RRL:

1. The role of computational fluid dynamics tools on investigation of pathogen transmission:

Prevention and control (Shanbi et. al., 2020)
The aim of this research is to investigate the usefulness of computational fluid dynamics
methods in pathogen transmission research. Transmission mechanisms of infectious pathogens
in diverse habitats have always attracted the interest of a large number of researchers due to
their complexity. As a cost-efficient and effective technique, Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) plays a crucial role in numerically solving fluid mechanics in the environment. In addition,
as computer science advances, a growing number of researchers begin to examine disease
transmission using CFD techniques.
This study is motivated by the effect of COVID-19 and provides a summary of research
on disease transmission based on CFD methodologies and various models and algorithms. In
CFD modeling, defining the pathogen as a particle or gas is a typical practice, and epidemic
models are used in certain studies to improve the calculation's accuracy. Although describing
the physical aspects of infections is relatively simple, describing their biological characteristics
remains a significant issue in CFD simulations. A series of studies that studied pathogen
transmission in various contexts (hospital, school, etc.) proved the influence of airflow on
pathogen transmission and highlighted the need of adequate ventilation.
This study concluded by discussing three advanced methods: the LBM technique, the
Porous Media approach, and the Web-based forecasting method. Although the CFD methods
discussed in this review may not be able to alleviate the current pandemic situation, they help
researchers understand the transmission mechanisms of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria
and provide guidelines for reducing the risk of infection in epidemic or pandemic situations.
According to the research detailed in the article, ventilation is one of the most effective
techniques for preventing the spread of airborne pathogens. Different settings need different
ventilation systems, and natural ventilation is the primary approach for diluting the pathogen
concentration in building contexts such as educational and residential buildings. In high-risk
areas, such as hospitals, not only is adequate indoor ventilation essential, but infectious risk due
to emission must also be addressed. In addition to the fact that disease transmission in various
vehicles is unique, an appropriate ventilation strategy is required for transportation, particularly
enclosed aircraft and high-speed trains.
The study investigates the pathogen transmission using Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) Simulation. It would be beneficial for the researchers to have a baseline knowledge on the
transmission processes of diseases such as viruses and bacteria, specifically the COVID-19 virus.
In this study, a number of distinct methods, models, and solvers are presented, and a summary
of the applicability of CFD under a variety of scenarios is provided. In addition, a summary of
research into the transmission of pathogens using CFD is provided. These investigations include
the use of an epidemic model on the CFD approach as well as the transmission process in
various contexts. This study will give researchers knowledge on how Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) Simulation works and applied on detecting airborne transmission of COVID-19
virus in the Mapua University Library.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7458093/

2. Model Calculations of Aerosol Transmission and Infection Risk of COVID-19 in Indoor

Environments (Lelieveld, et. al., 2020)
The purpose of this research is to calculate aerosol transmission and deposition using
models. Some have speculated that aerosolized Coronavirus may have had a role in the spread
of COVID-19. Aerosols were spread by infected patients by breathing and vocalization. Some
scholars assert that this is the predominant mode of propagation, while others discount the
possibility. Based on existing information on human aerosol emissions, Coronavirus loads, and
other factors, the researchers here offer a technique that may be modified to estimate the risk
of infection in different indoor situations. They examine common interior environments such as
workplace, a school, a singing rehearsal, and a reception or party.
The study aims to do a Model Calculations of Aerosol Transmission and The involvement
of aerosolized Coronavirus in the transmission of COVID-19 via the air had been the subject of
controversy. Aerosols were spread by infected patients by breathing and vocalization. Some
scholars assert that this is the predominant mode of propagation, while others discount the
possibility. Here, researchers describe a method that can be adjusted to assess the infection risk
for various indoor settings, bound by published data on human aerosol emissions, SARS-CoV-2
virus loads, and other characteristics.
The findings indicate that aerosols coming from highly infectious people are capable of
transmitting COVID-19 in indoor situations. This "very infectious" group accounts for around
20% of Coronavirus-positive patients. They showed that COVID-19 clusters (>10 infections) may
be caused by "super infective" individuals, such as the top 5-10% of patients with a positive test,
and an unknown number of the less extremely contagious, strong aerosol-emitting persons.
Active area ventilation and the worldwide use of face masks (i.e., by all patients) may reduce the
individual infection risk by a factor of five to ten, similar to high-volume, high-efficiency
particulate air (HEPA) filtering. The chance of being infected from aerosols in the enclosed
environment may be greatly reduced by wearing a high-quality mask.
According to the findings of the study, the importance of airborne transmission in the
interior environment is supported. The study presents a simple and direct, open, and easily
modifiable spreadsheet algorithm for estimating the indoor infection risk from aerosolized
viruses. The algorithm is based on adjustable parameters such as the size of the room, the
number of subjects who were exposed to the virus, the inhalation volume, and the aerosol
production from breathing and vocalization. They use it to explore the role that aerosol
transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor locales plays, and they do it based on assumptions about
the viral load and the infection dosage. The researcher now has more knowledge regarding the
transport of aerosols due to this related study. The researchers are going to utilize a simulation
technique known as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to figure out how important the
function of aerosol transmission is in the overall progression of the virus.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiKzovVpb76AhV3tFYBHT8LDeI4ChAWe
gQIDBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1660-
 4601%2F17%2F21%2F8114%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw2xRCMv-9NJZ05uPfggEIus

3. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-
19 airborne transmission: A numerical study (Yu et. al., 2020)
The purpose of this research is to quantitatively assess the impact of wind and relative
humidity on the efficiency of social distance in preventing the airborne spread of COVID-19. It
has been shown beyond a reasonable doubt that the droplets produced when an infected
individual sneezes or coughs have the potential to spread the COVID-19. Therefore, maintaining
a social distance of 1.83 meters (6 feet) is recommended in order to lessen the likelihood of the
illness spreading among people. On the premise that there is no air movement around
individuals, this conclusion may be drawn. However, there has not been a lot of research done
to determine whether or whether the ambient wind and relative humidity (RH) may induce
Coronavirus packed droplets to travel farther in the air, which would render the existing strategy
of social distance ineffective.
A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was utilized with the aim of
modeling transient transmission, water vapor and liquid water, and deposition of Coronvirus
laden droplets released through coughs, with a wide range of wind speeds and relative
humidities, is an effort to back up the "social distancing" principles with facts and explanation.
This was done so that evidence could be presented in support of the recommendations and so
that deeper understanding of them could be gained. Both the initial droplet sizes, which vary
from 2 to 2000 mm, and the wind velocities,ranges from 0 to 16 km/h, depict various wind
forces, from still air to a moderate breeze. Comparison has also been made between a wind that
is blowing in a steady condition and one that is gusting with a consistent frequency. The relative
humidities in the air are 40 and 99.5%. 1.83 meters and 3.05 meters separate the two simulated
individuals, respectively (6 feet and 10 feet). Additionally, the impact of concealing one's face on
lowering the likelihood of cough droplets being spread through the air was investigated.
According to the numerical calculations, the presence of background wind will add
another layer of complexity to the secondary flows that occur from recirculation between the
two virtual individuals. Even with a distance of 3.05 meters (10 feet) separating them, Airflow
streamlines provide a path for microdroplets to travel along, allowing them to land on human
bodies and head regions. Because of the convection created by the wind, the remaining
microdroplets have the ability to travel in the air more than 3.05 meters (10 feet), posing a
threat to the health of those in the immediate area. Enhanced deposition fractions on both
individuals and the ground result from the hygroscopic growth effect, which occurs when
droplet sizes increase due to high relative humidity. Because of the complicated wind, and
relative humidity conditions, the safe space distance of six feet may be insufficient to protect
against the person-to-person transmission of aerosols. This is because the micro-droplets in
suspension were affected by convection effects and can travel from one human to another in
less than five seconds when one human coughs or sneezes. Because the ambient ventilation
circumstances in the actual world are so complicated, it is necessary to take into consideration a
social distance that is more than 1.83 meters (6 feet). Masks should be encouraged for use by
both sick and healthy persons in order to cut down on the quantity of cough droplets that are
spread through the air.
The purpose of this research is to examine the influence that wind and relative humidity
 have on the efficiency of social distance in preventing COVID-19 airborne transmission. In the
research, the efficacy of protecting one's face with a mask and maintaining a constant safe
distance was shown. It has been discovered that the circumstances involved in a situation have a
significant role in determining an appropriate social distance. This related study will help the
researcher perform extensive parametric analysis in order to search for other vital factors that
can affect the airborne transmission of the Coronavirus laden droplets. For example, droplet-
size distributions generated by different emission activities such as coughing, sneezing, normal
talking, and loud talking, human heights, mouth opening variations during the emission, and
environmental temperature are all examples of factors that can affect the airborne transmission
of the Coronavirus laden droplets.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233256/

4. Assessment of effectiveness of optimum physical distancing phenomena for COVID-19 (Chea et.
al., 2021)
The research evaluates the efficacy of optimal physical distance phenomenon for
COVID-19. Presently, Coronavirus is a worldwide epidemic that many scientists and engineers
were attempting to better comprehend via rigorous testing and observation. During the early
days of COVID-19 research, It was believed that the virus's ability to spread from human to
human would be limited and would not pose a significant threat right away. Nonetheless, as
study on the virus proceeded, it was determined that the infection was spread from person to
person. When unprotected people are in close vicinity to an infected individual, scientists have
determined that the virus is transmitted mostly by respiratory droplets. Hand hygiene,
maintaining a physical distance, wearing masks and other face coverings, and making use of
cleaning or disinfecting solutions are all practices that are recommended by professionals
working in the health care field.
The purpose of this article is to propose safe distances between persons and reduce the
transmission of Coronavirus, and to analyze the efficacy of different facial covers in terms of
preventing the spread of airborne droplets. These studies involved computational fluid dynamics
assessments in which an infected person sneezes, coughs, and breathes while wearing a
facial mask (mask or face shield) at various distances and variable levels of ambient wind. The
simulations used transient circumstances. The simulations that were carried out may be
classified into one of three categories according to the kind of expulsion that occurred; this
categorization takes into consideration breathing, sneezing and coughing. The WHO, and various
health institutes in the Canada, and USA suggest a physical distance of 1–2 meters between
persons. The research adopts a 2 m physical distance suggestion to determine the impact of
different expulsion techniques (breathing, sneezing and coughing). The existence of wind was
examined since it has the potential to influence outdoor physical distance metrics. Thus,
different wind conditions are included in the model to examine the impact of wind on the
particles.
On the basis of the stated data, numerous important conclusions were drawn about the
transmission of respiratory droplets in terms of the efficiency of physical separation and mask
suggestions. In simulations with static air, the respiratory droplets that were produced as a
result of breathing were unable to reach the patient that was unaffected. In this situatiom, a
minimum physical distance of 0.33 meters might be recommended for breathing in a static air
condition. In addition, the minimum physical distance between coughing and sneezing in static
air was discovered to be 1.76 meters and 2.80 meters, respectivelyThe respiratory particles
were able to travel a much longer distance under conditions of dynamic air with moderate wind
velocity and breathing, a more typical route of transmission. When the conditions of static wind
changed to those of moderate wind gusts, the total distance traveled by respiratory droplets
increased from 0.33 meters to 1.67 meters.
In this research, a number of simulations were performed in order to examine the
transmission of airborne droplets in order to make conclusions on proper physical distancing
measures to combat the pandemic. These simulations took into consideration three different
scenarios: coughing, sneezing, and breathing. The researchers also took into account aspects of
the surrounding environment, such as wind velocity (still, mild, moderate), as well as the
direction in which the wind was blowing (in the opposite or in the same direction of exhalation).
It has been established that there has to be more spacing between individuals, and that two
meters may not be adequate, in order to avoid the spread of respiration particlesThis is
particularly true when one considers the airflow of the surroundings or when one sneezes,
which causes the exhale to be discharged at a rapid velocity. This related research will make a
significant contribution to the investigation of the virus's spread via the air in an enclosed space.
The findings of this investigation will provide the researchers with more consideration for which
they may make use of the CFD simulation.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8142834/