Handout - Integration a.k.a.

Antiderivatives

Formulas

df R
f (x) f dx
dx

a
a · xn , n 6= −1 a · n · xn−1 xn+1 + C
n+1
a −a
−x−2 = a · ln(|x|) + C = ln(|x|a ) + C
x x2
x2
a·x a a· +C
2

a 0 a·x+C

a · sin(x) a · cos(x) −a · cos(x) + C

a · cos(x) −a · sin(x) a · sin(x) + C

a · tan(x) a · sec2 (x) a · ln(| sec(x)|) + C

a · ex a · ex a · ex + C
a
a · ln(x) a · x ln(x) − a · x + C
x

a·f ±b·g a · f 0 ± b ·0 g a·F ±b·G+C

1
Indefinite Integrals The answers are functions.
Z
Example 1a. 6 · x2 dx
a=6
n = 2, ⇒ nZ + 1 = 3.
2 x3
6 · x dx = 6 · +C
3
y = 2 · x3 + C

√
Z
Example 1b. 5· x dx
a=5
n = 12 , ⇒ n + 1 = 23 .
x3/2
Z
1/2
5 · x dx = 5 · +C
3/2
10 10
√
y= 3 · x3/2 + C = 3 · x3 + C

Z
7
Example 1c. 6 cos(x) − + 3ex dx
x
Integrate each term in the sum by its own rule.
Z
7
6 cos(x) − + 3ex dx =
x
y = 6 sin(x) − 7 · ln(|x|) + 3ex + C

2
Solving for C

Example 2a. Solve the Initial Value Problem y 0 = 8x − 5, y(0) = 3

Note: y(0) = 3 is the initial value. It means y = 3 when x = 0.

Steps
(1) Integrate the expression 8x − 5
(2) Plug in the point (x, y) = (0, 3)
(3) Solve for C
Z
1) y = 8x − 5 dx = 4x2 − 5x + C
2) y = 4x2 − 5x + C
3 = 4(0)2 − 5(0) + C
3) ⇒ C = 3
y = 4x2 − 5x + 3

0
Z Solve the Initial Value Problem y = 10 − 6x, y(−1) = −6
Example 2b.
1) y = 10 − 6x dx = 10x − 3x2 + C
2) y = −3x2 + 10x + C
−6 = −3(−1)2 + 10(−1) + C
3) ⇒ C = 7
y = −3x2 + 10x + 7

3
Definite Integrals The Answers are Numbers
Z 2
Example 3a. Calculate the Definite Integral x2 − 3x dx
−1
Steps
(1) Integrate the expression (ignore C)
(2) Plug in the two x-values
(3) Subtract
Z
1 3
1) F (x) = x2 − 3x dx = x3 − x2
3 2
1 3 8 10
2) F (2) = (2)3 − (2)2 = − 6 = −
3 2 3 3
1 3 1 3 11
F (−1) = (−1)3 − (−1)2 = − − = −
3 2  3 2 6
3) ⇒ F (2) − F (−1) = − 10
3 − − 11
6

3
−
2

Z π
Example 3b. Calculate the Definite Integral sin(x) dx
0
Z
1) F (x) = sin(x) dx = − cos(x)

2) F (π) = − cos(π) = −(−1) = +1

F (0) = − cos(0) = −1
3) ⇒ F (π) − F (0) = 1 − (−1)
2

If you use a calculator for trig. functions - set it to ’radian’ mode.

4
 Z 35
1
Example 3c. Calculate the Definite Integral dx
5 x
Z
1
1) F (x) = dx = ln(x)
x
2) F (35) = ln(35)
F (5) = ln(5)
3) ⇒ F (35) − F (5) = ln(35) − ln(5)
= ln(35/5)
ln(7)

Algebraic Rule 1 for Log functions: ln(a) + ln(b) = ln(a · b)

Algebraic Rule 2 for Log functions: ln(a) − ln(b) = ln(a/b)

Algebraic Rule 3 for Log functions: a · ln(b) = ln(ba )

5
u-Substitution
Z
2
Example 4a.Determine the Indefinite Integeral (2x + 1)ex +x
dx

ISSUE:
R x We do not have a formula for this. The closest formula we have is
e dx = ex + C.

Steps:
(1) Substitute for the expression: u = x2 + x
(2) Differentiate and solve for dx
(3) Substitute for u and dx in the integral
(4) Cancel out the ”x” terms
(5) Integrate the u expression
(6) Substitute back.

1) u = x2 + x
du du
2) = 2x + 1 ⇒ dx = 2x+1
dx
R 2 R du
3) (2x + 1)ex +x dx = (2x + 1)eu 2x+1
R
4) = eu du
5) = eu + C
2
6) = ex +x
+C

2
ex +x
+C

6
 Z p
Example 4b. Calculate 4x x2 + 1 dx

1) u = x2 + 1
du
2) = 2x ⇒ dx = du
dx 2x
R √ R √ du
2
3) 4x x + 1 dx = 4x u 2x
R √
4) = 2 u du
5) = 2 · 23 u3/2 + C
√
6) = 34 x2 + 1 + C

4p 2
x +1+C
3

Z
Example 4c. Calculate (6x3 + 6x2 )(3x4 + 4x3 − 17)5 dx

1) u = 3x4 + 4x3 − 17
du du
2) dx = 12x3 + 12x2 ⇒ dx = 12x3 +12x2
3) (6x3 + 6x2 )(3x4 + 4x3 − 17) dx = (6x3 + 6x2 )(u)5 12x3du
R 5
R
+12x2
R 1 5
4) = 2 u du
1 1 6
5) = 2 · 6u +C
1 4
6) = 12 (3x + 4x3 − 17)6 + C

1
(3x4 + 4x3 − 17)6 + C
12

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Exercises - Integration a.k.a. Antiderivatives

Calculate the Indefinite Integrals

Z Z
9 5
a) 90x + 54x + 22 dx b) 35x4 + 12x2 + 88 dx

Z Z
53/6 29/6
c) 2x − 6x + 78 dx d) 7x34/5 + 3x19/5 − 30 dx

Z Z
81 36 49 32
e) + − 87 dx f) − + 68 dx
x8 x5 x6 x3

Z Z
1 5 1 4
g) − + − 31 dx h) − + − 46 dx
x3/4 x7/4 x4/7 x18/7

Z Z
5 87 7 45
i) − 3− + 4x3 dx j) 3
− + 3x3 dx
x x x x

Answers a) 9x10 + 9x6 + 22x + C; b) 7x5 + 4x3 + 88x + C;

 59/6 35/6
 39/5 24/5
c) 2 6x59 − 18x35 + 39x + C; d) 35x39 + 5x 8 − 30x + C;

81 9 49 16
e) − 7x 7 − x4
− 87x + C; f) − 5x 5 + x2
+ 68x + C;
√ 20 3/7
g) −4 4 x − 3x3/4
− 31x + C; h) − 7x3 − 28
11x11/7
− 46x + C;

5 3x4
i) 2x2
+ −87 ln(x) + x4 + C; j) − 2x72 + −45 ln(x) + 4 + C;
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Evaluate the Definite Integrals
Z 1 Z 1
5
a) 19x dx b) 19x2 dx
−1 −3

Z 2 Z 1
5 4
5
c) 19x dx d) 15x2 dx
− 53 − 12

Z 3 Z 2
4
e) x − 17x dx f) x5 − 11x dx
1 0

Z 16 Z 16
12 12
g) dx h) dx
2 x 2 x

Solve the Initial Value Problems.

a) y 0 = 4x − 8, y(2) = 0 b) y 0 = 2x, y(0) = 7

2 47 5 223
c) y 0 = 4x + 5, y( ) = d) y 0 = 9x2 − 6, y( ) =
3 9 2 8

Answers a) 0; b)
532 2527 45

e) − 98 34 12


3 ; c) − 18750 ; d) 64 ; 5 ; f) − 3 ; g) 12 ln(8) = ln 8 = 24.9533; h)
12 ln(8) = ln 812 = 24.9533;

Answers: a) y = 2x2 − 8x + 8; b) y = x2 + 7; c) y = 2x2 + 5x + 1; d) y = 3x3 − 6x − 4;

9
Evaluate the Indefinite Integrals

80x3 + 80x
Z Z
2

6
a) (56x + 42) 4x + 6x + 11 dx c) √ dx
4x4 + 8x2 + 11

Z Z

3 40x + 40
b) (160x + 128) 5x2 + 8x + 13 dx d) dx
(4x2 + 8x + 9)2/3

Z Z
3x2 +2x−5 2
−4x−11
e) (24x + 8)e dx f) (16x − 8)e4x dx

32x3 + 24x
Z Z
10x + 20
g) 2
dx h) dx
x + 4x + 6 2x4 + 3x2 + 8

Z
−480x2 cos(18 − 4x3 ) sin7 (18 − 4x3 )dx j) 43 35x4 − 1 sin 7x5 − x + 12



i)

7
4 √
Answers a) 4x2 + 6x + 11 + C; b) 4 5x2 + 8x + 13 + C; c) 10 4x4 + 8x2 + 11 + C;
√ 2 2
d) 15 3 4x2 + 8x + 9 + C; e) 4e3x +2x−5 + C; f) 2e4x −4x−11 + C;

g) 5 ln x2 + 4x + 6 + C; h) 4 ln 2x4 + 3x2 + 8 + C;

i) 5 sin8 (18 − 4x3 ) + C; j) −43 cos 7x5 − x + 12 + C;

10