5 + 12i.
36.15." 3Hali,n;iTb MO,D;YJib KOMIIJieKCHOro T.JJiICJia:
1) 4i; . 2) -18; 3) 15 - Bi.
0
36.16. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, :rn;o ,ZJ;JIH Bcix z E c BHKOHY€TbCH piBHiCTb:
1) z= = z; 2) Iz I=I z- I·
z E c "t!HCJIO z+z € ,n;iHCHHM.
0

36.17. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, :rn;o ,D;JIH BCix

36.18. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, :rn;o piBHiCTb z = z € crrpaBe,n;JIHBOIO TO,n;i i TiJibKJiI
0

To,n;i, KOJIH z - ,n;ilicHe l.JJiICJIO.

0
36.19. 3Hali,n;iTb ,n;o6yTOK KOMIIJieKCHHX "t!HCeJI:
1) (2 + 3i) (3 + 2i); 2) (4 + 3i) (4 - 3i); 3) (5 + i) 2i.
36.20 3Hali,n;iTb ,n;o6yTOK KOMIIJieKCHHX l.JHCeJI:
1) (6 + i) (1 - 3i); 2) (2 - 3i) (2 + 3i); 3) 3i (7 - 4i).
36.21. 3Hali,n;iTb 3Ha1IeHHH BHpaay: 1) i 73 ; 2) i 4 n + 2 ; 3) i 4 n + a, n EN.
0

36.22. 3Hali,n;iTb 3HaT.JeHHH BHpaay: 1) i 54 ; 2) i 4 n; 3) i 4 n + 1 , n E N.

36.23.° CrrpocTiTb BHpa3:
1) (2 + i) (1 - i) + i (4 - 5i); 3) (1 + i) 4 ;

2) ( .J5 + 2i) ( .J5 - 2i) + (1- i)

36.24. ° CrrpocTiTb BHpaa:
2
; 4) (- _ ~ ~ ir
1) ( 4 - i) i + (7 - 2i) (3 + i); 3) (1 - i) 4 ;

2) (1 - .J2. i) (1 + .J2. i) + (1 + i) 2 ;
0
4) (- + ~ ~ ir
36.25. 3nali,n;iTb yci TaKi KOMIIJieKCHi T.JHCJia :rn;o:
Z,
1) z = i;
2 2
2) z = - 5 + 12i.
36. 6. 3nali,n;iTb yci TaKi KOMIIJieKCHi 't!HCJia z, :rn;o:
1) z 2 = -i; 2) z 2 = 15 - Si.
0

36.27. 06't!JiICJiiTb:
1) - 1. 2) 2 + i. 3) 4 . 4) 3i 5) 1+4i 3+4i
6
i ' -i ' 2- i' 1 + 2i ; 2 + 3i ; ) 3 - 4i

182
 36. MHO.>KV1Ha KOMnneKCHV'IX Yvicen

36.28. Q6qHCJiiTb:
3 5i 7 +i 4-5i
1) . 2) . 3 ) 2 +i; 4
-i' 3 + 2i' ) 4+5i
0

36.29. Po3B'.amiTb piBH.HHH.H:

i 4-i
1) iz = 2 + i; 2) ( 4 - i) z =3 + i; 3)-=-
z + i iz-1
0
36.30. Po3B'.amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
3i-z :
1) -iz =7 - 3i; 2) (4 + 3i) z = 4 - 3i; 3) - - = 2 z.z+ 1 .
i-1
0
36.31. Q6q11cJiiTb:
1) (3-i)(l+3i);
3) -+
2
. 3- ·
.'
2 5) (l+i7
.5
)9
2-i 3 -l +i 1 -i
4-3i
2
) (1- i) (2 + i);
36.32. Q6qHCJiiTb:
(2 + 5i) (1 + i) • 5+i 5-i
·1)--- 3) - + - - ·
-l+i 5-i 5+i'

2
4+i
> (-2 + 3i) (1+2i);
4) (l-il9 )15.17
1 +i
36.33. ,ll;aHo: z 1 1 + i, z 2
0

= = 3 - 2i. 06qHCJiiTb:
1) zl f " 2) - Z1 3)
Z2 Zi + Z2
36.3 . ,11;8.Iio: z 1 =
0
1 - i, z 2 = 3 + 2i. Q6q11cJiiTb:
1) zl + ~2 ; 2) :: - Z2 ;
(z2) Z1 -Z2

36.35: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb:

1) I Z1 +Z2 I~ I Z1 I+I Z2 I;
I Zl +Z2 +•"+Zn I~ I zl I+ I Z2 I+•••+ I Zn I·
2)
2 2
36.36: ,il;oBe,n;iTb piBHiCTb I z -z 1+I z +z 1= 2 (I z 1+I z 1
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 ).

36.37: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb I z z I~ 11 z 1-1 z 11 · 1 - 2 1 2

~,.... 36~38.· ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o (z1 )

Z2
= ~.
Z2

36.39: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o "t!HCJIO Zn+ z-n e ,n;iHCHHM ,ll;JI.H Bcix z E c.

36.40: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o:

183
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna

36.41: 3Hai1:,n;iTh yci HaTyparrbHi 3Ha'tleHH.H n, npH .HKHX 3Ha'tleHH.H

BMpa3y 1 + i + i + ... + in
2
,n;opiBHIOE: 1.
6. 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha't!eHH.H BMpa3y i + 2i 2 + 3i3 + ... + 100i100 •
36.43: 3Haif,n;iTh yci KOMITJieKCHi 't!HCJia, .HKi cnp.HmeHi CBOE:MY KBa-
,n;paTy.

36.44:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, rn;o KOJIM x+yi=(a+bi)'i., To x 2 +y 2 =(a

2
+b 2 r.
36.45. • ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, rn;o KOJIM x+yi=(a+bi)'i., To x-yi=(a-bir.

1....111111...., KoMnneKcHa nnOLl.\MHa. TpMroHoMeTp"1"1Ha

<l>OPM KOMnneKCHOro "1"1Cn
Po3rJIHHeMO Ha KOOp,n;MHaTHiH IlJIOrn;MHi TO't!KY z ta; b) (p:ac. 37.1).
OcKiJihKM KOMnJieKcHe 't!MCJio z =a+ bi - u;e BeKTop OZ 3 Koop,n;:a-
HaTaMH (a; b), TO KOmHOMY KOMITJieKCHOMY 't!HCJIY z =a+ bi MOmHa
IIOCTaBHTH y Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTh E:,l.l;MHY TO"t!Ky z (a; b) KOOp,n;HHaTHOl IIJIO-

m;MHH. I HaBnaKM, KOmHa TO't!Ka Z ·3 Koop,n;:aHaTaMM (a; b) e Bi,n;rro-

Bi,n;Horo e,n;MHOMY KOMIIJieKCHOMY 't!HCJIY z = a+ bi. KoMnJieKcHe 't!HCJIO
z = a + bi Ha3MBaIOTh KOMIIJieKCHOIO KOOp,lJ;HHa TOJO TO't!KH z (a; b).
HarrpMKJia,n;, 't!MCJIO z = 2 - 3i e KOMIIJieKcHoro Koop,n;:aHaToro TO't!KH M
3 ,n;eKapTOBHMH Koop,n;MHaTaMM (2;-3) (p:ac. 37.2). D;e Il03Ha'tlaIOTh

TaK: M(2-3i).
0TpMMaHa B3aE:MHO O,l.l;H03Ha't!Ha Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTb Mim MHOmMHOIO
KOMIIJieKCHHX 't!MCeJI i MHOmMHOIO TO't!OK KOOp,n;MHaTHOl IIJIOID;HHH
,n;oaBOJIHe OTOTOmHIOBaTM eJieMeHTH u;:ax ,n;Box MHOmMH. TaK, 3aMiCTb
CJiiB «TOqKa, HKa 306pamye 't!HCJIO 2 - 3i» (p:ac. 37.2), KOPOTKO ro-
BOPHTb «TO't!Ka 2 - 3i». TaKom, HaIIpMKJia,n;, roBopHTb «TPHKYTHMK
3 BepIIIMHaMM 1.- i, 1 + i, -i» (p:ac. 37.3).
y y
2 1 +i
0 x
0 x
x
-i 1-i
-3 -------- (2 - i)
PHc. 37.1 PHC. 37.2 PHc. 37.3

184
 37. KoMnneKcHa n11ow,111Ha. Tp111roH0Merp111YHa cpopMa KoMnneKcHoro YlllCJla

3po3yMiJio, m;o rrpH TaKili iHTeprrpeTaII;fi ,n;ilicHi 'IHCJia 306pamy-

IOThC.H TOT.J:KaMH oci a6cu;nc, a cyTO Y.HBHi 'IHCJia - TOT.J:KaMH oci op-
,ZJ;HHaT. ToMy Bich a6cu;11:c Ha3HBaIOTh AiifcHoro eiccro (rro3Hat:IruoTh
Re), a Bich op,n;HHaT - yHBHOIO eiccro (rro3Hat:IaIOTh Im). IlJIOIIJ;HHy,
Ha HKili 306paJKaIOTh KOMTIJieKCHi 'IHCJia z, Ha3HBaIOTh KOMilJieKCHOIO
IlJIO~HOIO z (II03Hat:IaIOTh (z)).
Ha ROMIIJieRcHili IIJIOII.t;HHi po3rJI.H-
Im HeMo TO'IRR A 1 (z 1 ) i A 2 (z 2 ) (pHc. 37 .4).
-- --
OcRiJihRH ~Ai = o~ - o~ = z1 - z2 , To

~Ai= z1 -z2 • TaRHM 'IRHOM, 6y,n;h-

.HRRR BeKTOp Ha IIJIOIIJ;HHi ,n;opiBHIOe
pi3HHD;i ROMIIJieRCHOl ROOp,ZJ;HHaTH RiH-
0 Re D;.H BeKTOpa i ROMIIJieRCHOl KOOp,ZJ;HHa-
TH IIOT.J:aTRY BeRTOpa. II;eli <}>aKT ,n;o-
3BOJI.He 6y,n;h-.HRHiI BeKTOp Ha IIJIOII.t;HHi
PHC. 37.4 po3rJI5I,ZJ;aTR HR ROMIIJieKCHe 'IHCJIO.
3 piBHOCTi ~~ =z 1 - z2 OTPHMYeMo

I z 1 - z2 I= I~Ai I= ~Ai. IJ;e 03Hat:Iae, rn;o T.J:HCJIO Iz 1 - z2 I ,n;opiBHIOe

Bi,ZJ;CTaHi MiJK 'rOT.J:KaMR zl i z2. 11;.H BJiaCTHBiCTh BHpamae reoMeTpH'I-
HHH 3MiCT Mo,n;yn.H pi3HHD;i ,n;Box KOMIIJieKCHHX T.J:Hcen.

nPMKnA.Q 3o6pa3iTh Ha ROMIIJieKCHili IIJIOIIJ;HHi BCi TaKi 'IHCJia Z,

.HRi 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH.HIOTh yMOBy:
1) zz = 1; 2) 1 < I z + 1 I < 2; 3) I z - i I= I z - 1 1.
Poae'.flaann.fl. 1) OcRiJihRH zz =I z j 2
, To oTpHMyeMo, m;o Iz I= 1.
To,n;i BCi myKaHi TO'IRH 3HaXO,ZJ;.HThC.H Ha Bi,ZJ;CTaHi 1 Bi,n; IIOT.J:aTRY RO-
op,n;HHaT. 0Tme, IIIyRaHa MHOJKHHa TO'IOR - u;e ROJIO 3 u;eHTpOM
y IIOT.J:aTRY ROOp,ZJ;HHaT pa,n;iyca 1 (pHC. 37.5).
2) Po3rJI.HHeMo HepiBHiCTh I z +1 I < 2, T06To Iz - (-1) I< 2.
qHCJIO Iz - (-1)I ,n;opiBHIOe Bi,n;cTaHi Bi,n; TOT.J:KH -1 + Oi ,n;o ,n;e.HRo1
TO'IRH z. To,n;i HepiBHiCTh I z + 1 I < 2 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH.HIOTh yci Ti i TiJih-
KH Ti TO'IRH KOMIIJieRCHOl IIJIOIIJ;HHH, .HRi JieJKaTh ycepe,n;RHi Rpyra
pa,n;iyca 2 3 n;eHTpOM y TOT.J:n;i -1 + Oi.
3po3yMiJio, ra;o HepiBHiCTh Iz+ 1 I> 1 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH.HIOTh yci Ti
i TiJihRH Ti TO'IRH ROMIIJieRCHOl IIJIOIIJ;HHH, .HKi JieJKaTh II03a RpyroM
pa,n;iyca 1 3 u;eH:rpoM y TO'IIJ;i -1 + Oi.
To,n;i myRaHi TO'IRH YTBOPIOIOTh KiJihD;e, o6MemeHe KOJiaMH
I z + 1 I = 1 i I z + 1 I = 2 (pHC. 37 .6).

185
§ 6. KoMnneKCHi Y1t1cna

3) ,Ll;aHy YMOBY 38.,ZJ;OBOJihHHlOTh yci Ti i TiJihKH Ti TO'CJKH KOMIIJieKC-

HOl IIJIOID;HHH, HKi piBHoBi;l;,n;aJieHi Bi,n; ToqoK i i 1. TaKHM qHHOM,
IIIyKaHa MHO:>KHHa - u;e cepe,n;HHHHH rreprreH,n;HKYJIHP Bi,n;pi3Ka 3 KiH-
D;HMH i i 1 (pHC. 37. 7). •
Im Im
Im
II
/
,, ,,. -----
,, .... - """
''
\
\
i /
...
I I I

1 Re -3 1 \ -1 ,, 0 ,'1 Re
, __ .,.... I
1 Re
,, /

----
P:ac. 37.5 P:ac. 37.6 P:ac. 37. 7

PosrJI.HHeMo KOMIIJieKcHi q:acJia z i z0 TaKi, m;o I z I= I z I i 0 TO'CJ-

Ka z0 HaJie:>KHTh ,n;o,n;aTHOMY HarrpHMY ,n;ilicHo1 oci (pHc. 37.8). To,n;i

TO'CJKY z MO:>KHa posrJIH,n;aTH HK o6pa3 TO'CJKM Zo rrpM IIOBOpOTi 3 n;eH-

TPOM 0 Ha ,n;eHKHH KYT cp, T06To z = R6 (z0 ).

KYT cp Ha3HBaroTI> apryMeBTOM KOMIIJieKcHoro qHcJia z. Moro rro-
sHa'CJaroTI> TaK: arg z.
,il;JIH qHcJia z = 0 apryMeHT He osHaqaroTI>. ToMy B ycix rro,n;aJihIIIHX
MipKyBaHHHX, IIOB'H3aHHX 3 apryMeHTOM KOMIIJieKCHOro 'CJHCJia z,
6y,n;eMO BBa:>KaTH, m;o z ;;/= 0.
OcKiJihKH icHye 6esJiiq KyTiB noBopoTy, rrp11 HKHX TO'CJKa z e 06-
pasoM TQqKH Zo, TO ,n;aHe KOMIIJieKCHe qHCJIO z Mae 6eaJiiq apryMeH-

TiB. By,n;I>-HKi ,n;Ba apryMeHTH ,n;aHoro KOMIIJieKcHoro 'CJHCJia Bi,n;pisHH-

IDTI>CH o,n;He Bi,n; o,n;Horo Ha 'CJHCJIO BH,n;y 2nk, k E z.
1t
HarrpHKJia,n;, KO:>KHe q11cJio BH,n;y - + 2nk, k E Z, e apryMeHTOM
2
3
'CJHCJia i. JierKo BCTaHOBHTH, m;o KO:>KHHH KYT BH,n;y 7( + 2nk, k E z,
4
e aprYMeHTOM 'CJHCJia - l+i (pHC. 37.9).
Im Im
-+ l

-1 0 .J2 Re

P:ac. 37.8 P:ac. 37.9

186
 37. KoMnneKcHa nnow.1i1Ha . Tp1i1roH0Merpw-1Ha cpopMa KOMnneKCHoro Y111cna

Hexa:H r - Mo,n;yJII>, a <p - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKcHoro 'IHCJia

z =a+ bi . To,n;i 3 03Ha'1eHHSl CHeyca i KOCHHyca KyTa IIOBOpoTy MOJI<-
Ha aarrHcaTH: a= r cos cp, b = r sin cp (pHc. 37.10). ToMy '1HcJio z
MOJI<Ha IIO,ZJ;aTH B TaKOMy BHrJISI,ZJ;i:
z = r (cos <p + i sin <p). ( 1)
3arrHC KOMIIJieKCHOro 'IHCJia z*0 y BHrJISI,ZJ;i (1) Ha3HBaIOTh TpH-
I'OHOMeTpH"'IHOIO «J>opMOIO KOMDJieKCHOI'O qHcJia.
HarrpHKJia,n;, 5= 5 (cos 0 +i sin 0);
-3 = 3 (cos 7t + i sin n);

2.= 2(
i cos 1t
2
+ i.sin
• 1t) ;
2

- 3 i. = 3 ( cos 3n + i. sin
. 3n) .
2 2
OcKiJihKH Mo,n;y Jih KOMIIJie~cHoro 'IHCJia z =a+ bi ,u;opiBHIOe
r = .Ja 2 + b2 ' TO apryMeHT <p KOMIIJieKCHOro 'tIHCJia z, ,u;e z * 0, MOJI<Ha
3HaMTH i3 CHCTeMH:
a.
cos <p = I ,
v a2 + b2
(2)
. b
sin <p = I •
2 2
va +b
Im Im

1
r 0 I
I Re
Re I
I
I

-Ja ----:
PHC. 37.10 PHc. 37.11

3arrHmiTh KOMIIJieKCHe 'IHCJIO z = 1- .J3 i y TpHrOH'O Me-

TPH'IHiH <PopMi.

Po 3 e'.fl 3 an n R. Ha pHCYHKY 3 7.11 306pameHo KOMIIJieKcHe 'IHCJIO

I z 1=~1 2 +(-.J3)
2
z=l-.J3i. To,u;i =2. BHKOPHCTosyroqH <PopMy-
JIH (2), 3HaxO,ZJ;HMO:
1
cos <p =-,
2
3Bi,ZJ;CH
1t
<p =-- +27th, k E Z.
3

187
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi '-!V1cna

To,n;i myKaHOIO TpHroHoMeTpW-IHOIO cpopMoro 'CiHCJia z = 1- i .J3

MO.myTh CJiyryBaTH, HaI!pHKJia,n;, Ta.Ki 3aIIHCH:

J
z = 2 (cos ( - ; + i sin ( - ; J}
z= 2 ( cos 5n +z.s1n
.. 5nJ . •
3 3
3ayBa.mHMO, ~o KOMIIJieKcHe 'CiHCJIO z = 1- i .J3 MO.mHa rro,n;aTH li
TaK:

Z = 2( COS 1t - Z...Sln 1tJ .

3 3
IIpoTe 3a 03Ha'CieHH.HM TaKHH 3anHc He e TpHroHoMeTpHqHoro
cpopMOIO KOMIIJieKCHOro 'CiHCJia z.
3a3Ha'C{HMO, ~o ,ll;Jl.H ,n;BOX KOMIIJieKCHHX 'CiHCeJI Z1 = rl (cos cpl + i sin cpl)
i Z2 = r2 (cos <p2 + i sin <p2), 3aIIHCaHHX y TpHrOHOMeTpHqHiH cpopMi,
piBHiCTh zl = z2 BHKOHY€ThC.H To,n;i i TiJihKH TO,n;i, KOJIH rl = r2
1 cp1 = cp 2 + 2ttk, k E Z.

BnpaaM
Il03Ha'tJTe Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIO~HHi TOqKy, .HKa Bi,n;noai,n;ae
0
37.1.
KOMIIJieKCHOMY 'tJHCJiy:
1
1) 3; 3) 1 + 2i; 5) 2 - 3i; 7) - 1.;
-l
2) -5i; 4) -3 + i; 6) -4 - i; 8) (1 + i)4.
0
37.2. 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiii IIJIOIIJ;HHi BCi qHcJia z, .HKl 3a,l1;0-
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:
1) Re z=3; 4) Im z ~2;
2) Re z ~ 4; 5) Rez=Imz;
3) Im z=-1; 6) (Re z) 2 =Im z.
-
3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCIDH IIJIO~HHi BCi
.l. &1 i•
A
z, .HKi aa,n;OBOJihH.HIOTh yMoBy:
qHcJia - -
.r.,
1) Rez=-2; 4) Imz~-3; 'I...
-
1

2) Rez~l; 5) Rez+Imz=l; 1 "F 't:io

3) Imz=4; 6) (Rez) 2 =(Imz) 2 •
37.4. CKopHCTaBIIIHCh pHCYHKOM 37.12, Ha- . '\

3BiTh KOMIIJieKCHe 'tJHCJIO, piBHe BeKTOpy: - - - - -- ~-~

1) AB; 2) CD; 3) AC; 4) BD. PHC. 37.12

188
-
37. KoMnneKcHa nno~V!Ha. TpV1roH0Merpw-1Ha cpopMa KOMnneKcHoro YV1cna

37.5.
0

3o6paai Th Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi tIHCJia z' .HKi aa~o-

BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:
1) I z I= 1; 3) I z + i I= 2;
2) I z I < 1; 4) I z + i I > 2.
3o6paaiTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOIIJ;HHi BCi tIHCJia Z, .HKl 3~0-
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:
1) I z - 2i I = 3; 3) I z - 2i I > 3.
2) I z - 2i I < 3;
KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi qlfcJia Z, .HKi 3~0-
0
37.7. 3o6pa3iTh Ha
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:

1t 21t
n < arg z < 2n ..
1t
1) arg z =-; 2) -<arg z <-· 3) 6 3 '
6 6 3' {
I z I=2.
3" . 8o6paaiTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi tIHCJia z, .HKl 3~0-
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:

1t 1t
1t 1t -- <arg z<-
2) --< argz<-· 3) 4 2'
4 2' {
I z I=L
3Hali~iTh yci apryMeHTH KOMIIJieKCHoro tIHCJia:
0
37.9.
1) 7; 2) 4i; 3) -2 - 2i; 4) -13 + i.
7. 3HaH~iTh yci apryMeHTH KOMIIJieKCHOro tIHCJia:

1) -3; 2) -5i; 3) -3 + 3i; 4) -1 + -13 i.

37.11: YKamiTh, .HKi 3 KOMIIJieKCHHX tIHCeJI aarrHCaHo B TpHroHoMe-
TpH't!Hili <t>opMi:

1) 3 (cos _2:_ _ i
11
sin -2:_);
11
5) 4 (cos(-:)+i sin:}
2) 9 (cos 3n + i sin 3n); 6) cos (-~) +i sin (-~}
3) -2( cos~ +isin 7t);
2 2 2
"} 7) 6 (sin n + i cos
3 13 13

4) 5 (cos (- !" )+ i sin ~"}

2 2
8) cos 2n +i sin 4n.
0
37.12. 3arrHmiTh y TpHrOHOMeTpH'C!Hili <t>opMi KOMITJieKCHe tIHCJIO:

1) 7; 3) -2 + 2i; 5) -1 + 2i; 7) (3 - 2i) 2 ;

I - ~. ,

2) 4i; 4) -13 + i; 6) -3 - i; 8) 2 + i.
' l+i

189
§ 6. KoMn11eKcHi Y11tCJla

37 3anHmiTb y TpHrOHOMeTpiPIHiH <t>opMi KOMIIJieKCHe 't!HCJIO:

1) -3; 3) -3 + 3i; 5) 2 - i; 7) (1 + 3i) 2 ;
3
2) -5i; 4) -l+Fa i; 6) -2 - 3i; 8) -i.
1-i
0
37.14. 3an:amiTb y TpHrOHOMeTpWIHiH <t>opMi KOMilJieKCHe tIHCJIO:

1) 4 (cos (- :)+i sin:} 4) -2 (cos 2

3
" +i sin 2
3
"}

2) 3 ( COS l7tl - l. sin

. l7tl ) ; 5) - COS
1 - 1-. sin
. 1.
3 3
2
3) 6 (sin 7t + i cos
13 13
2
n);
37.15. 3annmiTb y TpHrOHOMeTpH1.1HiH <t>opMi KOMilJieKCHe qHCJIO:

. . 197t) ; . 7t • 7t
1) 5 ( cos ( - l97t) +isin 3) sin-+i cos-;
5 5 8 8
7 7t . • 7 7t)
2) 7 ( c o s
29
--i sin- ;
29
4) 3(-
21t .. 2rt)
COS-+l s i n - •
11 11
0
37.16. ,Il;oBeAiTh, m;o KOJIH <p - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHOro 1.J:HCJia Z,
TO -cp - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHoro 'tJHCJia z.
37. 7 ,Il;oBeAiTh, m;o KOJIH <p - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHoro 1.J:HCJia z,
1
TO -cp - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHOro 't!HCJia - •
z
0

37.18. Ha KOMIIJieKcHili rrJIOIIl;HHi noaHa't!eHo ABi TOl.J:KH: A (z1 ) i

B(z2)· 3HaHAiTb KOMIIJieKCHY KOOPAHHaTy cepeAHHH BiApiaKaAB.

37.19: Ha KOMIIJieKcHili nJiom;HHi rroaHa1.1eHo ABi ToqKH A (z1 )

i B (z2)· 3HaHAiTb KOMIIJieKCHY KOOPAHHaTy TaKOl TOl.J:KH c BiA-
piaKa AB, m;o AC: CB= m: n.

37.20: Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOIIl;HHi ao6pameHO TPHKYTHHK 3 BepmH-

HaMH A (z1 ), B (z2 ) i C (z3 ). 3HaliAiTh KOMIIJieKcHy KOOPAHHaTy

TOl.J:KH rrepeTHHY MeAia.H TPHKYTHHKa ABC.

37.21: 3o6paaiTb Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOIIl;HHi BCi 1.J:HCJia· z, SIKi aa,n;o-
BOJibHSIIOTb YMOBy:
1) 1 < I z - 1 - i I < 3; 4) I z I= Re z;
2> I z - 2i I = I z - 4 I; 5) I z I< Im z;
3) I z - 2i I > I z - 4 I; 6) I z - 1 I = Re z.
3 3o6paaiTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOIIl;HHi BCi tIHCJia z, SIKi aa,n;o-
BOJibHSIIOTb YMOBy:
1) 2 ~ Iz - 1 + i I< 3; 3) I z - 2 I ~ I z + 4i I; 5) I z I ~ Re z;
2) I z - 2 I= I z + 4i I; 4) I z I = Im z; 6) I z - i I = Im z.

190
 38. MHo:>KeHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKCHV1X 11111cen

37 .23 ... Ilo'AaHTe B TplirOHOMeTpHllHIB <PopMi l:JHCJIO 1 +cos cp + i sin cp,

.HKID;O:
1) cpE(O;n); 2) cpE(rt;2n).
37 .• IlO'Aa:liTe B TplirOHOMeTpHllHiH <PopMi l:JliCJIO 1- cos cp + i sin cp,
.HKID;O:
1) cp E (O; n); 2) cp E (-rt; 0).
37.25:· 3o6pa3iTb Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi llliCJia z, .HKi 3a'AO-
BOJibH.HIOTb YMOBy:
1 1 1
1) Re-+Im-=-; 2) (l+i)z=(l-i)z.
z z 2
37.26.·· 3o6pa3iTb Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi llliCJia z, HKi 3MO-
BOJibH.HIOTb YMOBy:
1 1 1
1) Re - - Im -
z z
= -;
4
2) (1- i) z = (1 + i) z.

....
11111
..,. MHo>KeHHHi AineHHH KOMnneKCHPAX "IPAcen,
3anv.caHMX y TpMrOHOMeTpM"IHiVI <1>opMi.
KopiHb n-ro CTeneHH 3 KOMnneKCHOro "IMC/la

3HaH'AeMO 'A06yTOK KOMIIJieKCHHX llHCeJI zl i z2, 3aIIHCaJiliX y Tpli-

rOHOMeTplillHiH <PopMi.
Hexa:H: z1 = r1 (cos cp1 + i sin cp1 ), z2 = r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin cp2 ).
MaeMo: z1 z2 = r1 (cos <p1 + i sin <p1 ) • r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin <p2 ) =
= r1 r2 (cos <p 1 cos cp 2 - sin cp1 sin cp2 + i (sin cp1 cos cp 2 +cos <p1 sin cp 2 )) =
= r1 r2 (cos (cp1 + cp 2 ) + i sin (cp 1 + cp 2 )).
OT me,
(1)
0TpHMaHa <PopMyJia 'A03BOJI.He 3po6:aTH TaKHH BHCHOBOK: Mooynb
iJo6ymKy 060X KOMnJLeKC1£UX 1tUCeJL iJopi61£10C iJo6ymKy MOOyJLi6
M1£0:HC1£UKi6, a apzy Me1£m iJo6ymxy iJopi61£10C cy Mi apzy Me1£mi6
M1£0:HCKUKi6, T06TO
Iz z I= Iz I·Iz
1 2 1 2 j, arg z1 z2 = arg z1 + arg z2 •
3 <PopMyJIH (1) BHIIJIHBae, m;o KOJIH KOMIIJieKCHY KOOP'AHHaTy
TOl:JKH M IIOMHOm.HTli Ha KOMIIJieKCHe llHCJIO cos cp+ i sin cp, TO OTpH-
MaeMO TOllKY M 1 - o6pa3 TO't!KH M rrpH rroBopoTi R6, T06To rrpH
IIOBOPOTi 3 n,eHTpOM y IIOllaTKY KOOP'AHHaT Ha KYT cp (pHC. 38.1).

191
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 4111cna

Im Im

I
I

~<p / I
1,.)..' I

0 ~cp /
Re 1,...)..'

0 Re
PHc. 38.1 PHc. 38.2

HanpHKJia,n;, MHo:meHH.H KOMITJieKcHo1 Koop,n;HHaTH TO"llKH M Ha

qHcJio i =cos n + isin n 3a,z:i;ae noBopoT TO"llKH M 3 n;eHTpOM y no"tlaT-

2 2
7t
KY Koop,n;HHaT Ha KYT .
2
KoJIH KOMITJieKcHy Koop,n;HHaTy TO"llKH M rroMHO:>KHTH Ha KOMIT-
JieKcHe qHcJio r (cos cp + i sin cp), TO OTPHMaeMo TO"llKY M 2 - o6pa3
ToqKH M rrpH KOMIT03HII;il rrepeTBopeHh rroBopoTy R6 i roMoTeTil
H~, T06TO Ri;(M)=M1 i H~(M1)=M2 (pHC. 38.2).
z
06't!HCJIHMO -qacTKY - 1 • MaeMo:
Z2

z r1 (cos cp1 + i sin cp1 ) r1 (cos cp1 + i sin cp1 )' (cos cp 2 - i sin cp 2 )
-1= - -
z2 r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin cp 2) r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin cp 2 )(cos cp 2 - i sin cp 2 )
_ r1 (cos cp1 cos cp 2 +sin cp1 sin cp 2 + i (sin cp1 cos cp 2 - cos cp1 sin cp 2 )) _
-
r2 ( cos 2 cp 2 + sin
. 2
cp 2 )

z1 = r1 (cos(cp1 -<p2)+isin(cp1 -cp2)). (2)

Z2 rz
0TpHMaHa <PopMyJia ,D;03BOJI.He 3p06HTH TaKHH BllCHO~OK: MoiJynb
ttaCmKU 060X KOMnneKCKUX ttucen iJopi6K10€ ttaCmlfi MoiJyni6 iJi-
neKOZO i iJinbKUKa, a apzy MeKm ttacmKu iJopi6KJOC pi3KU1fi apzy-
Me11.mi6 iJineKOZO i iJinbKUKa, T06To
Z1 I I Z1
--,-,, arg-=arg z1 -arg z 2 •
Z1

Z2 Z2 Z2

3 <l>OPMYJIH (1) BHITJIHBae, rn;o

2 2
(r (cos <p + i sin cp)) = r (cos 2cp + i sin 2cp),
3 3
( r (cos <p + i sin <p) ) = r (cos 3cp + i sin 3cp).

192
 38. MHo>KeHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKCHvtx 411tcen

Y3ara.rri, ,n;JIH 6y,n;1>-·HKoro n E N e cnpaBe,n;JIHBOIO cpopMyJia

(r (cos <p+i sin <p))"' = rn (cos n<p+i sin n<p),

HKY Ha3HBaIOTb «t>opMyJIOJO MyaBpa.

3a ,n;OIIOMOrOIO MeTo,n;a MaTeMaTH'lHOI iH,n;yKn;il ,n;oBe,n;iTb <l>OPMYJIY
MyaBpa caMocTiHHo.

nPMKflAA 1 3o6paaiTb Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi 'lHCJia Z, HKi

3a,n;oBOJibHHIOTb YMO.BY arg(zi) = 1t.

3
1
Im Po38 .fl3aHH.fl. Hexaii arg Z=<p. OcKiJibKH

n M aeMo: cp+-=-.
1t To arg ( zi') =<p+-.
argi=-, n 7t
Re 2 2 2 3
0 . 1t
3 Bl,Zl;CH <p = - - .
6
IIIyKaHa MHomHHa 'lHCeJI - u;e npoMiHb,
Pnc. 38.3 y HKOro «BHKOJIOTO» II0'1aTOK (pHc. 38.3) . •
12
.
nPMKnAA 2 06'1HCJI1Tb (.J3l+i+i. J
P 038' R3 an nR. MaeMo: z .J3 + 2 (cos:+ sin:),
1 = i= i

z =l+i ="'2( cos:+ i sin:).

2
To,n;i
12

12 =
1 2 (cos ; + i sin : ) (
J2. ( cos ( : J+ i sin (: - : JJ)12
( )
; = - :
2
J2 (cos : + i sin : )

0
=(F2
a
(cos (-1~J+i sin (-1"J)
. KopeaeM n-ro cTeneas a KOMnJieKcaoro
r =26 (cos(-it)+ i sin (-1t)) =-64 . •
'IHCJia z, .zi;e n E N, n > 1, uaaHBaJOTL TaKe KOMIIJieKcHe 1111cJio w,
n
~ow = z.
HanpHKJia,n;, 'lHCJIO 1 + i e KBa,n;paTHHM KopeHeM a 'lHCJia 2i.
2 2
CnpaB,n;i, (1 + i) = 1+2i + i = 2i. "l!HcJio -1- i TaKom e KBa,n;paTHHM
KopeHeM a tIHCJia 2i.
0"tieBH,n;Ho, m;o 'lHCJIO 1 e Ky6i'1HHM RopeHeM 3 'lHCJia 1. BH aH·a -
eTe, m;o Ha MHO.mHHi ~ lCHye TlJI.bKH o,n;He "t!HCJIO, m;o e KOpeHeM

193
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi '-11t1cna

Ky6i"tJHHM 3 o,n;HHHII;i. Ha MHOmHHi C II;.H BJiaCTHBiCTh He s6epira€Th-

Tl"
C.H. n.OmHe 3 'tfHCeJI - 2 + i
1 .
2.J3 Ta 1 . .J3
- 2- i 2 - 6.
TaKOm e KopeHeM Ky l'tJHHM

3 o,n;HHHII;i. CnpaB,n;i,

~ ~
(- + i J 2
= (cos " + i sin " )'
3
2
3
= cos 21t + i sin 21t = 1,

~ ~J =(cos~" +i sin~)' =cos41t+i sin 47t=l.

(- -i

TaKHM 'tJHHOM, Ha MHOmHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tJHCeJI Ky6il!HHH KOpiHh

a o,n;HHHII;i Ha6yBae m;oHaiiMeHme Tphox aHalleHh. HacnpaB,n;i Mae
MIC~e TaKa TeopeMa.

TeopeMa 38 1 Jf na 6yiJb-Jucozo KOMnneKcKozo 11,ucna z ;1; 0

icKye pi6KO n 1'0MnJ£eKCKUX "'lf,.UCeJ£, 1'0:HC1£e 3 Jt1'UX e KOpeKeM n-zo
cmenena 3 11,ucna z.

/I, o Be 8 en n Ji. IIo,n;aMo 't!HCJIO z y TpHroHoMeTpHtIHiii cpopMi:

z = r (cos <p + i sin <p).
KopeH.HMH n-ro cTeneH.H a l!HCJia z 6y,n;yTh yci Ti i TiJihKH Ti KOMII-
JieKcHi 'tJHCJia W, IIl;O 3a,D;OBOJihH.HIOTh piBHiCTh Wn = Z. IloKameMO, IIl;O
IIpH 3a,D;a.HOMY Z piBH.HHH.H W n = Z Mae n pi3HHX KOpeHiB ( THM CaMHM
TeopeMy 6y,n;e ,n;oBe,n;eHo) .
.flKII~O W = 0, TO W n = 0, T06TO Z = 0, IIl;O cynepel!HTh YMOBi TeO-
peMH. 0Tme, w ;1; 0.
To,n;i 'tJHCJio w MOmHa rro,n;aTH B TpHroHoMeTpHtIHiii cpopMi:
w = p (cos a + i sin a).
MaeMo: (p(cos a+i sin a)r = r (cos <p+i sin cp);
pn (cos na + i sin na) = r (cos <p + i sin cp).
CKopHCTaBIIIHCh YMOBOIO piBHocTi ,n;Box KOMIIJleKCHHX 'tJHCeJI, 3aIIH-
CaHHx y TpHI'OHOMeTpH't!HIB cpopMi, OTPHMyeMO pn = r i -na = <p + 2nk,
k E Z.
OcKiJihKH p i r e ,n;o,n;aTHHMH ,n;iHcHHMH "C{lfCJiaMH, TO MOmHa aa-
nHCBiTH p = * (TYT ef-;. - u;e aplicpMeTH'tJHHH KOpiHh n-ro CTeneH.H
<p + 2nk
a ,n;o,n;aTHoro ,n;iHcHoro l!HCJia r). TaKom OTPHMyeMo, m;o a= •
n
TaKHM l!HHOM, IIIYKaHi 'tJHCJia w MomyTh 6yTH aarrHcaHi y BH-
rJI.H,ZJ;l

(3)

194
 38. MHo:>KeHH~ i AineHH~ KOMnneKCHvix Yvicen

.HKID;O B np~ili "tJaCTHHi piBHOCTi (3) 3MiHHTH 3HatieHHH k Ha k + n,

TO 3HatieHHH BHpa3y He 3MiHHTbCH. u;e 03Ha"tJae, m;o ,ZJ;OCTaTHbO po3-
rJJHHYTH JIHme TaKi 3HatieHHH k: 0, l, 2, ... , (n-1). MaeMo:

w0 =if;. (cos <p + i sin <p),

n n

w1 = v r
nf ( cos
cp + 27t
n
. .
+ i sin
cp + 2n)
n ,

W n _1 =
nf(
vr COS
cp+2n(n-1) . . <p+2n(n-1))
+ i Slil •
n n
3a3HalIHMO, m;o "tJHCJia WO, w1, w2, ... , wn - 1 e nonapHO pi3HHMH,
<p <p+2n cp+2n(n-1)
OCKiJihKH 6y,ZJ;h-HKi 3 ,ZJ;BOX KyTiB , , ... , Bi,n;pi3-
n n n
HHIOTbCH MeHme Him Ha 2n.
0Tm.e, <tlOPMYJia (3) 38.,ZJ;ae piBHO n
lIHCeJI W 0 , W 1 , W 2 , ... , Wn _ 1 ,
KOm.He 3 HKHX e KOpeHeM n-ro CTeIIeHH 3 't!HCJia z. .&.
TaKHM 't!HHOM, MH ,n;ilimJIH BHCHOBKy, m;o BCi n KOpeHiB n-ro
CTeneHH 3 't!HCJla z = r (cos cp + i sin cp) , 3aIIHCaHOro B TpHrOHOMeTpH"'t!-

Hili <PopMi, Momyrh 6yTH o6tIHCJieHi 3a <POPMYJIOIO

wk nC (
=vr
. . <p +n2nk) , JJ.e k
cos <p +n2nk +ism E
{0, 1, 2 ,._•• ,n- 1} (4)

3a.,.n;atia 3Haxo,n;meHHH KOpeHH n- ro CTeneHH 3 KOMIIJieKCHOro lIHC-

Jia 6y,n;e p03B'H3aHa IIOBHiCTIO, HKIQO MH 3Hali,n;eMO BCi 3Ha'tleHHH
KopeHH n- ro cTerreHH 3 't!HCJia z=0.
OtieBH,ZJ;HO, m;o lIHCJIO w = 0 38.,ZJ;OBOJibHHe piBHiCTb wn = 0. lHIIIHX
lIHCeJI, HKi 38.,ZJ;OBOJibHHIOTb piBHiCTb wn = 0, He icHye. CrrpaB,n;i, IIPH
w* 0 MaeMo: I w n I= I w In* 0. 3Bi,ZJ;CH w n"# 0.
nP"1KJ1A.Q 3 3Hali,n;iTb Ky6itIHi KopeHi 3 lIHCJia Z = -1.
1
Po3 6 Ji3 an na. MaeMo: z= -1+Oi=1 ·(cos n+ i sin n).
CKopHcTaBmHCh <PopMyJioro ( 4), 3arrHmeMo

3 r;- ( 1t + 2nk . . 7t + 2nk)

wk =-\/J. cos +is1n , ,n;e k E {O, 1, 2}.
3 3
3 Bl,n:CH
. w0 = 311 (COS
-\/ J.
1t •
+ L Slll
• 7t) = 1 + L. 2, Fa
3 3 2

w1 = a'1(
"J. cos
n+27t . . 7t + 27t)
3
+ i sm
3
= -1,

a'1(
w 2 =-\11. COS
7t+47t
+l Slil
.. 7t+47t) . J3
= 12 -i2. •
3 3

195
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y11101a

3 <PopMyJIH ( 4) BHIIJIHBae, m;o ROpeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 'C!HCJia 1 o6-

'C!HCJI10I0Th aa <PopMyJIOIO
2nk
ek =cos - . 2nk ,n;e k E {O , l , 2 , .•. , n - l} .
- + i. sin-,
n n
3aYBamHMO, m;o MO,ZJ;yJii KOMIIJieRCHHX 'C!HCeJI BH,n;y ek ,n;opiBHIO-
IOTh 1. ToMy Ha ROMIIJieRCHiH IIJIOIIJ;HHi 'C!HCJia ek JiemaTh Ha ROJii
pa,n;iyca 1, rrpH'C!OMY apryMeHTH cyci,n;Hix "C{HCeJI Bi,n;pi3H.HIOThC.H Ha
27t
- . ToMy 'C!RcJia ek ,n;iJI.HTh o,n;HHH't!He ROJIO Ha n plBHHX -qacTHH
n
i e BepIIIHHaMH rrpaBHJihHOrO n-RYTHHRa.
HarrpHRJia,n;, Ha pHcyHRY 38.4 ao6pameHo Ry6iqHi KopeHi a 'C!HC-
Jia 1. BoHH e BepIIIHHaMH rrpaBHJihHoro TpHRYTHHRa. Ha pHcyH-
RY 38. 5 ao6pameHo RopeHi 't!eTBepToro cTerreH.H a qHcJia 1. BoHH
e BepIIIHHaMH RBa,n;paTa.

1
e1 =-·- +i-
. ./3 Im Im
2 2

e2 = -12- -.-13
i-
2 e3 =0-i

PHc. 38.4 PHc. 38.5

Bnp Blil

38.1. 3Ha:.0:,n;iTh ,n;o6yTOR ROMIIJieRCHHX "C{HCeJI zl i .z2; .HK~o:

0

1) z1 = 2 (cos 7t
6
+ i sin n),
6
z2 = 3 (cos -2:._ + i sin -2:._);
12 12

2) z1 =5( cos(-
1
:)+ sin (-
i
1
: )), z, =cos 1 +i sin 1;

3) z1 =4 (cos ;-i sin;), z, =-2( cos: +i sin:}

196
 38. MHO)KeHH5l i gineHH5l KOMnneKCHl!1X Yl!1Cen

38.2 3Ha.H~iTh ~o6yrroK KOMIIJieKCHHX "C{HCeJI zl i z2, .HKm;o:

3 3
1) z, =6 (cos ; + i sin "), z2 =2 (cos : + i sin : }
4

2) z1 =7( cos~ +i sin~), z 2 =3( cos(- ~)+isin(- ~)}

3 3
3) z1 =-3 (cos ; 2 - i sin 1"2 ), z, =-4 (cos 4
" + i sin ").
4

38.3. 3Ha.H~iTh qacTKY 3-, .HKm;o: '

0

Z2

1) z1 = 8 (co<~ + i sin ; ~), z2 = 2 (cos ; + i sin ; }

2) z1 =6 (sin; +i cos;), z2 =4( cos~: +i sin~:}

3) z1 = -2 (cos 2 + i sin 2), z2 =cos 1 + i sin 1.

38.. 3Hali~iTh qacTKY 3-, .HKm;o:

Z2

7 1 3 3
1) Z1 =12 (COS " + i sin ;), Z2 = 8 (COS ; + i Sin ; }
4
5 5
2) z1 =9( cos 6" +i sin :), z2 =-3 (cos; +i sin;}
3) z1 = 15 (cos 6 + i sin 6), z2 = 5 (sin 2 + i cos 2).
38.5. 3arrHmiTh y ·TpHrOHOMeTpHqHiH cpopMi "C{HCJIO z, .HKm;o:
0

(cos~+ i sin ~)J ;

10 7

1) z = (2
20 20
3) z =(cos_.!._+ i sin
35
_!_)
35
•

2) z=(JS( cos 1~ -isin ; 8 )f

r
8. 3arrHmiTh y TpHrOHOMeTpHqHiH cpopMi "C{HCJIO z, .HKm;o:

1) z =( .J2 (cos 2"4 + i sin 2:) 2) z =(-2 (cos 1~ +i sin ;5)J

ir
38. 7: 3Haii~iTh 3Ha'tleHH.H BHpaay:

1) (1 + i)
20
; 4) (1-i)
12
(~ + ~
2) (~- ~ir 5) (1 + i)l08
(-13-i)
3) (3 + 4i) 4 ;

197 '
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna

38.8. 3HaH,D;iTh 3HalleHH.H BHpasy:

1) (l-i)l4; 3) (~-12 iJlO • 5)
(l-i)l4
9.
13 13 '
(1 + .J3i)

38.9: 3Hali,n;iTh KOpeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 llHCJia z, .HKiqO:

1) z =3 Fa(cos 2
3
"
2
+i sin " } n =3;
3
3) z =-32i, n =5;

i!) z=8(cos~+isin~), n=3; 4) z=Fs+i, n=4.

38.10.' 3Hali,n;iTh KOpeHi n-ro CTeIIeH.H 3 llHCJia z, .HKm;o:
1) z=4(cos lBn +isin
19
lBn),
19
n=4; 3) z=64, n=6;

2) z=125(cos~+isin~),
11 11
n=3; 4) z=./3-i, n=4.
38.11: 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOiqHHi 'lHCJia, .HKi e KOpeH.HMH
n-ro cTerreH.H a 'lHCJia z, .HKm;o:
1) z=i, n=3; 3) z=-i, n=6.
2) z = 1 + i, n = 4;
38 • 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi 'lHCJia, .HKi e KOpeH.HMH
n- ro cTerreH.H s llHCJia z, .HKm;o:
1) z = -1, n = 4; 3) z = 1, n = 8.
2) z = 1 + ./3i, n = 3;
38.13 .• Hexa.H eo' el' ... ' en - 1 - KopeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 l!HCJia 1.
3Haif,n;iTh ,n;o6yTOK eOel •...• eri-1.
38. . Hexa.H eo, el' ... , en - 1 - KopeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 llHCJia 1.
3Hali,n;iTh cyMy e0 +e1 + ... +en - i·
38.15:· 3Haif,n;iTh yci TaKi ,n;ilicHi x i y, m;o (x + yi) 6 =x-yi.
8. 6 .• 3Ha.H,n;iTh yci TaKi ,n;iHCHi x i y, m;o (x + yi) 4 = x -yi.
38.17 :~ BacHJih 3arrJiyTaHKO ,n;oBo,n;HTh «piBHiCTh » 1 = -1 TaK:
1 = ~(-1) 2 =(J~.)
2
2
= i = -1. ¥ "t!OMY IIOJI.Hrae IIOMHJIKa BaCHJI.H?
38.18:· ,[(oBe,ZJ;iTh, m;o TO"t!KH zl i z2, Bi,n;MiHHi Bi,n; TO'lKH z = 0,
JiemaTh Ha rrp.HMiH, .HKa rrpoxo,n;HTh -qepea IIOtiaTOK KOOp,ZJ;HHaT,
Z1 Z1
TO,ZJ;i i TiJihKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH BHKOHY€ThC.H piB_HiCTh - -
Z2 Z2

198
 38. MHo)l<eHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKcH111x Y111cen

~-,;i.- 38.19:· ,[(oBe,n;iTh, ru;o TPH TO't!KH z 1 , z 2 , z3 JiejKaTh Hao~ npHMlli

TO~ i TiJibKH TO~, KOJIH BHKOeyeTbCH piBHicTb Za - z2 = ~ - ~ .
Za -z1 Za -z1

38.20:· A (z1 ), B (z2 ), C (z3 ), D (z4 ) KOMIIJieKcHo1 IIJIO-

To"tfKH
ID;HHH e BepIIIHHaMH "tfOTHPHKYTHHKa. ,[(oBe,n;iTh, m;o cTopoHH AB
--
i CD rrapaneJihHi To,n;i i TiJihKH To,n;i, KOJIH z 4
- Za = ~- ~.
Z2 - Z1 Z2 - Z1

38.21:· To"tfKH A (z1 ), B (z2 ), C (z3 ), D (z4 ) KOMIIJieKCHo1 IIJIOIIJ;HHH

HaJiejKaTh KOJIY I z I= 1. ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o xop,n;H AB i CD rrapaneJib-
Hi TO,D;i i TLrrbKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH Z1 Z 2 = Z3 Z4 •

38.22.·· ,[(oBe,n;iTh, ru;o reoMeTpHqHHM Mic~eM TO"tfOK z KOMIIJieKCHOl

IIJIOID;HHH, HKi 3a,ZJ;OBOJibHHIOTb piBHHHHH

(21 -z2 )z+(z2 -z1 )z +z1:Z2 -z2 :Z1 =0,

,n;e z 1 *z 2
, e npsiMa, siKa rrpoxo,n;HTb qepea TO"tfKH M (z 1 ) i N (z 2).

3 .2 .. ,[(Bi TO"CJKH M (z
1
) i N (z 2 ) KOMIIJieKcHo1 IIJIOIIViHH HaJiejKaTb
KOJIY I z I= 1. ,[(oBe,n;iTb, ru;o piBHHHHH rrpsiMo1, siKa npoxo,n;HTb
-qepea ToqKH Mi N, MO*Ha rro,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i z + z1 z2 z = z 1 + z2 •
38.24:· To"CJKH M (z 1 ) i N (z 2 ) KOMnJieKcHo1 nJIOIIJ;HHH Bi,n;MiHHi Bi,n;
TO"tfKH 0 (0). ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, :m;o BeKTOpH OM i ON rreprreH,n;HKyJisip-
Hi TO,ZJ;l 1 TiJihKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTh ~- - ~l •
Z2 Z2

38.25. ·· Ha KOMnJieKcHili nJIOIIJ;HHi rroaHa"tfHJIH TO"CJKH A (z1 ),

B (z2 ), C (z3 ) i D (z4 ). ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o npsiMi AB i CD rrepneH-
,n;HKyJisipHi TO,ZJ;i i TiJihKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH BHKOHY€TbCSI piBHiCTb
(zl -Z2)(Za-Z4)+(Z1 -Z2)(Z3-Z4)=0.

3 .26. To"tfKH A (z1 ), B (z2 ), C (z3 ) i D (z4 ) KOMIIJieKcHo1 nJIOID;HHH

HaJiejKaTh KOJIY I z I= 1. ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o xop,n;H AB i CD nepneH,n;H-
KYJIHpHi TO,ZJ;i i TiJibKH TO,n;i, KOJIH BHKOHyeTbCSI piBHiCT~
z1 z2 + z3 z4 = 0.
38.27:· To"tfKa A (z1 ) KOMIIJieKcHo1.nJIOID;HHH HaJiejKHTb KOJIY Iz I= 1.
,ll;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBHSIHHSI ,ZJ;OTH"CJHOl, npoBe,n;eHOl ,n;o ~boro KOJia
B TO"tf~i A, Mae BHrJISIA :Z1 z + z 1 z = 2.

199 '
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 111t1cna

KOJl~ 3P06J1EHO YPOK~

3aCTOC BaHHH KOMnneKCH~ ... ,,.,c n

KoMnJieKcHi qHcJia BHHHKJIH ,n;ocHTb Hecno,n;iBaHo: rrpH nomyKy
,n;iHCHHX KOpeHiB Ky6i't!H:HX piBHHHb 3 ,n;iHCHHMH Koecpin,ieHTaMH. y 6a-
raTbOX B:Hlla,D;Kax 3aCTOCYBaHHH KOMIIJieKCHHX qHceJI TaKOJK € Heoq1Ky-
BaHHM. y 3ara.rri, KOMIIJieKcHi q:HcJia MOJKYTb CJIYryBaTH ecpeKTHBHHM
iHcTpYMeHTOM ,D;JIH p03B' H3YBaHHH 3a,z:i;aq 3 KOM6iHaTOpHKH, TpHI'OHOMe-
Tpil, Teopil qHCeJI, reoMeTpil Ta 6araTbOX iHllHX ra.rryaeli MaTeMaTHKH.
nP~KJlA.Q 1 3HaH,D;iTb 3HaqeHHH BHpaay
2 + 32 c4101 - 33 c6101 + ... - 349 c98
S = 1 - 3c101 101 + 3so c100
101 .
Po 3 e' Ji 3 a fl fl Ji. Po3rJIHHeMo KOMIIJieKcHe qHcJio z = 1 + fai.
CKopHcTaBlllliCb cpopMyJioro 6iHoMa HbroToHa, MOJKHa aanHcaTH:
( 1 + "\//n.)101
3z.
1 /n. 2 ( /n.)2 100 ( /n.)100 ( /n.)101
= 1 + clOl "\/ 3z. + clOl "\/ 3i + ... + clOI "\/ 3i + "\/ 3z. •
,IJ;a.rri Ma€MO:
ln·)lOl
( 1+-v3i In 1 · 2 50 100 ( in)lOl ·
= 1+-v3 c 101 z. - 30101 - ... + 3 c 101 + -v 3 z. =
2 + 32 c4101 + ... - 349 c98
= (1 - 3c101 101 + 3so c100)
101 +
9 101
+( J3 c{o1 -( Fa)3 c;o1 + .•. -( fa/ c;;1 + ( 13) ) i.
Tenep apoayMiJio, m;o aHaqeHHH S ,n;opiBHIOe ,n;ilicHiH qacTHHl
In )101
KOMIIJieKCHOI'O qfiCJia ( 1 + "\/ 3i .

OcKiJihKH 1 + J:li = 2 (cos ; + i sin ; ) , TO oTpHMyeMo:

3 .)
( 1 + "\/1n
6Z.
101
= 2101 ( COS -
10l7t
- + Z..' Sln
. -lOln)
- = 2101 (1
- - J3 ·J = 2100 -
-Z: 3.
2100 "\/1n
6Z..
3 3 2 2
TaKHM qHHOM, 3HaqeHHH ,n;aHoro BHpaay ,n;opiBHIO€ 2100 .
Bif)noel,f)b: 2100 •
3aYBaJRHMO, m;o ni,n; qac p03B' H3YBaHH.H npHKJia,D;Y 1 MH OTpHMa.JIH
i TaKy piBHiCTb:
In 1 ( in) 3 3 ( in)99 99 ( in)lOl 100 In
-v~ c101 - -v3 c101 + ·•· - -v3 c101 + -v3 = -2 -v3.

nPMKnA BHpaaiTb sin5a qepea sin a i cos a.

Po 3 e' .R3 a fl fl.fl. PoarJI.HHeMo KOMIIJieKcHe qHcJio z =cos a+ i sin a.
BHKOpHcToByIO'tlli cpopMyJIH MyaBpa i 6iHoMa HbIOTOHa, no,n;aMo
5
qHcJio z ,n;BoMa cnoco6aMH:
5
(cos a+ i sin a) =cos 5a + i sin 5a;
200
 3aaocysaHH5l KOMnneKCHVIX YV!Cen

(cos a.+ i sin a.) 5 = cos5 a.+ 5 cos4 a. (i sin a.)+ 10 cos 3 a. (i sin a.)2 +
+ 10 cos 2 a. (i sin a.) 3 + 5 cos a. (i sin a.) 4 + (i sin a.) 5 =
=(cos 5 a.-10cos 3 a.sin 2 a.+5cosa.sin 4 a.)+
+ (5 cos 4 a. sin a.-10 cos 2 a. sin 3 a.+ sins a.) i.
3a.rrHlllHJIOC.H rrpHpiBH.HTH YHBHi 't!aCTHHH OTPRMaHHX BHpa3iB.
Bionoeiob: sin 5a. = 5 cos 4 a. sin a. -10 cos 2 a. sin 3 a.+ sins a.
3aYBamHMO, m;o rri,n; -qac posB'.asyBaHH.H rrpRKna,zzy 2 MH oTpHMaJIH
i TaKHM pe3yJibTaT:
cos 5a. = coss a. -10 cos 3 a. sin 2 a. + 5 cos a. sin 4 a..

nPfAKJ1A.Q 11H icHyIOTb TaKi HaTypa.ITbHi 't!HCJia X ~ 15 1 y ~ 15,

ru;o x 2 + y 2 =29·41?
Po3e'R3ann.fl. IIo,n;aMo ,n;o6yToK 29·41 y BHrn.a,n;i
2 2
29 . 41 =I 5 + 2i 1 • I 5 + 4i 1 •

CKopHcTaBlllHCb piBHiCTIO I z1 I· I z2 I= I z1 • z2 I, oTpHMaeMo:

2 2 2 2 2 2
29. 41 =I 5 + 2i 1 ·I 5 + 4i 1 =I (5 + 2i) (5 + 4i) 1 = 111+3oi 1 = 11 + 30 •

Bionoeiob: TaR, HarrpHKJia,n;, x = 17, y = 30.

nPfAK11AA 4 Ha CTOpoHax AB i BC TPHKYTHRKa ABC y 30BHilllHiM
6iK rro6y,n;oBaHO KBa,n;paTH ABDE i CBLK. To't!KH M 1 i M 2 - cepe-
,ZJ;HHH Bi,n;pisKiB LD i CA Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o n;eHTPH KBa,n;paTiB
i TO't!KH M 1 i M 2 e BepruHHaMH KBa,n;paTa.

Im
M

PHc. 38.6

p 0 3 e'.fl 3 a 1t 1t .fl. ¥ Be,n;eMO KOMIIJieKCHY IIJIOru;HHY TaK, m;o6 TO't!Ka B

s6ira.rrac.a 3 IIO't!aTKOM KOOp,ZJ;HHaT (pnc. 38.6). IIosHa't!HMO -qepe3 01
i 0 2 n;eHTPH KBa,n;paTiB ABDE i CBLK Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho. Hexali a i c -
KOMIIJieKcHi Roop,n;HHaTH TO't!OK A i C Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho. 3ayBamnMo, m;o

201 I
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi y111cna

1t
TO"t!Ka De o6paaoM TO"t!KH A npH noBopoTi a :u;eHTpoM B Ha KYT ,
2
a TOqKa L - o6paaoM TO"t!KH C npH noBopoTi a n;eHTpoM B Ha KYT - n.
2
To,n;i KOMnJieKcHi Koop,n;HHaTH TO"t!OK D i L ,n;opiBHIOIOTb tIHCJiaM ia
Ta -ic Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HO.
3Ha.H,n;eMO KOMIIJieKCHi KOOp,ZJ;HHaTH Zol ' Zo2 i ZM2 TO"t!OK 01, 02
I M 2• OcKiJibKH n;i TO"t!KH e cepe,n;HHaMH Bi,n;pi3KiB AD, CL i AC Bi,n;-
a + ia c - ic a+c
IlOBi,n;Ho, TO ZDi = 2 ' Zo2 =-2-, ZM2 =-2-·
IloKa.meMo, m;o TOtIKa M2 - BepmHHa piBHo6e,n;peHoro rrp.HMO-
KYTHoro TPHKYTHHKa 0 1 M 2 0 2 • ,II;n.H n;horo ,n;ocTaTHbO nepeKoHaTHC.H,

rn;o rrpH rroBopoTi a :u;eHTpoM M 2 Ha KYT n BeKTOp M 2 0 2 e o6paaoM

2
BeKTopa M 2 0 1 • lHIIIHMH CJIOBaMH, ,n;ocTaTHhO rrepeBipHTH piBHiCTb:
i M 2 0 1 = M 2 0 2 , T06To i (z0 l - zM ) = z 0 -zM.

MaeMO
·• . (
L Zol - zMz
) _ . ( a + ia
- L 2
2

a+c
- -2- -
J-
2 2

i (ia - c) _ -a - ic .
2 - 2 '
c - ic a+c -a - ic
z02 -zM2 =-----=---
2 2 2
MipKYJOllH aHaJiorillHO, MO.iKHa noKaaaTH, m;o M1 - BepmHHa
piBHo6e,n;peHoro np.HMOKYTHoro TPHKYTHHKa 0 1 M 10 2 •
nP~KnAA KoJIO 3 II;eHTpOM 0 BilHCaHO B tIOTHpHKYTHHK ABCD.
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o TOlJKa 0 i cepe,n;HHH ,n;iaroHa.rreli tIOTHPHKYTHHKa Jie-
maTb Ha o,n;HiH np.HMiH.
Po3e'.n,3ann.n,. YBe,n;eMo KOMTIJieKCHY nJio~HY TaK, m;o6 TO"tJKa 0
a6ira.nac.H 3 IlOlJaTKOM Koop,n;HHaT, a pa,n;iyc KOJia ,n;opiBHIOBaB 1
(p:ac. 38. 7). IloaHa'1HMO '1epea M, N, P i Q T0'1KH ,n;oTHKY KOJia ,n;o
cTopiH AB, BC, CD i DA Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho. He-
xali ZM, ZN, Zp i ZQ - KOMilJieKCHi KO-
op,n;HHaTH T0'10K M, N, Pi Q Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho.
PiBH.HHH.H np.HMHx AB i AD MalOTh BHrJI.H,n;
-
zMz+.zMz =2 i ZQZ+ ZQZ =2 Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HO
(,n;HB. aa,n;aqy 38.27). To,n;i KOMIIJieKCHY
Re
:Koop,n;11HaTy TO"t!KH A MO.iKHa aHaHTH,
p03B '.H3aBIIIH CHCTeMy

{ ~Mz+zM! =2,
ZQZ+ZQZ =2. PHc. 38. 7

202
 3aaocysaHHH KOMnneKCHlllX YlllCen

OcKiJihKH zM *0 i zQ * 0, TO MomHa 3aIIHcaTH

ZQ~Mz+ ZMZQ: = 2zQ,

{ ZMZQZ+ZMZQZ =2zM.

Bi,n;HiMaIO"tUI Bi,n; rrepmoro piBHHHHH OTPHMaHo1 CHCTeMH ,n;pyre,

OTpHMY€MO:

2zMzQ
(zQ + ZM) z = 2zMzQ. 3Bi,ll;CH z = .
ZM +ZQ

A.HaJiori"t!HO MOmHa IIOKa3aTH, m;o KOMIIJieKCHi KOOp,ll;HHaTH TOl.JOK

22 2 2
B, C i D Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho ,n;opiBHIOIOTh MzN , zNzP zPzQ
ZM +ZN ZN +Zp Zp +ZQ

Ilo3HalIHMO qepe3 Fi E cepe,n;HHH .n;iB;rOHan:eli AC BD Bi,n;rroBi,n;-

i
Ho. Hexali zF i zE - KOMIIJieKcHi Koop,n;HHaTH TOtIOK F i E Bi,n;rro-

zMzQ ZNZP z z ZpZQ

Bi,n;Ho. To,n;i zF = + zE = M N + . ,Il;JIH 3aBep-
zM +zQ ZN +Zp ZM +ZN Zp +zQ

meHHH p03B' H3YBaHHH ,n;ocTaTHbO IIOKa3aTH, m;o BHKOHy€TbCH piBHiCTh

zE = ~E (,n;HB. KJIIOtIOBY 3a,zi;a-qy 38.18). CKopHcTaBmHCh piBHOCTHMH

Zp Zp

zMzM =l, zNzN =l, ZpZp = 1, zQzQ =1, aaBepmiTh po3B'.a3yBaHHH

C8.MOCTiHHO. e

np~KJlA.Q 6 € ,ZJ;Bi KapTH IIpHMOKYTHOl tPOPMH, HKi ao6pamaIOTh

o,n;Hy :H Ty caMy Mic:u;eBiCTh, ane MaIOTh pi3HHH MacmTa6. MeHmy
KapTy IIOKJiaJIH TaK, m;o BOHa OIIHHHJiaC.H :u;iJIKOM ycepe,n;HHi 6iJihIDOl
KapTH. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o MOmHa rrpOTKHYTH rOJIKOIO O,ZJ;HOtiaCHO o6H,n;Bi
KapTH TaK, m;o rrpoKOJIOTi TOtIKH o6ox KapT 6y,n;yTh ao6pamaTH 0,ll;HY
:0: TY caMy TOlIKY Mic:u;eBOCTi.
Po 3 a' aa an na. BBe,n;eMo KOMIIJieKcHy IIJIOIIJ;HHY TaK, m;o6 o,n;Ha
3 BepmHH 6iJihillOl KapTH a6iraJiaCH 3 IIOl.JaTKOM KOOp,ll;HHaT, a CTOpo-
HH, HKi MiCTHTb :u;ro BepmHHY' HaJiemaJIH ,n;o,n;aTHHM rriBOCHM.
Po3rJIHHeMo rrepeTBopeHH.H, y pe3yJILTaTi HKoro a 6iJII>mo1 KapTH
MOmHa OTpHMaTH MeHmy KapTy' P03Mim;eHy TaK, HK IIOKa3aHO Ha
pHCYHKY 38.8.
203 .
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Yvicna

Hexali t.IHCJIO r - Bi,n;HoIIIeHH.H MacIIITa6y MeHmo1 KapTH /J..O Mac-

mTa6y 6i.nbmo1 KapTH. 3p03YMi.JIO, m;o r < 1. IlOMHOmHMO KOMIIJieKCHY
KOOP/J..HHaTy z KOmHOl TOTIKH IIJIOID;HHH Ha t.IHCJIO a = r (cos <p + i sin <p).
Pe3yJihTaT TaKOl /J..ll s TOt.IKaMH IIJIOIIl;HHH MOmHa posrJI.H/J..aTH .HK KOM-
rros:arti.ro rrepeTBopeHh roMOTeTil H~ i rroBopoTy R;j. YHacJii,n;oK n;horo
rrepeTBOpeHH.H MH OTpHMaJIH o6pa3 6i7I1>IIIOl KapTH, .HKHH ,n;opiBHIOe
MeHmili KapTi Ta p03Mim;eHHH TaK, .HK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKY 38.9.
Terrep rrepeHeceMo u;eli o6pas «Ha Bi/J..IIOBi,n;He Micn;e» (p:ac. 38.10).

Im .. Im Im

0
K
..
Re
E•
P:ac. 38.8 PHc. 38.9 P:ac. 38.10

,Il;JI.H D;l>Oro /J..O KOMIIJieKCHOl KOOP/J..HHaTH az KOmHOl TOt.IKH IIJIO-

ID;HHH /J..O/J..aMO KOMIIJieKcHe t.IHCJIO b. Pe3yJihTaT TaKo1 ll.il MOmHa
posrJI.H/J..aTH .HK rraparreJihHe rrepeHeceHH.H Ha BeKTOP b.
0Tme, y pesyJihTaTi orrHcaHHx rrepeTBopeHh KomHa TOt.IKa M (z)
6iJihmo1 KapTH Mae o6pa3 - TOlIKY N (az+b) MeHmo1 KapTH. Tot.IKH
M i N a6iraroThC.H aa yMOBH BHKOHaHH.H piBHOCTi z = az + b. OcKiJih-
. ... . b
KM a ;:j; 1' TO u;e plBH.HHH.H Mae e/J..HHHH KOplHb z = - - .
1-a
TnM CaMHM MH rroKasarrH, m;o icHYe e/J..HHa TOt.IKa E (-b-)
1-a
KOMII-

JieKCHOl IIJIOID;HHH, .HKa B pe3yJibTaTi OIIHCaHHX rrepeTBOpeHb BH.HBH-

JiaC.H «HepyxoMoIO». Terrep /1.0Be/J..eMo, m;o :a;.H «HepyxoMa TOt.IKa»
HaJiemHTh o6oM KapTaM.
KomHa TOt.IKa 6iJihmo1 KapTH e rrpoo6pasoM /J..e.HKo1 TOt.IKH MeHmo1
KapTH. ToMy TO"t!Ka E He Mome HarremaTH 6iJihmili KapTi i rrpH D;hOMY
He HarremaTH MeHmili KapTi.
IlpHrrycTHMO, m;o TOtIKa E poaMim;eHa rrosa 6iJihmoro KapTOIO.
Po3rJI.HHeMo TOt.IKY K 6iJihmo1 KapTH, .HKa HaliMeHm Bill.!1.aJieHa Bill.
TOlIKR E, Ta 11 o6paa K 1 rrp:a orr:acaHHX rrepeTBopeHHHX (pnc. 38.10).
3a3HaqHMO, m;o B pesyJihTaTi rOMOTeTil 3 Koe<t>iu;ieHTOM r, ll.e
0<r<1, Bill.CTaHh Mim o6pa3aMH 6yl1.h-.HKHX /J..BOX TOqQK e MeHIIIOIO,
Him Bi/J..CTaHh Mim D;HMH TOt.IKaMH.
Toll.i Mae BHKOHyBaTHC.H HepiBHiCTh KE > K 1 E, a u;e cyrrepetIHTh
TOMY, .HK 6yJio o6paHo TO"t!KY K.

204
 3acrocysaHHs:i KOMnneKcHvix Yvicen

Bnpae111
38.28. BHpa3iTh cos 6a ~epes cos a i sin a.
38.29. l(oBe,n;iTh piBHiCTh
7t 3n 5n 7n 9n l ln 1
cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos - = -.
13 13 13 13 13 13 2
38.30. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
100
cos cp = !9 (cos 1 OOcp + c;oo cos 9 Sep + c:Oo cos 96cp + •.. + c;go).
2
38.31. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
. 100 cp = 1 ( cos 1 oocp - c 1 cos 98 cp + c2 cos 96 cp - ... + c5o ).
sin 99 100 100 100
2
rr . plBHlCTh
38 •32 • r'-'IOBe,ZJ;ITh . . co - c251 + c451 - c651 + • • • + c4s
51 - cso
51 = - 225 ·
51
38.33. 3Hali,n;iTh TaI<.i HaTypaJihHi t.IHCJia x ~ 18 i y ~ 18, m;o
x 2 + y 2 = 37 · 53.

38.34. Ha ,n;omu;1 HarnrcaHo <PYHKu;h y = x + .!. i y = x 2 • HKm;o Ha

x
,n;omu;i 3aIIHCaHO <PYHKD;il f i g' TO ,ZJ;03BOJI.H€ThC.H ,ZJ;OIIHCaTH 6y,n;h-
.HKY s <PYHKu;ili y =f 2
(x), y = f (x) + g (x), y = f (x) g (x), y = cf (x),
,n;e c - ,ZJ;OBiJihHa ,n;ilicHa CTaJia. "llH Mome B pe3yJihTaTi BHKOHaH-
1
H.H ,n;eKiJihKOX TaKHX ,n;ili Ha ,n;oruu;i 3 '.HBHTHC.H <PYHKD;i.H y =- ?
x
38.35. Y 110THPHKYTHHKY ABCD T01IKH Mi N - cepe,n;HHH cTopiH
AB i CD Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho. To11Ka K - cepe,n;HHa MN. Me,zi;iaHH TPH-
KYTHHKa BCD rrepeTHHaIOThCH B Tot.Iu;i P. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o ToqKH A,
Ki P nemaTh Ha o,n;Hili rrp.HMiiL
38.36. l(aHo TPHKYTHHK ABC i ,n;oBiJihHY T01IKY 0. Hexali ToqKH P,
Qi R - Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho ToqKH rrepeTHHY Me,n;iaH TPHKYTHHKiB AOB,
BOC, COA. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o TOt.IKa 0 i T01IKH rrepeTHHY Me,n;iaH TpH-
KYTHHKiB ABC i PQR nemaTh Ha o,n;Hili rrpHMili.
38.37. Ha cTopoHax AB i AC TPHKYTHHKa ABC y 30BHimHili 6iK
rro6y,n;oBaHo KBa,n;paTH ABNM i ACQP. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o MC = BP,
MC J_ BP.
38.38. Ha cTopoHax BC i AC TPHKYTHHKa ABC y 30BHimHili 6iK rro-
6y,n;oBaHO piBHocTopoHHi TpHKYTHHKH BCK i CAM. 3Hali,n;iTh KYT
Mim rrp.HMHMH BM i AK i ,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o BM= AK.
38.39. Ha rrpHMili l B3.HTO rrocni,n;oBHO TOt.IKH A, Bi C, a Ha Bi,n;pi3Kax
AB i AC y pi3HHX rriBrrnom;HHax Bi,ll;HOCHO rrp.HMOI l rro6y,n;oBaHo
•
205
· § 6. KoMnneKcHi 4111cna

piBHocTopo:aHi TPHKYTHHKH ABD i ACN. ,ll;oBe,D;iTb, m;o cepe,D;HHH

K i L Bi,D;rroBi,D;Ho Bi,D;pi3KiB DC i BN i TOtIKa A e BepmHHaMH
piBHOCTopoHHboro TPHKYTHHKa.
38.40. Ha rrpHMlli l B3HTO rrocJii.D;OBHO TO't!KH A, C, E. Ha Bi.D;pi3Kax
AC i CE B O.D;HY rriBIIJIOIJJ;HHY Bi,D;HOCHO rrpHMol l rro6y.D;OBa.Ho piB-
HOCTOpOHHi TPHKYTHHKH ABC i CDE. To't!KH K i M - cepe,D;HHH
Bi.D;pi3KiBAD i BE Bi,D;rroBi,D;Ho. ,ll;oBe,D;iTb, m;o TPHKYTHHK CKM -
piBHOCTOpOHHiH.
38.41. Bi,D;OMO, m;o ABC i Ai Bi cl - piBHOCTOpOHHi TPHKYTHHKH
(rropH,D;OK BepmHH YKa3aHO B HanpHMKY pyxy rO,D;HHHHKOBOI CTpiJI-
KH). Cepe,D;HHH Bi,D;pi3KiB .AA.i,
BBl i eel
€ BepmHHaMH TpHKYT-

HHKa. ,ll;oBe,D;iTb, m;o :u.eli TPHKYTHHK € piBHOCTOpOHHiM.

38.42. l'.Jepe3 Ki:an;i ,D;iaMeTpa AB KoJia rrpoBeJIH .D;OTHtIHi ~ i l 2 Bi,D;-
rroBi.D;HO. Ha KoJii II03HatIHJIH TOtIKY Xi rrpoBeJIH B Bili ,D;OTHtIHy,
HKa rrepeTHHae npHMi ~ i l2 y TO't!Kax Ci D Bi.D;IIOBi,D;Ho. ,ll;oBe,D;iTb,
m;o ,D;o6yToK AC • BD He 38.Jle:>KHTb Bi.D; BH6opy TO't!KH X.
38.43. TotIKH A, B i C nemaTb Ha KOJii. Y n;Hx TO't!Kax .D;O KOJia rrpo-
Be,u;eHo .D;OTHtIHi, HKi nepeTHHaIOTb rrpHMi BC, AC i CAB TO"t!Kax
M, Ni P Bi,D;rroBi.D;HO. ,ll;oBe,D;iTb, m;o TOtIKH M, Ni P nemaTb Ha
o~lli rrpHMiH.

206
 MH r YnEHVl

Po3e' H3yeaHHH anre6pa ·i'4HMX piBHHHb

•
Ha MHO>KMHI KOMnneKCHMX "IMCen

BaM ,n;o6pe Bi,n;oMa <}>opMyJia KopeHiB KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHHH

- b±JD
X1,2 = (1)
2a
. .
I IpH n1,n;cTaHOBII;l "'C!HCeJI x 1 2 = - b±JD .
y p1BHHHHH ax 2 +bx+c=O
· 2a
oTpHMaeMo npaBHJihHY piBHiCTh. IIi,n; tiac n;ie1 ni,n;cTaHOBKH B JiiBili
llaCTHHi piBHHHH.H ,ZJ;OBe,n;eTbCH BHKOHyBaTH JIHIIIe apH$MeTHtIHi one-
panJi. OcKiJihKH ,n;JIH ,n;ilicHHX i KOMIIJieKCHHX lIHCeJI apH<}>MeTH"'C!Hi
orrepan;il MaIOTb CIIiJihHi BJiaCTHBOCTi, TO Ha MHOJKHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX
lIHCeJI KOpeHi KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHHH MOJKHa 3HaxO,D;HTH aa <l>OPMYJIOIO:
- b ± L).
X2
1 = '
' 2a
,n;e aa ~ Tpe6a B3.HTH 6y,n;h-.HKe 3HatieHH5I KBa,n;paTHoro KopeH.H 3 ,D;HC-
KPHMiHaHTa D = b2 - 4ac.
PoarJIHHeMo, HarrpHKJia,n;, KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH x 2 - 6x+10 = 0.
Moro ,n;HcKpHMiHaHT D = 6 2 - 4·10 = -4 - Bi,n;'eMHe 't!HCJIO. qHcJia 2i
i -2i e KBa,n;paTHHMH KopeHHMH a ,n;HcKpHMiHaHTa. TaKHM "'C!HHOM,
"'C!HCJia
6+2i . 6-2i .
X1 = =3+i Ta X 2 = =3-i
2 2
e KOMIIJieKCHHMH KOpeH.HMH ,n;aHoro KBa,n;paTHOro piBH.HHHH.
MaIO't!H KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi KBa,n;paTHoro TPHtfJieHa, lioro MOJKHa
p03KJiaCTH Ha MHOJKHHKH aHaJiori"'C!HO BHIIa,n;Ky ,n;iHCHHX KopeHiB.
HanpHKJia,n;, MOJKHa aanHcaTH:
x 2 - 6x + 10 = (x - (3 + i)) (x - (3 - i)).
I

207
§ 7. MHoroYneHvt

TaKHM 't!HHOM, KO.mHHH KBa,n;paTHHH TpH't!JieH MO.mHa po3KJiaCTH

Ha ,D;Ba JiiHiHHHX MHO.mHHKH. ToMy KO.mHe KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH Mae
He 6iJibIDe ,lJ;BOX KOMIIJieKCHHX KopeHiB.

nPMKJlA.Q 1 Po3B'HmiTb piBHHHHH z 2 -(9+i)z+20=0.

2
Po 3 e' Jl3 a H Ii.fl. 3Hali,n;eMo ,n;HcKpHMiHaHT D =(9 + i) -BO=1Bi.

KB11,llpaTHi RopeHi a 'IHCJia 18i =18 (cos ; + i sin ; ) ,11oprnHIOIOTb:

.J1s (cos : + i sin : ) = 3 + 3i,

5
.Ji8 (cos 5; +i sin ;) =-3-3i.
Terrep MO.mHa 3aIIHCaTH KopeHi ,n;aHoro KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHHH:

- 9+i+(3+3i) -6
Z1 - - + 2·i, - 9+i-(3+3i) -3
Z2 - -
.
- l. •
2 2

Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH z 2 -(3+2i)z+(5+i)=0.

2
Po 3 e' Jl3 an n.fl. 3Hali,n;eMo ,n;HcKpHMIBaHT D = (3 + 2i) -4 (5 + i) =
= -15 +Bi. y )J;aHOMY BHIIa,ZJ;KY rromyK KBa,n;paTHHX KOpeHiB 3 D =
= -15 +Bi, 3aIIHCaHHX y TpHroHoMeTpH't!HIB <PopMi, e He,n;ou;iJihHHM,
OCKiJihKH apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHOro 'tJHCJia -15+Bi - «He3pycIHHH»
KYT. 06't.JHCJIHMO u;i KBa,n;pa THi KopeHi !1. = x + yi B aJire6pa.l-ciHiH

<Pop Mi.
MaeMo:
f1. 2 = ( x 2 - y 2 ) + 2xyi = -15 + Bi. 3Bi,n;cH

x 2 -y 2 =-15,
{ 2xy = B.
PoaB 'H3aBIDH II;IO CHCTeMy' OTpHMaeMO TaKi 3Ha'tleHHH KBa,n;paTHHX
KopeHiB 3 ,D;HCKpHMiHaHTa: 1+4i, -1- 4i. .
Terrep MO.mHa 3arrHcaTH KopeHi ,n;aHoro KBa,n;paTHOrQ piBHHHHH:
(3+2i)+(1+4i) . 2 3·
Z1 = 2 = + i,
- (3+2i)-(1+4i) -1 .
Z2 - 2 - -l.

YBe,n;eHHH ,n;o poarJIH,n;y KOMrrJieKCHHX 't!HCeJI rrpH3Beno ,n;o Toro,

~o )J;OBiJibHe KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH Mae KopiHb. I.J;eli <l>aKT € OKpe-
MHM BHIIa,ZJ;KOM O,D;Hie! 3 rrepJIHH MaTeMaTHKH - OCHOBHOl TeopeMH
anre6pH.

208
 1
39. P038 fByBaHHH anre6pa'IYHV1X piBHHHb Ha MHO>KV1Hi KOMnneKCHV1X '-lV1CeJl

TeopeMa 39.1 (ocuoeua TeopeMa anre6pH). Ko:HCnuu

MUOZO'tlLen
P (z) a,,,_ 1 zn - 1 + ... + a 1z + a
= zn + 0
cmenena n E N 3 KOMnJLeKC'UUMU KOe<J>il,fienmaMU Mae KOMnJLeKC-
nuu KOpinb.
3 i,n;eero ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHH.H OCHOBHOl TeopeMH a.rrre6pH BH MO.iKeTe 03Ha-
HOMHTHC.H B OilOBi,ZJ;aHHi «,L(aMa is co6acrKOIO» Ha c. 211.
3a n;iero TeopeMoro 6y,n;h-.HKe aJire6paicrHe piBHHHH.H, HanpHKJia,n;,
x 6 -x+2=0,
Mae KOMITJieKCHHH KOpiHh.
Ha c JI i.n; o K. Ko:HCnuu Mnoio'tJLen
P() z = z n+ an - lz n-1+ ... + alz + ao
cmenena n E N a KOMnJLeKcnuMu KoefjJil,fienmaMu Mo:HCna eiJunuM
cnoco6oM noiJamu y BUZJLaiJi iJo6ymKy JLiniunux Mno:HCnuKiB
P (z) = (z - z 1 ) (z - z 2) ••• (z - zn).
qucJLa z 1 , z 2 , ••• , zn, cepeiJ aKux Mo:HCymb 6ymu piBni, e KopenaMu
MUOZO'l£JLena P. Ko:HCUUU Kopinb MUOZO'l£JLena p oopiBnroe OOUOMY
3 lf UX '1£UC€lL.
/( 0 8 e 0 e 1i 1i JI,.
3a OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO aJire6pH MHOrOl!JieH p Mae
KOMITJieKcHHH KopiHh - l!HCJIO z 1 • ToMy 3a TeopeMoro Besy MHoro-
tIJieH p MO.iKHa no,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,ZJ;i
P (z) = (z - zi) Q (z),
.n;e MHOrOl!JieH Q Mae BHrJI.H,ZJ;
Q(z)=zn -1 +bn _2Zn - 2 + ••• +b1z+bo.
HKrn;o cTeniHh MHorotIJieHa Q - l!HCJIO HaTypaJibH~, TO, 3aCTO-
coByro't!H ocHOBHY TeopeMy aJire6pH ,n;o MHorotIJieHa Q, rro,n;aMo lioro
y BHr JI.H,ZJ;l
Q ( z) = (z - Z2) R ( z)'
.n;e Z2 - KopiHh MHOr01IJieHa Q. To,n;i MHOrO't!JieH p MO.iKHa rro,n;aTH
y BHr JI.H,ZJ;l
P (z) = (z - z1 ) (z - z2 ) R (z).
HKrn;o rrpo,n;OB.iKHTH :a;eli rrpon;ec ,n;a.rri, TO MHorotIJieH P MO.mHa
no,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,ZJ;l
P (z) = (z-z1) (z-z2 ) ••• (z-zn). (2)
3po3yMi.7IO, rn;o KO.iKHe 3 l!HCeJI Z1' Zn e KopeHeM MHOro-
Z2' ••• '
1I.7IeHa p. 3 iHnroro 6oKy' KO.iKHHH KopiHh MHOI'Ol!JieHa p .n;opiBHIOe
Oll;HOMY 3 1IHCe.7I zl' Z2 , ••• , zn. CrrpaB,n;i, .HKID;O ,n;e.HKe 1IHC.7IO z*
e KOpeHeM MHOrO't!JieHa p' TO, rri,n;CTaBJI.HIOl!H 3Hal!eHH.H z = z* y piB-
HiCTb (2) i BpaxOBYI01IH, rn;o p (z* ) = 0, OTPHMyeMo:

209
§ 7. MHoroYneHvt

(z* - z1 ) (z* - z2 ) •• • (z* - z,) = 0.

u;e 03Ha't.J:a€, m;o z* ,n;opiBHIO€ 0,ZJ;HOMY 3 't.!liCeJI zl' Z2' ••• ' Zn.
€,n;HHiCTb rro,n;aHH.H MHoroqJieHa p y BlirJI.a,n;i ,n;o6yTKY (2) ,n;oBe,n;iTb
caMOCTiHHO . ...

BnpaeH
0
39.1. PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) z2 + Bz + 2 5 = O; 3) z 2 -3z+ll-3i=O;
2) z 2 -(3-2i)z+10=0; 4) z 2 +(i-5)z+8-i=0.
39.2. PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
0

1) z 2 -10z+41=0; 3) z 2 -2z-7-6i =0;

2) z 2 +2(i-6)z+30=0; 2
4) z +2(i-2)z+3+4i=O.
39.3: PoaB'.amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) z 4 +15z 2 -16 = O; 3) z 4 +1 =0;
2) z 3 - 2z 2 + 4z - 8 = O; 4) z 3 -(2+i)z 2 +2(1+i)z-2i=O.
39.4: PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) z 4 -5z 2 -36=0; 3) z 4 +9=0;
2) z 3 +3z 2 +9z+27 =0; 4) z 3 -(4-i)z 2 +(7-i)z-4=0.
39.5:· Po3B'.amiTb piBH.HHH.H 1+z+z 2 +z 3 +z 4 +z 5 +z6 =0.
39.6. • PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H z 8 - z6 + z 4 -z 2 +1=0.
39.1:· 3Haii,n;iTb OCTa't.!y Bi,n; ,n;iJieHH.H MHOrO't!JleHa p (x) = x 120 + 2x 65 + 2
Ha x 2 -x+l.
39 8 .•• 3Hru1,n;iTb OCTa't.J:y Bi,n; ,n;iJieHH.H MHoroqJieHa p ( x) = x 2012 - x 101 + 5
2
Ha x +1.
0-. 39.9... ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o KOJili KOMITJieKCHe 't.J:liCJIO Zo € KOpeHeM
MHOrO't.!JieHa p 3 ,n;iHCHliMli Koecpin;ieHTaMH, TO KOMIIJieKCHe qliCJIO
z0 TaKom e KopeHeM MHoro't.!JieHa P.
39 1(). .• Ilpo piBH.HHH.H z 4 -5z 3 +13z 2 -16z+l0=0 Bi,ll;OMO, m;o 't.J:HCJIO
z = 1 + i e lioro KopeHeM. PoaB'.amiTb n;e piBH.HHH.H.
0-. 39.11:· ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o KOmHHH MHOrO't.!JieH p CTeIIeH.H n E N
3 ,n;iHCHliMli Koecpin;ieHTaMli MOmHa p03KJiaCTH Ha JiiHiHHi a6o
KBa,n;paTHTIHi MHOmHHKH 3 ,n;iHCHliMH KOecpi:a;ieHTaMli.
39.12:· ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o KOmHHH MHOrO't.!JieH HerrapHoro CTeneH.H 3 ,n;ili-
CHHMli KOecpin;ieHTaMH Mae ,n;iHCHliH KOpiHb.

210
 .[laMa i3 co6aYKOfO

3" 3 .' "(·la icHye cpyHKD;iH, rpacpiK .HKOI Mae cniJibHY TO"l!Ky 3 6y,n;h-
2
HKOIO napa60JIOIO BH.D;Y y = ax +bx+ c?
39.14.* 3Hali,n;iTb yci TaKi n E N, ~o MHOrO"l!JieH p (x) = xn + x + 90
2
,n;iJIHTbC.H Hau;iJIO Ha x - x + 2 .
39.15. * Hexali P - ,n;eHKHH HeHyJihOBHH MHOrO"l!JieH. ,il;oBe,n;iTh ic-
HyBaHH.H TaKHX HeHyJihOBHX MHoro"t!JieHiB Q i R, ~o
p (x) Q (x) =R (x2012 ).
3 . 6 · Hexa:H: MHOrO"l!JieH P(x)=X 2 n +a2 n _ 1 X 2 n - l + ... +a1 x+a 0 Mae
2n pi3HHX ,n;o,n;aTHHX KopeHiB. ,il;oBe,n;iTb icHyBaHH.H TaKOro MHOro-
"l!JieHa Q, ~o P(x )=Q(x)Q(- x).
2

KOJll'l 3P06J1EHO YPOKl'l

AaMa i3 co6a&.1Koto
y nonepe,n;HbOMY IIYHKTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 O.D;Hiero 3 rOJIOBHHX
TeopeM ycie1 MaTeMaTHKH - OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO aJire6pH.
,il;oBe,n;eHHHM u;ie1 TeopeMH 3aHMaJIHCH 6araTO BH,D;aTHHX HayKOB-
u;iB: JKaR ,II;' A.rraM6ep, JieoHap,n; EliJiep, JK03ecp-Jly1 JiarpaR:m, Kap.TI
raycc Ta iHmi. HanpHKJia,D;, K. raycc HaBiB l!OTHPH pi3Hi ,D;OBe,n;eHHH
u;ie1 TeopeMH. IlpH'IHHa TaKo1 KiJihKOCTi ,n;oBe,n;eHh noJIHraJia B TOMY,
~o B Ti 'IaCH caMi MHO:>KHHH ,n;iHCHliX 'IH KOMilJieKCHHX "l!HCeJI He
MaJIH TO'IHHX 03Ha'IeHb i TOMY MipKyBaHH.H HayKOBD;iB He 6y.JIH ne-
peKOHJIHBHMH.
CyqacHi ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHHH OCHOBHOl TeopeMH aJire6pH CilHpaIOTbC.H Ha
u;iJiy HH3KY BJiaCTHBOCTeH ,n;iHCHHX a6o KOMilJieKCHHX "l!HCeJI, HKi He
BHB'IaIOTb y cepe,n;Hili mKoJii. IIpoTe icHyIOTh u;iKaBi reoMeTpH"llHi
iJIIOCTpau;il ,n;o ,n;eHKHX i3 II;HX ,D;OBe,n;eHb. 0,n;He 3 HHX OTPHMaJIO o6-
pa3HY Ha3BY «,il;aMa i3 co6a"l!KOIO».
Po3rJI.aHeMo MHOrO'IJieH
p (Z) = Zn + an -1 Zn - 1 + ••. + al z + ao.
Ilepm aa Bee 3ayBa:>KHMO, ~o KOJIH a0 = 0, TO TBep,n;meHH.H Teope-
MH Ol!eBH,D;HO BHKOHY€TbC.H, 60 "l!HCJIO z = 0 € KOpeHeM MHOrO"l!Jie-
Ha P.
Hexali a0 :;:. 0. Ha MHO:>KHHi KOMnJieKCHHX "l!Hcen po3rJIHHeMo
cpyHKu;i1 w = P (z) i w = Q (z), ,n;e Q (z) = zn. IIopH,n; 3 KOMTIJieKCHOIO
Il.JIO~HHOIO (z), Ha HKiH II03Ha"t!aTHMeMO apryMeHTH cpyHKD;iH pi Q,

211
§ 7. MHoroyneHV1

6yAeMO po3rJI.HAaTH KOMIIJieKCHY IIJIOID;HHY (w), Ae rro3HatiaTHMeMo

3HatieHH.H cpyHKD;iH p i Q (pHC. 39.1).
,I(JI.H AOBeAeHH.H OCHOBHOl TeopeMH (z) (w)
z p
aJire6pH Tpe6a rro:Ka3aTH icnyBaH-
p z)
H.H TaKoro KOMITJieKCHOro tIHCJia z·'
rn;o p (z·) = 0, T06To iCHYBaHH.H TaKOl
TOqKH z· KOMIIJieKCHOl IIJIOID;HHH (z), p
.HKiH BiAIIOBiAae IIOtiaTOK KOOPAHHaT
KOMIIJieKCHOl IIJIOID;HHH (w) (pHC. 39.1). PHc. 39.1

Hexali TOtIKa KOMIIJieKCHOl IIJIOID;HHH (z) pyxaeTbC.H ITO KOJIY

3 o;eHTPOM y rroqaTKY KOOPAHHaT pa,n;iyca R, T06To I z I= R (pHc. 39.2).
Kom.Hy ToqKy z o;Loro KOJia Mom.Ha rroAaT:a y BHrJI.HAi

z = R (cos <p + i sin <p).

(w)
(z)

PHc. 39.2

IIpocTemHMO 3a THM, .HK rriA qac TaKoro pyxy TOtIKH z 6yAe py-
xaTHC.H TOqKa Q (z) =Zn Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi (w). ToqKy Q (z)
6yAeMo Ha3HBaTH «AaMOIO». 3a <PopMyJioro MyaBpa

Q(z)=zn =Rn (coscp+isincpt =Rn (cosncp+isinncp).

IJ;e 03Haqae, rn;o TOqKa Q (z) 6yAe pyxaTHC.H no KOJiy pa,n;iyca Rn
3 o;eHTpOM y rrotiaTKY KOOPAHHaT. KoJIH Toq:Ka z o6xOAHTb KOJio,
KYT <p 3MiHroeTLC.H Bi'A 0 AO 2n, a KYT n<p - Bi'A 0 AO 2nn. ToMY OAHOMY
o6epry TOtIKH z Bi'ArroBi'AaTHMe n o6epTiB TOqKH Q (z) Ha KOMTIJieKCHIB
IIJIOID;HHi (w). 0Tme, «AaMa» Q (z) pyxaeTbC.H KOJIOM pa,n;iyca Rn,
po6HTb n o6epTiB HaBKOJIO rroqaTKY KOOPAHHaT i IIOBepTa€TbC.H B rro-
qaTKOBY TO"<IKY.
3' HcyeMo, .HK rrpH po3rJI.HHYTOMY pyci TOtIKH z 6yAe pyxaTHC.H
TOtIKa p (z) Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi (w). To"<IKY p (z) 6yAeMO Ha-
3HBaTH «co6atIKOIO».

212
 AaMa i3 co6aYKOIO

,Il;ocJii,z:pKeHHH pyxy ToqKH p (z) po3i6'eMO Ha TPH BHIIa,D;KH:

1) pa,n;iyc R e ,n;ocHTb BeJIHKHM;
2) pa.,n;iyc R e ,n;ocHTb MaJIHM;
3) pa,n;iyc R 3MeHmyeThCH Bi,n; ,n;ocHTb BeJIHKoro ,n;o ,n;ocHTb Ma.rroro.
Hexa.H pa,n;iyc R e ,n;ocHTb BeJIHKHM. IIo,n;aMo <t>YHK~iro P y BH-
rJIH,ll;l

P(z)=zn (i+ an - 1 + an;2 + ... +

Z z
aoJ.
Zn

an - 1 an - 2 ao
OcKiJihKH Iz I= R, TO ,n;nH BeJI:H'llHHH - - + -
.Z
- + ... + -
Z2 Zn
MOJKHa
.

an -1 an - 2 ao ~ an - 1 ao
--+-2-+ ... +---;- ""' - - + + ... +
z z z z

an - 1
ToMy rrpH ,n;ocHTb BeJIHKHX 3HaqeHHHX R BeJIHqHHa --+
z
an - 2 ao
+ -2- + ... +----;- - ,ll;OCHTb MaJia. [(e 03Haqae, ~o TpaeKTOpiH pyxy
z z
TQqKH p ( z) MaJIO Bi,n;pi3HH€TbCH Bi,n; TpaeKTOPll pyxy TQqKH Q ( z) = Zn
(Hara,n;aeMo, ~o ToqKa Q (z) pyxaeThCH KOJIOM pa,n;iyca Rn). HarrpH-
KJia.,n;, HKIIl;O o6paTH TaKe 3HaqeHHH R, m;o
an -1 an - 2 ao 1
- - + -2-+ ... +- <-, TO
Z Z Zn 10

IP(z)-Q(z)I= zn(an - l+an - 2+ ... +aoJ ~1znl._!_=Rn.

z2 znz 10 10
0Tme, Bi,D;CTaHb Mim TQqKaMH p (z) i Q (z) He rrepeBHIIl;yBaTHMe

_!_ pa,n;iyca KOJia, HKHM pyxaeTbCH ToqKa Q (z) (pHc. 39.3). I'OBOpH-
10
qlf He<t>opMaJibHO, KOJIH «,n;a.Ma» Q (z) pyxaeTbCH KOJIOM, «co6aqKa»
p ( z) 6irae 6iJIH «,ll;a.MH » ' Bi,n;,n;a.rrHIOqHCb He 6iJibme Him Ha ,ll;OBJKHHY
Rn
IIOBi,D;~H - BeJIHqHHy - •
10
OcKiJihKH «,n;aMa» Q (z) po6HTb n o6epTiB HaBKOJio rroqaTKY Ko-
op,n;HHaT, TO i «Co6aqKa» p (z) TaKOJK n pa3iB o66irae HaBKOJIO 110-
qaTKY KOOp,n;HHaT i IIOBepTa€TbCH B rroqaTKOBY TQqKy.
,
213
§ 7. MHoro11neH1t1

(z)
p
.........--..
R

PHc. 39.3
IIepeli,n;eMo ,n;o ,n;pyroro BHna,n;Ky. IIpocTeJKHMO sa pyxoM «co6aq-
KH» p (z), KOJIH T0'1Ka z KOMITJieKCHOl ITJIOID;HHH (z) pyxaeTbCH ROJIOM
,n;e.aKoro ,n;ocHTh Ma.Jioro pa,n;iyca R 3 :n;eHTPOM y notiaTKY Koop,n;HHaT.
Tenep pyx «co6atIKH»
P(z)=(zn +an _1zn - l + ... +a1z)+a0
He 6y,n;e BH3HaqaTHCH pyxoM «,n;aMH» Q (z) =Zn . y IJ;bOMY BHITa,n;Ky
«co6atIKa» 6y,n;e 6iraTH 6iJIH TOqKH ao, ,n;e, MOJKJIHBO, JieJKHTb CMa"t!Ha
KiCTKa. Cnpas,n;i, Bi,n;cTaHh Mim «co6a'1KOIO» P(z) i TOtIKOIO a0 MOJK-
Ha o:n;iHHTH TaK:
I p ( z) - ao I=IZn +an Zn +... + z I~ I Zn I+Ian
-1 -1 al -1 Zn - 1 I+
+... +I alz I~ Rn+ I an -1 IRn- 1+... +I IR. al

ToMy, o6HpaI0'1H ,n;ocHTh Ma.JIHH pa,n;iyc R, MOJKHa sa6esne'tJHTH

BHKOHaHHH, HanpHKJia,n;, HepiBHOCTi

IP(z)-ao l<I :~ 1.
II;e osHatiae, m;o «co6a't!Ka» P (z) 6irae B Kpysi pa,n;iyca
I ao I
10
3 u;eHTpoM y TO"ll:n;i a0 (p:ac. 39.4). ~Tme, HKID;O pa,n;iyc R ,n;ocHTh
Ma.JIHH, TO «co6a't!Ka» P (z) ni,n; qac pyxy mo,n;Horo ·pa3y He o66irae
HaBKOJIO IlOtiaTKY KOop,n;HHaT.
laol (w)
10
(z)
p ;
.... --- .... '
I
I
' \

.........---.. I
I
I

I
I
I
\
.... ___ , ,,
, I

''

PHc. 39.4

214
 .0,aMa i3 co6aYKot0

(w) Rn1 (w) Rn

1

a 6
(w) (w)

8 2

R1 > R2 > Ra > R4

PHc. 39.5

Ilepeli,n;eMO ,n;o OCTaHHhOro eTarry ,ZJ;OCJii,n;.meHHH pyxy «C06a"t!KH»

P (z). Hexa.H pa,n;iyc KOJia R HerrepepBHO aMeHIIIyeThCH Bi,n; ,n;ocHTh
BeJIHKOro (KOJIH «C06a"t!Ka» p (z) n paaiB o66iraJia IIO'C!aTOK KOOp,n;H-
HaT i pyxanac.a Mali.me no KoJiy) ,n;o ,n;ocHTh Manoro (KOJIH «co6atI-
~a» p (z) .iKO,ZJ;HOro paay lie o66irae HaBKOJIO IIOl!aTKY KOOp,ZJ;HHaT
i 3HaXO,ZJ;HTbCH 6iJI.H TOl!KH ao)· Ilpocni,n;KyeMo, HK npH TaKlli 3Mllii
pa,n;iyca R aMiHIOBaTHMYThCH TpaeKTopi.a pyxy «co6a"t!KH» P (z)
i KiJihKiCTb o6epTiB HaBKOJIO IIO'C!aTKY KOOp,ZJ;HHaT. IlpH «IIJiaBHOMY»
aMeHIIIeHHi aHat:IeHh R TpaeKTopi.a pyxy «co6a"tIKH» TaKo.m 6y,n;e
«rrJiaBHO» ,n;e<t>oPMYBaTHCH (pHc. 39.5, a-z). ToMy icHyBaTHMe TaKnli
MOMeHT, KOJIH KiJihKiCTb o6epTiB 3MiHIOe CBOe 3Ha"tleHHH. U:eli MOMeHT
Bi,n;rroBi,n;aTHMe TaKoMy pa,n;iycy R, m;o TpaeKTopi.,a pyxy «co6a"tIKH»
p (z) rrpoxo,n;HTb -qepe3 IIO"tlaTOK KOOp,ZJ;HHaT (pHC. 39.5, 8). Arre ~e
215
§ 7. MHoroyneH111

.HKpa3 1 03Ha'tlae icHyBaHH.H TaKoro KOMIIJieKCHoro 't!HCJia • IIJ,O

z '
P(z*)=O.
OT me' piBH.HHH.H p (z) = 0 Mae KOplHb.

Po3rJI.HHeMo KBa,n;paTHe piBH.HHH.H 3 HYJII>OBHM ,n;HcKpHMiHaHTOM,

HanpHKJia,D; x 2 -6x + 9 = 0. lHKOJIH rOBOp.HTb, IIJ,O IJ,e piBH.HHH.H Mae
,D;Ba O,D;HaKOBHX KOpeHi X1 =3 i X2 = 3. IlpH't!HHOIO ,D;JI.H TaKoro BH-

CJIOBJIIOBaHH.H e Te·, IIJ,O BHpa3 x 2 -6x + 9 MOJKHa no,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,D;i

,n;o6yTKY ,D;BOX 0,D;HaKOBHX MHOJKHHKiB (x - 3) (x - 3), KOJKHHH 3 .HKHX

BH3Ha-qae KOpiHb IIO'tlaTKOBoro piBH.HHH.H. y TaKHX BHila,D;Kax TO't!Hi-

me 6y,n;e CKa3aTH, IIJ,O 't!HCJIO x=3 e KpaTHHM KopeHeM MHOrO"t!JieHa
2
x -6x + 9 i KpaTHiCTb IJ,bOro KOpeH.H ,n;opiBHIOe ,D;BOM.

R. "llHcJio x0 uaaHBa10T1> KP&TRHM Ropes eM

MHOrO'llJieHa P, HKID;O MHOrO'llJieH p MOJKHa IIOAaTH y BHrJI.RAi
P (x) = (x - x 0)k Q (x), .zi;e k > 1, k E N, Q - MHOrO'llJieH
i Q (xo)-:;:. 0. "llHCJIO k Ha3HB310Tb Kp&THiCTIO KOpe SI XO.

HanpHKJia,n;, MHoro't!JieH

P(x)=(x-1) 4 (x 2 +1) 2
Mae KpaTHHH KopiHb x 0 =1. KpaTHiCTb KopeH.H x 0 =1 ,n;opiBHIOe 4.
KamyTI> TaKom, .r.u;o 't!HCJIO x0 = 1 e KopeHeM KpaTHOCTi 't!OTHpH.

5IKIIJ,O KOpiHb Xo MHOrO"tJJieHa p Hee KpaTHHM, TO :Horo Ha3HBaIOTb

npocmuM KopeneM. TaKHH MHoro't!JieH P MOmHa no,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,n;i

1
P(x)=(x-x0 ) Q(x), ,n;e Q(x0 )=t:.O. KamyTI>, .r.u;o npocmuu Kopinb
Mae KpamniCmb oaun.
flKIIJ,O MHOrQ"tJJieH p MOJKHa no,n;aTH y BHI'JI.H,D;i p (x) ~ ( x - Xo )k Q ( x)'
,n;e k E Ni Q (x0 ) :t 0, TO IJ,e 03Ha'tlae, .r.u;o MHOrO't!JieH P ,n;iJIHThC.H Ha-
:a;iJio Ha ( x - Xo )k i He ,n;iJIHTbC.H HaIJ,iJIO Ha ( x - Xo )k +
1. lHmHMH CJIO-

BaMH, · 1lUCJLOX0 e KOpeneM Kpamnocmi k MllOZOt.tJLena p moai i JLUute

moiJi, KOJLU p aiJLUmbCJl nalltiJLO na (x - X 0 )k i ne aiJLUmbCJl 1ialltiJLO na
(x-xol +1 , ae k E N.
OcKiJII>KH MHoro't!JieH P cTerreH.H n He Mome ,n;iJIHTHC.H HaIJ,iJio Ha
(x - Xo )k npM k > n, TO KO)KHHH KOpiHb Xo MHOrO't!JieHa p Mae KpaT-

HiCTb k, m;o 3a,D;OBOJibH.He HepiBHOCTi 1~ k ~ n.

216
 40. KparHi KopeHi

PoarJUIHeMo, HaTIPHKJia,ZJ;, MHOrOtJJieH p (x) = (x-1) 4 (x 2 +1) 2 Ha

MHOmHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX tJHCeJI. Moro KpaTHHM KopeHeM 6y,n;e He JIHme
't{HCJIO x 0 =1, a ii KOMIIJieKcHi 't{HCJia x1 = i Ta x 2 = -i. CnpaB,n;i, MHO-
rO't{JieH p MOmHa no,n;aTH y BHrJI.H,D;i
P(x)=(x-1) 4 (x-i) 2 (x+i) 2 •
ToMy tJHCJia x 1 = i Ta x 2 = -i e KopeH.HMH MHoro"'t{JieHa P KpaTHO-
CTi ,D;Ba.
y rronepe,n;HbOMY IIYffKTi BH ,n;i3HaJIHC.H, ID;O KOmHHH MHOrO"'t{JieH
P(z)=Zn +an _1 zn - l + ... +a1 z+a0
cTerreH.H n E N s KOMIIJieKCHHMH Koe<Pin;ieHTaMH MomHa no,n;aTH
y BHrJI.H,n;i .n;o6yTKY
P (z) ~ (z- z1 ) (z-z2 ) ••• (z-zn),
,n;e cepe.n; lJHCeJI Z1, Z2, ••• ' Zn MO)KYTb 6YTH o,n;HaKOBi.
BHKOpHCTOBYIO't{H IIOH.HTT.H KpaTHOCTi KOpeH.H, MOmHa c<PopMy-
JIIOBaTH O"'t{eBH,D;HHH HaCJii,D;OK D;bOro TBep,n;meHH.H: KO:HCH,UU MH,OZ0-
1£Jten cmenena n E N Mac piBno n KopeniB 3 ypaxyBaKnaM 1x
Kpamnocmi.
HanpHKJia,n;, MOmHa cKaaaTH, m;o MHOrO't{JieH
2
P(x)=(x-1) 4 (x-i) (x+i) 2
Ma€ 8 KopeHiB 3 ypaxyBaHH.HM lx KpaTHOCTi: 1, 1, l, 1, i, i, -i, -i.
YSarani, KOJIH rOBOp.HTb, ID;O "'t{lfCJia X 1 , X 2 , ••• , Xn € KOpeH.HMH MHO-

roqJieHa cTerreH.H n E N, TO cepe,n; nepeJii't{eHHX 't{HCeJI MomyTh 6yTH

o,n;HaKoBi. KpaTHiCTb KopeH.H BH3Ha't{a€, cKiJihKH paaiB n;eli KopiHh
sycTpi"'t{a€TbC.H B nepeniKy •
.HKm;o MHOrO't{JieH p p03KJia,n;eHO Ha JiiHiHHi MHO)KHHKH, TO
3'.HcyBaTH, .HKi KopeHi e KpaTHHMH, nerKo. Bamqe aHaHTH KpaTHiCTb
KopeH.H, .HKIIJ;O MHOrOl!JieH 3a,ZJ;aHO y CTaH.n;apTHOMY BHrJI.H,D;i
P(x)=anxn +an. _1 xn - l + ... +a0 •
BH.HBJI.H€TbC.H, m;o KpaTHiCTb KopeH.H MOmHa 3HaHTH, BHKOpHCTO-
ByIO't{H noxi.n;Hi MHOrO'lIJieHa
1
p. ,lJ;JI.H BH3Hal!eHH.H KpaTHOCTi KOpeH.H
rrop.H,n; s nepmoro Ta ,n;pyroro rroxi,n;HHMH MHOrO't{JieHa y = P (x) .n;o-
n;iJibHO posrn.H,n;aTH noxi.n;fil TpeTboro, 't{eTBepToro, ••• , n-ro nop.H,n;KiB.
HanpHKJia,ZJ;, ni.n; TpeTbOIO noxi,n;HoIO MHOrO't{JieHa P po3yMiroTb nepmy
noxi,n;Hy MHoro"'t{JleHa P". TpeTIO noxi,n;Hy MHoro-qneHa P noaHatJaIOTb
3
P"' a6o p< >.
1
OcKiJihKH y mKiJihHlH nporpaMi IIOHSITTSI noxi,n;Ho1 poarJISI,n;aeThCSI
TiJJhKH ,n;JISI <t>YHKu.ili f TaKHx, ~o D (f) c JR i E (f) c IR, TO BHKOpHcToBy-
BaTH noxi,n;Hy ,l.l;JISI nomyKy KpaTHHX KOpeHiB 6y,u;eMO JIHme Ha MH0'1<HHi
,n;iHCHHX 't!HCeJI.

217
§ 7. MHoro'-tneH111

Teopfl a 0 1. HK~o Kpamuuii Kopiub x 0 Muoio-.,,aeua P Mae

Kpamuicmb k, iJe k > 1 i k E N, mo "1£UCJ£O x 0 6yiJe KopeueM Muoio-
11,aeua P' Kpamuocmi k - 1.

!Ii 06e{)e1i Hfl • .HKm;o KpaTHHH KOpi.Hb Xo p Mae KpaT-

MHOrOt.IJieHa
HiCTb k, TO MHOrot.IJieH p MO./KHa rro,n;aTH y BlirJI.H,ZJ;i p (x) =(X-Xo )k Q (x),
,n;e k > l, k E Ni Q (x0 ) :;t 0. BHKOpHCTOBYIOt.IH TaKe rro,n;aHH.H MHoro-
t.IJieHa P, o6t.IHCJIHMO lioro rroxi,n;Hy. MaeMo:

P'(x)=((x-x 0 )k Q(x))' =k(x-x0 )k-l Q(x)+(x-x0 )k Q'(x)=

1
= (x -x0 )k - (kQ (x) + (x-x 0 ) Q' (x)) .
.H1un;o MHOI'Ot.IJieH kQ ( x) + ( x - Xo) Q' ( x) Il03Hat.IHTH -qepe3 Ql ( x)'
TO MO./KHa aanHcaTli
P' (x) =(x - x 0 )k -l Q1 (x).
OcKiJibKH 3Ha't!eHH.H MHorot.IJieHa Q1 (x) y Tot.Iu;i x = x0 ,n;opiBHroe
Q1 (x 0 )=kQ(x0 )+(x0 -x0 )Q'(x0 }=kQ(x0 ) i Q(x0 ):;t0, TO Q1 (x0 ):;t0.
IJ;e oaHaqae, w;o x 0 e KopeHeM MHOrO't!JieHa P' KpaTHOCTi k -1.

T p 0. . HK~o "'tucao x 0 c npocmuM KopeueM Muoio-

"'tJ£ena P, mo "'tucao x 0 ne c KopeueM Mnoio-.,,aena P '.

MipKyrot.IH aHanorit.IHo ,n;oBe,n;eHHIO TeopeMH 40.1, ,n;oBe,n;iTh u;e

TBep,n;.meHH.H caMOCTiHHO.
HarrpHKJia,n;, nerKo rrepeBipHTH, m;o 't!HCJIO x 0 =1 e KopeHeM MHO-
ro't!JieHa p (x) = x 5 -3x 2 + 2. 3Ha~eMO KpaTHiCTb k D;bOI'O KOpeH.H.
KonH npHnycTHTH, m;o k > 1, TO aa TeopeMoro 40.1 t.IHCJIO x 0 = 1 Mae
6yTH KopeHeM MHorot.IJieHa P' (x) = 5x -6x. Arre P' (1) :;t 0. ToMy
4

Harne npHrrym;eHH.H HeBipHe i k = 1. 0TJKe, Xo = 1 - rrpOCTliH KOpiHh

5
MHoro't!JieHa P (x) = x -3x + 2.
2
.
lHIIlHH npHKJia,LJ;. °t!HCJIO Xo = -1 € KOpeHeM MHOI'O't!J.IeHa p ( x) =
= x 4 - 3x 2 - 2x. 3Hali,n;eMo KpaTHiCTh k n;horo KopeH.a. OcKiJihKH 't!HCJIO
Xo =:-1 € KOpeHeM i MHOrO't!JieHa P' ( x) = 4x 3 - 6x - 2, TO aa Teope-
MOIO 40. 2 t.IHCJIO x 0
-1 He e rrpocTHM KopeHeM MHOrO't!JieHa P. ToMy
=
k > 1 i aa TeopeMOIO 40 .1 t.IHCJIO Xo = -1 € KopeHeM MHOI'O"tfJieHa
P' ( x) = 4x 3 - 6x - 2 KpaTHocTi ~ = k -1. IlpHIIYCTHMO, m;o ~ > 1. To,n;i,
BHKOpHCTOBYJOt.IH TeopeMY 40 .1 ,n;JI.a MHorot.IneHa P', MaeMo, w;o t.IHC-
2
no x 0 =-1 Mae 6yT:a KopeHeM MHorot.IJieHa P" (x) = 12x -6. Arre
P" (-1) :;t 0. 0Tme, Harne rrpHrrym;eHH.H HeBipHe i ~ = 1. 3Bi,n;CH k = 2.
218
 40. KparHi KopeHi

Ta.KHM t.IlfHOM, .HKm;o Tpe6a 3' .HCyBaTH, q11: e "'t!HCJIO x0 KopeHeM

MHOrO"t!JieHa p i .HKOl KpaTHOCTi, TO MOJKHa ,n;i.HTH 3a TaKOIO cxeMOIO.
1. Q6qHCJIHTH 3Ha"'tleHH.H p (xo) i rrepeKOHaTHC.H, m;o p (xo) = 0
(.HKIIJ;O P (x0 ) -:t 0, TO "'t!HCJIO x0 He e KopeHeM MHoro"t!JieHa P).
2. 06q11:cJIHBIIIH rroxi,n;Hi P', P", pm, ... , cepe,n; rrocni,n;oBHOCTi
3Ha"'tleHh P' (x0 ), P" (x0 ), pm (x0 ), ... 3HaHTH rrepIIIe HeHyJihO-

Be - Hexali o;e p<k> (x0 ).

3. 3po6HTH BHCHOBOK, m;o "'t{HCJIO Xo € KopeHeM MHOrO"tJJieHa p

KpaTHOCTi k.
nP~KnAA 1 3HaH,D;iTh KpaTHiCTh KOpeH.H X
0
=1 MHOroqJieHa

P(x)=x 10 -45x 2 +80x-36.

Po38'.fl3ann.fl. OcKiJihKH P(l)=l 10 -45·1 +80·1-36=0,
2
TO
x 0 =1 e KopeHeM MHOrO"'tlJieHa P. Cepe,n; rrocni,n;oBHOCTi
"'t!HCJIO 3Ha"'tleHh
P'(l), P"(l), ... 3Hali,n;eMo rrepme HeHyJihOBe. MaeMo:
P'(x)=l0x 9 -90x+80, P'(l)=l0·1 9 -90·1+80=0,
P"(x)=90x 8 -90, P"(l)=90·1 8 -90=0,
P"' (x) = 720x 7 , pm (1) = 720·1 7 =t: 0.
ToMy "'t!HCJIO x0 = 1 e KopeHeM MHOrO't!JieHa P KpaTHOCTi TPH.

BnpaeM
0
40.1. YKa.miTh KpaTHiCTh KOJKHoro ,n;ilicHoro KopeH.a MHOrO"'tlJieHa:

1) P(x)=(x-2) 3 ; 3) P(x)=x(x-1) 2 (x+2);

2) P(x)=(x+4) 3 (2x-1) 2 ; 4) P(x)=(x+3) 5 (x 2 +1) 3 •
40 . YKa.miTh KpaTHiCTh KO.iKHOro ,n;iHCHoro KOpeH.H MHOrO"'tlJieHa:

1) P(x)=(x+l) 5 ; 3) P(x)=(x-l)(x~2)(x-3) 2 ;
2) P(x)=(3x+2) 2 (x-4)7; 4) P(x)=(x-7) 2 (x 4 +2).
0

40.3. YKa.miTh KpaTHiCTh KO.iKHoro ,n;ilicHoro KopeH.H MHOroqJieHa:

1) P(x)=(x -6x+8) 2 ;
2
3) P(x)=(x 3 +x 2 +x)(x 3 -x) 3 ;
2
2) P(x)=(x +4x-5)(x 2 -25); 4) P(x)=(x 4 -1) 2 (x 2 -1) 3 (x-1) 4 •
40 YKamiTh KpaTHiCTh KO.iKHoro ,n;ilicHoro KopeH.H MHoroqneHa:

1) P (x) =(x 2 -3x+2) 3 ; 3) P (x) =(x 3 +1) 2 (x 2 +x) 4 •

2) P(x) =(x 2 -l)(x 2 -5x+4);

219
§ 7. MHoroYneHvi

40.5 .• 3Ha:H,n;iTb KOMIIJieKCHl KOpeHi MHOroqJieHa p i BKaJKl Tb lX

KpaTHiCTb, .HK~o:

1) P(z)=(z 4 -1) 5 ; 3) P (z) = (z 4 -5z 2 -36) 7 (z-3) 2 ;

2) P(z)=(z 2 -2z+5) 3 ; 4) P(z)=(z3 -2z+4) 4 •
0.6: 3HaH,ZJ;iTh KOMIIJieKCHi KOpeHi MHOroqJieHa p i BKaJKiTb lX
KpaTHlCTb, .HK~o:

1) P(z)=(z 2 -4z+5) 5 ; 3) P(z)=(z 3 -7z 2 +16z-10) 2 •

2) P(z)=(z 4 -4)(z 2 +2) 2 ;
40.7: HaBe,n;iTh npHKJia,n; MHoroqneHa 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koe<t>i:a;ieHTaMH,
.HKHM Mae KopeHi:

1) X1 =2 KpaTHOCTi TPH Ta X2 =3 KpaTHOCTi ,n;Ba;

2) X1 =i KpaTHOCTi ,ZJ;Ba;

3) X1 = -1 KpaTHOCTi TPH Ta X2 = 1- i KpaTHOCTi qoTHpH;

4) X1 = -1+2i KpaTHOCTi O,ZJ;HH Ta X2 = 1-i KpaTHOCTi ,ZJ;Ba.

o.s.· HaBe,ZJ;iTh npHKJia)J; MHOroqJieHa 3 ,n;iMCHHMH Koe<t>i:a;ieHTaMH,

.HKHH Mae KOpeHi:

1) = 3 KpaTHOCTi ,ZJ;Ba Ta X2 = -2 KpaTHOCTi TpH;

X1

2) X 1 = -i KpaTHOCTi TpH;
3) X1 = 2 - i KpaTHOCTi O,ZJ;HH Ta X2 = 1 + i KpaTHOCTi TpH.

40.9: MHoroqJieHH P i Q 3a,ZJ;OBOJibH.HIOTb YMOBy: .HK~o P (x0 ) =0,

,n;e XO E c, TO Q (xo) =0. "llH BHIIJIHBae 3Bi,n;CH, ~o MHOr0'1JieH Q
,n;inHTbC.H HaD;iJio Ha MHoroqneH P?
0. 0. • MHoro11neH Q ,n;iJIHThC.H Han;iJio Ha MHoroqneH P i qHcno x0
e KpaTHHM KOpeHeM MHoro11JieHa p. "llH MOJKHa CTBep,n;myBaTH,
~o qHCJIO Xo e KpaTHHM KOpeHeM MHOrO't!JieHa Q?
40.11: YKamiTh RpaTHiCTb KopeH.H x 0 MHOrO'l!JieHa P:
1) P(x)=x 8 -8x+7, x 0 =1;
2) P (x) = 3x 6 -8x 4 -64, x 0 =-2;
3)·P(x)=5x 12 +12x 5 +7, x 0 =-1;
4) P(x)=x 4 -12x 3 +54x 2 -108x+81, x 0 =3.
0. : YRamiTh KpaTHiCTh KopeH.H x0 MHoroqneHa P:
1) P(x)=x 25 +25x 3 +26, x 0 =-1;
2) P(x)=x 4 -24x 2 +64x-48, x 0 =2;
3) P(x)=7x 12 -22x 7 +70x-55, x 0 =1.

220
 40. KparHi KopeHi

40.13: IlpH HKHX ,u;ilicHHX A i B l!HCJIO x = -1 e KpaTHHM KopeHeM

MHoro"tJJieHa P (x) = Ax
2012 +Bx 2011 +1?

4 .14: Ilp:a .HKHX ,u;ilicHHX A i B "t!HCJio x = 1 e KpaTHHM KopeHeM

MHOrO"t!JieHa P ( x) = x
2011 +Ax+ B?

40.15:· 3HaH,ZJ;iTh KpaTHi KopeHi MHOrO"t!JieHa

P(x)=x 4 -8x 3 +64x+64.
40.ts:· 3Hali,u;iTh KpaTHi KOpeHi MHOI'O'IJieHa
P(x)=x 4 +4x 3 -8x+4.
40.11:· Yci KopeHi MHorot.IJieHa P(x)=x 3 +ax 2 +5x+3b, ,u;e a, b E Z,
e n;iJHIMH l!HCJiaMH. ,IJ;oBe,ZJ;iTh, m;o MHOrOtIJieH He Mae KpaTHHX
KOpeHiB.
40. s:· Yci KOpeHi MHOrOt.IJieHa P(x)=x 3
+ax 2 +7x+8b, ,u;e a, b E z,
e n;iJIHMH l!HCJiaMH. ,IJ;oBe,ZJ;iTh, :rn;o MHOrO"tJJieH He Mae KpaTHHX
KOpeHiB.
MHOrOllJieH BH,ZJ;Y p (x) = x
3
40.19:· + px + q Mae KpaTHi Kopelri.. ,IJ;o-
Be,ZJ;iTh, m;o 27 q 2 + 4p 3 = 0.
4 .20:· IIpo Koe<Pin;ieHTH MHOI'OlJ:JieHa p (x) = x 3 -3 px + 2q Bi,ZJ;OMO,
3 2
:rn;o p = q • ,IJ;oBe,ZJ;iTh, :rn;o MHOI'Ol!JieH p Mae KpaTHi KOpeHi.
40.21:· ,IJ;oBe,u;iTh, m;o rrpH mo,n;HOMY n E N MHoro"t!JieH
x2 x3 xn
P(x)=l+x+-+-+ ... + -
2t 3! nt
He Mae KpaTHHX KOpeHiB.
40.22:· ,IJ;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rrp:a mo,n;HoMy n E N MHOrO"tIJieH
x
2n x
2n - l x
2n - 2
P(x)=--- + - - - - ... -x+l
(2n)! (2n-1)! (2n-2)t
He Mae KpaTHHX KOpeHlB.
40.23. ·· MHorotIJieH P TaKHH, m;o l!HCJIO x0 e KopeHeM MHorotIJieHa P'
KpaTHOCTi k. "llH MOJKHa CTBep,n;myBaTH, :rn;o Xo e KopeHeM MHoro-
lJ:JieHa p KpaTHOCTi k + 1?
40.24:· MHorOtIJieH p CTerreH.H n Mae n pi3HHX ,n;iHCHHX KOpeHiB. "llH
MOJKe MHOrO'IJieH p I MaTH KpaTHi KOpeHi?
40.2 :· Yci KOMIIJieKCHi KopeHi MHOrOtIJieHa anxn +an _lxn - l + ... +
+ a 2x 2 + a1x + a 0 - rrpocTi. "C.!:a Mome MHoro"t!JieH
na/l.xn - l +(n-l)an - 1 xn - 2 + ... +2a2x+a1
MaTH KpaTHi KOpeHi?

221
§ 7. MHoroYneH111

40.26. ·· MHorot:JJieH P 3 ,n;rncHHMH Koecpin;ieHTa.MH Mae eKcTpeMYM

y Tot:Jn;i x 0 • ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o MHoroqneH Q (x) = P (x)- P (x0 ) Mae
KpaTHHH KOpiHh.
40.27 ... Hexali Xo - ,n;iliCHHH KopiHh napHOl KpaTHOCTi MHoroqJieHa p
3 ,n;iliCHHMH Koecpin;ieHTaMH. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o icHy€ rrpOKOJIOTHH OKiJI
TO'CJKH Xo, y .HKOMY MHoroqJieH p 36epirae IIOCTiHHHH 3HaK.
40 . . Hexali Xo - ,n;iHCHHH KopiHh HerrapHOl KpaTHOCTi MHOro-
t:JJieHa p 3 ,n;iliCHHMH KOecpin;ieHTaMH. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o B 6y,n;h-.HKOMY
OKOJii TO'CJKH Xo MHOroqJieH p 3MiHIOe 3HaK.
40.29:· Ilpo MHOrOqJieH p 3 ,n;iHCHHMH KOecpiu;ieHTaMH i q:acJio Xo
2011 2012
Bi,n;oMo, m;o P'(x0 )=P"(x0 )= ... =P< > (x0 )=0, a p< > (x0 ):;t;O.
,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o <PYHKD;i.H y = p (x) Mae B Toqu;i Xo eKCTpeMyM.
40 0 .• Ilpo MHOrO"tJJieH p 3 ,n;iHCHHMH KOecpiD;i€HTaMH i qHCJIO X0
2011
Bi,n;oMo, m;o P'(x 0 )=P"(x0 )= ... =P< 2010 >(x0 )=0, a p< >(x0 ):;t;O.
,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;i.H y = p (x) He Mae B Toqu;i Xo eKCTpe-
MyMy •
...,...__ 40.31:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o KOJIH KOMITJieKCHe qHCJIO Zo e KpaTHHM
KOpeHeM MHOroqJieHa p 3 ,n;iHCHHMH Koecpiu;ieHTaMH KpaTHOCTi k,
TO KOMITJieKCHe qHCJIO Zo TaKOm € KpaTHHM KOpeHeM, ,n;o Toro m
Tie! caMOl KpaTHOCTi k.
40.32.·· Hexa:li P - TaKHH MHoroqJieH 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpin;ieHTaMH,
m;o p03B' .H3KOM HepiBHOCTi p (x) ~ 0 e O,D;HOeJieMeHTHa MHO-'KHHa.
,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o p Ma€ KpaTHHH KopiHh.
40.33. ·· MHoroq:neH cTerreH.H n E N 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpin;ieHTaMH Mae k
,n;iliCHHX KOpeHiB, KO-'KHHH 3 .HKHX € rrpoCTHM KOpeHeM. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh,
m;o qHcJia n i k o,n;HaKOBOl rrapHOCTi.
40.34. * MHoroqneH P a ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpiu;ieHTaMH TaKHli, m;o piB-
HHHHH p (x) = 3 Ma€ TPH ,n;ilicHHX KOpeHi, a piBH.HHH.H p (x) = 4
Mae 'CJOTHPH ,n;iHCHHX KOpeHi. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cepe,n; D;HX ceMH KO-
peHiB e KopiHh MHorot:JJieHa P'.
40.35. * MHoroqneH P (x) a ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpiu;ieHTaMH Ha6yBae
HeBi,n;'eMHHX 3HaqeHb rrpH Bcix ,n;iliCHHX 3HaqeHH.HX x. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh,
m;o lioro MO-'KHa no,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i CYMH KBa,n;paTiB KiJihKOX MHO-
roqJieHiB 3 ,n;iMCHHMH Koecpin;ieHTaMH.
40.36.* MHoroqJieH P cTerreH.H n Mae n pi3HHX ,n;ilicHHX KopeHiB • .HKy
Hali6iJihillY KiJihKiCTh HYJihOBHX Koecpiu;ieHTiB BiH MO.me MaTH?

222
 41. Ky6iYHi piBHflHHfl

Ky6i~Hi piBHSIHHSI
y 8 Ta 9 KJiacax BH ,n;eTa.JibHO 03HaMOMHJIHCH 3 BJiaCTHBOCTHMH KBa-
,n;paTHllHOl <l>YHKD;ll, OTPHMa.JIH cpopMyJIH ,D;JIH p03B'H3YBaHHH KBa,n;paT-
HHX piBHHHh, II03HalioMHJIHCH 3 TeopeM010 BieTa, HKa ycTaHOBJIIOe
3B'H30K KOpeHiB KBa,n;paTHOro piBHHHHH 3 lioro KOecpiu;ieHTaMH.
y D;bOMY IIYHKTi BHB'1HMO ,n;e.aKi BJiaCTHBOCTi Ky6i'1HHX piBHHHb.

03Ha'leHHH. PiBHHHHH BH,Zzy ax3 + bx2 +ex+ d = 0, ~ex - 3MiHHa,

a, b, c, d - napaMeTpH, npH'IOMY a * 0, Ha3HBalOTL Ky6i 'IHHM·

Ky6i1IHi piBHHHHH He e ,n;n.a Bae HOBHMH. TaK, y 8 KJiaci BH ,n;i-

3Ha.JIHCH, HK rnyKaTH pau;ioHaJibHi KOpeHi MHOr0'1JieHiB 3 n;iJIHMH
Koe<t>in;ieHTaMH. ToMy BH MomeTe po3B'.a3aTH, HanpHKJia,n;, Ky6i-q:He
piBHHHHH x 3 -2x+1=0.
Ilo3HaMOMHMOCH i3 3ara.JibHHM MeTO,D;OM (lioro Ha3HBaIOTb MeTO~OM
Kap~aHo) poaB'H3YBa.HH.a Ky6i"tJHHX piBHHHh Ha TaKOMY rrpHKJia,n;i.

nPMKJlA.Q 1 PoaB' HJKiTh y KOMIIJieKCHHX l.IHCJiaX Ky6il.!He piB-

HHHHH:
x 3 + 3x 2 -3x-11=0. (1)

p
1
0 3 8 Jl3 a Ii H,Jl • .HKID;O ,D;OIIOBHHTH ,D;Ba rrepIIIHX ,D;O,D;aHKH x 3 + 3x 2
JiiBOl '1aCTHHH piBHHHHH ,n;o cpopMy JIM Ky6a cyMH x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 =
3
= (x + 1) ' TO piBHHHHH (1) MOJKHa nepernrcaTH y BHrJIH,D;i

(x+l) 3 -6x-12=0.
3po6HBIIIH 3aMiHy t = x + l, OTpHMa€MO
3
t - 6 ( t -1) -12 = O;
t 3 -6t-6=0. (2)
3
0TJKe, BH,n;iJieHHH B piBHHHHi (1) IIOBHOrO Ky6a (x + 1) ,n;arro 3MO-

ry rrepeliTH ,n;o piBHHHHH (2) a HYJihOBHM Koe<t>in;ieHTOM npH t2 •

,ll;JIH p03B'.aaaHHH piBHHHHH (2) no,n;aMO 3MiHHY t y BHrJIH,D;i CYMH
t = u + v, ,n;e 3Ha'1eHHH 3MiHHHX u i v o6epeMo rriaHirrre. MaeMo:
3
(u+v) -6(u+v)-6=0;
u 3 +v 3 +3uv(u+v)-6(u+v)-6=0;
u 3 +v 3 +(u+v)(3uv-6)-6=0. (3)
Ili,n;6epeMo 3Hal.feHHH 3MiHHHX u i v TaK, m;o6 3uv - 6 = 0, T06TO
uv=2.

223
§ 7. MHoro'-lneHV1

To.n;i piBHSIHHa (3) Ha6yBae BHrJIH,n;y u 3 + v 3 = 6. 0Tme, ,n;JIH aHa-

xo.n;meHHH 3MiHHHX u i v p03B 'HmeMO CHCTeMy

U3+V3=6, (4)
{
uv=2.
2
Ili,n;cTaBJIHIO't!H v =- y rrepme plBHHHHH CHCTeMH, 3Haxo,n;HMO
u
3 8
u +-a=6,
u
u 6 -6u 3 +8=0.
u 3 = 4 a6o
3Bi,n;cH u 3 = 2.
3
HKn:t;O u = 4, TO 3 rrepmoro piBHHHHH CHCTeMH ( 4) OTpHMyeMo:
3 3
v = 2, a HKn:t;o u = 2, To oTpHMyeMo: v 3 = 4. OcKiJihKH aHa't!eHHH
t = u+ v He 3MiHIOeTbCH, HKID;O IIOMiHHTH MiCD;HMH ,IJ;O,IJ;aHKH u i v , TO
3
u =4,
3
MOmHa poarJia,n;aTH JIHI.IIe BHrra,n;oK v = 2, OcKiJihKH plBHHHHH

uv=2.
v 3
=2 BHIIJIHBae 3 ,IJ;BOX iHI.IIHX piBHHHh OCTaHHhOl CHCTeMH, TO .n;o-

u3 =4,
CTaTHhO p03B'H3aTH CHCTeMY
{ uv=2.
BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H cpopMy JIH ,IJ;JIH KopeHH n-ro CTerreHH 3 KOMITJieKC-
3
Horo 't!HCJia, poaB'HmeMo piBHSIHHH u =4. MaeMo:

u1 =if4,
u2 = v 4
3J; (
COS S2n + l.Slil
. S2n) ,
3J; (
u3 = v 4 COSS+ l
4n . . S4n) . Slil

2
3Bi,IJ;CH 3a cpopMyJIOIO v =- OTpHMyeMo:
u
v1 = W.,
v 2 = ef2 (cos -~" + i sin -~it),
3fn (
v3 =vL. cos -47t +is1n
. . -47t) .
3 3
TaKHM '!HHOM, 3Haxo,n;HMO TPH poaB'H3KH piBHSIHHH (2):
tl =if4 +W.,

224
 41. Ky6iYHi piBHHHHH

t3 = v
'J,/; (
4 cos S47t + i. sin
. S47tJ + v3/n2 (
Li cos
-47t + i. s1n
3
. -47tJ =
3
=- if4 +ifi. -i.J3
. ( if4 - ifi. J.
2 2
IloBepTaIO"t!HCb p;o 3MiHHo1 x, MO.JKHa 3arrHcaTH Bci TPH po3B'H3KH
piBHHHH.H (1).

Bi8no8i8b: v
X 1 -- 3/;4
4 + v3ln2Li -1 , X 2 -- if4 +ifi. +2+ l.'\/ln36 (if4 - ifi.J ,
2 2

X3 = if4+ifi.+2
2
. (if4-ifi.J .
-i.J3 2
Bip;3Ha"t!HMo, m;o MeTop; Kap,D;aHO Mo.me 6yTH 3acTocoBaHHH ,D;O
6y,D;b-HKOro Ky6i"tJHOro piBHHHHH ax
3
+ bx 2 +ex+ d = 0, ,D;e a-;;/= 0.
HaBe,D;eHHH rrpHKJia,D; rrepeKOHJIHBO rroKa3ye, m;o BHKOPHCTaHHH
MeTO,lJ;Y Kap,D;aHO BHMarae Hea6HHKHX 3YCHJib i YBajKHOCTi. Bop;Ho"t!ac,
HKID;O B 3a,D;a"t!i IIOTpi6HO 3HaHTH ~e CaMi KopeHi X1' X2' X3 Ky6i"t!HO-
ro piBHHHHH, a 3HatieHHH ,D;e.HKHX BHpa3iB, HKi MiCTHTb KOpeHi, Ha-
npHKJia,ll; xl + X2 + X3 a6o X1 X2X3' TO MO.IKHa o6iliTHCH rrpocTiIIIHMH
po3paXYHKaMH. 'Y II;bOMY p;orroMarae TeopeMa BieTa.

TeopeMa 41 . 1 (TeopeMa BiE:Ta) . KoMnneKcni 11,ucna x 1 , x 2,

x 3 e Kopen11..Mu Mnoio11,nena a KOMnneKcnuMu Koe<J>ilfimmaMu
P (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + ex + d, a -:I= 0,
mooi i nume mooi, 1(,0l£U

c
X1X2 +X1X3 +X2X3 =-, (5)
a
d
X1X2X3 =--.
a
/{ 0 8 e 8 e 1i llJl • .flKIIJ;O 'CJHCJia X 1 , X 2 , X 3 e KOpeH.HMH MHOrO"tJJieHa p,
TO MHOrO'CJJieH p MO.IKHa IIO,ll;aTH y BHrJI.a,D;i ,ll;06yTKY
p ( X) = a ( X - X 1 ) ( X - X 2 ) ( X - X 3 ).

¥ rrpaBili -qacTHHi ocTaHHI>o1 piBHocTi po3KpHeMo ,D;Y.JKKH. MaeMo:

3 2
p ( x) = ax - a ( X1 + X2 + X3) x + a ( xl X2 + Xi X3 + X2X3 ) x - axl X2 X3.
'
225
§ 7. MHoro11neH111

OcKiJibKH MHorolIJieHH
3 2
ax +bx +cx+d (6)
1
8 2
ax -a (xl + X2 + X3) x +a (X1X2 + X1X3 + X2X3) x-aX1X2X3 (7)
Ha6yBaIOTb O,D;Ha:KOBHX 3HalleHb rrpH Bcix 3Hal!eHH.HX x, TO IX KOe<}>i-
n;ieHTH rrpH o,n;HaKOBHX cTerreH.HX 3MiHHo1 x 36iraIOTbC.H. ToMy
- a(x1 +x2 +x 3 )=b,
a (X 1 X 2 + X1 X 3 + X 2X 3 ) = C,
-ax1 x 2 x 3 =d.
3Bi,D;CH BHIIJiliBaIOTb piBHOCTi CHCTeMH ( 5).
HaBIIaKli, .HKID;O BHKOHyIOTbC.H piBHOCTi CliCTeMli (5), TO MHOro-
lIJieHH (6) i (7) MaIOTb piBHi Bi,D;IIOBi,n;Hi Koe<}>in;ieHTH, TOMY n;i MHOro-
"tIJieHH piBHi rrpH Bcix 3Ha'IeHH.HX x. OcKiJibKH MHOrO'IJieH (7) MOmHa
rreperrHca TH y BlirJIH,n;i
a (x - X1 ) ( x - Xz) ( x - X3)'
TO MaeMo, m;o
3 2
ax +bx +cx+d=a(x-x1)(x-x2 )(x-x3 ).
D;e 03Ha'Iae, r:a;o 'IliCJia X1' Xz' X3 e KOpeH.HMH MHOrO'IJieHa p . •
nPMKnAll 2 3Hali,n;iTb CYMY i ,n;o6yTOK ycix KOMIIJieKCHliX KOpeHiB
Ky6i"tIHOro piBH.HHH.H
3 2
x + 3x - 3x -11 = 0.
Po a 8' a a an n Ji. Y poaB 'HaaHHi rrp:aKJia,n;y 1 aHali,n;eHo Bci KopeHi
X1' X2' X3 ,n;aHoro piBH.HHH.H. IlpoTe HaBiTb .HKID;O Bi,n;oMi TO'IHi 3Ha-
"tieHH.H n;Hx :KopeHiB, o61I:acJieHH.H !x CYMH i ,n;o6yTKY BHMarae rreBHOI
TexHilIHOI po6oT:a (crrpo6yliTe rrpoBecT:a n;i poapaxyHKH).
Bo,D;Ho"tlac, BHKop:acTOBYIOllli TeopeMy BieTa, o,n;paay MaeMo, m;o
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = -3,
X 1X 2 X 3 =11. •
nPMKnA.Q J CKiJibKli ,n;rncHHX KOpeHiB Mae piBH.HHHH
x 3 -2x 2 -x+l=O?
3Haii,n;iTb CYMY IX KBa,n;paTiB.
1
Po3,8 .R3annJi. 3'.HcyeMO, CKiJibKH ,n;iHCHHX KOpeHiB Mae MHOro-
'IJieH P (x) = x 3 -2x 2 - x + 1. MaeMo:
P(-1)=-1<0, P(O)=l>O, P(l)=-1<0, P(3)=7>0.
Oc:KiJib:Kli Ha KiHn;Hx KomHoro a Bi,n;pi3KiB [-1; O], [O; l], [1; 3]
MHOrOlIJieH p Ha6YBae 3Ha"tieHb pi3HHX 3HaKiB, TO Ha KOJKHOMY 3 iHTep-
Ba.JJ:iB (-1; 0), (O; 1), (1; 3) MHOrO'tJJieH p Mae ,n;iHCHHH KOpiHb. 3Bi,n;CH
BliIIJIHBae, r:a;o MHorolIJieH p Mae Tpli ,n;i.HCHHX KOpeHi X1' Xz' X3 •

226
 41. Ky6iYHi piBH5lHH5l

3Hali,n;eMo cyMy x: + x; + x;. 3a TeopeMoro BieTa ,n;;u1 MHoro't!Jie-

Ha P MaeMo:
X1 + X2 + x 8 = 2,
X1X2 + X1X3 + X2Xs =-1.
To,n;i
2 2
x: +x; +x; =(xl +X2 +x3) -2(X1X2 +X1Xs +X2X3)=2 -2(-1)=6 . •

nPfllKJlA.Q 4 TpH KOMIIJieKCHHX 't!HCJia X1 , X2 , X 8 € KOpeHSIMH piB-

HSIHHSI x 3x 2 + 2x + 1=0. CKJia,n;iTh Ky6i't!He piBHJIHHH 3 KopeHHMH

-

X1X2, X1Xa Ta X2X3•

Po 3 8' R 3 an n R. 3a TeopeMoro BieTa KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi x 1 , x 2 ,
Xa ,n;aHoro piBHHHHH 3a,D;OBOJihHHIOTh piBHOCTi:
X 1 + X 2 + X 8 = 1,

X1X2 + X 1 X 3 + X2Xa = 2,
X1X2 X8 = -1.
To,n;i ,n;JISI t.IHcen t 1 = x 1 x 2 , t 2 = x 1 x 3 Ta t 3 = x 2xa BHKOHYIOThCH piB-
HOCTl
tl +t2 +ta =X1X2 +X1Xa +X2Xa =2,
t 1t 2 +t1 t 3 +t2t 3 =x:x2x 3 +x;x1x 3 +xix1x 2 =x1x 2xa (x1 +x2 +x3 )=-l,
tl t2 ta = X12 X22 Xa2 = 1 .
ToMy 3a TeopeMoro BieTa tIHCJia t 1 , t2 Ta ta e KopeHHMH piBHSIHHH
2
x 3 -2x -x-1 =0. •
nP~KnA.Q 5 Po3B'HmiTb y ,n;iHCHHX t.IHCJiaX CHCTeMy piBHHHb
x+ y+z=3,
2 2 2
x + y + z = 11,
x 3 + y 3 + z3 = 2 7.
2
Po 3 8 'R 3 an n R. Po3r JIHHeMo MHorot.IJieH P ( t) = t 3 + pt +qt+ r
3 KOpeHJIMH X, y, Z.
3a TeopeMoro BieTa p = -(x + y + z) = -3. OcKiJihKH
(x + y +z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 +z 2 +2 (xy+xz+ yz), TO 9=11+2 (xy + xz+ yz).
3Bi,D;CH
q = xy + xz + yz = -1.
ToMy MHorot.IJieH P MomHa aarrHcarH TaK:
P(t)=t 3 -3t 2 - t+r.
3Hali,n;eMo Koecpio;ieHT r. OcKiJibKH t.IHcJia x, y, z e KopeHJIMH
MHOrOtIJieHa p' TO

227
§ 7. MHoroYneH111

x 3 -3x 2 -x+ r = 0,
y 3 -3y 2 -y+r=O,
z 3 - 3z 2 - z + r = 0.
,Il;oAaBIIlH TPH OCTaHHi piBHOCTi, OTpHMa€MO
(x 3 +y 3 +z 3 )-3(x 2 +y 2 +z 2)-(x+y+z)+3r=0.
3BiACH, BHKOPHCTOBYIO't!H yMoBy 3Mat.Ii, MaeMo:
27-3·11-3+3r=0; r=3.
TaKHM "llHHOM,
P(t)=t 3 -3t 2 -t+3.
P03KJIMaIO"tlH MHOrO"ll.JieH p Ha MHOJKHHKH, Ma€MO, m;o
P(t)=t 2 (t-3)-(t-3)=(t-3)(t 2 -l)=(t-3)(t-l)(t+l).
OT.me, KopeH.HMH MHoroq.JieHa e qHc.Jia 3, 1 i -1.
BiiJnoeiiJb: (3; l; -1), (l; 3; -1), (l; -1; 3), (3; -1; 1), (-1; 1; 3),
(-1; 3; 1). •

BnpaaM
0
41.1. TpH KOMIIJieKCHHX "llHCJia xl' x 2, x 3 e KopeH.HMH p1BHHH-

HH 2x 3 - 4x 2 + x - 6 = 0. 3HaMAi Tb 3Ha-creHH51 BHpaaiB xl + X2 + X3

i X 1X 2 X 3 •

1.2. TpH KOMIIJieKCHHX qHcJia xl' x 2, x 3 e KopeH.HMH piBH.HHHH

-x 3 +2x 2 -7x-1=0. 3HaHAiTb 3Ha"lleHH.H BHpa31B X1 +X2 +X3

i X1X 2 X 3 •

3x 3 -
0
41.3. xl' x 2, x 3 - KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi
Hexaii piBH.HHH.H

-px+q=O. 3HaHAiTb X1 +x2, .HKID;O X3 =-2.

1.4. Hexali x 1 , x 2 , x 3 - KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi piBH.HHH.H 6x 3 + px 2 -
-qx+18=0. 3HaHAiTb X1X2, .HKID;O X3 =3.
41.5: PiBH.HHH.H x 3 + px 2 + x = 0 Ma€ KOMIIJieKcHi KOpeHi Xp X2 Ta

x 3 = 0. 3HaHAiTb X 1 X 2 •

41.6 .•. "llHCJIO 2 € KpaTHHM KopeHeM piBH.HHH.H x 3 + px 2 -20x + q = 0.

3HaHAiTb KOMIIJieKCHi KopeHi D;bOro piBH.HHH.H.

41.7: TpH KOMIIJieKCHHX qHc.Jia xl' x 2 , x 3 e KopeH.HMH piBH.HHH.H

5x 3 + px 2 +15x-40=0. 3HaMAiTb xl +X2, .HKIIJ;O X3 =25.

TpH KOMIIJieKCHHx t.IHCJia x 1 , x2 , x3 e KopeH.HMH piBHHHHH

x 3 + 29x 2 -6x + q = 0. 3Haii,n;iTb X1X2, .HKID;O X3 =-31.

228
 41. Ky6i4Hi piBHHHHH

41.9 .• ,11;ilicHi KopeHi piBH.HHH.H x 3 + px 2 - qx + 6 = 0 Bl)J;HOC.HTbC.H .HK

1: 2: 3. 3Hali.zi;iTb 3HatJeHH.H Koe<Pin;ieHTiB p i q.
. o.• PiBH.HHH.H x 3 - 8x 2 + px + q = 0 Mae KOMIIJieKCHi KOpeHi X1' X2'
x3 • Bi.zi;oMo, m;o x 1 -x2 =1, x 2 +x3 =5. 3Haii,ZJ;iTb 3HatJeHH.H Koe-
<Pin;ieHTiB p i q.

41.11: Tp:a .zi;iiicH:ax KopeHi piBH.HHH.H x 3 -6x 2 -qx+10=0 yTBopro-

IOTb ap:a<t>MeTHtJHY rrporpeciro. 3HaH,ZJ;iTb 3HatJeHH.H q.
Tp:a .zi;iHCHHX KOpeHi piBH.HHH.H x
3
+ px 2 + 39x - 2 7 = 0 YTBO-
p1010Tb reoMeTpHtIHY nporpeciro. 3Haii.zi;iTb p.

41.13: Bi.zi;oMo, m;o piBH.HHH.H 2x 3 -4x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0 Mae TPH .zi;1:acHHx

KOpeHi X1' X2' X3. 06"tIHCJiiTb 3HatJeHH.H BHpaay:

1 1 1
1) -+-+-;
Xl X2 X3
2 2
2) x l2 + x 2 + x 3'•
3 2
4 . .
Bi.zi;oMo, m;o piBH.HHH.H x + 2x - 5x + 1=0 Mae Tp:a .zi;iiicH:ax
KopeHi xl' X2, X3· 06"tIHCJiiTb 3HatJeHH.H BHpaay:
1 1 1
1) --+--+--;
X1 X2 X2X3 Xl X3
2) + X 2 ( X 3 - X 2 ) + X 3 ( X 1 - X 3 );
X 1 ( X 2 - X1 )

3) x; (x2 + x 3 ) + x; (x1 + x 3 ) + x: (x1 + x 2 ).

41.15: Hexaii xl' X2, X3 - KOMIIJieKCHi KOpeHi piBH.HHH.H x 3 + px+
+ q = 0. ,ll;oBe,ZJ;iTb piBHOCTi:
2 2 2 2 2 2
~+~~+~=~+~~+~=~+~~+~.
3
1. 6 Hexa.H x 1 , x2 , x3 - KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi piBH.HHH.H x + px 2 +
+ q = 0. ,ll;oBe,ZJ;iTb piBHOCTi:
x; ( X2 + X3) = x; (X1 + X3) = xi ( X1 + X2).
41.17 .• qHCJia X1' X2' X3 p (x) = x 3 + px + q.
e KopeH.HMH MHOI'O't!JieHa
,ll;oBe.zi;iTh, m;o q:acna t 1 = x 2 + x 3 , t 2 = x 1 + x 3 Ta t 3 = x 1 + x 2 e Kope-
3
H.HMH MHOI'OtJJieHa Q (x) = x + px - q.
3
qHCJia X1' X2' X3 e KOpeH.HMH MHOI'OtJJieHa P( x) = x + px + q.
,ll;oBe,ZJ;iTb, m;o lJHCJia tl = X2X3 ' t2 = X1 X3 i ta = X1 X2 e KOpeH.HMH
MHorotJJieHa Q(x) = x
3
- px 2 -q 2 •

229
§ 7. MHoroYneHvi

41.19: KopeHHMH MHoro"tIJieHa x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x -2 = 0 e TPH KOMIIJieK-

CHHX "t!HCJia xl' x 2 , x 3 • CKJiatJ;iTh Ky6i"t!He piBHSIHHH a KopeHHMH

3x1 , 3x2 Ta 3x3 •

41.20. • KopeHHMH MHoroqneHa x 3 - x 2 + 4x -1=0 e TPH KOMIIJieKCHlfX

qHcna x1 , x 2 , x 3 • CKJiatJ;iTh Ky6iqHe piBHHHH.H a KopeHHMH x;,
2 2
X2 Ta Xa.

41.2 .• KopeHHMH MHoro"t!JieHa x 3 - 2x 2 + 3x - 4 = 0 e TPH KOMIIJieKc-

HHX qHcJia x1, x2 , x3 • CKnap;i Tb Ky6i qHe piBHSIHH.H a KopeHHMH

X1 +X2, X1 +X3 Ta X2 +Xa·

41.22: PoaB'HmiTh piBHHHH.H:

1) z 3 +6z+2 =0;
2) z 3 +6z 2 +9z+1=0.
41 23; PoaB'HmiTb piBHHHHH:

1) z3 + 18z + 15 = O;
2) z 3 - 9z 2 + 24z -1 7 = 0.
41.24:· PoaB' HmiTh cHcTeMy piBHHHb y ,n;ilicHHX "t!Hcnax:

xyz=-6,
x+ y+z=-1,
xy + xz + yz = l,
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = -25,
I
l) 1 1 1 2 3)
-+-+-=--; xy + xz + y z =-5.
xy yz xz 3

.x; + y + z = 6,
2
2) x + y 2 + z 2 =14,
[
xyz =6;

41.25 . • PoaB'HmiTb c:acTeMy piBHSIHh y ,n;ilicHHX qHcJiax:

. x+y+z=2,
x+ y+z=2,
xy + xz + yz = -1,
l) 1 1 1 1 3) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6,
-+-+-=-; xa + ya + za = 8.
x y z 2
xy+xz+ yz=(x+ y+z)-13,
2) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 29,
!
xyz=-24;

230
 41. Ky6iYHi piBHHHH5l

41.26 .•• )l;aHO ,ZJ;Ba TpHKYTHHKH - O,ZJ;HH 31 CTOPOHa.MH al' a2' a3'
a ,n;pyrHH ai CTOpOHaMH bl' b2, ba. )l;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o u;i TPHKYTHHKH
piBHi TO,ZJ;i i JIHllle TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH
a1 + a2 + aa = b1 + b2 + ba'
aia2 + aiaa + a2aa = b1b2 + b1ba + b2ba,
lli a2aa = b1 b2ba ·
41.27 :· II po ,n;ilicHi "t!HCJia x, y' z Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o x + y + z, xy + xz + yz
i xyz - pau;ioHa.JihHi "tIHCJia. ~H MomHa rapaHTYBaTH, m;o cepe,n;
't!HCeJIx, y, z e pau;ioHa.JihHi?
41.28:· )l;aHO 't!HCJia a, b, c, cepe,n; .HKHX HeMae piBHHX. 3HaH,n;iTh
3Ha'tleHH.H 3MiHHHX x' y' z' .HKID;O
x +ya+ za 2 = -a 3 ,
x+ yb+zb 2 =-b 3 ,
x +ye+ zc 2 = -c 3 •
~t.20:· IIpo 't!HCJia x' y' z Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o
1
(x + y +z)-3 (xy +xz+ yz) + 9xyz =-.
3
1
)l;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He 3 I.I;HX 't!HCeJI ,n;opiBHIO€
3
a+b+c = 0,
41.30:· ~H icHylOTh TaKi ,n;iHCHi 't!HCJia a, b, c, m;o 1 1 1
{ -+-+-=0?
a b c
41.31:· ~HCJia x, y, z, a 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH.HIOTh CHCTeMy
x+ y+z =a,
1 1 1 1
{ -+-+-=-.
x y z a
)l;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He a 't!HCeJI x, y, z ,n;opiBHIOe a.
41.32:· Ilpo ,n;ilicHi "t!HCJia a, b, c Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o:
a +b+c ~ 0, ab+ac+bc ~ 0, abc ~ 0.
)l;oBe,n;iTh, m;o 't!HCJia a, b i c - HeBi,n;'eMHi.
41 .33:· Ilpo ,n;iHCHi "t!HCJia a, b, c Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o
abc =1,
1 1 1
{ a+b+c=-+-+-.
a b c
)l;oBe,n;iTh, ~o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He 3 't!HCeJI a, b, c ,n;opiBHIO€ 1.

231
§ 7. MHoroYneH1-1

41.34.* Ilpo ,n;ii-IcHi qHcJia £li < a2 < a 3 Ta b1 < b2 < b3 Bi,n;oMo, m;o
lli + a2 + aa = b1 + b2 + ba'
a1a2 +a1aa +a2aa =b1b2 +b1ba +b2ba,
at < b1.
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o a2 > b2 i a3 < b3.
41.35.* Ilpo ,n;ilicHi "CJHCJia x, y, z Bi,n;OMO, m;o
x+y+z=5,
x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
112
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o 4<xyz<-.
27
. a b c
41.36.* ll;ini qHcJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o 'IHCJia a+ b + ..:_ 1 -+-+- TaKO)K
b c a c a b
I I= I I= I I·
n.iJii. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o a b c
41.37.* IJ;ini qHcJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o KO:>RHe 3 "lllfCeJI a+b+c i
a 2 + b 2 + c2 ,n;iJIHThCH HalJ,iJIO Ha HenapHe 'tlHCJIO n. ,II;oBe,n;iTb, m;o
"CJHCJIO a 5 + b 5 + c5 TaKO)K ,n;iJIHThCH Han.ino Ha 't!HCJIO n.
41.38.* CyMa HeBi,n;'eMHHX 'IHcen a, b, c ,n;opiBHIOe o,n;HHHU.i. ,IJ;o-
Be,n;iTh, m;o
7
ab+bc+ca-2abc <-.
27

232
BIAnOBIAI TAB A31B ,,, AO BnPAB

21.19. 4) 144; 5) 64; 6) 1; 7) O; 8) 48. 2.1.20. 4) 9; 5) 10; 7) 2.

21.21. 1) -3; 2) -1; 3) .!.; 4) _.!_; 5) .!.; 6) .!.; 7) _.!.; 8) _.!..
2 2 2 2 4 2
1
21.22. 1) 1; 2) -1; 3) O; 4) -1. 21.23. 1) -; 2) -3. 21.24. 1) -5;
2
2) -2. 21.25. 1) 2; 2) 4. 21.26. 1) 6; 2) 9. 21.28. 30. 21.29. 21.
21.30. loga b. 21.31. logb a. 21.39. PoarJIHHbTe, HanpHRJI~, qJ1IcJia
~ = .J3, b = log 3 4. 21.40. PoarJIHHbTe, HarrpHRJia,n;, T.IHCJia a= 3,
b =log 3 4. 21.41. 1. 21.42. 1) -1 < x < l; 2) x * 1; 3) x < 2; 4) x =t= 2.
21.43. 1) O; 2) O; 3) O; 4) 0. 21.44. lg 2. B1eaait11ca. Y ROmHoMy
a Jiorap1npMiB rrepeli,n;~Th ;o ocHOBH 10. 21.45.
5
. 21.50. B1eaai81ea.
2
... • • xlo b log X • logb X
CROpHCTB.HTeCH plBHlCTIO bx =a ga • 21.51. a . B1eaai81Ca.
' log a x + log b x
1 1
logx ab= logx a+ logx b = + . 21.52. B1eaai81Ca. Y BHpaai
loga x logb x
logab x rrepeli,n;iTh ,n;o ;rorap:mpMa 3 OCHOBOIO a. 21.53. -3. B1eaai81ea.
2a+b+l
CRopHCTaHTeCH THM, rn;o logab b + logab a = 1. 21.54.
2b+l
21.55.1) 2(2a-1); 2) a+b. 21.56.1) 3-3a.
3(2-a) l-a b+l
1 1
22.12. 1) 2; 2) l; 3) -. 22.13. 1) -; 2) 3. 22.14. 1) 1 R0-
2 2
piHh; 2) 1 ROpiHh; 3) 1 ROpiHh. 22.15. 1) 1 ROpiHh; 2) 1 ROpiHb.
22.16. 1) 2 < log 3 10 < 3; 2) 2 < log 2 5 < 3; 3) -2 < log! 7 < -1;
4) -1 < log 0 , 1 2 < 0. 22.17. 1) 4 < log 2 29 < 5; 2) -4 < log! 9 < -3.
22.18. 1) log4 5 > log54; 2) log0 ,20,l > log0•10,2. 22.20. log2 3 + log3 2 > 2.
B1eaaiB1ea. lf11cJia log2 3 i log3 2 e ,n;o,n;aTHHMH Ta BaaeMHO o6epHeHHMH.
n + 2nk,
22.22. 1) (-oo; 0) U (O; -too); 2) yci ,n;ilicHi T.1HcJia, RpiM qJIICeJI BH,Zzy
. 2
k E Z; 3) {O}; 4) yci T.IHCJia BH,n;y 2nk, k E Z; 5) (3; 4) U (4; 6];
6) (-2; -1) U (-1; 3); 7) [-1; 0) U (0; 3]; 8) (-oo; 1) U (3; 6) U (6; 7);

233
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO an pas

7t
9) (O; 2) U (2; 3); 10) (-3; -2) U (-2; -1) U (O; +oo); 11) --+ 2nk <
2
7t 1C
< x < -+ 2nk, k E Z; 12) nk < x < - + nk, k E Z. 22.23. 1) (-oo; 0) U (O; +oo );
2 2
2) yci ,n;ilicHi q11cJia, KpiM q11ceJI BH,n;y - 7t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) IR; 4) yci
2
1t
q11cJia BH,n;y - + 2nk, k E Z; 5) (-8; -2) U (-2; -1); 6) (O; 7) U (7; 8);
2
7) (-2;-Fa)u(-.J3;.J3)u(.J3;2); 8) (O; 4) u (4; 5); 9) (-1; 1) u (l; 2);
10) [-5; 0) U (0; 2]; 11) 2nk < x < 7t + 2nk, k E Z. 22.24. 1) [1; log 3 5];
2) [0; +oo ). 22.25. 1) [1; 3]; 2) (-oo; 1]. 22.26. 3) ,Il;HB. pHCYHOK;
4) ,D;HB. PHCYHOK. 22.27. 3) ,Il;HB. pHCYHOK.

y y
1 1

0 x 0 x
-1 -1

PHc. 11,0 3a,n;a"CJ.i 22.26 (3) PHc. 11,0 3a,n;a-qi 22.26 (4) i 22.27 (3)

22.28. 1) -2; 2) -1. 22.29. 1) 3; 2) 1. 22.30. HerrapHa. BKa3i81Ca.

CKopHCTaHTeC.H THM, ~o .Jx 2 + 1 - x = ( .Jx 2+1 + x rl. ~2.32. (-2; 2).

22.33. ( --oo; - : ) U (: ; +oo). 22.34. lg 2 = 0, 3 ... , TOMY nepma I\HIJlpa

IIlCJI.H KOMH -
•
TplHKa. B Ka3L8Ka.
•v • TT •
""""OBe,n;lTb •
HeplBHOCTl - < 1g 2 <-.
• 3 1
10 3

22.35. log 2 3 <log 3 7. BKa3ieKa. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHOCTi log 2 3 < ~ < log 3 7.
. 3
22.36. 4 78. B1Ca3i81Ca . .HK~O HaTypaJibHe qHCJIO a MiCTHTb y CBOeMy
,n;ec.HTKOBOMY aainici m ~cpp, TO 1om - i ~a< 1om. 22.37. 1) 0. BKa3ie1Ca.

IIi,n;cTasTe x = y = 1; 2) -1. BKa3ieKa. IIi.,n;cTaBTe x = ~ = 2; 3) 2. BKaaie-

Y
Ka. IIi,n;cTaBTe x = y = 2; 4) 10. BKa3iB1Ca. IIocJii,n;oBHO rri,n;cTaBJI.HIO"t!H

x = y, x =y2 , x =y3 , ••• , ,n;oBe,n;iTb, ~o f (xn) = nf (x); 5) !.. B1Ca3iBKa.

3
CKop11cTaiiTec.H piBHiCTIO f (x) = nf ( ~) rrp11 n = 3. 22.38. BKaaieKa.

234
-
BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

CrroqaTKY ,n;oBe,n;iTb, m;o f (2r) = r ,ll;JUI BCiX r E Q. ,I(a.rri, CKOpHCTaB-

1R i HerrepepBHiCTIO cpyHKII;il f'
illHCb 03Ha't!eHH.HM CTerreH.H 2x . ,ll;JI.H x E

,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o f (2x) = x ,n;JIH Bcix x E JR, i apo6iTh aaMiHy t = 2x.

22.39. (n-2)2n +n+2. BKa3iBKa. Ilepme poaB'.HaaHH.H. PoarJI.HHeMo
rpacpiR cpyHKII;il y =log 2 x, D (y) = [1; 2n] (Ha p11:cyHKY ao6pameHo
BHIIa,zJ;OK, KOJIH n = 4). Hexali Sc' s3
Ta s* - Bi,n;rroBi,n;HO IIJiom;i
CHHbOI, 3eJieHOI Ta )KOBTOI cpiryp. To,n;i =Sc+ s s3.
KpiM II;bOro,
Sm+ = 2 1 +2 2 + ... + 2n = 2n +l -2. ,I(aJii BpaxyliTe, m;o IIJiom;a rrp.HMO-
s3
KYTHHKa OABC ,n;opiBHIOe Sc +Sm + s3. ,[(pyre p03B' .ff3aHH.ff. y cYMi s
ocTaHHIB ,n;o,n;aHoK ,n;opiBHIOe n. KpiM Toro, y cyMi Se: 2° ,n;o,n;aHKiB,
piBHHX 0 (n;e [log2 l]), 2 1 ,n;o,n;aHKiB, piBHHX 1 (n;e [log2 2] i [log2 3]),
2 2 ,n;o,n;aHKiB, piBHHx 2 (n;e [log 2 4], [log 2 5], [log 2 6], [log 2 7]), ... ,
2n - l ,n;o,n;aHKiB' piBHHX (n -1) (n;e ,n;o,n;aHKH Bi,n; [log2 2n - l] ,n;o
2
[log 2 (2n.-1)]). IJ;e oaHa't!ae, m;o S- n = 0·2°+1·2 1 +2 · 2 + ... +
+ (n-1). 2n - l = 2 (l · 2° + 2 · 2 1 + ... + (n -1) · 2n - 2 ). ,I(JIH o6't!HCJieHH.ff
OCTaHHbOI cyMH po3rJIHHbTe rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;il f (x) = x + x 2 + ... + xn-l
y Toqn;1 x 0 = 2.

0
PHc. 11,0 aap;ai:ri 22.39
1

22.40. BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHbTe rpacpiK <l>YHKII;il y = nx' D (y) = [1; n],

i 3HaH,n;iTb o6epHeey cpyHKn;iro. To,n;i n +[ fn]+[ ~]+ ... +[~] - IIJIO-
m;a )KOBTOI cpirypH, .HKY rropaxoBaHO «IIO BepTHKaJii» (pHC. a),
a n + [log 2 n] + [log 3 n] + [log 4 n] + ... + [logn n] - rrJiom;a Tie! caMol'.
mOBTOl cpirypH, .HKY rropaxOBaHO «ITO ropH30HTaJI:i» (pHC. 6).
1
23.3. 1) 16; 2) 64; 3) 6; 4) 512. 23.4. 1) -; 2) 5; 3) 1010 • 23.5. 1) 0,8;
9
2) 2; 3) O; 4) -1. 23.6. 1) 1; 2) 0; 1. 23. 7. 1) -2; 6; 2) RopeHiB HeMae;
3) -1; 4) 0. 23.8. 1) -2; 2) KopeHiB HeMae; 3) O; 13; 4) -2.

235
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

y y

n n
\ \
\ \
\ , 'J = 1 "
l

~
\ , u = j ri,.r
~

,_ - - \
\
\ \
--
.
' .........
,_
·- - 1
- -
- ,_
,_ --
·-- ,_,_ ' ""'r-...
·- "'
--
·-
.I.. ,~, ,

·= ' ~
.! - - ,_

1 n x 1 n ;x
a 6
Plic. ,n;o 3~aqi 22.40

23.9. 1) 1; 2) 1; 3) 2. 23.10. 1) log 2 3; 2) 2. 23.11. 1) 2; 3; 2) 4; ·

3) 8; 4) 4; 5) 4; 6) 7. 23.12. 1) 2; 2) - 1; 4; 3) 3; 4) 8. 23.13. 1) log 5 4;
2) 0. 23.14. 1) 2; 2) log 3 (3 + Jli). 23.15. 1) 9; !.; 2) 10; 1000;
3
~ 1 1 1 ~In J10 .
3) 25; -vn ; 4) - . 23.16. 1) - 8; --; 2) 343; - ; 3) 27; ~3; 4) -
6 10 2 49
23.17. 1) 7; 2) KopeHiB HeMae; 3) 3; 4; 4) l; 5) 4. 23.18. 1) KopeHiB
1 .J89 - 7
HeMae; 2) 5; 3) 4; 4) 3; 5) 3. 23.19. 1) - ; 2) - 5; - 2; .
3 2
1 ~
23.20. 1) - 6; - 4; 2; 2) - 1; 2; 3. 23.21. 1) - ; 3 9 ; 2) 0,1; .Jlo; 3) 4;
3
1 1 .
4) 8; - ; 5) 100; 10- 8 ; 6) 5; -
8 625
; 7) 10; 8) 10 000. 23.22. 1)
.
if!O;
• ~; 2) 3; 9; 3) 1; 49; 4) 100; - -; 5) 6; 6- 7 ; 6) 32. 23.23. 1)
1
!.;
{/10 100 5
. 1 1 1
5; 2) 0,001; 10; 3) 3; 9; 4) 216; -. 23.24. 1) - ; 9; 2) - ; 100;
6 9 10

3) 16; !.; 4) 1 000 000; 0,001. 23.25. 1) 2; 2) !.; 4 ; 3) 2J2 ; 2-J2 ;

4 4
1 1 In
4) l ; 9; 5) 1~ 16; 6) - 23.26. 1) - ; 3; 2) -v 3; 3; 3) 7; 4) 3.
2 9

236
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

In 1 1 1
23.27. 1) -Vil; 2) - ; 5; 3) -; -. 23.28. 1) (l; 3); 2) (9; 3), (3; 9);

3) (8; 2), c; ~}
625 8 2

4) (3; 9), (9; 3); 5) ( 2; ~} 6) (2; 10), (10; 2).

23.29. 1) (1,5; 2); 2) (8; 2), c; ~} 3) (5; 5); 4) (1; 1), ( ~; 2 ~}

5) ( 4; 1); 6) (2; 1). 23.30. 1) 100; 2) 3"2; 3-J2. 23.31. 1) 4; 2)
.
.!.;
7
7.

23.32. 1) -1; 2) .!.; 2. BKa3iBJCa. PoarJIHHhTe ,n;aHe piBHHHHH HK KBa-

4
• 7t nk 1n 1
.n;paTHe Bl,ZJ;HOCHO log 2 x; .3) - + - , k E Z; 4) ...;2. 23.33. 1) 8; 2) 3; - ;
4 2 27

3} nk, k E Z; 4) ~. 23.34. 3; J2. 23.35. J2;

2
1,5. 23.36. 1) 2;

2) KOpeHiB HeMae. 23.37. 1) 1; 2) 3. 23.38. _7t+nk,kE(Z\N)U{l}.

4
23.39 . .HKm;o a ~ -1 a6o a ~ 7' TO O,ZJ;HH p03B 'H30K; HKID;O -1 < a < 7'
TO 2 p03B'H3KH. 23.40 . .HKm;o a ~ 2 a6o a ~ 11, TO O,ZJ;HH p03B'H30K;
8 7
HKIIl;O 2 <a< 11, TO 2 p03B'H3KH. 23.41. a=- a6o a~-.
. 3 3
1
23.42. a= -3 a6o a ~ -2,5. 23.43. 1) k, .n;e k E N \ {l}; 2) arccos - +
10
7t 7t
+2nk, k E Z; 3) -+2nk, k E Z. 23.44. 1) 1+4k, k EN; 2) -+2nk,
3 4
57t
k E Z; 3) - - . BKa3iBKa. 38.AaHe piBHHHHH piBHOCHJihHe cHcTeMi
3
1
cos x =-,
2
-6<x<0, 23.45. 2. 23.46. n + nk, k E Z. BKa3i8JCa. IloKamiTh,
4
x 2 +6x+10~0,
sin 2x > 0.
m;o log 2 (5+3cos4x)~l. 23.47. 2. 23.48 . .HKm;o b < 3 a6o b ~ 7, TO

po3B'H3Ki.B HeMae; HKID;O b = 3, TO 3 ~ x < 5; HKID;O 3 < b < 7, TO x = 3 + b.

2
23.49. (-oo; -1] U { 1-.J2}. 23.50. (2; 2). BJCa3i8Ka. PoarJIHHhTe cl>YHK-

237
BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKll1 AO snpas

r.Vro f (t) =Ji+ log3 t. 23.51. 1; 3. 23.52. (-2;- ~) U(-: ;-1] U{- !}·
B1Ca3i61Ca. PiBHHHHH 2x 2 - x + 3 = x 2 + 2x + 1 e HacJii,n;KoM 3a,D;aHoro.
BoHo Mae ,n;Ba KopeHi x 1 = 1, x 2 = 2. Ilo'tiaTKOBe piBHHHHH Mae e,n;HHHH
p03B '.K30K, HK~O O,D;HH i3 D;HX KOpeHiB Ha.JieJKHTb o6JiaCTi BH3Ha'tleH-

HH piBHHHH.a, a ,n;pyrHH - He HllJie>KHTh. 23.53. ( 2; ~) U G; J g}.

3 U

23.54. [~; 1J. BKa3Unca. ,rinsr roro 1I1o6 Kopim, piJrn.!IHHH log3(x - 2) = b
3' IIOBHHHa BHKOHyBaTHCb YMOBa b < 0. To,n;i CJii,n;
6yB MeHIIIHM Bi,n;
2
3HaHTH, rrpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH (a-1) t -
- 2 (a+ 1) t +a - 3 = 0 Mae JIHIIIe Bi,n;' eMHi KopeHi. 23.55. 1. B1Ca3iB1Ca.
Ili,n;cTaBTe B ,n;aHe piBHHHHH a = 1. 23.56. 5. 23.57. Hi. B1Ca3iB1Ca.

qHcJio x = ..!:. TaKom e KopeHeM ,n;aHoro piBHHHHH. PHcyHOK 23.3 He

4
MOJKe CJiyryBaTH o6r'pYHTYBaHHHM Toro, ~o ,n;aHe piBHHHHH Mae o,n;HH
KopiHh. Y D;bOMy i rroJIHrae rroMHJIKa BacHJIH. HacrrpaB,n;i MOJKHa
IIOKa3aTH, ~o ,n;aHe piBHHHHH Mae TPH KopeHi. Ilo6y,n;yBaBIIIH, Ha-
rrpHKJia,D;, 3a ,n;orroMororo KOMII'IOTepHOl rrporpaMH rpa<l>iKH <l>YHKWH

y= (2-)x'
16
y =log 1
16
X, Ha rrpoMiJKKY [..!:.; ..!:.]
4 2
MOJKHa rro6a-ciHTH HaHB-

HiCTb D;HX TpbOX KOpeHiB.

24.5. 1) (l; +oo); 2) (O; 1); 3) (3; +oo); 4) (-3; -2) U (3; +oo);

5) (-oo; -3] U [4; 9); 6) (- ~~; 4JU [5; +oo). 24.6. 1) (:;4} 2) ( ~; :}
3) [5; +oo); 4) (-oo; -4] U [3; 5). 24.7. 1) [-1; 1) U (3; ~]; 2) (-2; -1) U
U (O; 1); 3) (-6; -5) U (-5; -4); 4) [-1; 0) U (3; 4]; 5) ( -oo;-:}
6) (:; 2) U (2; +oo); 7) (-oo; -2,5) U [2; +oo); 8) G; 1J. 24.8. 1) (2; 3);
2) [l; 2) U (4; 5]; 3) [-4; -3) U (0; 1]; 4) [O; 1) U (1; 2];

5) (-oo; ~) u [3; +oo); 6) G; 3). 24.9. 1) (3; 6]; 2) (1; 3]; 3) G; 1}

4) ( - 2;-:Ju[:;+oo} 5) [-4; -3) u (1; 3]; 6) [-5;-l)u(- ~;OJ.

238
 BiAnosi,o,i ra BKa3iBKVI ,o,o snpas

24.10. 1) (-3; -1); 2) (4; 5]; 3) (-5; 7]; 4) [o;~)U(4;13].

24.11. 1) (5; +oo); 2) (1; +oo); 3) (O; 4); 4) (5; 7]; 5) (-1;- :J
6) ( --oo; - a. 24.12. l) [-1; O); 2) (1; 2]; 3) [11; +oo); 4) [ : ; +oo).
1

24.13. 1) [2.J2;8); 2) [6; 7]. 24.14. 1) [2; +oo); 2) [6; 11).

24.15. 1) [~;5} 2) (o;~Ju[9;+oo); 3)-(0,0001; 10); 4) [

1
16
;256}

5) (O; 4] U [8; +oo); 6) ( O;

8~] U[~; +oo). 24.16. 1) ( O; ~] U[8; +oo);
1
2) (O; 0,1] U [1000; +oo); 3) (0,5; 4); 4) [0,04; 5]. 24.17. 1) (--; 2);
128
2) (O; 3- 10] U [3; +oo); 3) [0,001; 1) U [100; +oo); 4) ( 0; .Js] U(1; 5].

24.18. 1) (o;~JU[7;+oo);
49
1
2) [--;6]; 3) (3; 9] u [81; +oo);
216

4) [ ~; 1)u [2; +oo). 24.19. 1) [ 1 -;27 ;-2) u ( 3; l+;27J 2) (--oo;- :)u

U(l;+oo); 3) [1,5; +oo); 4) (3; +oo). 24.20. 1) [-2;1-.J5)u(1+.J5;4];

6~ 5 ; 5J. 24.23. 1) [1; +oo);

1
2) (:; 1). 24.21. ( O; ] U[3; +oo). 24.22. 1) [
27
2) (O; 4]. 24.24. 1) (l; 4); 2) [5; +oo). 24.25. 1) (2; 3); 2) (4,5; 5);

3) (O; 2); 4) (3,5; 5); 5) (O; 1) U [2; +oo); 6) (1,5; 2]; 7) ( 3; +

2
5
.J7] U( 4; : J.
24.26. 1) (:; 1) u (1; +~); 2)(1; 3) u (4; +oo); 3)(1; 2) u (2,5; 4); 4)(1; 2];

5) (O; 1]. 24.27. 1) [ log 5 ~; 1} 2) [:; 1). 24.28. 1) [1og 3 ~~; 3}

24.29. 1) (3; 4] u {5}; 2) [-:;-1)u{2;-2}; 3) [:;2 )u(2;3]U{l}.
24.30. 1) (2; 3] U {5}; 2) (5; +oo) U {4}. 24.33. H1uqo a ~ 8, TO
x E [3; +oo); HKJI(O a > 8, TO x E [log2 a; +oo) u {3}. 24.34. HKrn;o

239
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO an pas

a ~ 9, TO x = 2; HKID;O a > 9, TO x E [2; loga a]. 24.35. (0; 1) u

U [ n; 6")
7
U(
1
~"; 2n). 2
24.36. (O; 1) U [;; ") U ( :"; ;
3
3
J. 24.37. (3; +oo).

1
24.38. (O; 3). 24.39. ( O;
10
) U (1; +oo). 24.40. (-2; -1] U (1; 2).

24.41. 1) [-2; +oo). BKasieKa. CKopHCTaliTecH HepiBHOCTHMH

_ ~x+2+1~1 i log 3 (x 2 +4x+13)~2; 2) [2;+oo). 24.42. [l;+oo).
24.43. BKa3iBKa. Hexali x = log 0 b, y = logb c, z =loge a. To.n;i x > 1,
. . . 6 1 1 1
y > 1' xyz = 1 1 ,ZJ;aHa HeplBHlCTh Ha yBae BHI'JIH,ZJ;Y x + y + z < - + - +-.
x y z
OcTaHHIO HepiBHiCTh MO:>KHa nepenHcaTH TaK: x + y + z < xy + yz + xz;
(x-1) (y-1) (z-1) < 0. 24.44. B1Ca3i8Ka. MaeMo log 0 log 0 b > logb log 0 b;
loge loge a> logb loge a. ToMY log a log ab+ logb logb c +loge loge a>
> logb log 0 b + logb logb c + logb loge a= logb (log a b · logb c ·loge a)= logb 1=0.
2 . 2 1
25.5. 1) -; 2) -; 3) 24. 25.6. 1) -1; 2) - . 25.7. 1) y = -2x + 1;
e 3 ln 5
2) y = 2x + 1; 3) y = (2 + 2 ln 2) x - 2 ln 2; 4) y = 4x - 1; 5) y = 4x + 4;
2x 2
6) y = - +1. 25.8. 1) y = 2x + l; 2) y = 6x ln 3 - 12 ln 3 + 3;
3 ln 3 3 ln 3
3) y = 4x - ln 4; 4) y = 3x - 6. 25.9. 1) y = 2; 2) y = -1. 25.10. y = -1600.
25.11. 1) y = 5x + 3; 2) y = 3x - 3. 25.12. 1) y = 2x; 2) y = x + 1 + ln 5;
3) y = -x. 25.13. 1) 3pocTae Ha [O; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x nun . = 0;
2) apoc~ae ·Ha [- ~; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; - ~]. Xmm = - ~; 3) apocTae

Ha (-oo; O], cna.n;ae Ha [O; +oo), x

max
= 0; 4) spocTae Ha [o; ~],
ln2
cna-

ln 2
2
.n;ae Ha (-oo; O] i [-- ; +ooJ, x . = 0,
nun
xmax = ~;
ln 2
5) 3pOCTae Ha (-oo; 1],

cna.n;~e Ha [1; +oo), xmax = 1; 6) 3pOCTae Ha [O; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; O],
x mm. = O; 7) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 2], cna.n;ae Ha [2; +oo), x max = 2; 8) apoc-
Tae Ha [3; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; 2) i (2; 3], x mm
. = 3; 9) apocTae Ha

(-oo; l], cna.n;ae Ha [1; +oo), xmax = 1; 10) apocTae Ha [e-~;+oo), cna-

.n;ae Ha ( O; e-~], xmin = e ~; 11) apocTae Ha (O; l], cna.n;ae Ha [1; +oo),

240
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

xmax - 1; 12) 3pOCTae Ha [ e-i; +oo)' crra,n;ae Ha ( O; e -~], xmin = e ~;

13) apocTae Ha [1; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (0; l], xmin = 1; 14) apocTae Ha [e; +oo),
2
crra,n;ae Ha (O; 1) i (l; e], xmin = e; 15) 3pocTae Ha (O; e ], crra,n;ae Ha
2 2
[e ; +oo), x max = e ; 16) 3pocTae Ha [-1; 0) i [1; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; -1]
. = -1, x IIllil
i (O; 1], x nun . = 1; 17) 3pocTae Ha (0; 1] i [e; +oo), . crra,n;ae
Ha [1; e], x max = . = e; 18) 3pocTae Ha
1, x mm [.JlO; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha

( O; M], xmin = M. 25.14. 1) 3pocTa€ Ha [-2; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; -2],

x mm. = -2; 2) 3pocTae Ha [-1; O] i [l; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; -1] i [O; 1],
X
max
= 0 ' X nun. = -1 ' X nun. = 1 ·' 3) 3pOCTae Ha [-1 ·' 1) ' CIIi::t.....,....rrae Ha (-oo•' -1)
i [1; +oo), x max = 1, x mm. = -1; 4) 3pocTae Ha [-.!.;+oo), crra,n;ae Ha
4

( ---00; - :J. xmin = - : ; 5) apocTae Ha (---00; 1: 3

} crra,11ae Ha [ : ;
1 3
+oo}
x
max
= _i_.
ln 3 '
6) 3pOcTae Ha (-oo·
'
-2] crri::trrae Ha [-2· +oo) x
' .....,.... ' ' max
= -2·
'

7) apocTae Ha [1; +oo), crra,11ae Ha (O; l], xmin = 1; 8) apocTae Ha ( O;:.]

i [l; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha [~;

e
1], xma.x = ~'
e
x nun
. = 1; 9) 3pocTae Ha (O; e],
crra,n;ae Ha [e; +oo), x max = e; 10) 3pocTae Ha [1; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; 0)

i (O; l], xmin = 1; 11) apocTae Ha ( O; e~] 2

i [e ; +oo), crra,11ae Ha [el'; e
2
].

Xm~ =el', Xm;n = e

2
; 12) 3pOCTa€ Ha [ 1~; 1] i (10; +oo), CIIa,llae Ha

( O; __!_]
10
i [1; 10], X
max
= 1, xmin = __!_,
10
X .
nun
= 10. 25.15. 1) e + 1; ~e -1;
1 1 1 1
2) e2 ; 0; 3) 1; -; 4) 2-; 2. 25.16. 1) 2 ; O; 2) 125; -. 25.17. 1) OrryK-
7 2 e 5
Jia Bropy Ha (-oo; O], onyKJia BHH3 Ha [0; +oo), x = 0 - TO't!Ka rrepermzy;

2) OIIyKJia Bropy Ha ( O; .fe3], OIIyKJia BHH3 Ha [ .fe3; +oo ), x = Fe3 -

T01IKa rreperHey; 3) OrryKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; 0), OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha (O; +oo ).
25.18. 1) OrryKJia BHH3 Ha (-oo; +oo); 2) OIIYKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; 2],
OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha [2; +oo), x =2 - TOl:J:Ka rreperHHy; 3) OIIYK!Ca Bropy
2
Ha KO»<:HOMY 3 rrpoMi»<:KiB (O; 1) i [e ; +oo), OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha (l; e2 ],

241
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaa

x = e2 - T0'1Ka neperHHy. 25.19. ,D;HB. PHCYHOK. 25.20. ,D;HB. pH-

cyHOK.

y y
2
1

0 1 x
e
1) 2) 3)

y In9

x
-3•I •3
I
0 1 x I I

4) 5)
PHC. AO aa,n;aqi 25.19

y
1

1) 3)

PHc. AO 3SAaqi 25.20

25.21. BKa3U3Ka. CKopHCTaHTecH HepiBHOCTHMH ( 1 +-;;

1 )n < e < (1 +n1 )n+l .
25.22. BKa3i8Ka. ,D;JIH ,n;oBe,n;eHHH HepiBHocTi In x ~x -1 po36HliTe
npoMimoK (O; +oo) Ha ,D;Bi "CiaCTHHH T0'1KOIO Xo =1. ,D;JIH ,D;OBe,n;eHHH
.
HepiBHocTi x- l ~ In x 3po6iTb B HepiBHOCTi In x ~ x -1 3aMiHy x = !.
x t
25.24. a. BKaai8Ka. 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il y =(1 + x)°" B T0'1II.i
Xo = 0. 25.25. 1. 25.28. IIpH a< 1 KOpeHiB HeMae, npH a= 1 O,D;HH
KOpiHb, npH a> 1 ,n;Ba KOpeHi. 25.29. IlpH a~ 0 a6o a= e-1 - O,D;HH

242
 Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBK~ ,o,o snpas

1
KOpiHb, npH 0 <a< e- 1 - ,D;Ba KOpeHi, rrpH a> e- KOpeHiB HeMae.
25.30. a ~ 0. 25.31. a ~
0. 25.32. a= 1, b = 0. B1'a3i8Ka. PoarJIHHb-
Te piBHiCTb (eax + b)'=(ae·~+b)'. 25.33. m ~ 0. 25.34. a~ 1.
25.35. xx (1 + ln x). BKa3i8Ka. CKopHCTaHTeCH piBHiCTIO xx = ex.lnx.
1
25.36. ; .!. . 25.40. O; 2. 25.41. 1; 2. 25.42. O; 1. B-,ca3ie-,ca. Ilo;:i;i-
2 4
niTb o6H,D;Bi "t!aCTHH~ Ha 7x. 25.43. 0; 1. 25.44. 1) 2; 4. B1'a3i8Ka.

PoarJIHHbTe <PYHKD;iIO .J3f -2x-i -1.

f (x) = ( OcKiJibKH <t>y:s;Kn;iH

f' (x) = (.J3f ln .J3 -2x - 1 1n 2 Mae JIHme O,Zl;HH HYJib, TO, BHKOpHCTO-
BYIO'tlH KJIIO"t!OBY aa;:i;a-qy IIyHKTY 12, OTpHMaeMO, :rn;o <t>YHKD;iH f Mae
He 6iJihme ;:i;Box HyniB; 2) O; 1; 2. 25.45. 1) O; 1; 2) 1; 2; 3.
25.46.°(0;l)U(l;+oo). 25.47. (-oo;O]. 25.48. x=-1, y=O. BKa3i81'a.
TO"t!Ka A (x; ex+l) HaJie:>KHTh rpa<t>iKy <t>YHKD;il f (x) = ex +l, TO"t!Ka
B (y; y) - rpa<t>iKy <i>YlIKD;ll g (x) = x. To;:i;i AB 2 = (x - y) 2 + (y-ex+i ) 2 •
,D;ani 3Hali;:i;iTb HaHMeHmy Bi,D;CTaHb Mi:>K TO"t!KaMH rpa<t>iKiB <t>YHK-
n;ili fig. 25.49. B-,ca3ie-,ca. PoarJIHHeMo cpyHKD;iIO f (x) = ln x. 3acTo-
1
cysasmH TeopeMY Jlarpanma, aarrmneMo: ln 2 - ln 1 = - < 1, ln 3- ln 2 =
X1

=__!._<!, ... , ln(n+l)-lnn=_!_<.!.., x, E (i; i + 1). ,D;o;:i;aBmR aarrH-

~ 2 ~ n
caHi HepiBHOCTi, OTpHMaeMO IIOTpi6HHH peayJihTaT. 25.51. 1) e'f[ > 1te.

·
B Ka3l6Ka. • • • rh • ln X
,u.OCJI1)1;1Th Ha 3pOCTaHHH 1 cna,n;aHHH 'i'YHKI.I;llO y =--.
TT
x
2
25.52. ln 100 > ln ·9 9 ·In 101. B1'a3ie-,ca. PoarJIH~bTe <t>yHKn;i10
f (x) = In x . 25.53. 0. BKa3i8Ka. <l>yHKI.I;il f (x) = ex - 1 i g (x) =
In (x-1) .
=In (x + 1) e BaaeMHO o6epHeHHMH i apocTaIO"t!HMH. 0Tme, cniJihHi
TO"t!KH Yx rpa<t>iKiB nemaTh Ha rrpHMIB y = x. ToMy ;:i;aHe piBHHHHH ·
piBHOCHJibHe piBHHHHIO f (x) = x. ,D;aJii CKOpHCTaHTeCH 3a,ZJ;atieIO 25.23.
25.54. B-,ca3ie-,ca. 3acTocyliTe TeopeMy JlarpaHma ,D;JIH <t>YHKI.I;il
g (x) = e-x f (x) Ha Bi;:i;piaKy [O; 1]. 25.55. B-,ca3ie-,ca. 3acTocyliTe
TeopeMy PoJIJIH ,ZJ;JIH <t>YHKD;il h (x) = e- g<x> f (x) Ha Bi;:i;piaKy [O; 1].

243
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

3
x 10 x4
26.8. 1) y = - + - ; 2) y =-cos x - 2; 3) y =ex - 7. 26.9. 1) y =-+ 1;
3 3 4
3x 1
2) y =sin x + 2; 3) y=-. 26.10. 1) y=---6;- 2) y=tg x+2J3;
ln3 x
1 1
3) y = In (-x) + 4; 4) y = - - 3
+-. 26.11. 1) y = -ctg x + l;
3x 3
r 2 1 1
2) y=2vx +2; 3) y =In x - l; 4) y = x - 24. 26.15. -. 26.16. --.
2 2
2
x , .HKID;O X < 0, .
26.17. F (x) + C, ,n;e F (x) = C - ,n;oBl.JThHe "t!HCJIO.
.{ -COS X + 1, .HKID;O X ~ 0,
X + 1, .HKID;O X < l,
26.18. F (x) + C, ,n;e F (x) = { / C - ,u;oBiJihHe "t!HCJio.
2 '/X, .HKID;O X ~ l,
4
26 . 19. cos x + C' ,n;e C - .
,ll;OBlJibHe "'C!HCJIO. B JCa3i8JCa.
. 06"'C!liCJilTb
.
4
4
noxi,n;Hy QJYHK:a;il y = cos x . 26.20. esin x + C, ,u;e C - ,u;oBiJihHe 'tJHC-
4
JIO. 26.21. BKa3iBJCa. Hexali F - rrepBicHa HenapHo! QJYHK:a;il f. To,u;i
F' (x) = f (x) i F' (-x) = -f (-x). 3Bi,n;cH F' (x) = F' (-x). 0Tme,
F (x) = F (-x) + C, ,n;e C - ,n;eHKe "t!HCJio. IIi,n;cTaBHBIIIH x = 0, ,n;oBo-
,ll;HMo, m;o C = 0. 26.23. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. IIepBicHa rrepio,n;H"t!Ho! QJYHK-
:a;il He 3aBm,u;H e nepio,n;H"'C!HOIO. HanpHKJia,u;, yci rrepBicHi nepio,n;WIHO!
QJYHK:a;il f (x) = 1 He e nepio,n;H"t!HHMH. IlOMHJIKa BacHJIH noJI.Hrae
B TBep,n;memri, m;o piBHiCTb F (x) +cl= F (x + T) + c2 BHKOHyeTbCH ,l.l;JIH
,ll;OBiJibHHX "'C!HCeJI C1 , C2. ,ll;JI.H KOmHOPO 3Ha"t!eHH.H C1 iCHye JIHIIIe
e,u;HHe 3Ha"t!eHHH c2. Moro MOmHa 3HaHTH, HarrpHKJia,u;, 3 piBHOCTi
C2 = F (0) - F (T) + C1 •

27.5. 1) F (x) = x - x 2 + 8; 2) F (x) = x 3 - 2x 2 + 5; 3) F (x) =-cos x +

3
5
+sin x +6,5; 4) F(x)=.!:.sin(3x- n)+ ; 5) F(x)=4x+_!_-4; 6) F(x)=
. 2 3 4 3 x
2
=7ln(x-4)+2.Jx+4; 7) F(x)=.J6x+1+2; 8) F(x)=.!:_e 3 x+ ;
3 3
9) f (x)= (3x-2) --;
1
3
2 (
10) F(x)=-tg 6x-- . 27.6. 1) F (x) = 3x -
n)
9 9 3 6

- 3x2 + 6; 2) F (x) = x 4 - 2x3 + x + 5; 3) F (x) = x 2 -2 ../x-2; 4) F (x) =

244
 Bi,D.nOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

=-
2
3
cos3x-~;
3
5) F (x) = 8 ~x - 2 +4; 6) F (x) = !e
2 2
2
>+
1
+3,5; 7) F (x) =

=.!.ln(4x-3e 2 )+5,5; 8) F(x)=-8ctg x +5. 27.7. F (x) = x 4 + 2x 2 - 3,

4 8
3
rrepBicHa Mae m;e o,n;HH HYJih, HKHH ,n;opiBHIOe 1. 27.8. F(x)=~-
3
t3 2
-12x+27. 27.9. 1) F 2 ; 2) F 2 • 27.10. F 1 • 27.11. s(t)=-+t -3t.
3
27.12. s (t) = 2t + t - 47 a6o s (t) = 2t + t - 67. 27.13. y = 2x3 - x 5 + 7.
3 3

27.14. y=6£+x-21. 27.15. 1) x _.!_sin2x+C. BKa3iex:a. 3acTo-

2 4

cy:i1:Te cpopMyJIH IIOHH:>KeHH.H cTerreH.H; 2) _ _2_ cos Bx-.!. cos 2x + C.

16 4
BKa3iBJCa. 3acTocy:i1:Te cpopMyJIH rrepeTBopeHH.H ,n;o6yTKY Tp11roH0Me-
3 2
TpKCiHHX cpyHK:a;ili y cyMY; 3) sin x _.!_sin4x+C. 27.16. 1) x +
4 3 8 . 2

·+!_sin4x+C; 2) _2_sin7x+.2_sin9x+C. 27.17. 1) .!.1n x-l+C.

8 14 18 2 x+l .
3
.
1 1 1
BJCa3iBJCa. CKopHCTaHTec.H piBHiCTIO 2
= ; 2) X +
· x - 1 2(x-l) 2(x+l) 3
x2 x 1 x3 x2
+-+2x+3ln(x-l)+C. 27.18. 1) -ln-+C; 2) - - -+3x -
2 3 x+3 3 2

-3 ln (-x-3)+C. 27.19. tg x - x+C. 27.20. -ctg x - x+C. 27.21.

5 2x 3 3x 2 2x 3 3x 2 323 x3
R (x)=-+-+-, F.2 ( x ) = - + - - - . 27.22. R1 (x)=--
1 3 2 6 3 2 24 3
3
2 x 20 17
-4x+-, F2 (x)=--4x--. 27.23. F(x)=-x 2 +5x - - . 27.24.
3 3 3 4
2
F(x)=~+x-3,5. 27.26. Hi. BKa3iBKa. Ilp11rrycTHMO, m;o F- rrep-
2
BicHa cpyHK:a;il f. To,n;i ,n;n.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro x > 0 BHKOHYE:ThC.H piBHiCTh
F(x)-F(O) l C
- . 3a TeopeMoro JI arpaHma ,n;JI.H Ci>YHKII;ll
- - - = . rrpaB,n;1, ... F Ha
x
F(x) - F(O) ,
Bi,n;pi3KY [Q; x] icHye TaKe c E (O; x), m;o = F (c) = f (c) = 1.
x

To My
lim F(x) - F(O) = 1. AHanoriTIHO MO:>KHa ,n;oBeCTH, m;o
x-+ 0+ X

245
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

. F(x)-F(O) l T . . . F(x)-F(O)
1lffi
X-+0- X
=- . OMY He lCHye rpa.HHII;l 1lffi
X-+0 X
' TO 6 TO

<l>YHKIJ;iH F He e .n;11cpepeHn;iHOBHOIO B Totin;i x 0 = 0. 27.27. Mome.

BKa3iBKa. ,ll;HB. aa,n;aqy 10. 52.
2 1
28.5. 1) 4-; 2) 0,5; 3) 4; 4) 7-; 5) -ln 8; 6) 1-; 7) - ; 8) -;
1 1 .J3 1
3 3 2 3 4 2
2
3e -1 1 1 2 52
9) 2
; 10) 18. 28.6. 1) 1-; 2) 7-; 3) 8 ln 2; 4) -; 5) - ;
e 3 3 . 3 3
72-2 ln 3 rn 4 1
6) . 28.8. 1) 70; 2) 1,5; 3) v3; 4) 39; 5) O; 6) -; 7) - ln 5;
ln3 3 2
1
8) 3; 9) O; 10) 6e - 6; 11) --; 12) 240. 28.9. 1) -45; 2) 6; 3) - ;
· s./3
9 3
1 2 7 1 1 78 2 1
4) -; 5) -; 6) - ; 7) - ln 10; 8) - ; 9) - . 28.10. 1) 10-; 2) -;
5 3 288 3 12 7 3 3
2 1
3) e2 1; 4) 4 ln 4 - 3; 5) 12 - 4 ln 4; 6) 10 ; 7) 1 ; 8) 4,5;
-
3 3
9) 4,5; 10) !; 11) __!__; 12) 1; 13) 24 - 7ln 7; 14) 2; 15) .J2-L
3 12
1 2 1 2
28.11. 1) 4-; 2) -; 3) 1-; 4) 4,5; 5) 2-; 6) 6 - 3 ln 3; 7) l;
4 3 3 3

8) 12 - 5 ln 5. 28.12. -
a./3 -1. 28.13. 3. 28.14. 3; -3. 28.15. 2; -2.
4
28.16. 6. 28.17. -~. 28.18. 1) (O; 1) U (3; +oo); 2) (log 0 , 2 6; +oo).
4- n 3e 2 + Be - 8
28.19. (l; +oo). 28.20. 1) - ; 2) 7t - 2; 3) 0; 4) •
12 Be 2
20-5n 7t 1
28.21. 1) ; 2) -; 3) 0,2; 4) e2 -e--. 28.22. 1) 16,5; 2) 4,5;
2· 2 2 .
1 2
3) 21-; 4) 4,5; 5) 7,5; 6) 8 - 4 In 2. 28.23. 1) 4,5; 2) 10-; 3) 4,5;
3 3
1 . 5 ·1
4) 9'. 28.24. 1) 5-; 2) 1, 5. 28.25. 1) 2-; 2) 3. 28.26. 1-.
3 6 12

28.27. !. 28.28. F' (x) = f (x). BKa3i81ca. CKopncTaliTecH oaHatieHHHM

6
BH3HatieHoro iHTerparra. 28.30. BKa3iBKa. Hexa:.0: F - rrepBicHa
<l>YHKII;ii: f Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b]. 3acTocyliTe TeopeMy JiarpaHma
,n;JIH <l>YHKII;fi F Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b]. 28.31. BKa3iBKa. PoarJIHHI>Te
246
 BiAnoeiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO enpae

b
f (f (x)-g (x)) dx. 28.35. 1) n.2 BKa3iBKa. BHKopHCTaHTe reoMeTpKtI-
a

9 9
HHH 3MiCT BH3Ha"tfeHoro iHTerpa.rra; 2) n; 3) 4n; 4) 7t; 5) 8,5;
4 2
25
6) 6,5. 28.36. 1) n; 2) 3n; 3) 2n; 4) 5. 28.37. 0. BKa3iBKa. ,Il;oBe'AiTh,
2
2~ -1
m;o <l>YHKII;iH y = e HenapHOIO. 28.38. 0. 28.39. 1. BKa3iBKa.
2~ +1
3

3o6pa3iTh KpHBOJiiHiHHY TpanenJro, IIJiom;a .HKOl 'AOPiBHIOe myKaHO-

MY iHTerpa.rry, i poarJIHHbTe <};>yHKn;iro, o6epHeHy 'AO rri'AiHTerpa.rrbHOI

<l>YHKu;iL 28.40. 7t -1. 28.41. x '14-x 2 +2 arcsin x. BKa3iBKa. 3Ha-

2 2. 2
H'AiTh rrJiom;y moBTo1 <);>irypH, ao6pameHo1 Ha pHcyHKY. 28.42. BKa-
3iBKa. 3HaH'AiTb IlJIOIIJ;y JKOBTOl <PirypH, ao6pameHOl Ha pHCYHKY.

y
y
y=-
1
1 x

-2 x 0 2 x 0 1 2 3 ... n n+l x

PHc. 11.0 a~a'C!i 28.41

28.43. BKa3iBKa. IIocJii'AoBHiCTh (xn) e apocTaIO"tfOIO. ToMy 'AOCTaT-

. . 1 1 1 1
HbO 'AOBeCTH HeplBHlCTb xn - = G + G + ... + I i
/J
~
n ·

Ii
1 dx < 2 .
. v2 3
...;3 3
vn 3 1 vx 3
13 178 15 2 19
29.1. 1) 7t; 2) 7t; 3) 7t; 4) 7t; 5) 7t 29.2. 1) 1t .Ji;
3 15 2 15 24
7t 7t 9 a 5 a
2) - ; 3) -. 29.3. -nR , -nR .
30 2 8 24
30.7. 200. 30.8. 24. 30.9. nl. 30.11. 301. 30.12. ~5 • 30.13. A!·
30.14. c:s· c;go·
30.16. 5n, 30.17. 0. BKa3i8Ka. Ili'ACTaBTe
30.15.
y <);>opMyJiy 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa a= 1, b = -1. 30.18. 1. 30.21. 2.

30.22. ~o • 30.23. 1 7. 30.24. 6 7. 30.25. 49. 30.26. TpHHMII;.HTHH

2
"tfJieH p03KJIMY Mae BHrJIH'A c;;x 2
• 30.27. 8. 30.28. 3n. 30.29. 315 •

247
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

30.30. 4 6 • 30. 31. 3n - 3 · 2n + 3. B 1Ca3i81Ca. 06TIHCJiiTb KiJihKiCTb cno-

co6iB posKJiaCTH n pi3HHX KYJib no Tphox pi3HHX Hm;HKax TaK,
m;o6: a) ,IJ;Ba mIJ;HKH 6yJIH rropOJKHiMH; 6) O,IJ;HH Hm;HK 6yB nopOJKHiM.
1
30.32. 3 n - l -
2
n + B1Ca3i81Ca. IIopiBHHiITe myKaHy KiJihKiCTb
2
3 KiJihKiCTIO crroco6iB posKJiaCTH n pisHHX KYJib no Tphox p1s-
HHX Hm;HKax TaK, m;o6 JKO,IJ;HHH HID;HK He 3aJIHIIIHBCH nopOJKHiM.
3n - l 1
30.33. + . BKa3iBJCa. 06"tfHCJiiTh KiJihKiCTb crroco6iB po3KJiaCTH
2
n pisHHX KYJib no Tpbox o,z:i;HaKOBHX Hm;HKax TaK, m;o6: a) ,z:i;Ba .H'.ID;H-
KH 6ynH rropomHiMH; 6) o,z:i;HH HIE;HK 6yB nopomHiM. 30.34. C!+2 •
BJCa3iBJCa. HKm;o cepe,z:i; (n + 2) KYJih, poscTaBJieHHX y pH,z:i;, saKpec-
JIHTH ,z:i;Bi, ·ro pemTa n KYJih posi6'IOTbCH Ha TPH rpyn:a, m;o ,z:i;oaBOJIHTb
Bi,z:i;noBi,z:i;Ho posKJiaCTH 1x no Tpbox pi3HHX Hm;HKax. HanpHKJia,z:i;,
HKID;O 3aKpecJieHO KyJii, 306paJKeHi Ha pHCYHKY' TO ,z:i;o nepmoro
HID;HKa noTpanHTb o,z:i;Ha KYJI.R:, ,z:i;o ,z:i;pyroro - TPH KyJii, a ,z:i;o OCTaH-
HbOro - (n-4) Kyni. 30.35. C!_1 rrpH n~3; 0 npH n<3. BKa3iBJCa.
HKm;o Mim n KYJIHMH, poscTaBJieHHMH B pH,z:i;, rrocTaBHTH ,z:i;Bi nepe-
ropo,z:i;KH, TO KyJii. posi6'IOTbCH Ha TPH rpyrrH, m;o ,IJ;03BOJIHTb Bi,n;rro-
Bi,IJ;HO po3KJiaCTH i:x no TpbOX piaHHX HIIJ;HKax. HanpHKJia,z:i;, HKm;o
neperopo,z:i;KH nOCTaBHTH TaK, .HK 306pa:>KeHO Ha pHCYHKy, '.1'0 ,z:i;o rrep-
rnoro HID;HKa noTparrHTb o,z:i;Ha KYJIH, ,z:i;o ,z:i;pyroro - TPH KyJii, a ,z:i;o
OCTaHHbOro - (n -4) KyJii. IJ;ro 3a,z:i;a11y MOJKHa p03B '.H3aTH ii iHaKme.
HKm;o CIIOTiaTKY noKJiaCTH ,z:i;o KOJKHoro .HID;HKa no o,z:i;Hili KyJii, TO
,z:i;aHy aa,z:i;a11y MOJKHa 3BeCTH ,z:i;o 3a,z:i;a11i 30.34.

0000000 ... 000 0100010 ... 000

PHc. AO 3a,iJ;aqi 30.35

30.36. BKa3iBKa. Ha pHcyHKY rroKasaHo, m;o cyMa t.IHceJI, HKi CTOHTb

Ha ,cyci,z:i;HiX 11epBOHHX rrp.HMHX, ,z:i;opiBHIO€ cyMi 11HCeJI, p03Mim;eHHX
30.37. BJCa3iBJCa. ,ll;HB. pHcyHoK.
Ha HacTyrrHili 11epB0Hili rrpHMili.
3
ao.38. 11 =(10+1) =10 +c~10 +c:10 2 +c;10 1 +1=14641. ao.39. 6.
4 4 4

30.40. 3. 30.45. BKa3iBKa. CKopHcTaliTecH cpopMyJiaMH rroHHJKeHH.H

!n)ll7
CTeneHH i HepiBHiCTIO, ,IJ;OBep;eHOIO B sa,n;a11i 30.44. 30.46. c;~6 ( v2 .
BKa3iBJCa. IIopiBH.HHTe ,z:i;Ba cyci,z:i;Hix ,z:i;o,z:i;aHKH cpopMyn:a 6iHoMa Hbro-

248
 Bi,o,nosi,o,i Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO BnpaB

1
1 1
un
1 2
un +l
1 u,. +2

5 1
15 20 15 6 1
21 35 35 21 7 1
PHc. TJ..O 3aTJ.,a;qi 30.36

1
1 1
1 2 1
1
1 4 1
1 5 1
1 6 6 1
PHc. TJ..O 3aTJ.,RC£i 30.37
•

ToHa. 30.47. -C 2 23 27 ( ln)

v3 .
23
30.48. A= B = 2100 . B1'aaiB1Ca. ,IJ;oBe,z:r;iTb,
50

IIJ;O A+B=2 101 , a A-B=O. 30.49. n2n - 1 • BKa3iB1Ca. 06"tIHCJiiTb rro-

xi,z:r;Hy o6ox 't!aCTHH piBHOCTi (1 + x r = 1 + C! x + c; x + c; x 2 3
+ ... + c: xn..
2
30.50. n +i -l. B1Ca3i81'a. 3Hali,z:r;iTb rrepBicHi o6ox "t!aCTHH piBHOCTi
n +l
(l+xt =l+C!x+C!x 2 +C!x 3 + ... +c;xn. 30.51. B1Ca3iB1Ca. 3a <l>OPMY-
JIOIO 6iHOMa HbIOTOHa p03KPHHTe ,z:r;y:>KKH B piBHOCTi (1 + x t (1 + x r=
2
= (1 + x) n i rropiBHHHTe Koe<t>in;ieHTH rrp:a xn. 30.52. Yci 1000 n;:a<t>p
rriCJIH KOMM - ,z:r;eB' HTKH. B1CaaiB1'a. BHKOpHCTOBy.IO"t!H <t>opMyJiy 6i-
r;;;; )1000 ( r;;-;:; )1000 .
HOMa HbroToHa, ,z:r;oBe,z:r;iTb, IIJ;O ( v50 +7 + v50 - 7 - n;iJie
r;;-;:; )1000
"t!HCJIO. ToMy "t!HCJIO ( v 50 + 7 MeHme n;iJioro Ha .n;o,z:r;aTHe q:acJio

249
Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas

r,::;:: )1000 1 1
( -V 50 -7 = (.J50 + ) 1000 < 101000 . 30.53. BJCa3i81ca. Hexali bn =an + 1.
7
To,n;i bk +I =19 (bk -1)20 + 20 (bk -1)19 +1. B1u~opHCTOByro:qH cl>op-
6iHOMa HhIOTOHa, Ma€MO bk+ 1 = 19 (1- 20bk + c:ob! - ... + b: ) -
0
MYJIY

- 20 (l - l 9bk + c; b: - ... - b:
9
9
) + 1 = b: Xk, ,n;e Xk E Z. IJ;e 03Ha"CJa€, IIJ;O KOJIH
,n;ecHTKOBHH aarrHc 't.!Hcna bk 3aKiH"CJY€ThCH Ha m eyniB, TO 3arrHc
't.!HCJia bk +l 3aKiH't.!Y€ThCH ll.l;OHaHMeHIIIe Ha 2m HyJiiB. 3Bi,n;CH BHIIJIH-
Bae, m;o ,n;eCHTKOBHH 3aIIHC 't.!HCJia b21 3aKiHl-ty€ThCH IIJ;OHaHMeHrne Ha
220 =(2 10_) 2 >1000 2 =1000 000 HyJiiB.

31.4. Hi. 31.5. Hi. 31.6. TaK. 31.7. 1) 11; 2) 9; 3) 11.

31.8. 1) 9; 2) 9; 3) 10. 31.10. ,r:t;ocJii,n; Mae IIIiCTh eJieMeHTapHHX Ha-
CJii,D;KiB: « BHIIaJIO 0 rep6iB » ' «BHIIaB 1 rep6 »' ... ' «BHIIaJIO 5 rep6iB ».
31.11. U = {O, l, .. .", 100}. 31.13. U = {(O; 0), (O; 1), (1; 0), (2; 0), (l; 1),
(O; 2), ... }. 31.14. U =(0; +oo). 31.15. KomHHH eneMeHTapHHH HacJii-
,n;oK - :u;e napa -curceJI (a; b), ,n;e KO:>KHe 3 "CJHCeJI a i b Ha6yBae 3Ha-
1 ,n;o 6 . IIpocTip eneMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeThCH
't.!eHh Bi,n;
3 36 eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,D;KiB. 31.16. 30 • 29 • 28. 31.17. 5• c:
31.18. B~a3iBJCa. IIpocTopoM eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB e ,n;BoeJieMeHT-
Ha MHO)KHHa U = {r, l:J}, ,n;e eJieMeHTapHHH HaCJii,D;OK r 03Ha"CJa€, IIJ;O
B peayJihTaTi ,D;OCJii,n;y BHIIaB .rep6, a Hacni,n;oK q 03Ha"CJae, m;o BHIIaJIO
't.!HCJIO. IJ;H MHO:>KHHa MiCTHTb 't.!OTHPH ni,n;MHOmHHH (BHIIa,D;KOBi rro,n;il):
A= 0, ·Ai= {r}, Aa ={l:J}, A 4 = {r, l:J}. 31.19. 2 20 • BKa3iBJCa. Oc1dJib-
KH i3 rneCTH KOMaH,n; o6paTH TpH, HKi IIOTpaIIJIHTb ,n;o rpyi:iH A, MO:>K-
Ha c: = 20 cnoco6aMH, TO B ,n;aHOMY ,ZJ;OCJii,n;i npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
HacJii,n;KiB CKJia,n;aeThCH 3 20 eJieMeHTiB. ToMy npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX
20
HacJii,n;KiB MiCTHTb 2 piaHHX rri,r(MHomHH. 31.20. 23 • 31.23. IIpocTip
eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB u = {1, 2, 3, ...} CKJia,n;aeTbCH 3 HeCKiffCieHHOl
KiJibKOCTi eJieMeHTapHHx Hacni,n;KiB. TyT 't.!HCJia l, 2, 3, ... o3Ha"CJa-
IOTb. KiJihKiCTb ni,n;KH,n;aHb ,n;o nepmo! IIOHBH rep6a. 31.25. 22,8 °/o.
31.26. 14. 31.27. 1) 15,4 °/o; 2) 25,6 o/o; 3) 19,9 o/o; 4) 9,6 % ;
5) 74,1 °/o. 31.28. 1)
23
; 2) ~; 3) 16
. 31.29. 5 % . BJCa3iB·JCa. Ilpo-
99 17 73
Be,n;eMO 6araTO paaiB ,n;ocJii,n; - 3 KOHBeepa HaBMaHHH 6epyTb ,n;eTaJib.
HKm;o cepe,n; y3HTHX ,n;eTa.rre:li n ,n;eTaJie:li BHpo6JieHo Ha ,n;pyroMY aBTO-

250
•
 Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

MaTi, TO MOJKHa BBaJKaTH, m;o cepe,n; Y3.HTHX .,n;eTaJieli Ha rrepruoMy

aBTOMaTi BHpo6JieHo 3n ,n;eTaJieli. To,n;i KiJibKiCTh 6pa.KoBaHHX ,n;eTa-
Jieli, BHp06JieHHX Ha rrepIIIOMY aBTOMaTi, ,n;opiBHIOe 0,06. 3n, a KiJih-
KiCTb ,n;eTa.rreli, BHp06JieHHX Ha ,n;pyroMy aBTOMaTi, ,n;opiBHIOe 0,02n.
0TJKe, cepe,n; o6paHHX 4n ,n;eTa.rreli BHHBJieHo 0,06 · 3n + 0,02 · n 6pa-
KOBaHHX. 31.30. 0,6. B1Ca3i61Ca. Hexali 6yJio rrpoBe,n;eHo n BHrrpo-
6YBaHh, OIIHCaHHX B YMOBi 3a,n;a'1i (HaBMaHH.H o6HpaJIH KOpo6Ky
i KyJiro B Hili). To,n;i cepe,n; n;Hx n BHrrpo6yBaHh 0,4n TaKHX, m;o BH-
6pa.rrH KOpo6Ky rrepmoro THrry, i 0;6n Ta.KHX, m;o BH6paJIH Kopo6Ky
,n;pyroro THrry. Cepe,n; 0,4n BHrrpo6yBaHh, KOJIH o6paJIH Kopo6Ky rrep-
ruoro THIIy, 6iJiy KYJIIO 6yJio B3HTO 0,3. 0,4n pa3iB; a cepe,n; pe111TH
0,6n BHrrpo6yBa.Hh 6iJiy KYJIIO 6yJio B3HTO 0,8. 0,6n pa31B.
5 2 8
32.1. 1) O; 2) 1. 32.2. 1) 1; 2) 0. 32.5. 3) -; 5) -. 32.6. 5) ;
9 3 17
7 1
6) 32.7. 1) b ; 3) a+b . 32.8. 2) m+k 32.9.
17 a+b+c a+b+c n+m+k 360

32.11. 2) 5 0Yo. 32.12. 1) -2 ,. 2) -,

2. 11. 1 .
3) - , 4) - . 32.13. 1) 18, 2) 3.
15 5 30 10
c124 ca6 4 4
32.14. 2) 8. 32.15. -4- = - .
11
32.16. -3-·
1
= - . 32 • 17• C20 +Cg
4
~ 0,21.
C30 609 C40 494 C29
1 2 2 ci
32.19. C12ca : c12 a - 72
C20 95
1 3 3 4
32.21. 1) .!:.; 3) ; 5) ; 6) .!:.; 7) 32.22. 2) 2-; 3) .!:.; 4) ;
8 2 8 2 4 12 6 9
5k - l
5) ~. 32.23. 1) 2-; 2)
5
; 3)
1
32.24. -k 32.25.
1
12 18 36 12 6 16

32.26.
C
6
-f.
2
32.27.
c10 3
1

4 10
3
~ 0,003. 32.28. +·
c 3
2a
32.29. - .
3
5

10
BKa3ieKa.

Po3rJIHHhTe ,n;ocJii,n;, y HKOMY 3 .am;HKa HaBMaHHH rrocJii,n;oBHo BHTH-

ryIOTb TPH KyJii. ,Ll;ani o6'1HCJiiTh 3araJihHY KiJihKiCTh eJieMeHTapHHX
HaCJii,n;KiB Ta KiJihKiCTb Ta.KHX eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB, ,n;e TpeTH
BHT.HrHYTa KYJIH - tIOpHa. IHmHli po3B'H30K MOJKHa oTpHMaTH, KOJIH
3ayBaJKHTH, m;o KiJibKiCTb eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB, y HKHX TpeT.H
BHTHrHyTa KYJIH - '10pHa, ,n;opiBHIOe KiJihKOCTi eJieMeHTapHHX Ha-
CJii,n;KiB, y HKHX rrepma BHTHrHyTa KYJIH - '10pHa. D;e 03Ha'1ae, m;o
IIlYKaHa HMOBipHiCTb ,n;opiBHroe liMoBipHocTi BHTHrHyTH '10pHy KYJIIO

251
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKlt1 AO snpas

a rrepmo1 cnpo6H. 32.30. ~ BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHbTe ,n;oc~, y .HKOMY

12
3 .HID;HKa 3 25 OJIIBD;.HMH HaBMaHH.H i IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHO BHT.HrYJ?Tb ,n;Ba OJiiB-
n;i. 06qHcJiiTb KiJibKiCTb TaKHX eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB, KOJIH
,n;pyrHli BHT.HrHyTHH oJiiBeD;b - CHHHL To,n;i MO»<H~ BBamaTH, m;o
1
" BHT.HrHyTRH" OJilBeD;b
rrepIIIHH . - " .HKHH" sary6HBC.H.
n;e TOH, 32 •31 • -.
n
15 1 8 1
32.32. IllaHCH piBHi. 32.33. - =- 32.34. - . 32.35. 1) - ; .
c30 28
29 15 216

2)
5 .
3) - - . 4)
5 1
32.36. 1)
1 .
2)
125
3)
1 .
4)
5 .
18 ' 324 ' 81 36' 216' 21' 36
310 65 2 4 1 4 3 2
32.37. 10· 32.38. 5• 32.39.
C20C:0Cs ~ 0,03. 32.40.
C12CsC4 ~
9
5 7 C3s C24
3 1. n- 1 n- 2 1
~ 6·10-4. 32.41. 32.42. 1) 2) 3) =
190 n' n A3
n n (n - 1)
Co10 +C1 +C210
32.43. ~~ ~ 0,05. BKa3iBKa. YKasaHa 't!acToTa 6y,n;e MeH-
2
IIIOIO Bi,n; 0,3, .HKID;O 3 10 rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHb MOHeTH rep6 BHIIa,D;e MeHme
s c4 1 s s
Him TPH paaH. 32.44. c 35 + 535 c 10 ~o,69. 32.45. Cso ~c46 ~o,51.
C45 Cso
11
32.46. . BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHbTe ,n;ocJii,n;, y .HKOMY Ky6HK KH,n;aIOTb.
36
,n;Bi't!i . .H:Km;o rrepmoro pasy Ha Ky6HKY BHIIaJIO qHcJio a, a ,n;pyroro -
.
'C!HCJIO b, TO pesyJibTaTOM ,ZJ;OCJil,Zl;Y € BeJIHqHHa x=
{a
+ b, HKID;O < 3, a
a, .HKm;o a~ 3.
32.47. ~.
32.48. ~. BKa3iBKa. Ha rrapy ,n;Box cyci,n;Hix a AH,n;pieM
72 19 .
MiCD;b 3 o,n;HaKOBHMH IIIaHCaMH npeTeH,n;ye 6y,n;b-.HKa rrapa .Horo O,ZJ;HO-
KJiaCHHKiB. ToMy myKaHa HMOBipHiCTb ,n;opiBHIO€ HMOBipHOCTi o6pa-
TH rrapy ,n;iB't!aT rrpH BH6opi HaBMaHH.H rrapH, ,ZJ;BOX O,ZJ;HOKJiaCHHKiB
10 6 4
c20c20- 1oc20 - 10 - 6 201 1
AH,n;pi.a. 32.49. _!_. 32.50. 20 - 20 . 32.51. 1) - ;
6 3 10! 6! 4? 3 kn
1 kt 11
2) - -1 ; 3) m<.m;o k ~ n, TO ; .HKID;O k < n, TO 0. 32.52. - .
k n- k n (k - n)I 21
BKa3iBKa. .H:Km;o BH3Ha't!eHo Micn;e HalicHJihHimoro rpaan;.H, To Ha
KOmHe 3 21 iHmHX MiCD;b ( 10 y KOMaH,n;i HaHCHJibHimoro rpaBD;.H
252
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas

i 11 B iHmili KOMaH,n;i) ,n;pyrHH HaHCHJibIDIIIBH rpaBe:C.t;b Mome ITOTpa-

IlHTH 3 o,n;HaKOBOIO HMOBipHiCTIO. 32.53. .!.. Bx:aaiex:a. BBamaTHMeMo,

2
rn;o eJieMeHTapHHM HacJii,n;KOM eKcrrepHMeHTY e IlOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb 3 eyJiiB
i O,ZJ;HHHD;b ,ZJ;OB'1<HHH 101, ,n;e nepmi 50 ~ceJI 3a,ZJ;aIOTb pe3yJihTaT nep-
moro rpaBn;H, a pemTa "t.J:HCeJI - pe3yJibTaT ,n;pyroro rpaBn;H (1 03Ha-
"t.J:ae rep6; 0 - "t.J:HCJIO ). 3po3yMiJio, m;o BCi eJieMeHTapHi HaCJii,n;KH
piBHOMO»<JIHBi. ,IJ;Ba eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,ZJ;KH Ha3HBaTHMeMO rrpOTH-
•
JiemHHMH, .HKlil;O Ha mo,n;HiH 3 Bi,n;rroBi,ZJ;HHX II03Hn;ili BOHM. He MaIOTb
o,n;HaKOBHX "t.J:HceJI. HarrpHKJia,n;, HacJii,n;oK (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, ... , 1) rrpoTH-
JiemHHH HacJii,n;Ky (0, l, 0, 1, ... , 0). Hexali eJieMeHTapHHli HacJii,n;oK
ul ¥iCTHTb n O,ZJ;HHHD;b cepe,n; rrepIIIHX 50 "tlHCeJI Bi,n;rroBi,n;HOl IIOCJii-
,ZJ;OBHOCTi i m o,n;HHHD;h cepe,n; iHrnHx 51 "tlHCeJI. To,n;i rrpoTHJiemHHli
HacJii,n;oK MiCTHTHMe 50 - n Ta 51- m o,n;HHHD;h Bi,n;rroBiJI;HO. HeBam-
KO 3p03yMiTH, m;o YMOBa n < m piBHOCHJibHa YMOBi 50- n ~ 51- m.

u;e 03Ha"tlae, m;o i3 ,ZJ;BOX rrpOTHJiemHHX eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB

yMoBy n < m 3a,ZJ;OBOJibHHe JIHme o,n;HH. 32.54. ~8 . Bx:aaiex:a. Bcbo-

125
ro icHye 55 BapiaHTiB po3KJiacTH rr' .HTb pi3HHX KYJih y rr' HTb pi3HHX
.Hlil;HKiB. 06"t.J:HCJIHMO KiJibKiCTb THX BapiaHTiB, KOJIH piBHO O,ZJ;HH .Hlil;HK
3aJIHIIIaE:TbC.H BiJibHHM. u;e M0'1<JIHBO JIM.me TO,n;i, KOJIH B iHIIIHX TpbOX
.HID;HKax JiemHTb no o,n;Hili KyJii, a B OCTaHHbOMY .HID;HKY - ,ZJ;Bi KyJii.
ToMy CIIO"tlaTKY o6HpaeTbC.H O,ZJ;HH BiJibHHH .Hlil;HK, IIOTiM O,ZJ;HH .Hlil;HK,
,n;e 6y,n;yTb JiemaTH ,n;Bi KyJii, ,n;ani o6HpaeMO 2 KyJii, HKi IIOTpaIIJI.HTb
y n;eli HID;HK, i HapemTi po3KJia,n;aeMo TPH KyJii, m;o 3aJIHIIIHJIHCH,
no TpbOX .HID;HKax. MaeMO 5. 4. c;. 3! crrpH.HTJIHBHX BapiaHTiB.

15
32.55. . Bx:aaiex:a. y HBiMO, m;o MOHeTy He 6yJIO 3ary6JieHO i 11
16
rri,n;KHHYJIH rn;e 4 pa3H (,n;JI.H 3aKiH"t.J:eHH.H rpH aa paxyHKY 6:3 6iJibme
't.IOTHpbOX rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHb MOHeTH He 3Ha,ZJ;06HJIOC.H 6). To,n;i BCi 16 Mom-
. . .
JIHBHX pe3yJibTaTlB D;HX "t.J:OTHpbOX IIl,ZJ;KH,ZJ;aHb e plBHOMO»<JIHBHMH.
y 15 3 HHX rrepmHM Ha6Hpae 7 O"t!OK rpaBen;h A i JIHme B O,ZJ;HOMY -
rpaBen;h B. 32.56. Bi,n;rroBi,n;h 3MiHHThC.H. Y rrepmoMy BHIIa,n;Ky liMo-
4 4 1 3
. ~ 28,7 o10'
,n;opiBHIOe C1a - C10 -CaC10 - 29 ·-
BipHlCTb
c:a -c:o
/( y ,n;pyroMy BHIIB.,ZJ;-
101
3 3
KY - C12 -C10 -- ~,..,
- 45 , 5 o1 B x:aaiex:a. C4 .
KlJihKiCTb BapiaHTiB
c; 2 11
10 . 13 -

253
BiAnoBiAi Ta BKa3iBKl-1 AO snpas

o6paTH 4 KapTKH; c:o KiJihKiCTh BapiaHTiB o6paTH 4 KapTKH,

cepe,n; .HKHX HeMa€ JKO,D;HOl KapTKH 3 JiiTepoIO; ( Cta -C: 0 ) - KiJihKiCTh

BapiaHTiB o6paTH 4 KapTKH, cepe.n; .HKHX € rrpHHaHMHi o,n;Ha KapTKa

3 JiiTepoIO; C~C;0 - KiJihKiCTb BapiaHTiB o6paTH 4 KapTKH, cepe,n;

.HKHX piBHO O,D;Ha KapTKa 3 JiiTepoIO; c; 2 - KiJihKiCTb BapiaHTiB 06-

paTH 4 KapTKH, cepe.n; .HKHX € KapTKa 3 JiiTepoIO A; c;o - KiJihKiCTb

BapiaHTiB o6paTH 4 KapTKH, cepe.n; .HKHX € JIHme o,n;Ha KapTKa 3 JiiTe-

c520 -Cs16
po10 i n;e KapTKa a JiiTepo10 A. 32.57. 5
• BKaaieKa. 3aKo,zzyeMo
C20
,n;oBiJihHY rr' .HTHeJieMeHTHY rri,n;MHOJKHHY MHOJKHHH A = { 1, 2, 3, ... , 20}
y BHfJI.H,D;i IlOCJii,D;OBHOCTi CHMBOJiiB 3 5 «3ip0'10K» 'i 15 «XpeCTHKiB »,
.n;e 3ip0'1Ka Ha Bi,n;rroBi,D;HOMY Micn;i 03Hatiae, m;o ,D;aHHH eJieMeHT MHO-
JKHHH A BXOJJ;HTh .n;o rri,n;MHOJKHHH, a xpecTHK - Hi. IIi,n;MHOJKHHa He
MiCTHTb ,D;BOX IlOCJii,n;oBHHX HaTypaJibHHX TIHCeJI, .HKIIJ;O MiJK ,D;BOMa
3ipOTIKaMH 3HaXO,D;HThC.H m;oHaHMeHme O,D;HH xpeCTHK. ,lI;JI.H Toro m;o6
OTPHMaTH TaKY IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTh, CIT0'1aTKY 3aITHIIIeMO IIOCJii'AOBHiCTb
i3 16 3ip0'10K i 15 xpeCTHKiB (pHC. 1), a IIOTiM 3aJIHIIIHMO B HiH 5 ai-
pOTIOK, a pemTy 11 - 3aKpeCJIHMO. IlocJii,D;OBHiCTb, 306pam.eHa Ha
pHCYHKY 2, 3aAa€ TaKY rr'.HTHeJieMeHTHY MHOJKHHY {l, 3, 6, 18, 20}.
KiJihKicT:o myKaHHX rri,n;MHOJKHH BH3Ha'1a€TbC.H THM, CKiJihKOMa crro-

co6aMH MOJKHa 3aJIHIJ.IHTH 5 3ipOTIOK i3 16. ToMy lX c;6. 0TJKe,

p (A)= c:o ~c~6.

c20

x -<:r x -<:r x -<:r x -<:r ••. -<:r x -<:r

~ -<:rx-<:rxx-<:rxxx •.• xx-<:rx-<:r
(16 3ip0'10K i 15 xpeCTHKiB) (5 aipotIOK i 15 xpeCTHKiB)

PHc. 1 .n;o aa;:i;aqi 32.57 PHc. 2 .n;o aa;:i;~qi 32.57

33.4. 4) By,n;h-.HKHH paxyHOK Ha KOpHCTb KOMaH,n;H «illaxTap»' OKpiM

3:0; 6) 6y.n;:o-.HKHH l?axyHoK. 33.5. 2) Yci Yl.JHi 11 KJiacy, .HKi mHBYTb
y rrp~BaTHHX 6y,n;HHKax, JII06JIS1Th Mopo3HBo; 3) yci yTIHi 11 KJiacy,
.HKi He JII06JI.HTh Mopo3HBO, MaIOTb KoMn'K>Tep. 33.9. p (AU BU C) ~

~ p(AUC) ~ p(A) ~ p(A \(B\C))~ p(A \B) ~ p((AnC)\B) ~ p (0).

33.11. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. flKm;o A i B - HecyMicHi Ta He3aJiem.Hi
- -
BHrra,n;KoBi rro,n;il, TO 0 = p (An B) = p (A) p (B). 33.14. 1) Ai; 2) Ai n
- - - -
n ~ n ... n An; 3) Ai n ~ n Aa n ... n An; 4) .HKID;O n - HerrapHe 't!HCJIO,

254
I
I BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas

TO Ai n ~ n Aa n A4 n ... n An; HKID;O n- rrapHe "t!HCJIO, TO Ai n ~ n As n

- - - -
nA4 n ... nAn. 33.15. 2) Ai_U~U.AaUA4 ; 3) Ain~n.AanA4 ;
- -
4) Ai n ~ n Aa n A 4 ; 5) (Ai n ~ n Aa) u (Ai n ~ n A 4 ) u (Ai n Aa n A 4 ) u
13 3 1 5 3
u (~ n Aa n A 4 ). 33.17. 4) - . 33.18. 1) -; 2) -; 3) -; 4) -.
36 4 8 8 8
5
33.19. 12 o/o. 33.20. 0, 7. 33.21. 0,67. 33.22. (1- p) p.
33.23. 0,8 7 • 0,2 ~ 0,04. 33.24. 1) 14 °/o; 2) 9 % ; 3) 6 % ; 4) 36 °/o;
5) 6 % ; 6) 41 % ; 7) 55 % . 33.25. 1) 72,9 °/o; 2) 24,3 % ; 3) 2, 7 °/o;
4) 0, 1 °/o. 33.26. 1) 6,25 % ; 2) 40,96 % ; 3) 10,24 % ; 4) 40,96 °/o;
5) 8,37 % . 33.27. 2p- p 2 • 33.28. 1-(1- p) 4 • 33.29. 2p 3 - p 6 • IIpH
nepexo,u;i Ha cxeMy, 306pameHy Ha pHCYHKY 33.13, HMOBipHiCTh
6e3Bi,ZJ;MOBHo1 po6oTH 36iJihIIIHThCH (He 3MeHUIHThCH rrpH p =0 a6o

p =1) i ,u;opiBHIOBaTHMe p (2- p)

3 3
• 33.30. (1-(1- p 1 ) 2 ) (1-(1- p 2 ) 3 ) p 3 •
33.31. 6 o6epTiB. BKa3iBKa. HMoBipHicTh Toro, m;o cTaH:u;iH He BH-
HBHTh ~6'eKT 3a k o6epTiB, ,u;opiBHIO€ 0,3k. 33.32. 10 3aIIHTaHh.
33.33. BKa3iBKa. 06'lHCJiiTh HMOBipHiCTh p (AU B) i Bpaxy:HTe, m;o
p (AU B) ~ 1. 33.34. Hi. 33.35. c:p 3 (1- p) 5 • 33.36. C~pk (1- pt - k.

33.37. c: C:J· C:J'-· 33.38. 1----n

11
__
5n
11
6
cl511 - l
6

33.39. Ck m(nr )m (nn-r)k-m. B Ka3iBKa. II epeHyMepyHTe u

1<yn1• HaTy-

paJihHHMH 'lHCJiaMH Bi,u; 1 ,u;o k. 33.40. 51. BKa3i8Ka. MaeMo

~aJii
60
p(Ak)=C:o ·0,85k ·0,15 -k. rropiBHHHTe p(Ak) i p(Ak+1>·
c4s ci 44
33.41. C 0 ,1 ao , 91
a
10 ~ O,057. 33 . 42 . p (A)= l - 410000 _ _a_o_oo_oc_4_10_00_0
45 45
Csooooo Csooooo
45 44

p (A)~ 1- ( -4 7 ) - 45. -3 . ( -4 7 )
' m;o npH6JIH3HO CTaHOBHTh 76, 1 % .
50 50 50 .
33.43. 55,9 °/o. 33.44. 1) BKa3i8Ka. p(AUBUC)=p(AUB)+p(C)-
- p ((Au B) n C). ~aJii ,ZJ;O,Zl;aHOK p (Au B) nepeTBOpiTh TaK: p (Au B) =
= p (A)+ p (B)- p (An B), a ,ZJ;JIH nepeTBOpeHHH ,Zl;O,Zl;aHKY p ((Au B) n C)
CKOpHCTaHTeCH piBHiCTIO (Au B) n c =(An C) u (B n C). 33.45. TaK.
BKa3iBKa. BHKOpHcTa:liTe KJIIO'lOBY 3a,u;a'ly 33.44 ,ZJ;JIH BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHX
rro,u;i:H: x = «BHIIYCKHHK 3Ha€ aHrJiiHChKY i HiMeIJ;hKY MOBH», y = «BH-

255
Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 .o.o an pas

rrycKHHK 3Ha€ aHrJilliChKY i <J>paHD;Y3hKY MOBH »' z = (( BHrryCKHHK 3Hae

HiMen;hKY i <J>pa.HD;Y3hKY MOBH» i BpaxyiiTe, m;o p (XU YU Z) ~ 1.

2
16 3 2 · 6R H
34.5. - . 34.6. - . 34.9. ~ . 34.10. 2 2 3/ 2 • 34.11. 2) 0,98;
25 35 v3n (4R +H)
2
3) 0,51. 34.12. 2) 75,5 °/o; 3) 64 °/o. 34.13. . BKaaieKa. IIpoBe,z:r;eMo
5
rrpHMY l, rreprreH,z:r;HKYJI.ffPHy ,z:r;o ,n;aHH~ rrpHMHx. He o6Me.myrotIH 3araJih-
HocTi, MO.mHa BBa.maTH, m;o n;eHTP MOHeTH IIOTparrHTh Ha IlPHMY l.

34.14.
3
. 34.15. 1) ~. BKaaieKa. )];JI.a o6tIHcJieHHH rrJiom;i <J>irypH
4 4
1

{(x; y) Iy ~ x 3
, x E [O; 1), y E [O; l]} ~axyii:Te iHrerpaJI Jx dx; 2) 1-~;
0
3

1t

1 5 2
3) +ln . 34.16. . Bx:aaiex:a. y KBa,z:r;paTi 3 BepmHHaMH B TOlIKax
5 3
3 KOOp,D;HHaTaMH (-1; -1), (l; -1), (l; 1), (-1; 1) Ha.BMa.HHH o6epeMO
TOlIKY Q (p; q). PiBHHHHH t 2 + 2pt + q = 0 Mae KOpeHi, HK~O TOlIKa
Q (p; q) HaJie.mHTh <J>irypi, m;o aa,z:r;aHa HepiBHicTIO D = 4p 2 -4q ~ 0.
3
2
34.17.1) ; 2) ~; 3) 2
l-ln . 34.18. C 5
5
• BKaaieKa. :AMoBipHiCTh
3 7t ·2 2
Toro, m;o o,n;Ha o6paHa HaBMaHHH B TPHKYTHHKY ABC TOtIKa rroTparrHTh

,n;o KBa,z:r;paTa CDEF, ,n;opiBHroe .!. . )J;ani cKopHcTaiiTec.a KJIIO't!OBOIO

2
3 9
34.20.
2
-'12. 34.21.
10

3 4
34.22. • 34.23. • 34.24. 0,5. Bx:aaieKa. EJieMeHTapHHM HacJii,z:r;KoM
4 9 .
y ,n;aHOMY BHilpo6yBaHHi e yrropH,D;KOBaHa TpiiiKa lIHCeJI (x; y; z)' ,z:r;e
KO.mHa 3i 3MiHHHX MO.me Ha6YBaTH 3HatieHh Bi.u; 0 ,z:r;o l. Bi,z:r;rroB~O ,z:r;o
YMOBH aa,z:r;a'tli TaKY TpiliKy MO.mHa OTpHMaTH, o6HpaIOlIH HaBM8.HHH
TOtIKY Q (x; y; z) y Ky6i ABCDAi_B1 C1 D 1 (,n;HB. pHc. 1). 3 Bi,z:r;piaKiB

3aB)J;OB.mKH x, y i z MO.mHa CKJiaCTH TpHKYTHHK, HKID;O [ : ; ~: ::

z<x+y.
TiJio F, ~o e rpa<J>iKoM 3arrHcaHo1 CHCTeMH, Mo.mHa oTpHMaTH 3 Ky6a

256
 Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas

x x
PHc. 1 ~o 38.)J;a"tli 34.24 PHc. 2 ~o aap;aqi 34.24

ABCDAiB1 C1 D 1 IIIJI.HXOM BH,n;a.rreHH.H Tphox piBHHX TPHKYTHHX rripa-

Mi,n;, m;o Bi,n;noBi,n;aIOTh HepiBHOCT.HM x ~ y + z, y ~ x + z i z ~ x + y.

HanpHKJia,n;, HepiBHOCTi y ~ x +z Bi,n;noBi,n;ae rripaMi,n;a ACDD1
a·
3 o6'eMoM !_ (pHc. 1). TiJio F 306paJKeHo Ha pHcyHKY 2. 06'eM TiJia F
6
3 3
.
p;opIBHIO€
VF = za - 3 . -l =-.
l T aKHM v • •
l!HHOM, HMOBlpHICTh 13 TphOX
•

6 2
Bi,n;pi3aHHX mMaTKiB IlaJIHl!OK CKJiaCTH TpHKyTHHK CTaHOBHTh p (F) =
za
_ 2_ _g_3 _ .!. 34.25 . .!. BKa3iB1'a. Hexali ,n;oBJKHHa ,n;a.Horo Bi,n;pi3-
VKy6a l 2 4
Ka l. EJieMeHTapHHM HacJii,n;KOM y ,n;aHoMy BHrrpo6YBaHHi e napa tIHCeJI
(x; y), ,n;e KOJKHa 3i 3MiHHHX MOJKe Ha6YBaTH 3Hal!eHh Bip; 0 ,n;o l. To,n;i
TPHKYTHHK MOJKHa 6y,n;e CKJiaCTH, .HKIIJ;O rrapa (x; y) e p03B'.H3KOM
x~y, x>y,
l-y < y, l-x < x, 1
CHCTeMH a6o CHCTeMH 34.26.
y-x <l-y+x, x-y<l-x+y, 6
x<l-x y<l-y.
34.27. BKa3iB1'a. IloMHJIKOBo 6yJio 6 orrHcyBaTH yMoBy aa,n;aqi liMo-
BipHiCHOIO Mop;eJIJIIO, KOJIH Ha Bi,n;pi3KY AB HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTh ,n;Bi
TOl!KH, HKi rro3HatiaIOTh tiepe3 C i D TaK, m;o6 TOl!Ka D rroTparrHJia
Ha Bi,n;pi30K AC. CrrpaBp;i, 3a yMOBOIO 3a,n;atii BH6ip ,n;Box TaKHx TOl!OK

257
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

.,
He € He3a.rremHHM. H anpHKJia,n;, HMOBlpHlCTh Toro, m;o
. . AD < -AB ' KOJIH
4

AC= AB, ,n;opiBHIOE: 50 o/o; a liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o AD< AB, KOJIH
2 4
AB
AC=-, ,n;opiBHIOE: 100 °/o. CKop:acTaE:MOC.H iHrnoro HMOBipHiCHOIO
4
MO,D;eJIJIIO • .51Km;o B]Api30K AB TO"t!KOIO c po36HJIH Ha ,D;Bi "t!aCTHHH, TO
AC · AD
BeJIHtIHHH A1 = - E [O; 1] i A. 2 = - E [O; l] o,n;H03Ha"t!HO BH3HatiaIOTh
AB AC
TO"t!KH C i D. Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho ,n;o yMoB 3a,n;atii o6epeMo HaBMaHH.H TO"t!-
KY Q (A 1 ; A2 ) y KBa,n;paTi OKLM 3 BeprnHHaMH 0 (O; 0), K (l; 0),
AB
L(l;l), M(O;l). MaeMo AD=A 1 A2 AB. YMoBa AD<-, To6To
3
yMoBa A1 A2 < .! , BHKOHyeTbCH JIHIIIe To,n;i, KOJIH TO"t!Ka Q (A 1 ; A2 ) rro-
3
TparrHTh ,n;o Q;>irypH F, 3o6pameHo1 Ha pHcyHKY. ,ll;JI.H 3Haxo,n;meHH.H
'

IIJIOII.J;l. <t>1rypH
. F 0 6"t!HCJIHMO f - 1 d x =-1 1n x
1 1
1
1 1n -1 = -
=-- ln-3. 0 Tme,
1 3x 3 3 3 3 3
3
rrJiom;a Q;>irypH F i liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o
y 1 AB . 1+ In 3 n
Mii--- - - - - L AD<-, ,n;op1BHIOe • 34.28. -.
3 3 4
BKaaiBKa. B orrHcaHoMy ,n;ocJii,n;i n 2 eJie-
F MeHTapnHx HaCJii,n;KiB - ynop.H,D;KOBaHHX
1
nap (x;y), ,n;e x EN, y EN, x~n, y~n.
3
1 Hexa.H HepiBHiCTh x 2 + y 2 ~ n2 3a,D;OBOJih-
0 1 K x HHe kn eJieMeHTapHHX nacJii,n;KiB. To,n;i
3
PHc. p;o 3Ma1ii 34.27 Pn = k~. lJOCTaBHMO Y Bi,D;II~Bi,D;HiCTb KO»<-
n
HOMY eJieMeHTapHOMY HaCJii,n;Ky (x; y)

KBa,n;paTHK KLMN po3MipoM ..!:. x ..!., BepmHHH HKoro MaIOTh Koop-

n n

AHHaTH K( x:l; y:l). L(:; y:l). M(:; ~). N( x:l; ~). HanpH-

KJia,n;, Ha pHCYHKY 1 306pameno KBa,n;paT KLMN, .HKHli Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae

rrapi "t!HCeJI (2;4) ,n;JI.H n = 5. HI<m;o HepiBHiCTh x + y ~ n rreperrH-
2 2 2

258
 Bi,D.nosi,D.i ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

caTH y BHrJIH,lli (:J +(~)' <l, TO JierKO 3p03YMiTH, r:qo eJieMeHTap-

HliH HaCJiiAOK (x; y) 33,D;OBOJihH.H€ .n;aHY HepiBHiCTh TiJibKli TO,n;i, KOJili

Bi,n;rroBi,n;HHli KBa,n;paTHK KLMN rroBHicTro JieJKHTh ycepe,n;HHi o,n;H-
HH't!Horo Kpyra. TaKi KBa,n;paTHKH YTBoproroTh Q;>irypy ~ rrJiom;ero
1
kn - 2 = Pn (Ha pMCYHKY 2 so6pameHo Q;>irypy ~ npli n = 10). 3 03Ha-
n
'tleHH.H IIJIOrrt;i BliIIJIHBae, m;o rroc.rri,n;OBHiCTb IIJIOID; Q;>iryp ~ rrp.HMye

,n;o rrJiom;i 't!BepTi Ol1,HHH't!Horo Kpyra, T06To lim Pn = 7t.

n~ co 4
y ~ y ~

1
N M
1 r-
- ~
,.._,

I" I'-
K L
1
5
1 '
1

- 10 .
-1 1 x 1 1 -x
5 10

P11c. 1 .n;o 3a,n;a-qi 34.28 P11c. 2 .n;o 3a,n;atri 34.28

1
35.3. Mo,n;y. 35.4. Me,n;iaHy i Mo,n;y. 35.7. 2-:::; 2,07 M'.Hqa sa rpy.
15
35.8. 3,8. 35.13. 1) 7,9; 2) 7, 7. 35.14. 1) 1,4 ro,n;/,n;o6y; 2) 1,35 ro,n;/11,o6y.
35.15. 1) 50,08 ·0/o; 2) 49,68 o/o. 35.16. 1) 13, 72 % . B1Ca3i81Ca. 06'tlHc-
JiiTb cepe,n;He 3Ha'tleHHH ,n;aHHX ,n;pyroro p.H,n;Ka Ta6JIHn;i; 2) 14, 12 o/o.
B1Ca3i81Ca. Q6qHcJiiTb cepe,n;He sBameHe 3Ha'tleHH.H ,n;aHHX ,n;pyroro
p.H,n;Ka Ta6JIHD;i 3 BarOBHMli KOeQ;>iu;ieHTaMH 3 TpeThOro p.H,n;Ka
Ta6JIHD;i. 35.17. 1) 21,8 THC. ,n;oJiapiB CIIIA; 2) 13, 7 THC. ,n;oJiapiB.
35.18. 1) c;o,8 3 0,2 4 :::::: 2,9 % . B1Ca3i8JCa. Cepe,n;He 3HaqeHH.H BH6ipKH
. 2
1-, . 3 pasH;
,n;oplBHIOBaTHMe .HKID;O cnopTCMeH BJIY't!HTh p!BHO
7
2) 1-c:o,8 0,2-c;o,81 :::;42%; 3) 3,3 % . B1Ca3ie1Ca. 06't!HcJiiTh
6

HMOBipHiCTh Toro, m;o crropTcMeH BJiyqHTh y KOIDHK MeHme Him

4 pa3H; 4) 96, 7 o/o. 35.19. 1) .!_; 2) l; 3) ~ ~ 16 o/o; 4)

23
: : : 9 o/o.
2 2 128 256

259
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

36.4. 3) x=2, y=l a6o

6
25
x=-:, y=
. 36.27. 4) : + :i;
+ ~i.
14 24 6
5) 36.29. 1) 1-2i. 36.30. 2) -2._ _ i. 36.31. 3) ; 5) 1.
13 ~3 25 25 5
33 69 58
36.32. 2) - _ -±-i. 36.33. 2) _!_ + -2._i. 36.34. 3) + i.
65 65 25 25 13 13

36.41. n=4k, k EN. 36.42. 50-50i. 36.43. O; l; _.!.+ .J3 i; _.!__ .J3 i.
2 2 2 2
36.44. B1Ca3i8Ka. CKopHCTaMTeC.H piBHiCTIO I Zn I=I z In.
37.2. 2) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK; 4) ,ll;HB. PHCYHOK; 5) ,ll;HB. pHCYHOK. 37.3.
6) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK. 37.5. 3) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK. 37.7. 2) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK.

Im Im

...
0 / 0 Re

PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (2) PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (4) PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (5)

Im

/ ...
Re
i
...
Re

0 Re

PHc. 'AO aa,n;a"ll:i 37.3 (6) Pac. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.5 (3) PHc. 'AO.aa,n;aqi 37.7 (2)

7t 3n
37.9. 1) 2nk, k E Z; 2) - + 2nk, k E Z; 3) --+2nk
4 , k E Z·,
2
7t • 7t 2n
4) -+2nk, k E Z. 37.10. 2) --+2nk, k E Z; 4) -+2nk,
6 2 3

kE z. 3
37.12. 3) 2 F2 (cos " +i sin : } 5)
4
3
v1s(cos ( arccos (- ~)J+
+i sin ( arccos (- ~))); 7) 13 (cos ( arcsin (- ~:)) +i sin ( arcsin (- ~:))}
260
 BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

3 3
37.13. 3) 3 F2 (cos : +i sin : } 7) 10(cos( arccos (-:)) +

+i sin ( arccos (- :)) ). 37.14. 2) 3 (cos ( <'} sin (- 1~)} 3) 6 (cos::+

i

9
+ l. Slil
. -
26
1t) ; 5) COS ( 7t + -1 ) + l. Slil
3
J
1
. ( 7t + - . 37 . 15 . 3)
3
3
COS -
8
n + l. Slil
3
. - n;
8
13n 13nJ mz2 + nz1
4) 3 ( cos-+isin- . 37.19. • 37.21. 3) ,lJ;HB. pHCyHOK.
11 11 m+n

37.23. 1) 2 cos: (cos: +i sin:} 2) -2 cos: (cos ( 11+ :)+i sin( 7t+ : )).

37.24. 1) 2sin :(cos( ;

11
<p) + i sin ( 11 ;<p)} 2) -2 sin; (cos ( 3" 2 J+ -<p

+ i sin ( ";
3
'P)). 37.25. 1) EoJio 3 n;eHTPOM M (1- i) pa.11iyca F2
3 BHKOJIOTOIO TO~KOIO Z = 0 (,n;HB. pHCYHOK); 2) .ZI;HB. pHCYHOK.
37.26. 1) ,lJ;HB. PHCYHOK.

Im

Re

PHc. p;o aa.n;aqi 37.21 (3) PHC. ,ll;O aa.n;a-qi 37.25 (1)

Im

PHc. p;o aap;a"<Ii 37 .25 (2) PHc. p;o aa.n;a-qi 37.26 (1)

261
Bip,nosip,i ra BKa3iBKV1 p,o snpas

8( B9rt + .. B9rt) .
COS i Sln

38.2. 2) 21 (cos__!__+ i sin__!__). 38.3. 2) 3( 3rt + . . 3rt)

- COS - i Sln - ;
12 12 2 16 16

3) 2(cos(n+l)+isin(n+l)). 38.4. 2) -3i; 3) 3( cos( 8-;)+

H sin( 8- ;)). 38.5. 2) 27 (cos(- ;)+i sin(-;)} 3) cos~ +i sin~.

38.7. 2)-1; 3) 625( cos( 4arccos;)+isin ( 4 arccosi)} 4)-64; 5) ~6-i.
38.8. 3) cos ( -10 arccos
1
a)
5 5
+ i sin ( -10 arccos ). 38.9. 1)
13
Fa (cos 2" +
9
•

. · ( --
+is1n 1t
10
)J , 2 ( cos-+is1n-
3n . .
10
3n:)
, 2 ( cos-+is1n- , 2 ( cos-+
10
7rc .. 7n:)
10 10
lln:
10
.. lln:)
+i s i n - , - 2·i. 38.11. 1) ,il;HB. p:acyHoK; 3) ,D;HB. PHCYHOK.
10
38.12. 1) ,il;HB. pHCYHOK; 2) ,D;HB. pHCYHOK.

Im
i

\, 0 ,/ Re
I
I
I
0 Re
\ I
\ I I
\
\
' I
I
I I
--
-i
Pnc . .n;o aa,n;al!i 38.11 (1) Pnc. ,n;o aa.n;a-qi 38.11 (3)
Im

-1 0 Re

Pnc. ,n;o aa,n;a-qi 38 .12 ( 1) P:ac . .n;o aa,n;a-qi 38.12 (2)

262
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

38.13. 1. 38.14. 0. 38.15. (O; O); ( cos 2nk ;sin

. 2nk)
, ,n;e k E {O, 1, 2,
7 7
3, 4, 5, 6}. 38.16. (O; O); ( cos 2nk ; sm
. 2nk)
5 5 , ,n;e k E {O, l, 2, 3, 4}.
38.17. IlOMHJIRa BacHJI.H IIOJI.Hrae B TOMy, ra;o BiH IIOIIIHpHB 03Ha'CJeH-
H.H i BJiaCTHBOCTi apHcpMeTH"'l!HOrO RBa.,n;paTHOro RopeH.H 3 HeBi,n;'eMHoro
,n;ilicHoro "'l!HCJia Ha ROMIIJieRCHi "'l!HCJia. Ha MHOJKHHi ROMIIJieRCHHX
2
"'l!HCeJI icHye ,ZJ;Ba 3Ha"'l!eHH.H RBa.,n;paTHOro ROpeH.H 3 'tIHCJia ( -1) = 1 -

n;e "'l!HcJia 1 i -1. 38.18. BKa3ieJCa. OcRiJihRH ~ =(iJ, To piBHiCTb

Z2 Z2

Z1
03Ha"t!a€, ra;o "'l!HCJIO ,n;ilicHe. To,n;i arg i = arg z1 -
Z2

- arg z2 = nk, k E Z. 38.19. BJCa3iBKa. ,IJ;aHa piBHiCTb 03Haqae, ra;o

z3 -z2
"'l!HCJIO - ,n;ilicHe. 38.21. BKa3ieJCa. CRopHcTaliTec.H THM, m;o
Z3 -zl
Z1Z1 =l, Z2Z2 =l, Z3Z3 =l, Z4Z4 =l, a TaROJK pe3yJibTaTOM 3a.,n;a"'lli 38.20.
38.22. BKa3ieKa. CRopHCTaMTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;aqi 38.19.
38.23. BKa3i8JCa. CRopHcTaliTec.H THM, m;o z1z1 =1, z2 z2 =1, a TaROJK
pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;a'tli 38.22. 38.24. BKa3ieJCa. ,lJ;aHa piBHiCTh 03Haqae,
z z 7t
m;o "'l!HCJIO - 1 e cyTo y.HBHHM. To,n;i arg - 1 = arg·z1 - arg z2 = -+ nk,
z2 z2 2
k E Z. 38.25. BKa3ieKa. CRopHcTaliTec.H pe3yJibTaTOM aa,n;aqi 38.24.
38.26. BKaaieKa. CRopHCTaHTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;aqi 38.25. 38.27.
BKa3i8Ka. Hexa:0: M (z) - ,n;oBiJibHa TO"'l!Ra ,n;oTH"'l!HoL To,n;i OA .l MA.
,IJ;ani cRopHcTaliTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM aa,n;aqi 38.25. 38.29. BKa3iBKa.
n . . n T . 37t . . 3n 5n
a 3 =cos-+is1n-, a 5 =cos-+
v
H exaH a=cos-+is1n-. o,n;1
13 13 13 13 13

+ L. Slil
. -5n , ••• , a 11 = COS -lln + i. Slil
. -lln • T 0,ZJ;1. a+a3 +a5 + ••• +an=
13 13 13
n 3n lln)
= ( cos-+ cos-+ •.. + cos- +i s1n-+s1n - + .•• +sin -
.( . n . 3n . lln) • r1-1.aJI1,
TT •
13 13 13 13 13 13
BHROpHCTOBYIO"'l!H cpopMyJiy cyMH reoMeTpH'tIHOl rrporpecil, rrepeTBO-
3 5 11
piTh BHpa3 a+ a + a + .•• + a i rrpHpiBH.HMTe ,n;ilicHi YiaCTHHH "'C!HCeJI,
aaIIHCaHHX y JiiBili i rrpaBi:H qacTHHax piBHOCTi. 38.30. BKa3iBKa.

263
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

100 q> = _)100

Hexa.H z =cos q> + i sin cp. To,n;i cos (z ~ z ,IJ;a.rri cKop11cTali-

Tec.s: cpopMyJioro 6iHoMa H1>10T0Ha. 38.32. BJCa3iB1'a. Po3rJI.s:H1>Te

51
KOMrrJieKcHe q11cJio (1 + i) • 38.33. x = 19, y = 40. 38.34. Hi. BKa-
3iBKa. Po3rJI.HHhTe 3HaqeHHH ,n;aHHX cpyHKn;ili rrp11 x = i. 38.39. BKa-
•
3iB1'a. Hexa.H KOMIIJieKcHi Koop,n;HHaTH ToqoK A, K i N ,n;opiBHIOIOTh
Zp Z2 i Z3 Bi,n;IIOBi,n;Ho. ,[(ocTaTHhO IIOKa3aTH, m;o (Z2 -zl) = e (Z3 -zl),

,n;e e - o,n;He 3 q11ceJI cos 7t + z.. sin

. 7t a 6o cos ( - 7t) + i. sin
. ( - 7t) .
3 3 3 3
39.1. 2) 1+2i; 2-4i; 3) 2+3i; 1-3i; 4) 2+i; 3-2i. 39.2. 2) 3+i;

9-3i; 3) 4+i; -2-i; 4) 4-3i; i. 39.3. 2) 2; 2i; -2i; 3) .Ji+ .Ji i;

2 2

- .Ji + .Ji ";·, - .Ji - .Ji ;,." .Ji - .Ji z.' ·, 4) i; 1 + i; 1- i. 39.4. 2) -3; 3i;
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
-3i; 4) 1; l+i; 2-2i. 39.5. cos nk +isin nk, ,n;e k E {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
7 7
7t + 2nk . . 7t + 2nk
39.6. cos + i sin , ,n;e k E {O, l, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9}. 39.7. -2x + 5.
10 10
2
BKa3iBKa. 3Hali,n;iTh KopeHi KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHH.s: x -x+l=O i
2
ni,n;cTaBTe !x y piBHiCTh P (x) = Q (x) (x -x+1) +ax+ b. 39.8. -x + 6.
39.9. B1'a3iB1'a. CKop11cTaBmHCh piBHOCTHMH z1 + z2 = .Z1 + z2 , z1 • z2 =
=z1 • z2 , P (z) = P (z). 39.11. BKa3iBKa. CKop11cTaeMoc.s:
,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o
MeTO,ZJ;OM MaTeMaTHqHol iH,n;yKn;iL .HKm;o n = 1, TO TBep,n;.meHH.H 3a-
,n;aqi e oqeBH,ZJ;HHM. Hexali TBep,n;.meHHH 3a,n;aqi Mae Micn;e ,n;JI.s: Bcix
k ~ n. Po3rJI.s:HeMo MHoroqJieH P cTeneH.s: n + 1 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpin;i-
€HTaMH. 3a OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO a.rrre6p11 MHOroqJieH ·P M~e KOpiHb zo .
.HKm;o Zo E JR, TO iceye TaKHH MHOro"tLJieH Q 3 ,n;iHCHHMH KOecp~eHTaMH,
m;o p (z) = (Z-:-Zo) Q (z) . .HKm;o Zo ~JR, TO 3a KJIIO'qOBOIO 3a,n;aqe10 39.9
MHOI'Ot{JI~H p Mae m;e O,ZJ;HH KOpiHb Zo. To,n;i icHye TaKHH MHOro-
qJI e H Q, m;o P(z)=(z-z0 )(z-z0 )Q(z)=(z 2 -(z0 +z0 )z+z0 z0 )Q(z),
npHt{OMY Koecpin;ieHTH MHoroqJieHa Q i KBa,n;paTHoro TpHqJieHa
z 2 - ( z0 + z0 ) z + z0 z0 e ,n;ilicHHMH qHCJiaMH. ,IJ;aJii CKOpHCTaliTec.s: npH-
nym;eHHHM iH,zzyKn;il ,n;JI.s: MHoroqJieHa Q. 39.12. BKa3iBKa. 3a 3a,n;a-
qe10 39 .11 ,ZJ;aHHH MHOroqJieH MO.iKHa po3KJiaCTH Ha ,n;o6YTOK JiiHiHHHX

264
 BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

i KBa,n;paTH'tlHHX MHO.W:HHKiB 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpin;ieHTaMH. HK6H cepe,n;

II,HX MHO.W:HHKiB He 6yno mo,n;Horo JiiHiHHOro, TO CTerriHb ,n;aHoro

MHoroqneHa 6yB 61r napHHM 'tlHCJIOM. 39.13. TaK, HarrpHKJia,n;, y = x3•

39.14. n = 13. BKaaiBKa. MaeMo P (x) = (x 2 - x + 2) Q (x). OcKiJihKH

KOMIIJieKCHl 'tlHCJia zl,2

.
= 1 ± .fii e KOpeHHMH plBHHHHH
. z2 - z + 2 = 0 '
2
TO P (z1 ) = 0, T06To z; = -z 1 - 90. YpaxoByIO'tlH piBHiCTh I z I=.J2
1

i ~iBHiCTh I z~ I= 1- z 1- 90 I, MaeMo, ~o ( .J2f =I - z 1 - 90 j. OcKiJihKH

l-z -901<1z
1 1 1+ 90<92 i l-z1 -9o1~90-1z1 1~s8, To ss<(hr <92.
39.15. BKa3i~Ka. CKOpHCTaBllIHCb OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO anre6pH,
p03KJia,n;iTh MHOPO'tlJieH p Ha JiiHiHHi MHO.W:HHKH: p (z) =
=a(z-z1 )(z-z2 ) · ••• •(z -zn). Po3rJIHHhTe ,n;o6yToK a(z 2012 -z;012 )x
x (z 2012 - z;012 ) •••• • (z 2012 - z!
012
). 39.16. BKaaiBKa. Ilo,n;aliTe MHOrOl.IJieH

P(x
2
) y BHrJIH,ZJ;i ,n;o6yTKY BHpa3iB BH,ZJ;Y (x
2
-(F.)2), ,ZJ;e xk -
KopiHh MHOrO'tlJieHa P, k E N, k < 2n, i CKOpHCTaHTec.H cpopMynoro
. . .
pl3HHII,l KBa,n;paTlB.
40.5. 1) Kmrunm 3 KopeHiB Z1 = l, Z2 = -1, Z3 = i, Z4 = -i Mae KpaTHi.CTb

rr' .H"Th; 2) KO.W:HHH 3 KopeHiB Z1 = 1+2i, Z2 = 1- 2i Mae KpaTHiCTh TpH;

3) KO.W:HHH 3 KopeHiB Z1 = 2i, Z2 = -2i, Z3 = -3 Mae KpaTHiCTb ciM,

a KopiHh Z4 = 3 Mae KpaTHiCTb ,n;eB' HTh; 4) KO.W:HHH 3 KOpeHiB Z1 = -2,

Z2 =1- i, Z3 = 1 + i Mae KpaTHiCTb 'tlOTHpH. 40.6. 2) Ko~HHH 3 KOpeHiB
Z1 .J2, Z2 = -.J2 Mae KpaTHiCTb O,ZJ;HH, a KO.W:HHH 3 KOpeHiB Za = .J2 i,
=
Z4 = -.J2 i Mae KpaTHiCTb TpH; 3) KO.W:HHH 3 KOpeHiB Z1 = 1, Z2 = 3- i,

Z3 =3+i Mae KpaTHiCTh ,ZJ;Ba. 40.7. 1) (x-2) 3 (x-3) 2 ; 2) (x 2 +1) 2 ;

4) (x 2 + 2x + 5) (x 2 -2x + 2) 2 • 40.9. Hi. BKaaiBKa. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpH-

Kna,n;, P(x)=(x-1) 3 , Q(x)=(x-1) 2 • 40.10. TaK. 40.11. 4) 4.

40.12. 3) 3. 40.13. A=2011, B=2012. 40.14. A=-2011, B=2010.
40.15. X1 = 2 - 2 .J3 Ta X2 = 2+2 .J3 - KopeHi KpaTHOCTi 2. BKaaiBKa.
PoaB'H.miThpiBHmm.H P'(x)=O. 40.16. x 1 =-1-.J3 Ta x 2 =-1+.J3 -
KOpeHi KpaTHOCTi 2. 40.17. BKa3i8Ka .. HK~O Xo - KpaTHHH KOpiHh

MHOI'Ol.IJieHa p, TO Xo - KOpiHh MHOrO"<IJieHa P' (x) = 3x 2 + 2ax + 5.

265
Bi,o.nosi,o.i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o.o snpas

3Bi,u;c:a x 0 E {- 1, 1, - 5, 5}. 40.21. B-,ca3ieKa. ,II;oBe,n;iTb, m;o 6y,n;b-HKHH

KpaTHHH KopiHb MHOI'O'C!JieHa p e KOpeHeM MHOI'O'C!JieHa P-P'.
40.23. Hi. BKa3ieKa. PosrJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, MHOrO'tfJieH P (x) =
= (x - x 0 )k + I + 1. 40.24. Hi. BKa3ieKa. 3a KJIIO"t.{OBOIO sa,n;aqero rr. 12
Mim ,n;BoMa KopeHHMH MHOrO"t.{JieHa P e Kopiiih MHOrO"t.{JieHa P'. ToMy
MHOI'O't!JieH P' CTerreHH n- 1 Mae He MeHme Him n -1 pi3HHX KopeHiB.
40.25. TaK. BKa3ieKa. PosrJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, MHOrO"t.{JieH P (x) =
=xn - 1. 40.27. BKa3ieKa. Hexali P(x)=(x - x 0 ) 2 k Q(x), ,n;e k EN
i Q (xo) :;{: 0. ,II;ani po3rJIHHbTe MHOI'O"tJJieH QB TaKOMY OKOJii Xo, HKHH
He MiCTHTb mo,n;Horo iHIIIoro KopeHH MHoro"t!JieHa P. 40.29. BKaaieKa.
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o MHOrO"tJJieH p (x)- p (Xo) MOmHa rro,n;aTH y BHI'JIH,D;i
2012
(x - x 0 ) Q(x), ,n;e Q(x0 )=1=0. 40.31. BKa3i6Ka. Hexali Imz0 =1=0.
3 KJIIO"t!OBo1 3a,n;a-qi 39. 9 BHIIJIHBae, m;o z 0 e KopeHeM MHoro'tfJieHa P.
IIosHa"t.{HMO KpaTHiCTh KOpeHH z0 -qepes m. To,u;i MHoroqJieH P Mom-
Ha rro,n;aTH y BHrJIH,D;i P(x)=(x - z0 )k (x - z0 )m Q(x), ,n;e Q(z0 )=1=0,
Q (:Z0 ) =1= 0. IlpHrrycTHMO, rn;o m < k. To,n;i MomHa 3aIIHCaTH: P (x) =
= (x -(z0 + z0 ) x + z0 z0 )m (x - z0 )k - m Q (x), ,n;e Koeq>i:u;ieHTH MHoro"tJJieHa
2

2
R(x)=(x -(z0 +z0 )x+z0 z0 )m e ,n;ilicHHMH "t!HCJiaMH. MHoroqJieH P
,n;iJIHThCH Hau;ino Ha MHoro"t.{JieH R. To,n;i "tJaCTKa Bi,n; u;horo ,n;ineHHH -
MHOI'O"t!JieH Fi (x) = ( x - Zo ) k- m Q ( x) - Ta.Rom Mae ,D;IBCHi Koe<t>iu.ieHTH.
3 KJIIO"t.{OBOl 3a,D;a"tli 39.9 BHIIJIHBae, m;o z0 e KopeHeM MHoro'tfJie-
Ha Fi, TOMY Q (z0 ) = 0. 0TpHMaJIH cyrrepe"t.{HicTh. BHrra,n;oK m > k
posrJIH,n;aeThCH aHanori't:!HO. 40.32. BKa3ieKa. Hexali po3B' H3KOM He-
piBHOCTi e MHOmHHa { Xo}. To,n;i Xo - KOpiHh rrapHOl KpaTHOCTi MHOro-
'tfJieHa P. 40.33. BKa3ieKa. CKopHCTaHTecH KJIIO"t!OBOIO 3a,n;aqe10 39.11.
40.34. BKa3ieKa. CKopHcTaliTecH sa,n;aqero 40.33. 40.35. BKa3iBKa.
BHKOpHCTOByIO"t!H KJIIO"t!OBY 3a,D;a"t.{y 3 9 .11, p03KJia,D;i Tb MHOI'Ol!JieH
y ,n;o6yTOK MHOI'O"tJJieHiB rrepmoro i ,n;pyroro CTerreHiB 3 ,n;iHCHHMH
Koecp~u;ieHTaMH, ,n;e MHOI'O"t!JieHH ,n;pyroro CTerreHH MaIOTb Bi,n;'eMHi
,lJ;HCKPHMiHaHTH. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o BCi MHOI'O't:!JieHH rrepIIIoro CTerreHH
BXO,D;HTh y n;eli ,n;o6yTOK y rrapHHX CTerreHHX. ,II;ani B KOmHOMY MHOro-
qJieHi ,n;pyroro CTerreHH BH,n;iniTh rroBHHH KBa,n;paT i posKpHliTe ,n;ym-
KH ,u;o6yTKY. 40.36 . .HKrn;o n- rrapHe 't:!HCJIO, TO n / 2; HKID;O n- He-
rrapHe "t.{HCJIO, TO (n + 1) / 2. BKa3iBKa. CnoqaTKY ,n;oBe,n;iTh, rn;o

266
 Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas

MHorotIJieH p<m> Mae n - m pi3HHX npocTHX ,n;ilicHHX KopeHiB. HKm;o

IIpHrryCTHTH, m;o MHOrOtIJieH p Mae ,n;eHKi ,D;Ba cyci,n;Hi HYJihOBi KOe<}li-
. .
II;l€HTH, TO lCHyBaTHMe TaKe m, m;o p<m) {x ) = a2x 2 +a3X 3 + ... +an _mx 11 -m.
D;e 03Ha"tlae, m;o tIHCJIO Xo =0 e KopeHeM MHOrO"t!JieHa p<m> KpaTHOC-
Ti He MeHIIIe HiJI< ,n;Ba. 3 OTpHMaHOl cyrrepetIHOCTi BHIIJIHBae, m;o
MHorotIJieH P He Mae ,n;Box cyci,n;Hix HYJihOBHX Koecpi:u;ieHTiB. Bo,n;Ho-
2 2 2 2
-qac MHOro"t!JieHH (x 2 -1) (x 2 -2) . .. (x -k) Ta x (x -1) (x -2) .. .(x -k)
e IIpHKJia,n;aMH MHOrO"t!JieHiB rrapHoro i HerrapHoro CTerreHiB, y HKHX
KOJl<HHH ,n;pyrHH KO.ecpi:u;ieHT HYJihOBHH.
67
41.6. -6 - rrpOCTHH KopiHh i 2 - KOpiHh KpaTHOCTi ,n;Ba. 41.7. .
625
41.8. 56. 41.9. p =6, q = -11. 41.11. -3. 41.13. 3) 3. Bx;a3i8x;a.
X2 + Xa xl + X3 X1 + X2 - s - xl s - X2 s - X3 - • 4) 31
--+ + ---+ + , ,n;e S-X1 +X2 +X3 , -.
X1 X2 Xa XI X2 Xa 2
Bx;a3U3x;a. ,[(o,n;a.Wre 3HaqeHHH MHOro'lJieHa 2x 3 - 4x 2 - 3x + 1 rrpH x =x 1 ,
x =x2 i x = x 3 • 41.14. 1) 2; 2) -19; 3) 13. 41.17. Bx;a3i8Ka. OcKiJihKH
xI +x2 +x3 =0, TO t1 =-x1 • ToMy Q(ti}=(-x1 ) 3 + p(-x1 )-q=-P(x1 )=0.
IHIIIHH posB'H30K MOJl<Ha oTpHMaTH, HKm;o rrepeBipHTH piBHOCTi
t 1 +t2 +t3 =0, tit 2 +t1 t 3 +t2 t 3 = p, t 1t 2 t 3 =q. 41.18. Bx;a3i8x;a. Ilepe-
KOHa:liTecH, m;o t 1 + t 2 + t 3 = p, t 1 t 2 + t 1 t 3 + t 2 t 3 = 0, t 1 t 2 t 3 = q 2 • 41.20.
x 3 +7x 2 +14x-1=0. 41.21. x 3 -4x 2 +7x-2=0. 41.22.1) if2-if4;
(~;~)+(~;~),/3i; (~;~)-(~;~),/3i; 2) 2cos :-2;

2 cos
59" 79"
-2; 2 cos -2. 41.23.1) V9-2~; ( 2 ~2-ti9)+( t'9 +: ~),/3i;
(
2 ~ -if9J (if9 ~J -
+2 rn . 2 ) 2 cos -2n + 3; 2 cos -4n + 3; 2 cos ~
'\/ 3
tli;
8n + 3 .
2 2 9 9 9
41.24. 1) (-1; 2; 3); (-1; 3; 2); (2; 3;-1); (2;-1; 3); (3; 2;-1); (3;-1; 2);
3) (-3;1;1); (l;-3;1); (1;1;-3). 41.25. 2) (2;4;-3); (2;-3;4);
(4; 2; -3); (4; -3; 2); (-3; 4; 2); (-3; 2; 4); 3) (2; -1; 1); (2; 1; -1);
(1;-1; 2); (l; 2;-1); (-1; 1; 2); (-1; 2; 1). 41.27. Hi. Bx;a3i8Ka. HaBe,n;iTh
rrpHKJia,n; MHorotIJieHa 3 pa:u;ioHaJihHHMH Koecpi:u;ieHTaMH, HKHH
Mae TPH ippa:u;ioHaJihHHX KOpeHi. 41.28. x = -abc, y =ab+ ac +be,

267
·BIAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas

z=-(a+b+c). 41.29. B1Ca3iB1Ca. Hexa.H tIHCJia x, y, z e RopeHHMH

MHorotIJieHa P (z) = z
3
- pz 2 + qz - r. 3a yMOBOIO 3a,ZJ;atii p - 3q + 9r = .!. .
3
41.30. Hi. B1Ca3iB1'a. qHcJia a, b, c MaJIH 6 6yTH RopeHHMH piBHHHH.H
3
x +d = 0. 41.31. BKa3iB1Ca. PosrJIHHhTe Ry6itIHHH MHorotIJieH
s RopeH.HMH x, y, z i sa TeopeMoro BieTa 3HaliAi Tb 3B 'H30R MiJK :Horo
KOe<}>i:u;ieHTaMH. ,Il;aJii IIiACTaBTe y :u;e:H MHOrOtIJieH 3HatieHH.H a.
41.32. BKa3iB1Ca. PosrJI.H1:f1>Te Ry6itIHHH MHorotIJieH 3 RopeH.HMH a,
b, c Ta sa TeopeMOIO BieTa 3HaHAiTb :Horo ROe<}>i:u;ieHTH. ,Il;aJii IIORa-
JKiTb, m;o :u;eli MHorotIJieH He Mae BiA'eMHHX RopeHiB. 41.34. BKa3iB-
1Ca. PosrJI.HHhTe MHorotIJieHH P(x)=(x-a1)(x-a2 )(x-a3 ) Ta Q(x)=
=(x-b1)(x-b2)(x-b3) i AOBeAiTb, m;o BOHM BiApi3H.HIOTbCH JIHIIIe
BiJibHHM tIJieHOM. IJ;e 03Hatiae, m;o rpa<}>iR MHOrOtIJieHa Q MO.mHa
OTpHMaTH 3 rpa<}>iRa MHOrOtIJieHa p rrapaJieJibHHM rrepeHeceHH.HM
yropy tIH BHH3. 41.35. BKa3iB1'a. MaeMo q = xy + xz + yz = 8. IlosHa-
tIHMO r = xy z. To Ai x, y, z e RopeHHMH piBHHHH.H t 3 - 5t 2 + 8t - r = 0.
,Il;aHe Ry6itIHe piBH.HHHH Mae TPH (3 ypaxyBaHH.HM RpaTHOCTi) RopeHi

TOAi i JIHIIIe TOAi, ROJIH 4 ~ r ~ 112 . 41.36. B1Ca3i81Ca. Hexa:H x =a,

27 b
b
y = -, c
z =-. 3 a YMOBOIO 3a,ZJ;alll. x, y, z - . .
pa:u;10HaJibHl 1IHCJia.
p 03-
c a
r JI.HHeMO Ry6i'l!HHH MHOrO'l!JieH p ( t) = t 3 + pt 2 +qt+ r 3 KOpeH.HMH x'

y, z. 3 TeopeMH BieTa BHIIJIHBae, m;o p=-(x+y+z)=-(a

b
+ +~) _
b
c a
ab ac be a c b .
:u;iJie 1IHCJIO, q = xy + xz + yz = - · - + - . - + - . - = - + - + - - :a;l.Tie
be ba ca c b a
a b c
'l!HCJIO, a .r = -xyz = - - · - · - = -1. OT.me, yci Koe<}>i:u;ieHTH MHorolIJie-
b c a
Ha p - n;iJii lJliCJia, a CTapnm:H i BiJibHHH Roe<}>i:u;ieHTli AOPiBHIOIOTb
1 i -1 BiAIIOBiAHO. ToMy pan;ioHaJibHHMH RopeHHMH n;I>oro MHoro-
tIJieHa MOJKYTb 6yTH JIHme tIHCJia 1 i -1, 3BiARH x y z 1. I I=I I=I I=
41.37. BKa3i81Ca. 3 yMOBH sa,n;atii BHIIJIHBae, m;o tIHCJIO ab+ be+ ca
5 4
TaROJK AiJIHThC.H HaII,iJio Han. PosrJIHHI>Te piBH.HHH.H t =(a+ b + c) t -
-(ab+ be+ ca) t 3 + abct 2 , RopeH.HMH HKoro e tIHCJia a, b, c. IlocJiiAOB-
Ho rriACTaBTe B AaHe piBH.HHHH saMiCTb t 3Ha"tfeHH.H a, b, c i AOAaliTe
oTpHMaHi piBHOCTi. 41.38. BKa3i81'a. Hexa:H q =ab+ be+ ca, r = abc.
268
 Bi,o,nosi,o,i Ta BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas

3 2
To.n;i piBHiCTb t -t +qt-r=(t-a)(t-b)(t-c) BHKOHyeTbC.H ,1.J;JI.H

ncix t. Ilpn t = ~ OTPHMYeMo - ~ + q~2 r =G-a) (~ -b) G-c). fum\o

KOJKHe 3 "t!HCeJI a, b, c He 6iJihrne 3a .!., To 3 HepiBHOCTi Korni BH-
2

J(l )(1 -cJ<[~-(a+b+c)J 1

3

1 1
IIJIHBae: ( 2 -a 2 -b 2 2 3 - 216 ToMy --+
8
q-2r / 1 7
+ :::,,,-. 3Bi,n;cM q-2r <-. 5IKm;o m cepe.n; qMceJI a, b, c e
2 216 27
. .
6lJibilll 1
3a - ' TO TaKe qHCJIO cepe,n; HHX e,n;MHe.
T 0,1.J;l.
2
1
x( -c ) <O. 3Bi,n;cH
1 q-2r
--+ 1
<O<-.
2 8 2 216

269
 3MICT

21. JiorapncpM i iioro BJiaCTHBOCTi . . • . • . . . • • • • • • • • • • . • . • 3

22. JiorapncpMi'tIHa cpyHKII;iH Ta 11 BJiaCTHBOCTi. • • . . . . . . . • 13
23. JiorapHcpMi'tIHi piBH.HHH.H •.•.•..... -. . . . • . • . • . • • . • • 22
24. JiorapncpMi'tIHi HepiBHOCTi. . • . . . • • . • • • • • • . . . • . . . • • • 35
25. IIoxi,n;Hi rroKa3HHKOBo1, JiorapHcpMi'tIHOl
Ta CTerreHeBOl cpyHKII;iH . • • . • . . . • • . • . • • . • • . . . . • . • . . 42
MoH Jno6oB - YKpa1Ha i MaTeMaTHKa . • • . . . . • • . • . . 54

§ 4. ·IHTerpa11 Ta '71oro 3acTocyeaHHS1

26. IIepBicHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
27. IIpaBnJia 3Haxo,n;meHH.H rrepBicHo!. • • . • . . • . . . • • . • • • . 64
28. IlJio~a KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tparreu;iL
BH3Ha"t!eHHH iHTerpaJI . • • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . • . . • 73
2 9. 06lJHCJieHHH 06, eMiB TiJI • . • . • . . • . • • . • . . . . • • • • . . • . . 88
• PoayMOM BiH nepeBepIIIHB pi,n; JIIO,n;ChKHH » . . . . • . . . 91

§ 5. E11eMeHT1.1 KoM6iHaTop1.1K1.1, Teopi"i '71MoeipHocTe'71

i MaTeMaTl.1"4H0°i CTaTIACTIAKl.1
30. EJieMeHTH KOM6iHaTopHKH Ta 6iHoM H1>10T0Ha •.•...•. 95
31. l.!acTOTa Ta HMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,ZJ;KOBOl rro,n;il. . • • . . . • . • 104
32. KJiaCH"tJ:He BH3Ha'tleHHH HMOBipHocTeii. • • • • . • . . • . • . • 117
33. Orrepan;ti 3 BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHMH rro,n;iHMH • . . . . • • • . . • • . • • . 130
34. reoMeTpH'tIHa MMOBipHiCTb . • . • • • . • . • . . • • • • • . • • . • . 14 7
• eTo,n; MoHTe-Kap110 i aa,n;a-qa BrocpcpoHa • • • • . • • • • • 153
35. CTaTHCTHqHHH aHaJii3 ,n;aHHX . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 156
• 3a.n.aqa o,n;Ha - si,n;rroBi,n;i piaHi • • • • . • • • . • .. • • . • . • . 168

§ 6. KoMn11eKcHi "41.1CJ1a
36. MHomHHa KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tIHCeJI ....•.•..••.••...• ~ 1 73
3 7: KoMrrJieKcHa rrJio~nHa.
TpHrOHOMeTpH'tIHa cpopMa KOMIIJieKcHoro 'tIHCJia. • • • . 184
38. MHomeHH.H i ,n;iJieHH.H KOMIIJieKCHHX lJHCeJI,
3aIIHCaHHX y TpHrOHOMeTpHlIHiH cpopMi.
KopiHh n-ro cTerreH.H 3 KOMIIJieKcHoro 'tIHCJia. . . • • • . • 191
• r dCTOCyBaHHH KOMIIJieKCHUX 'tIHCeJI 200

270
 3MiCT

§ 7. MHoro"111eH1r1
39. Po3B'.a3yBaHH.a a.rrre6pfilqHHX piBHHHh
Ha MHO.mHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tfHCeJI • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 207
• )l;aMa 13 co6aqK01-0 • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 211
40. KpaTHi KopeHi • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 216
41. Ky6i't!Hi piBH.HHH.H • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 223
BionoBioi ma B1Caai81Cu oo Bnpa8 233

271
 HaB"CJaJihHe BH,n;aHHH

MEP3JI51K ApKa,n;ili I'pHropoBH"CJ

HOMIPOBChKllM ,IJ;MHTpo AHaToJiilioBHq
IIOJIOHChKllH BiTaJiili BopHCOBH"CJ
51KIP MHxaliJio CeMeHOBH"CJ

AJirEBPA
11 KJiac

IIi,n;pyq:HHK
.D;JI.ff 3araJihHOOCBiTHiX HaBqaJihHHX 3aKJia,n;iB
3 rrorJIH6JieHHM BHB"CJeHH.ffM MaTeMaTHKH
y .D;BOX "CJaCTHHax
"I!acTHHa 2

I'OJIOBHHH pe~aKTOp r. <P. Buco14b1Ca

Pe~aKTOp 0. B. TpefjJilloBa
KopeKTOp T. e. L(enma
KoMn'roTepHe BepcTaHHJI C. I. Ceeepun

<f>opMaT 60x90/16. Ilanip ocpceTHHH. I'apHiTypa mKiJihHa.

I
,lJ;pyK ocpceTHRH. VM. ~pyK. apK. 17 ,00.
THpaJK 3 000 rrpHM. 38.MOBJieHHJI N!!.l.f& 3.

TOB TO «I'iMHa3iH»,
ByJI. BochMoro Bepe3HJI, 31, M. XapKiB 61052
TeJI.: (057) 719-17-26, (057) 719-46-80, cpaKc: (057) 758-83-93
E-mail: [email protected]. ua
www .gymnasia.com. ua
CBi~OIJ.TBO cy6'eKTa BH~aBHH"CIOl crrpa.BH ,ll;K N!! 644 B~ 25.10.2001

H~yKOBa.Ho a ro_arroaHTHBiB, BHroTOBJieIDrX TOB TO «riMHaai.H»,

y ~YKapHi IIII «Mo~eM»,
ByJI. BochMoro Bepe3HJI, 31, M. XapKiB 61052
TeJI. (057) 758-15-80
CBi~on;TBO cy6'eKTa BH~aBHHtro! cnpaBH XK N!! 91 B~ 25.12.2003
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y y
y = ax, y = ax
a>1 0 "' a <

...
0 1 x 0 1 x

BnacT"1BOCTi norap1.1<1>Mie
a logab b
'
loga 1 - 0, loga a = l,
loga xy = loga x + loga y,

x
loga - = loga x - log 0 y,
y

log ax~ = ~log ax, log x - .!_ log 0 x

a
13
B
log a b = log c b , log a b = 1
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 Tp1r1K}'TH"1K nacKanH
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1

6iHoM HbtoTOHa

Tp1r1roH0MeTplr1lfHa <j>opMa KO nneKcHoro lf'1cna

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r = .Ja 2 + b 2 , a= rcos<p, b = rsincp

<J>op yna Myaspa

z = r (cos cp + i sin <p),
zn = r" (cos ncp + i sin ncp)

KopeHi n-ro creneHH

wn = r (cos cp + i sin <p),
w
nr(
= v r co cp + 2nk + i. in
. cp + 2nk) ,
n . n

k E {O, 1, 2 ... , n - 1}