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Đề thi READING
TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The nature of Yawning
A. While fatigue, drowsiness or boredom easily bring on yawns, scientists are
discovering there is more to yawning than most people think. Not much is known
about why we yawn or if it serves any useful function. People have already learned
that yawning can be infectious. “Contagious yawning” is the increase in likelihood
that you will yawn after watching or hearing someone else yawn, but not much is
known about the under-lying causes, and very little research has been done on the
subject. However, scientists at the University of Albany, as well as the University of
Leeds and the University of London have done some exploration.

B. It is commonly believed that people yawn as a result of being sleepy or tired

because they need oxygen. However, the latest research shows that a yawn can help
cool the brain and help it work more effectively, which is quite different from the
popular belief that yawning promotes sleep and is a sign of tiredness. Dr. Andrew
Gallup and his colleagues at the University of Albany in New York State said their
experiments on 44 students showed that raising or lowering oxygen and carbon
dioxide levels in the blood did not produce that reaction. In the study participants
were shown videos of people laughing and yawning, and researchers counted how
many times the volunteers responded to the “contagious yawns”. The researchers
found that those who breathed through the nose rather than the mouth were less
likely to yawn when watching a video of other people yawning. The same effect was
found among those who held a cool pack to their forehead, whereas those who held
a warm pack yawned while watching the video. Since yawning occurs when brain
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temperature rises, sending cool blood to the brain serves to maintain the best levels
of mental efficiency.

C. Yawning is universal to humans and many animals. Cats, dogs and fish yawn just
like humans do, but they yawn spontaneously. Only humans and chimpanzees, our
closest relatives in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning.
Though much of yawning is due to suggestibility, sometimes people do not need to
actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn themselves: hearing someone
yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction.

D. However, contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies

show that contagious yawning is also related to our predisposition toward
empathy— the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. So
empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious
yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that.
In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering
students. Generally, psychology students are more likely to feel empathy for others,
while engineering students are thought to be concerned with objects and science.
Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an
undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were
then administered an emotional quotient test: students were shown 40 images of
eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed. The results of the test support the
idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose
future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an
average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional
test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and
systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the
subsequent test. The difference doesn’t sound like much, but researchers consider it
significant. Strangely enough, women, who are generally considered more
emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men.
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E. Another study, led by Atsushi Senju, a cognitive researcher at the University of

London, also sought to answer that question. People with autism disorder are
considered to be developmentally impaired emotionally. Autistics have trouble
connecting with others and find it difficult to feel empathy. Since autistics have
difficulty feeling empathy, then they shouldn’t be susceptible to contagious yawning.
To find out, Senju and his colleagues placed 49 kids aged 7 to 15 in a room with a
television. 24 of the test subjects had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder,
the other 25 were non-autistic kids. The test subjects were shown short clips of
people yawning as well as clips of people opening their mouths but not yawning.
While the kids with autism had the same lack of reaction to both kinds of clips, the
non-autistic kids yawned more after the clips of people yawning.

F. There also have been studies that suggest yawning, especially psychological
“contagious” yawning, may have developed as a way of keeping a group of animals
alert and bonding members of a group into a more unit one. If an animal is drowsy or
bored, it may not be as alert as it should to be prepared to spring into action and its
yawning is practically saying, “Hey, I need some rest, you stay awake”. Therefore, a
contagious yawn could be an instinctual reaction to a signal from one member of the
herd reminding the others to stay alert when danger comes. So the theory suggests
evidence that yawning comes from the evolution of early humans to be ready to
physically exert themselves at any given moment.

Question 1 - 5
Read paragraphs A—F. Which paragraph contains the following information? NB You
may use any letter more than once.

1 Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning.

2 Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations.

3 An overview of the latest research in yawning.

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4 Yawning is used to regulate brain temperature.

5 Scientists discovered some evidence disproving the early understanding of

yawning.

Questions 6 - 9
Match each of the following research results with the university which it comes from
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A. University of Albany
B. University of Leeds
C. University of London

6 There is no gender difference in the cause of yawning.

7 People with certain disorders are less likely to be affected by other people
yawning.
8 Yawning is associated with the way people breathe.
9 People who are trained to feel empathy for others are more likely to yawn than
those who are untrained.

Questions 10 - 13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
Another theory shows that yawning is used for 10................... individuals into a
tighter social unit. Alternatively, yawning can help increase alertness of group
members in case 11 ................... is close. For example, yawning signals that a
member of the group needs some 12 ................... and requires the others to stay
aware of the surrounding situation. This theory proves that yawning is only a
spontaneous behaviour resulting from some part of a simple 13................... system
in early humans.
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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

Water Treatment 2 : Reed Bed

In recent years, it has been shown that plants, more accurately roots, play a crucial
part in purifying dirty water before it enters seas and rivers. In 15th-century Britain,
dirty water was purified by passing through the wetlands. People began to realize
that the “natural” way of water purification was effective. Nowadays subsurface flow
wetlands (SSFW) are a common alternative in Europe for the treatment of
wastewater in rural areas, Mainly in the last 10 to 12 years there has been a
significant growth in the number and size of the systems in use. The conventional
mechanism of water purification used in big cities where there are large volumes of
water to be purified is inappropriate in rural areas.

The common reed has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through
its stem and rhizomes, and out via its root system. As a result of this action, a very
high population of microorganisms occurs in the root system, in zones of aerobic,
anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. As the waste water moves very slowly through the
mass of reed roots, this liquid can be successfully treated. The reason why they are
so effective is often because within the bed’s root sector, natural biological, physical
and chemical processes interact with one another to degrade or remove a good
range of pollutants.

Dirty water from households, farms and factories consume a lot of oxygen in the
water, which will lead to the death of aquatic creatures. Several aquatic plants are
important in purifying water. They not only absorb carbon dioxide and release
oxygen into the water, improving the environment for fish, but absorb nutrients
from the welter as well. Britain and the G.S. differ in their preference of plants to
purify water. Bulrushes (Scirpus spp.) and rushes (Juncus spp.) are excellent water
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purifiers. They remove excess nutrients from the water as well as oil and bacteria
such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella. However, algae grow freely in summer and
die off in winter. Their remains foul the bottom of the pool.

Artificial reed beds purify water in both horizontal and downflow ways. The reeds
succeed best when a dense layer of root hairs has formed. It takes three years for
the roots to fully develop. Which type of wetland a certain country applies varies
widely depending on the country in Europe and its main lines of development.
Besides the development of horizontal or vertical flow wetlands for wastewater
treatment, the use of wetlands for sludge treatment has been very successful in
Europe. Some special design lines offer the retention of microbiological organisms in
constructed wetlands, the treatment of agricultural wastewater, treatment of some
kinds of industrial waste- water, and the control of diffuse pollution.

If the water is slightly polluted, a horizontal system is used. Horizontal-flow wetlands

may be of two types: free-water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-surface water-flow (SSF).
In the former the effluent flows freely above the sand/gravel bed in which the reeds
etc. are planted; in the latter effluent passes through the sand/gravel bed. In
FWF-type wetlands, effluent is treated by plant stems, leaves and rhizomes. Such
FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically have water-depths of less than 0.4m.
However, dense planting can limit the diffusion of oxygen into the water. These
systems work particularly well for low strength effluents or effluents that have
undergone some forms of pretreatment and play an invaluable role in tertiary
treatment and the polishing of effluents. The horizontal reed flow system uses a long
reed bed, where the liquid slowly flows horizontally through. The length of the reed
bed is about 100 meters. The downside of horizontal reed beds is that they use up
lots of land space and they do take quite a long time to produce clean water.

A vertical flow (downflow) reed bed is a sealed, gravel filled trench with reeds
growing in it. The reeds in a downflow system are planted in a bed 60cm deep. In
vertical flow reed beds, the wastewater is applied to the top of the reed bed, flows
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down through a rhizome zone with sludge as a substrate, then through a root zone
with sand as a substrate, followed by a layer of gravel for drainage, and is collected
in an under drainage system of large stones. The effluent flows onto the surface of
the bed and percolates slowly through the different layers into an outlet pipe, which
leads to a horizontal flow bed where it is cleaned by millions of bacteria, algae, fungi,
and microorganisms that digest the waste, including sewage. There is no standing
water so there should be no unpleasant smells.

Vertical flow reed bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-
beds not only in reducing biochemical oxygen demanded (BOD) and suspended
solids (SS) levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. Usually
considerably smaller than horizontal flow beds, they are capable of handling much
stronger effluents which contain heavily polluted matters and have a longer lifetime
value. A vertical reed bed system works more efficiently than a horizontal reed bed
system, but it requires more management, and its reed beds are often operated for
a few days then rested, so several beds and a distribution system are needed.

The natural way of water purification has many advantages over the conventional
mechanism. The natural way requires less expenditure for installation, operation and
maintenance. Besides, it looks attractive and can improve the surrounding landscape.
Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and
estuaries. The natural bed systems are a biologically proved, an environmentally
friendly and visually unobtrusive way of treating wastewater, and have the extra
virtue of frequently being better than mechanical wastewater treatment systems.
Over the medium to long term reed bed systems are, in most cases, more cost
effective to install than any other wastewater treatment. They are naturally
environmentally sound protecting groundwater, dams, creeks, rivers and estuaries.

Questions 14 - 16
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet, write
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TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 The reed bed system is a conventional method for water treatment in urban
areas.
15 In the reed roots, there is a series of processes that help break down the
pollutants.
16 Escherichia coli is the most difficult bacteria to eliminate.

Questions 17-19
Complete the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Downflow Reed Bed System

Question 20 - 24
Use the information in the passage to match the advantages and disadvantages of
the two systems: horizontal flow system and down-flow system (listed A—H) below.
Write the appropriate letters A-H in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.
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The advantage of the downflow system is 20...................; however, 21 ..................

and 22.....................The two advantages of the horizontal system are
23....................and 24......................In comparison with the downflow system, the
horizontal system is less effective.

A. it requires several beds

B. it is easier to construct
C. it builds on a gradient
D. it doesn’t need much attention

E. it produces less sludges

F. it isn’t always working
G. it needs deeper bed
H. it can deal with more heavily polluted water

Questions 25-26
Choose two correct letters, from the following A, B, C, D or E. Write your answers in
boxes 25—26 on your answer sheet.
What are the TWO advantages of the natural water purification system mentioned in
the passage:
A. It uses micro-organisms
B. It involves a low operating cost
C. It prevents flooding.
D. It is visually good-looking
E. It can function in all climates

READING PASSAGE 3
History of telegraph in communication
Jean-Antoine Nollet was a French clergyman and physicist. In 1746 he gathered
about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with
pieces iron wire connecting them. He then discharged a battery of Leyden jars
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through the human chain and observed that each man reacted at substantially the
same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation
was very high. Given a more humane detection system, this could be a way of
signaling over long distances. In 1 748, Nollet invented one of the first electrometers,
the electroscope, which detected the presence of an electric charge by using
electrostatic attraction and repulsion.

After the introduction of the European semaphore lines in 1792, the world's desire
to further its ability to communicate from a distance only grew. People wanted a
way to send and receive news from remote locations so that they could better
understand what was happening in the world around them—not just what was going
on in their immediate town or city. This type of communication not only appealed to
the media industry, but also to private individuals and companies who wished to stay
in touch with contacts. In 1840 Charles Wheatstone from Britain, with William Cooke,
obtained a new patent for a telegraphic arrangement. The new apparatus required
only a single pair of wires, but the telegraph was still too costly for general purposes.
In 1 845, however, Cooke and Wheatstone succeeded in producing the single needle
apparatus, which they patented,and from that time the electric telegraph became a
practical instrument, soon adopted on all the railway lines of the country.

It was the European optical telegraph, or semaphore, that was the predecessor of
the electrical recording telegraph that changed the history of communication forever.
Building on the success of the optical telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse completed a
working version of the electrical recording telegraph, which only required a single
wire to send code of dots and dashes. At first, it was imagined that only a few highly
skilled encoders would be able to use it but it soon became clear that many people
could become proficient in Morse code. A system of lines strung on telegraph poles
began to spread in Europe and America.

In the 1840s and 1850s several individuals proposed or advocated construction of a

telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean, including Edward Thornton and Alonzo
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Jackman. At that time there was no material available for cable insulation and the
first breakthrough came with the discovery of a rubber-like latex called gutta percha.
Introduced to Britain in 1843, gutta percha is the gum of a tree native to the Malay
Peninsula and Malaysia. After the failure of their first cable in 1850, the British
brothers John and Jacob Brett laid a successful submarine cable from Dover to Calais
in 1851. This used two layers of gutta percha insulation and an armoured outer layer.
With thin wire and thick insulation, it floated and had to be weighed down with lead
pipe.

In the case of first submarine-cable telegraphy, there was the limitation of

knowledge of how its electrical properties were affected by water. The voltage which
may be impressed on the cable was limited to a definite value. Moreover, for certain
reasons, the cable had an impedance associated with it at the sending end which
could make the voltage on the cable differ from the voltage applied to the
sending-end apparatus. In fact, the cable was too big for a single boat, so two had to
start in the middle of the Atlantic, join their cables and sail in opposite directions.
Amazingly, the first official telegram to pass between two continents was a letter of
congratulation from Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to the President of the
United States, James Buchanan, on August 16, 1 858. However, signal quality
declined rapidly, slowing transmission to an almost unusable speed and the cable
was destroyed the following month.

To complete the link between England and Australia, John Pender formed the
British- Australian Telegraph Company. The first stage was to lay a 557nm cable from
Singapore to Batavia on the island of Java in 1870. It seemed likely that it would
come ashore qt the northern port of Darwin from where it might connect around the
coast to Queensland and New South Wales. It was an undertaking more ambitious
than spanning ocean. Flocks of sheep had to be driven with the 400 workers to
provide food. They needed horses and bullock carts and, for the parched interior,
camels. In the north, tropical rains left the teams flooded. In the centre, it seemed
that they would die of thirst. One critical section in the red heart of Australia
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involved finding a route through the McDonnell mountain range and then finding
water on the other side. The water was not only essential for the construction teams.
There had to be telegraph repeater stations every few hundred miles to boost the
signal and the staff obviously had to have a supply of water.

On August 22, 1872, the Northern and Southern sections of the Overland Telegraph
Line were connected, uniting the Australian continent and within a few months,
Australia was at last in direct contact with England via the submarine cable, too. This
allowed the Australian Government to receive news from around the world almost
instantaneously for the first time. It could cost several pounds to send a message
and it might take several hours for it to reach its destination on the other side of the
globe, but the world would never be the same again. The telegraph was the first
form of communication over a great distance and was a landmark in human history.

Question 27 - 32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage In
boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27 In the research of the French scientist, metal lines were used to send messages.
28 People increasingly hoped to explore ways of long-distance communication in
the late eighteenth century.
29 Using Morse Code to send message needed special personnel to first simplify
the message,
30 Morse was a famous inventor before he invented the code.
31 Water was significant to early telegraph repeater stations on the continent.
32 The Australian Government offered funds for the first overland line across the
continent.
Questions 33 - 40
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Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.

33 Why did Charles Wheatstone’s telegraph system fail to come into common use
in the beginning?

34 What material was used for insulating cable across the sea?

35 What was used by British pioneers to increase the weight of the cable in the
sea?

36 What would occur in the submarine cable when the voltage was applied?

37 Who was a message first sent to across the Atlantic by the Queen?

38 What animals were used to carry the cable through desert?

39 What weather condition delayed construction in north Australia?

40 How long did it take to send a telegraph message from Australia to England in
1872?
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TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Bondi Beach
Bondi Beach is one of Australia's most well-known beaches and among the world's
most famous. Bondi Beach is located in a suburb of Sydney, 7 kilometres east of the
Sydney central business district. Bondi is said to be a corruption of an Aboriginal
word boondi meaning water breaking over rocks. It has been spelt a number of
different ways over time, e.g. Boondi, Bundi, Elundye. The Australian Museum
records that Bondi means a place where a flight of nullas took place. The current
spelling was accepted in 1827.

Aboriginal people occupied many sites in the area now known as Waverley in the
period before European settlement. There v/ere numerous recorded sightings during
the early colonial period and there are significant aboriginal rock carvings, including
rough carvings of fish or fishes on the cliffs. The indigenous people of the area, at the
time of European settlement, have generally been referred to as the Sydney people
or the Eora, which means "the people". There is no clear evidence for the name or
names of the particular band or bands of the Eora that roamed what is now the
Waverley area. A number of place names within Waverley, most famously Bondi,
have been based on words derived from Aboriginal languages of the Sydney region.

Formal European settlement goes back to 1809, when the early road builder, William
Roberts received a grant of 81 hectares from Governor Bligh, of what is now most of
the business and residential area of Bondi Beach. In 1851, Edward Smith Hall and
Francis O’Brien purchased 200 acres of the Bondi area that embraced almost the
whole frontage of Bondi Beach. Between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien purchased Hall's
share of the land, renamed the land the "O'Brien Estate", and made the beach and
the surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement
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resort. As the beach became increasingly popular, O'Brien threatened to stop public
beach access. However, the Municipal Council believed that the Government needed
to intervene to make the beach a public reserve. However it was not until June 9,
1882, that the NSW Government acted and Bondi Beach became a public beach.

In the early 1800s swimming at Sydney's beaches was a controversial pastime. In

1803, Governor Philip King forbade convicts from bathing in Sydney Harbour because
of "the dangers of sharks and stingrays, and for reasons of decorum". But by the
1830s sea bathing was becoming a popular activity, despite being officially banned
between 9:00 am and 8:00 pm. During the 1900s these restrictive attitudes began to
relax and the beach became associated with health, leisure and democracy. Bondi
Beach was a working class suburb throughout most of the twentieth century with
migrant people comprising the majority of the local population. The first tramway
reached the beach in 1884 and the tram became the first public transportation in
Bondi. As an alternative, this action changed the rule that only wealthy people cou\d
enjoy the beach. By the 1930s Bondi was drawing not only local visitors but also
people from elsewhere in Australia and overseas.

The increasing popularity of sea bathing during the late 1800s and early 1900s raised
concerns about public safety. In response, the world's first formally documented surf
lifesaving club, the Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was formed in February 1906,
the first club house being a simple tent in the dunes. This was powerfully reinforced
by the dramatic events of "Black Sunday" at Bondi in 1938. Some 35,000 people
were on the beach and a large group of lifesavers were about to start a surf race
when three freak waves hit the beach, sweeping hundreds of people out to sea.
Lifesavers rescued 300 people, the largest mass rescue in the history of surf bathing.

Bondi Beach is the end point of the City to Surf Fun Run, the largest running event in
the world, which is held each year in August. Australian surf carnivals further instilled
this image. Particularly popular during the inter-War years and immediately after
World War ll, these displays of pageantry, discipline, strength and skill drew large
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crowds and even royal attention. A Royal Surf Carnival was held at Bondi Beach for
Queen Elizabeth 11 during her first tour to Australia in 1954. In addition to many
activities, Bondi Beach Market is open every Sunday. Many wealthy people spend
Christmas Day at the beach. However, a shortage of houses occurs when lots of
people rushed to the seaside. Manly is the seashore town which solved this problem.
However, people still choose Bondi as their destination rather than Manly.

A commercial retail centre is separated from Bondi Beach by Campbell Parade, and
Bondi Park, featuring many popular cafes, restaurants, and hotels, with views of the
beach. The valley running down to the beach is famous over the world for its view of
distinctive red tiled roofs. These architectural styles are deeply influenced by the
coastal towns in England. In the last decade, Bondi Beaches' unique position has
seen a dramatic rise in svelte contemporary houses and apartments to take
advantage of the views and scent of the sea. Bondi Beach hosted the beach
volleyball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics. A temporary 10,000-seat
stadium, a much smaller stadium, 2 warm-up courts, and 3 training courts were set
up to host the tournament and only stood for six weeks. The stadium had uncovered
seating around three sides, and a partly covered stand on one side. Campaigners
opposed both the social and environmental consequences of the development.
"They're prepared to risk lives and risk the Bondi beach environment for the sake of
eight days of volleyball", said Stephen Uniacke, a construction lawyer involved in the
campaign. Other environmental concerns include the possibility that soil dredged up
from below the sand will acidify when brought to the surface.

Questions 1 - 5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 ?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
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1 Indigenous people learned rock carvings from the Europeans.

2 Bondi Beach was not a public gathering area at the beginning.
3 Sea bathing was considered to be beneficial for physical health during the early
1900s.
4 British coastal towns affect the building style in areas adjacent to Bondi Beach.
5 Bondi Beach was partly damaged due to the construction of the volleyball
stadium.

Questions 6-9
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6—9 on your answer sheet.
6 Which public transport did people take to go to Bondi in the late 19th century?

7 When did British Royalty first go to Bondi?

8 What sort of Olympic sport was held in Bondi in 2000?

9 Apart from their social activities, what were local people worried might be
ruined when the stadium was constructed?

Questions 10 - 13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 10—13 on your answer sheet.

There ate all sorts of sport held at Bondi Beach every year, which attract lots of
10.................... to go there on their vacations. However, the accommodation is not
sufficient and the nearby city 11.................... has become the supplementary. As a
matter of fact, 12 .................... is still the best choice for residents. The buildings
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along the valley to Bondi are famous for their coloured 13.................... and their
European style.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions, which are based on Re Passage 2
below.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A—G
Choose the correct heading for paragraph A, C—E and G from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number i—ix in boxes 14—18 on your answer sheet.

14. Paragraph A
ExampleAnswer
Paragraph B iv
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
17. Paragraph E

ExampleAnswer
Paragraph F V
18. Paragraph G

List of Headings
i Remembering the past more clearly
ii Bringing back painful memories
iii Originally an alarm signal
iv The physical effects of scent versus image
v Checking unreliable evidence
vi Reinforcing one sense with another
vii Protection against reliving the past
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viii The overriding power of sight and sound

ix Conflicting views

Follow your nose

A. Aromatherapy is the most widely used complementary therapy in the National
Health Service, and doctors use it most often for treating dementia. For elderly
patients who have difficulty interacting verbally, and to whom conventional
medicine has little to offer, aromatherapy can bring benefits in terms of better sleep,
improved motivation, and less disturbed behaviour. So the thinking goes. But last
year, a systematic review of health care databases found almost no evidence that
aromatherapy is effective in the treatment of dementia. Other findings suggest that
aromatherapy works only if you believe it will. In fact, the only research that has
unequivocally shown it to have an effect has been carried out on animals.

B. Behavioural studies have consistently shown that odours elicit emotional

memories far more readily than other sensory cues. And earlier this year, Rachel
Herz, of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and colleagues peered into
people's heads using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to corroborate
that. They scanned the brains of five women while they either looked at a photo of a
bottle of perfume that evoked a pleasant memory for them, or smelled that perfume.
One woman, for instance, remembered how as a child living in Paris—she would
watch with excitement as her mother dressed to go out and sprayed herself with
that perfume. The women themselves described the perfume as far more evocative
than the photo, and Herz and co-workers found that the scent did indeed activate
the amygdala and other brain regions associated with emotion processing far more
strongly than the photograph. But the interesting thing was that the memory itself
was no better recalled by the odour than by the picture. "People don't remember
any more detail or with any more clarity when the memory is recalled with an
odour," she says. "However, with the odour, you have this intense emotional feeling
that's really visceral."
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C. That's hardly surprising, Herz thinks, given how the brain has evolved. "The way I
like to think about it is that emotion and olfaction are essentially the same thing,"
she says. "The part of the brain that controls emotion literally grew out of the part of
the brain that controls smell." That, she says, probably explains why memories for
odours that are associated with intense emotions are so strongly entrenched in us,
because smell was initially a survival skill: a signal to approach or to avoid.

D. Eric Vermetten, a psychiatrist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands,

says that doctors have long known about the potential of smells to act as traumatic
reminders, but the evidence has been largely anecdotal. Last year, he and others set
out to document it by describing three cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
in which patients reported either that a certain smell triggered their flashbacks, or
that a smell was a feature of the flashback itself. The researchers concluded that
odours could be made use of in exposure therapy, or for reconditioning patients'
fear responses.

E. After Vermetten presented his findings at a conference, doctors in the audience

told him how they had turned this association around and put it to good use. PTSD
patients often undergo group therapy, but the therapy itself can expose them to
traumatic reminders. "Some clinicians put a strip of vanilla or a strong, pleasant,
everyday odorant such as coffee under their patients' noses, so that they have this
continuous olfactory stimulation." says Vermetten. So armed, the patients seem to
be better protected against flashbacks. It's purely anecdotal, and nobody knows
what's happening in the brain, says Vermetten, but it's possible that the neural
pathways by which the odour elicits the pleasant, everyday memory override the
fear-conditioned neural pathways that respond to verbal cues.

F. According to Herz, the therapeutic potential of odours could lie in their very
unreliability. She has shown with her perfume-bottle experiment that they don't
guarantee any better recall, even if the memories they elicit feel more real. And
there's plenty of research to show that our noses can be tricked, because being
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predominantly visual and verbal creatures, we put more faith in those other
modalities. In 2001, for instance, Gil Morrot, of the National Institute for Agronomic
Research in Montpellier, tricked 54 oenology students by secretly colouring a white
wine with an odourless red dye just before they were asked to describe the odours
of a range of red and white wines. The students described the coloured wine using
terms typically reserved for red wines. What's more, just like experts, they used
terms alluding to the wine's redness and darkness—visual rather than olfactory
qualities. Smell, the researchers concluded, cannot be separated from the other
senses.

G. Last July, Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan of the Wellcome Department of Imaging
Neuroscience in London took that research a step further when they tested people's
response times in naming an odour, either when presented with an image that was
associated with the odour or one that was not. So, they asked them to sniff vanilla
and simultaneously showed them either a picture of ice cream or of cheese, while
scanning their brains in a fMRI machine. People named the smells faster when the
picture showed something semantically related to them, and when that happened, a
structure called the hippocampus was strongly activated. The researchers'
interpretation was that the hippocampus plays a role in integrating information from
the senses— information that the brain then uses to decide what it is perceiving.

Questions 19 - 24
Look at the following findings (Questions 19-24) and the list of researchers.
Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

19 Smell can trigger images of horrible events.

20 Memory cannot get sharper by smell.
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21 When people are given an odour and a picture of something to learn, they will
respond more quickly in naming the smell because the stimulus is stronger when two
or more senses are involved.
22 Pleasant smells counteract unpleasant recollections.
23 It is impossible to isolate smell from visual cues.
24 The part of brain that governs emotion is more stimulated by a smell than an
image.

A. Rachel Hertz
B. Eric Vermetten
C. Gil Morrot
D. Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan

Questions 25 - 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
25 In the article, what is the opinion about the conventional method of
aromatherapy?
A. Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils extracted from plants.
B. Evidence has proved that aromatherapy is effective in treating dementia.
C. People who feel aromatherapy is effective believe it is useful.
D. Aromatherapy is especially helpful for elderly patients.

26 What is Rachel Hertz’s conclusion?

A. The area of the brain which activates emotion has the same physiological
structure as the part controlling olfaction.
B. We cannot depend on smell, and people have more confidence in sight and
spoken or written words.
C. Odours can recall real memories even after the perfume-bottle experiment.
D. Smell has proved its therapeutic effect over a long time span.
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Passage 3 below.
Architecture in Britain
From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, what are the influences and movements
that have shaped the changing face of British architecture?

Architecture is about evolution, not revolution. It used to be thought that once the
Romans pulled out of Britain in the fifth century, their elegant villas,
carefully-planned towns and engineering marvels like Hadrian's Wall simply fell into
decay as British culture was plunged into the Dark Ages. It took the Norman
Conquest of 1 066 to bring back the light, and the Gothic cathedral-builders of the
Middle Ages played an important part in the revival of British culture. However, the
truth is not as simple as that. Romano-British culture—and that included
architecture along with language, religion, political organisation and the
arts—survived long after the Roman withdrawal. And although the Anglo-Saxons had
a sophisticated building style of their own, little survives to bear witness to their
achievements as the vast majority of Anglo- Saxon buildings were made of wood.

Even so, the period between the Norman landing at Pevensey in 1066 and the day in
1485 when Richard III lost his horse and his head at Bosworth, ushering in the Tudors
and the Early Modern period, marks a rare flowering of British buildings. And it is all
the more remarkable because the underlying ethos of medieval architecture was
"fitness for purpose". The great cathedrals and parish churches that lifted up their
towers to heaven were not only acts of devotion in stone; they were also fiercely
functional buildings. Castles served their particular purpose and their battlements
and turrets were for use rather than ornament. The rambling manor houses of the
later Middle Ages, however, were primarily homes, their owners achieving respect
and maintaining status by their hospitality and good lordship rather than the
grandeur of their buildings. In a sense, the buildings of the 16th century were also
governed by fitness for purpose—only now, the purpose was very different. In
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domestic architecture, in particular, buildings were used to display status and

wealth.

This stately and curious workmanship showed itself in various ways. A greater sense
of security led to more outward-looking buildings, as opposed to the medieval
arrangement where the need for defence created houses that faced inward onto a
courtyard or series of courtyards. This allowed for much more in the way of exterior
ornament. The rooms themselves tended to be bigger and lighter—as an expensive
commodity, the use of great expanses of glass was in itself a statement of wealth.
There was also a general move towards balanced and symmetrical exteriors with
central entrances. With the exception of Inigo Jones (1573-1652), whose confident
handling of classical detail and proportion set him apart from all other architects of
the period, most early 1 7th century buildings tended to take the innocent
exuberance of late Tudor work one step further. But during the 1640s and 50s the
Civil War and its aftermath sent many gentlemen and nobles to the Continent either
to escape the fighting or, when the war was lost, to follow Charles II into exile. There
they came into contact with French, Dutch and Italian architecture and, with
Charles's restoration in 1 660, there was a flurry of building activity as royalists
reclaimed their property and built themselves houses reflecting the latest European
trends. The British Baroque was a reassertion of authority, an expression of
absolutist ideology by men who remembered a world turned upside down during the
Civil War. The style is heavy and rich, sometimes overblown and melodramatic. The
politics which underpin it are questionable, but its products are breathtaking.

The huge glass-and-iron Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton to house the
Great Exhibition of 1851, shows another strand to 19th century architecture—one
which embraced new industrial processes. But it wasn't long before even this
confidence in progress came to be regarded with suspicion. Mass production
resulted in buildings and furnishings that were too perfect, as the individual
craftsman no longer had a major role in their creation. Railing against the
dehumanising effects of industrialisation, reformers like John Ruskin and William
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Morris made a concerted effort to return to hand-crafted, pre-industrial

manufacturing techniques. Morris's influence grew from the production of furniture
and textiles, until by the 1880s a generation of principled young architects was
following his call for good, honest construction.

The most important trends in early 20th century architecture simply passed Britain
by. Whilst Gropius was working on cold, hard expanses of glass, and Le Corbusier
was experimenting with the use of reinforced concrete frames, we had staid
establishment architects like Edwin Lutyens producing Neo-Georgian and
Renaissance country houses for an outmoded landed class. In addition there were
slightly batty architect- craftsmen, the heirs of William Morris, still trying to turn the
clock back to before the Industrial Revolution by making chairs and spurning new
technology. Only a handful of Modern Movement buildings of any real merit were
produced here during the 1920s and 1930s, and most of these were the work of
foreign architects such as Serge Chermayeff, Berthold Lubetkin and Erno Gold-finger
who had settled in this country.

After the Second World War the situation began to change. The Modern
Movement's belief in progress and the future struck a chord with the mood of
post-war Britain and, as reconstruction began under Attlee's Labour government in 1
945, there was a desperate need for cheap housing which could be produced quickly.
The use of prefabricated elements, metal frames, concrete cladding and the absence
of decoration—all of which had been embraced by Modernists abroad and viewed
with suspicion by the British—were adopted to varying degrees for housing
developments and schools. Local authorities, charged with the task of rebuilding city
centres, became important patrons of architecture. This represented a shift away
from the private individuals who had dominated the architectural scene for
centuries.

Since the War it has been corporate bodies like these local authorities, together with
national and multinational companies, and large educational institutions, which have
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dominated British architecture. By the late 1 980s the Modern Movement, unfairly
blamed for the social experiments implicit in high-rise housing, had lost out to irony
and spectacle in the shape of post-modernism, with its cheerful borrowings from
anywhere and any period. But now, in the new Millennium, even post-modernism is
showing signs of age. What comes next?

Questions 27 - 31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27—31 on your answer sheet.
27 After Romans left Britain, ………………………
A. their achievements were neglected.
B. their cultural legacy endured.
C. there was an abrupt culture change.
D. their buildings were well protected.

28 Medieval architecture aspired all above to be ………………………

A. immense.
B. useful.
C. decorative.
D. durable.

29 Which of the following architectural features characterize the 16th-century

architecture in Britain?
A. They faced inward.
B. They had plain exteriors.
C. They had small windows.
D. They used symmetry in architecture.

30 How did the 17th-century British buildings come to be influenced by styles from
continental Europe?
A. Fugitives brought ideas from continental Europe back to Britain.
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40 After the Second World War, much architecture was commissioned

by .................... rather than private individuals.

TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Bovid
A bovid is any member of almost 140 species of ungulates belonging to the family
Bovidae. The bovids are the largest family of hoofed mammals and are native to
Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Members include antelope, bison, buffalo,
cattle, sheep and goats. Bovids have mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with
bacteria and other microorganisms that allow the digestion of cellulose, the most
abundant form of living terrestrial biomass, but one that is indigestible for many
animals, including humans.

Bovids are not so common in endemic insular faunas and are mainly recorded in
Southeast Asia, Japan and some Mediterranean islands. Ely the late Miocene, the
bovids rapidly diversified, leading to the creation of 70 new genera. This late
Miocene radiation was partly because most bovids became adapted to more open,
grassland habitats. Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups
with complex social structures.

All bovids have the similar basic form—a snout with a blunt end, one or more pairs
of horns immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and and a tail
varying in length and bushiness among the species. However, the bovids show great
variation in size: the gaur can weigh as much as 1,000kg and stands 2-3m high at the
shoulder. The royal antelope, at the opposite extreme, is only 25cm tall and weighs
at most 3kg.
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Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the possession of
certain common features. Being ruminants, the stomach is composed of four
chambers: the rumen (80%), the omasum, the reticulum, and the abomasum. Bovids
retain undigested food in their stomachs to be regurgitated and chewed again as
necessary Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous. Most bovids bear 30 to 32
teeth. While the upper incisors are absent, the upper canines are either reduced or
absent. Instead of the upper incisors,bovids have a thick and tough layer of tissue,
called the dental pad, which provides a surface to grip grasses and foliage. All bovids
have four toes on each foot—they walk on the central two (the hooves), while the
outer two (the dewclaws) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground. Bovid
horns vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may
measure around 4m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles
have horns with a variety of elegant curves.

Bovids are the largest of 10 extant families within Artiodactyla, consisting of more
than 140 extant and 300 extinct species. Fossil evidence suggests five distinct
subfamilies: Bovinae (bison, buffalos, cattle, and relatives). Antelope (addax, oryxes,
roan antelopes and relatives), Caprinae (chamois, goats, sheep, and relatives),
Cephalophinae (duikers), and Antilocapridae (pronghorn). Unlike most other bovids,
Bovinae species are ail non-territorial. As the ancestors of the various species of
domestic cattle, banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and
endangered in the wild, while another ancestor, auroch, has been extinct in the wild
for nearly 300 years.

Antelope is not a cladistic or taxonomically defined group. The term is used to

describe all members of the family Bovidae that do not fall under the category of ,
cattle, or goats. Not surprisingly for animals with long, slender yet powerful legs,
many antelopes have long strides and can run fast. There are two main sub-groups
of antelope: Hippotraginae, which includes the oryx and the addax, and Antilopinae,
which generally contains slighter and more graceful animals such as gazelle and the
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springbok. The antelope is found in a wide range of habitats, typically woodland,

forest, savannah, grassland plains, and marshes. Several species of antelope have
adapted to living in the mountains and rocky outcrops and a couple of species of
antelope are even semi-aquatic and these antelope live in swamps, for instance, the
sitatunga has long, splayed hooves that enable it to walk freely and rapidly on
swampy ground.

Subfamily Caprinae consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. Its members are

commonly referred to as the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives
such as the goral and the tahr. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the
recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often
extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region. Barbary and
bighorn sheep have been found in arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive
high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra.

The duiker, belonging to Cephalophinae sub-family is a small to medium-sized

species, brown in colour, and native to sub-Saharan Africa. Duikers are primarily
browsers rather than grazers, eating leaves, shoots, seeds, fruit buds and bark. Some
duikers consume insects and carrion (dead animal carcasses) from time to time and
even manage to capture rodents or small birds.

The pronghorn is the only living member of the sub-family Antilocapridae in North
America. Each "horn" of the pronghorn is composed of a slender, laterally flattened
blade of bone that grows from the frontal bones of the skull, forming a permanent
core. Unlike the horns of the family Bovidae, the horn sheaths of the pronghorn are
branched, each sheath possessing a forward-pointing tine (hence the name
pronghorn). The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere,
being built for maximum predator evasion through running. Additionally, pronghorn
hooves have two long, cushioned, pointed toes which help absorb shock when
running at high speeds.
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Questions 1 -3
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1 Bovids mostly inhabit
A. Africa.
B. Eurasia.
C. Southeast Asia.
D. South America.

2 What are the most favorable locations for the existence of bovids?

A. tropical forests
B. wetlands
C. mountains
D. open grassy areas

3 What is the common feature of idle bovid species?

A. Their horns are short.
B. They store food in the body.
C. They have upper incisors.
D. Their hooves are undivided.

Questions 4 - 8
Look at the following characteristics (Questions and the list of sub-families below.
Match each characteristics with the correct answer.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any
letter more than once.
4 can survive in harsh habitats.
5 move at a high speed.
6 origins of modern ox and cow.
7 does not defend a particular area of land.
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8 sometimes take small animals as their food supply.

A. Bovinae
B. Antelope
C. Caprinae
D. Cephalophinae

Questions 9-13
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 What is the smallest species of Bovids?

10 Which member of Bovinae has died out?

11 What helps sitatunga move quickly on swampy lands?

12 Where can Barbary sheep survive?

13 What is the only survivor of Antilocapridae?

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
The contribution of language to business
People say that business is all about relationships, but the truth is that business is
really all about language communication. Languages make either a direct or indirect
contribution to business and industry—from acquiring and retaining customers to
improving employee engagement and performance. At the most fundamental level,
business cannot happen without communication. This is even more true in the era of
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globalization. As geographic borders become porous and the world flattens, effective
communication with customers, employees, partners, suppliers, and other
stakeholders across the globe becomes essential to successfully running a company.

There is no universal agreement on how significant the language factor is; nor the
degree of language proficiency in contribution to the success of business and
industry. In large modern enterprises, people have the unique experience of working
with thousands of organizations across different industries and sectors that are
tackling this very problem. Companies adjust to these demographic, cultural, and
economic trends and proactively build workforces with the skills and capabilities
needed to grow and thrive in this multicultural and international economy. Although
the combination of business functions and processes impacted by improved
communication may vary from company to company, language skills consistently
deliver tangible business value and results for organizations that invest in language
training.

Although English is dominant for international transactions, many business people

also think and deal in scores of languages. Companies that operate solely in English
will miss opportunities to capitalize on the explosive growth in developing and
untapped markets at home and abroad. These companies also run the risk of
misunderstandings with customers, and with members of an increasingly global
workforce. Moreover, travellers on business need to have different levels of
language proficiency. On a basic level, they are able to use the language at the
airport and to check in at the hotel. Besides, they need a high language proficiency
to deal with workers at their offshore factories.

One of the biggest business advantages of a workforce that can effectively

communicate in more than one language is the ability to reach new markets—both
at home and abroad. On the domestic side, for example, the U.S. has become even
more of a melting pot than in the past, with minorities accounting for a greater
proportion of the total population. Accordingly, in domestic venues, the consumer
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contacts and service activities also ask for workers with good skills of different
languages, such as at restaurants or in duty-free stores.

The language proficiency needed to hold a conversation is quite different from that
needed for negotiating. Receptionists and telephonists are the first point of contact
between firms. The language proficiency they need is to gather basic factual
information. Yet negotiating well in another language is one of the most difficult
skills, especially nowadays when it is often done at a distance by videoconference,
teleconference or email. It is also one of the most important things to do well, with
usually a clear financial penalty for doing it badly. To really master the negotiating
skill, negotiators need a thorough understanding of the very many phrases they
might hear during a negotiation and an ability to show fine shades in meaning in
their own contributions. Similar to negotiating, certain occupations like shipping,
also require unbroken and detailed communication between officials.

When it comes to negotiation, the interpreters and translators are needed.

Interpreters and translators aid communication by converting messages or text from
one language into another language. Although some people do both, interpreting
and translating are different professions: interpreters work with spoken
communication, and translators work with written communication. The selection of
interpreters and translators is critical. Both the loyalty and accuracy of the
interpreters and translators must be put at the top of agenda. Thus, loyalty to the
speaker and the original appears to be a hallmark of professionals more so than of
amateurs.

Who can judge the performance of the interpreters? A person with language
proficiency is needed in the negotiating team to check on the interpreters,
guaranteeing the quality and accuracy of the interpretation. Listeners are
presumably listening only to the output and as such not aware of the structure of
the source speech. Only an experienced expert will understand the constraints of
any given situation and be in a position to judge. Only she (or he) can assess just how
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the speed, density and complexity of the speech will affect interpretation in any
particular language combination. And even this task is not easy: interpreters are
trained to listen and speak at the same time, not to listen to two different audio
streams. Therefore, the check-on is best accomplished by those trained to teach or
with enough experience to have mastered this skill.

Businesses may ask help from local consultants who are responsible for hiring local
workers or train company managers to deal with local consumers. That was the case
with CommScope, a multibillion dollar telecom equipment manufacturer with
customers, employees, and partners in 18 countries across the world. In the wake of
these transactions, the company began offering Jacqueline K. Crofton, a local
resident, language training to key employees and executives. The goal of the training
was not to make employees fluent in the new language, as much as to give them a
degree of functional proficiency. “In order to advance well in new markets and with
new customers, we had to be able to at least understand and communicate at a
basic level, even with the use of interpreters,” says David Hartsoe, manager of
CommScope’s Global Learning Center. In the long run, effective communication will
definitely help their employees stay positive and productive.

Questions 14 - 19
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say that the writer thinks about this

14 There are two types of contribution that languages make to business.

15 All businesses have recognized the importance of language to business.
16 English is the most important language for all business purposes.
17 Senior executives, especially, need to be fluent in the language of their trading
partners.
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18 Travellers on business need several different levels of language proficiency.

19 Some businesses provide interpreter training to their employees.

Questions 20-23
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20—23 on your answer sheet.
20 What level of language proficiency are the workers required in the duty-free
stores?

21 Who are the first people the client usually have contact with in business?

22 Which industry is high language proficiency essential to?

23 What business are interpreters and translators needed for?

Questions 24 - 26
Choose the correct letter; A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 One of the most important qualities of the interpreter is
A. common sense.
B. industry knowledge and contacts.
C. appropriate reaction.
D. trustworthiness.

25 A qualified interpreter is essential to the business for

A. ensuring cultural appropriateness.
B. accuracy of information.
C. success in trading.
D. financial reasons.
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26 In the writer’s opinion, hiring an indigenous person to improve the dialect

language proficiency of the company staff is
A. unethical.
B. unlikely.
C. sensible.
D. expensive.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Agricultural tourism
A. Agricultural tourism is a worldwide trend which offers city dwellers a chance to
escape urban concrete and re-discover their rural roots. In addition, visiting farmers,
agronomists and other agricultural experts can evaluate worldwide developments in
agriculture, which have been greatly influenced by modern technology. Agriculture
and tourism—two of Wisconsin’s most important industries—are teaming up in
southwestern Wisconsin. A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities,
and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market
agricultural tourism there. More than one-half of those surveyed responded
favourably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in
some types of agricultural tour in southwestern Wisconsin.

B. In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the

annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm, a
one-time event held in Platteville in conjunction with the Chicago Bears summer
training camp. Survey respondents reported that they would prefer to visit cheese
factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as
enjoy an old- fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in visiting
specialty farms (strawberries, cranberries, poultry, etc.). More than 7 5 percent of
the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 3 7 percent planning at least
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two months in advance. More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for
two- or three-day visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese
Days. Visitors at both events indicated that they were there to enjoy themselves and
were willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts. They also wanted the
opportunity to experience the “country” while there.

C. The study found that planning around existing events should take into account
what brought visitors to the area and provide additional attractions that will appeal
to them. For example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and
appeared to be more open to various tour proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically
to see the Chicago Bears practice. They showed less interest in a proposed
agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner. (The
table below results from the 1990 survey of Monroe Cheese Days and Picnic on the
Farm visitors and shows how the visitors would rank various activities in the
proposed tour.
Interest in specific activities in proposed tour
Activity Cheese Days (Rank) Picnic (Rank)
Cheese Factory Visit 1 2
Sausage Processing
2 2
Visit
Dairy Farm Visit 3 5
Picnic Dinner 3 1
Historical Farm Visit 3 3
Crop Farm Visit 4 6

D. Agricultural tourism can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and
challenges facing farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development
agent. While agriculture is vital to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are
becoming isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis notes, farmers are just as
interested in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in any financial
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returns. “Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,” Lewis
says. “If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits could
lead to policies more favourable to agriculture.” Animal rights and the environment
are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm
tours could help consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issues, Lewis
notes.

E. Several Wisconsin farms already offer some types of learning experience for
tourists. However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently market their
businesses independently, leading to a lack of a concerted effort to promote
agricultural tourism as an industry. Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy,
assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW-Platteville
Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems,
UW- Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development
Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism
organization.
F. This past fall, Murphy organized several workshops with some Green and Grant
County farmers, local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators to discuss
how best to organize and put on farm tours. Committees were formed to look at the
following: tour site evaluations, inventory of the area’s resources, tour marketing,
and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is organizing tours for people such
as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better educate them about agricultural
tourism. Green County farmers already have experience hosting visitors during the
annual Monroe Cheese Days. Green county Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says
these farmers are set to go ahead with more formal agricultural tours next year. The
tours will combine a farm visit with a visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic
lunch.

G. Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a 200-acre

Grant County farm devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the Dominican
Sisters. Education plays a major role at the farm, which has an orchard, dairy and
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beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be combined with other activities in the area
such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to historical towns or landmarks,
Lewis says. The project will help expose farmers to the tourism industry and farm
vacations as a way to possibly supplement incomes, he adds. While farm families
probably wouldn’t make a lot of money through farm tours, they would be
compensated for their time, says Lewis. Farmers could earn additional income
through the sale of farm products, crafts, and recreational activities.

Questions 27 - 30
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A—G in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27 Nearly half of all the surveyed tourists would spend several days in Monroe.
28 Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tours.
29 Cooperation across organisations in research for agriculture tours has been
carried out.
30 Agriculture tours help tourists understand more about zoological and ecological
issues.

Questions 31-35
Which of the following statements belongs to the visitor categories in the box?
Please choose A, B or C for each statement.
Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
A. Cheese Festival visitors
B. Picnic visitors
C. Both of them

31 have a focused destination.

32 majority prepare well before going beforehand.
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33 were comparably less keen on picnic meals.

34 show interest in activities such as visiting factories and fruit farms.
35 are willing to accept a variety of tour recommendations.

Questions 36 - 40
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 3, using the
list of words, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Through farm tours, visitors can better understand significant issues such as
36.................... and the environment. In autumn, Murphy organized
37....................and brought other participants together to develop the local tour
market. Larry Lindgren said that the farmers already had experience of organising
farm tours that also included a visit to the factory and a 38.....................Sinsinawa, a
large farm, which is managed and operated by 39...................., contains an orchard,
cows, etc. Lewis said the project would probably bring extra 40....................for local
farmers.

A. urban consumers
B. workshops
C. community development
D. income
E. animal rights
F. picnic
G. Dominican Sisters
H. historical towns
I. Andy Lewis
J. vacations
K. dairy
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TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The Pearl
A. Long known as the “Queen of Gems”, pearls possess a history and allure far
beyond what today's wearer may recognize. Throughout much of recorded history, a
natural pearl necklace comprised of matched spheres was a treasure of almost
incomparable value, in fact the most expensive jewelry in the world. Before the
creation of cultured pearls in the early 1900s, natural pearls were so rare and
expensive that they were reserved almost exclusively for the noble and very rich.
The ancient Egyptians were particularly fond of their pearls. Many Egyptian leaders
treasured pearls so much that they were often buried along with their cherished
pearl collection. In the Orient and Persian Empire, pearls were ground into costly
powders to cure anything from heart disease to epilepsy, with possible aphrodisiac
uses as well. China's long recorded history also provides ample evidence of the
importance of pearls.

B. Pearls usually fall into three categories—natural pearls, cultured pearls and
simulated pearls. A natural pearl forms when an irritant, such as a piece of sand,
works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or clam. As a defense
mechanism, the mollusk secretes a fluid to coat the irritant. Layer upon layer of this
coating is deposited on the irritant until a lustrous pearl is formed. A cultured pearl
undergoes the same process. The only difference between natural pearls and
cultured pearls is that the irritant is a surgically implanted bead or piece of shell
called Mother of Pearl. Often, these shells are ground oyster shells that are worth
significant amounts of money in their own right as irritant-catalysts for quality pearls.
The resulting core is much larger than in a natural pearl. Imitation pearls are a
different story altogether. In most cases, a glass bead is dipped into a solution made
from fish scales. This coating is thin and may eventually wear off. One can usually tell
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an imitation by biting on it. The island of Mallorca in Spain is known for its imitation
pearl industry.

C. Regardless of the method used to acquire a pearl, the process usually takes
several years. Mussels must reach a mature age, which can take up to 3 years, and
then be implanted or naturally receive an irritant. Once the irritant is in place, it can
take up to another 3 years for the pearl to reach its full size. Often, the irritant may
be rejected, the pearl will be terrifically misshapen, or the oyster may simply die
from disease or countless other complications. By the end of a 5 to 10 year cycle,
only 50% of the oysters will have survived. And of the pearls produced, only
approximately 5% are of a quality substantial enough for top jewelry makers.

D. How can untrained eyes determine a pearl's worth? Luster and size are generally
considered the two main factors to look for. Luster for instance, depends on the
fineness and evenness of the layers. The deeper the glow, the more perfect the
shape and surface, the more valuable they are. Size on the other hand, has to do
with the age of the oyster that created the pearl (the more mature oysters produce
larger pearls) and the location in which the pearl was cultured. The South Sea waters
of Australia tend to produce the larger pearls; probably because the water along the
coast line is supplied with rich nutrients from the ocean floor. Also, the type of
mussel being common to the area seems to possess a predilection for producing
comparatively large pearls.

E. In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas
imitation pearls almost have no value. One way that jewelers can determine
whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform an X-ray of the
pearl. If the X-ray reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a bead nucleated saltwater
pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a
cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is
likely a cultured freshwater. Among cultured pearls, Akoya pearls from Japan are
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some of the most lustrous. Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have
the same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim greatly.

F. Historically, the world’s best pearls came from the Persian Gulf, especially
around what is now Bahrain. The pearls of the Persian Gulf were naturally created
and collected by breath-hold divers. Unfortunately, the natural pearl industry of the
Persian Gulf ended abruptly in the early 1930’s with the discovery of large deposits
of oil. The water pollution resulting from spilled oil and indiscriminate over-fishing of
oysters essentially ruined the pristine waters of the Gulf once producing pearls. Still,
Bahrain remains one of the foremost trading centers for high quality pearls. In fact,
cultured pearls are banned from the Bahrain pearl market, in an effort to preserve
the location's heritage. Nowadays, the largest stock of natural pearls probably
resides in India. Ironically, much of India’s stock of natural pearls came originally
from Bahrain. Unlike Bahrain, which has essentially lost its pearl resource, traditional
pearl fishing is still practiced on a small scale in India.

G. Pearls also come in many colours. The most popular colours are white, cream,
and pink. Silver, black, and gold are also gaining increasing interest. In fact, a deep
lustrous black pearl is one of the rarest finds in the pearling industry, usually only
being found in the South Sea near Australia. Thus, they can be one of the more costly
items. Nowadays, pearls predominately come from Japan, Australia, Indonesia,
Myanmar, China, India, the Philippines, and Tahiti. Japan, however, controls roughly
80% of the world pearl market, with Australia and China coming in second and third,
respectively.

Questions 1 - 4
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A—G. Which paragraph contains the
following information?
Write the correct letter A—G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1 difficulties in cultivating process

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2 causes affecting the size of natural pearls

3 ancient customs around pearls
4 distinctions between cultured pearls and natural ones

Questions 5-10
Complete the summary below. Choose letter from A—K for each answer. Write them
in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.
Throughout history, people in 5 .....................used pearls for medicine and philtres.
There are essentially three types of pearls: natural, cultured and imitation. Natural
and cultured pearls share a similar growing process, while imitation pearls are
different. And 6 .................... owns the reputation for its imitation pearl industry. The
country 7....................usually produces the larger sized pearls due to the favourable
environment along the coast line, while the nation of 8....................manufactures
some of the most listening cultured pearls. In the past, the country 9 ....................in
the Persian Gulf, produced the world’s best pearls. At present, the major remaining
suppliers of natural pearls are in 10..................... .

A. America
B. Philippines
C. Australia
D. Bahrain
E. China
F. Japan
G. India
H. Egypt
I. Myanmar
J. Persia
K. Mallorca

Questions 11 - 13
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Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading
Passage 1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

11 A cultured pearl’s centre is often significantly larger than that in a natural pearl.
12 Imitation pearls are usually the same price as natural ones.
13 The size of pearls produced in Japan is surely smaller than those from Australia.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraph A— G and from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i The subconscious nature of gestures
ii The example of regional differences
iii The key factors of gestures
iv Sending out important signals
v How a well-known gesture loses its meaning
vi Performance in a specific setting
vii Recent research of Gesture Variant
viii Comparison to an everyday-use object
ix How will conflict be handled
x Individual deviation of cultural norms
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14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C

ExampleAnswer
Paragraph D i

17. Paragraph E
18. Paragraph F
19. Paragraph G

Gesture
A. Gesture is any action that sends a visual signal to an onlooker. To become a
gesture, an act has to be seen by someone else and has to communicate some
pieces of information to them. It can do this either because the gesturer deliberately
sets out to send a signal or it can do it only incidentally. The hand-wave is a Primary
Gesture, because it has no other existence or function. Therefore, to make it a
gesture, first, it should be clear and unambiguous. Others would be able to
understand it instantly when it is shown to them. Nor may any component of a
gesture, its force, its direction and amplitude of movement, be altered: otherwise,
confusion or misunderstanding may occur.

B. Most people tend to limit their use of the term “gesture” to the primary form
the hand-wave type—but this misses an important point. What matters with
gesturing is not what signals we think we are sending out, but what signals are being
received. The observers of our acts will make no distinction between our intentional
primary gestures and our unintentional, incidental ones. This is why it is preferable
to use the term “gesture” in its wider meaning as an "observed action". This can be
compared to the ring of a telephone. The speed, tone and intensity of a telephone
remain the same for any phone call. Even the length of time before being told that
the number you are dialing is not answering, unless the caller hangs up, is the same.
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C. Some gestures people use are universal. The shoulder shrug is a case in point.
The shrug is done by bringing the shoulders up, drawing the head in, and turning the
palms upwards so as to reveal that nothing is hidden. The shoulder shrug can also
demonstrate submission or that what is being said isn’t understood. Another
example is that an angry person usually expresses his rage by waving his clenched
fist rapidly and forcefully. Surprisingly, you may find that people of different cultures
will do the same when they are offended. That is to say, a commonly accepted
gesture is shared by them. But if the way the hand is clenched changes, or the
amplitude of force and the direction the fist is waved alters, the gesture no longer
means the same.

D. So, is gesture born with us or is it developed as we grow up? Recent research

found that gesture is more like a spontaneous reaction when we face certain
situations. And we just do that automatically. When people talk, they almost always
gesture with their hands. This expressive movement can be coaxed into a
choreographic form if observed carefully. People can practice spontaneous gesture
by forming pairs, then observing and questioning each other. They then show the
group what they have collected from their partners. It is fun to surprise a group
using this technique. Because spontaneous gestures are often unconscious, people
will sometimes be surprised to have their gestures mirrored back to them, saying
“Did I really do that?”

E. The attention of research was also drawn to cultural themes. Researchers

discovered that if a person has a good set of teeth, he or she would be prone to have
a bigger smile than he or she should when good things happen. And if a person
possesses a bad set of teeth, he or she would tend to have his or her mouth shut
when being teased. And people’s reaction to the same joke also varies: some laugh
out loud while others titter. However, this does not cause confusion and it helps to
develop our “behavioural”, which is an important aspect of our identity. It was
referred to as a Gesture Variant, which indicates that individuals’ gesture production
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is a complex process, in which speakers’ internal and external factors and

interactions could play a role in multi-modal communication.

F. During the research, an interesting phenomenon soon caught researchers’

attention. A hand purse gesture, which is formed by straightening the fingers and
thumb of one hand and bringing them together so the tips touch, pointing upwards
and shaping like a cone, carries different meanings in different countries. In Malta, it
means heavy sarcasm: "you may seem good, but you are really bad.”; in Tunisia, it is
against recklessness, saying "slow down”; in Italy, it means “What’s the matter?” or
"What are you trying to say?”; in France, it means "I am afraid". However, this
gesture has no clear meaning in American culture. And of course, the way the
gesture is conducted is similar in different countries.

G. But what will happen if the gestures of different countries confront each other?
The situation is further complicated by the fact that some gestures mean totally
different things in different countries. To take one example, in Saudi Arabia, stupidity
can be signalled by touching the lower eyelid with the tip of the forefinger. But this
same gesture, in various other countries, can mean disbelief, approval, agreement,
mistrust, scepticism, alertness, secrecy, craftiness, danger, or criminality. So people
are faced with two basic problems where certain gestures are concerned: either one
meaning may be signalled by different actions, or several meanings may be signalled
by the same action, as we move from culture to culture. The only solution is to
approach each culture with an open mind and learn their gestures as one would
learn their vocabulary. These all require considerable skill and training and belong in
a totally different world from the familiar gestures we employ in everyday life.

Questions 20 - 22
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 20—22 on your answer sheet.
20 According to the passage, which aspect of the ringing of a telephone is
compared with gestures?
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A. The length of the ringing.

B. The unchanging sound of the ringing.
C. The telephone ringing intrudes upon our life.
D. The speed of ringing signals the urgency.
21 Which of the diagrams below shows the gesture “Hand Purse”?
A. B. C.

22 In which country should the gesture "Hand Purse" be used with caution?
A. Malta
B. Tusinia
C. Italy
D. France

Questions 23 - 25
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 Angry people are often in the same age range or group.

24 Personal physical characteristics may affect the gesture used.
25 A Gesture Variant can still be understood by the members of the same culture.
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Question 26
According to the passage, what is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage?
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write you answer in box 26 on your answer sheet.
A. to clarify the origin of gesture-based communication
B. to promote the worldwide use of gestures
C. to investigate whether gesture use affects information content
D. to explain the concept of gesture

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Grimm’s Fairy Tales
The Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, named their story collection Children's and
Household Tales and published the first of its seven editions in Germany in 1812. The
table of contents reads like an A-list of fairy-tale celebrities: Cinderella, Sleeping
Beauty, Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood, Rapunzel, Rumpelstiltskin, Hansel and
Gretel, the Frog King. Drawn mostly from oral narratives, the 210 stories in the
Grimms' collection represent an anthology of fairy tales, animal fables, rustic farces,
and religious allegories that remain unrivalled to this day.

Such lasting fame would have shocked the humble Grimms. During their lifetimes
the collection sold modestly in Germany, at first only a few hundred copies a year.
The early editions were not even aimed at children. The brothers initially refused to
consider illustrations, and scholarly footnotes took up almost as much space as the
tales themselves. Jacob and Wilhelm viewed themselves as patriotic folklorists, not
as entertainers of children. They began their work at a time when Germany had been
overrun by the French under Napoleon, who were intent on suppressing local culture.
As young, workaholic scholars, single and sharing a cramped flat, the Brothers
Grimm undertook the fairy-tale collection with the goal of saving the endangered
oral tradition of Germany.
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For much of the 19th century teachers, parents, and religious figures, particularly in
the United States, depiored the Grimms' collection for its raw, uncivilized content.
Offended adults objected to the gruesome punishments inflicted on the stories'
villains. In the original “Snow White" the evil stepmother is forced to dance in
red-hot iron shoes until she falls down dead. Even today some protective parents shy
from the Grimms' tales because of their reputation for violence.

Despite its sometimes rocky reception, Children's and Household Tales gradually
took root with the public. The brothers had not foreseen that the appearance of
their work would coincide with a great flowering of children's literature in Europe.
English publishers led the way, issuing high-quality picture books such as Jack and
the Beanstalk and handsome folktale collections, all to satisfy a newly literate
audience seeking virtuous material for the nursery. Once the Brothers Grimm
sighted this new public, they set about refining and softening their tales, which had
originated centuries earlier as earthy peasant fare. In the Grimms' hands, cruel
mothers became nasty stepmothers, unmarried lovers were made chaste, and the
incestuous father was recast as the devil.

In the 20th century the Grimms' fairy tales have come to rule the bookshelves of
children's bedrooms. The stories read like dreams come true: handsome lads and
beautiful damsels, armed with magic, triumph over giants and witches and wild
beasts. They outwit mean, selfish adults. Inevitably the boy and girl fall in love and
live happily ever after. And parents keep reading because they approve of the
finger-wagging lessons inserted into the stories: keep your promises, don't talk to
strangers, work hard, obey your parents. According to the Grimms, the collection
served as “a manual of manners".

Altogether some 40 persons delivered tales to the Grimms. Many of the storytellers
came to the Grimms' house in Kassel. The brothers particularly welcomed the visits
of Dorothea Viehmann, a widow who walked to town to sell produce from her
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garden. An innkeeper's daughter, Viehmann had grown up listening to stories from

travellers on the road to Frankfurt. Among her treasures was
"Aschenputtel"—Cinderella. Marie Hassenpflug was a 20-year-old friend of their
sister, Charlotte, from a well-bred, French-speaking family. Marie's wonderful stories
blended motifs from the oral tradition and from Perrault's influential 1697 book,
Tales of My Mother Goose, which contained elaborate versions of "Little Red Riding
Hood", "Snow White", and "Sleeping Beauty", among others. Many of these had
been adapted from earlier Italian fairy tales.

Given that the origins of many of the Grimm fairy tales reach throughout Europe and
into the Middle East and Orient, the question must be asked: How German are the
Grimm tales? Very, says scholar Heinz Rolleke. Love of the underdog, rustic simplicity,
creative energy—these are Teutonic traits. The coarse texture of life during medieval
times in Germany, when many of the tales entered the oral tradition, also coloured
the narratives. Throughout Europe children were often neglected and abandoned,
like Hansel and Gretel. Accused witches were burned at the stake, like the evil
mother-in- law in "The Six Swans". "The cruelty in the stories was not the Grimms'
fantasy", Rolleke points out. "It reflected the law-and-order system of the old times".

The editorial fingerprints left by the Grimms betray the specific values of
19th-century Christian, bourgeois German society. But that has not stopped the tales
from being embraced by almost every culture and nationality in the world. What
accounts for this widespread, enduring popularity? Bernhard Lauer points to the
"universal style" of the writing. "You have no concrete descriptions of the land, or
the clothes, or the forest, or the castles. It makes the stories timeless and placeless."
"The tales allow us to express 'our utopian longings'," says lack Zipes of the
University of Minnesota, whose 1987 translation of the complete fairy tales captures
the rustic vigour of the original text. "They show a striving for happiness that none of
us knows but that we sense is possible. We can identify with the heroes of the tales
and become in our mind the masters and mistresses of our own destinies. "
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Fairy tales proynde a workout for the unconscious, psychoanalysts maintain. Bruno
Bettelheim famously promoted the therapeutic value of the Grimms' stories, calling
fairy tales the "great comforters". By confronting fears and phobias, symbolized by
witches, heartless stepmothers, and hungry wolves, children find they can master
their anxieties. Bettelheim's theory continues to be hotly debated. But most young
readers aren't interested in exercising their unconsciousness. The Grimm tales in fact
please in an infinite number of ways. Something about them seems to mirror
whatever moods or interests we bring to our reading of them. This flexibility of
interpretation suits them for almost any time and any culture.

Questions 27 - 32
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 2 7-32 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say that the writer thinks about this

27 The Grimm brothers believed they would achieve international fame.

28 The Grimm brothers were forced to work in secret.
29 Some parents today still think Grimm’s fairy tales are not suitable for children.
30 The first edition of Grimm’s fairy tales sold more widely in England than in
Germany.
31 Adults like reading Grimm’s fairy tales for reasons different from those of
children.
32 The Grimm brothers based the story “Cinderella” on the life of Dorothea
Viehmann.

Questions 33 - 35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.
33 In paragraph 4, what changes happened at that time in Europe?
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A. Literacy levels of the population increased.

B. The development of printing technology made it easier to publish.
C. Schools were open to children.
D. People were fond of colleting superb picture books.

34 What changes did the Grimm Brothers make in later editions?

A. They made the stories shorter.
B. They used more oral language.
C. The content of the tales became less violent.
D. They found other origins of the tales.

35 What did Marie Hassenpflug contribute to the Grimm’s Fairy tales?

A. She wrote stories.
B. She discussed the stories with them.
C. She translated a popular book for the brothers using her talent for languages.
D. She told the oral stories that were based on traditional Italian stories.

Questions 36 - 40
Complete each sentence with correct ending, A—H, below.
Write the correct letter, A—H, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

36 Heinz Rolleke said the Grimm’s tales are “German” because the tales
37 Heinz Rolleke said the abandoned children in tales
38 Bernhard Lauer said the writing style of the Grimm brothers is universal because
they
39 Jack Zipes said the pursuit of happiness in the tales means they
40 Bruno Bettelheim said the therapeutic value of the tales means that the fairy
tales

A. reflect what life was like at that time.

B. help children deal with their problems.
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C. demonstrate the outdated system.

D. tell of the simplicity of life in the German countryside.
E. encourage people to believe that they can do anything.
F. recognize the heroes in the real life.
G. contribute to the belief in nature power.
H. avoid details about characters’ social settings.