QoS Technologies and Regulation

for Fixed and Mobile

Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski

email: [email protected]

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
 QoS for mobile ultra-broadband

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Introduction
 Wireless and mobile networks have grown in parallel with the Internet
 resulting in mobile broadband experience.

 All mobile networks from 2G to 5G have QoS support and provide service
differentiation (more complex in mobile networks due to handovers):
 2G/2.5G (e.g., GSM/GPRS) and 3G (e.g., UMTS/HSPA) mobile networks have
established the way toward IP connectivity with QoS support
 4G mobile networks (LTE/LTE-Advanced/LTE-Advanced Pro) are all-IP networks
with enhanced QoS capabilities.
 5G mobile networks are based on network virtuelization providing possibility for
different QoS to different network slices for different services.

 The most used local wireless network is WiFi, which operates in unlicensed
bands (in homes, offices, or public places)
 It has limited QoS support, but offers high data rates and extends fixed and
mobile broadband access.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Speed and latency evolution of mobile
networks from 1G to 5G

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Approximate
deployment 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
date
Theoretical
download 2kbit/s 384kbit/s 56Mbit/s 1Gbit/s 10Gbit/s
speed

Latency N/A 629 ms 212 ms 60-98 ms < 1 ms

Source: ITU, “Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & Challenges”, 2018.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Timeline of 3GPP mobile releases
 Overall, there are three segments that are standardized by the 3GPP:
 High-speed access, which refers to radio access technology.
 IP core network, which includes all controllers/gateways and databases.
 Services, which include service overlay network implemented.

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
 Mobile generations coexistence
 All digital mobile generations, from 2G to 5G, coexist during 2020s.
 4G took the lead in 2018 (in number of mobile connections), while 5G will overtake the
lead near 2030.

Source: GSMA

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
UMTS Network Architecture
• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) is a 3G
standard in Europe and later worldwide

Node B CS domain
PSTN,
RNC MSC/
GMSC PLMN, ISDN
VLR
Node B etc.

HLR PS domain

Node B GGSN Internet

RNC SGSN
Other data
Node B GGSN
network

UTRAN Core Network External networks

Source of the Figure: Toni Janevski, “Traffic Analysis and Design of

Wireless IP Networks”, Artech House Inc, Boston, USA, 2003.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Traffic classes in 3G UMTS
 Conversational class
 characterized by a low transfer time and preserved time variation between
information entities of the stream. The most well known use of this scheme is
voice over IP (VoIP) and video conferencing tools.
 Streaming class
 characterized by the preserved time variation between information entities within
a flow, although it does not have any requirements on low transfer delay. It is
suitable for transfer of streaming audio and video.
 Interactive class
 characterized by the request response pattern of the end user. Examples are:
web browsing, data base retrieval, server access, polling for measurement
records and automatic database enquiries. Low round trip delay time and low bit
error rate are one of the key attributes.
 Background class
 Examples are background delivery of emails, SMS (Short Message Service),
download of databases and reception of measurement records. The scheme is
more or less delivery time insensitive, but requires low data error rates.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
QoS in 3G broadband mobile networks
 What is a bearer in UMTS?
 The bearer service is enabler for any data transmission between defined
two end points in the mobile network, including the mobile Radio Access
Network (RAN) and mobile core network.

Source: Toni Janevski,

“QoS for fixed and mobile
ultra-broadband”, John
Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Mobile architectures and QoS
 The development of the mobile network architectures has direct influence
on the QoS in the given mobile network.
 This is especially important in all-IP mobile networks such as 4G and 5G.
Why?
 Because in circuit-switched mobile networks (e.g., 2G such as GSM) the end-
to-end delay is typically limited with the propagation delay of signal which travel
approximately with the speed of light (including radio, copper and fiber
transmission links),
 The speed of light is 3x10^8 m/s which provides delay of around 100 ms
between any two connection points on Earth connected with terrestrial
connection.
 So, if we want 1 ms end-to-end delay that signal should travel distance less than 300
km in total. With 100 ms delay budget for signal propagation we can reach 30000 km,
which is enough for communication on our planet between any two points.
 But, in mobile packet networks there is packetization, buffering, scheduling, etc.,
which increases the total delay budget more than in circuit-switched.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) of
3GPP mobile networks (3G to 4G)

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
4G network architecture for
LTE/LTE-Advanced
 Evolved Packet System (EPS)
for LTE mobile networks consists
of:
 a flat-IP core network Evolved
Packet Core (EPC)
and
 Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) as
LTE-based radio access network.
 LTE base stations, eNodeBs, are
also directly connected between
each other
 For lower delays at handovers.

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile

ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
LTE-Advanced carrier aggregation

LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

Source: Toni Janevski, “NGN Architectures, Protocols and Source: Toni Janevski, “NGN Architectures, Protocols and
Services”, John Wiley & Sons, April 2014. Services”, John Wiley & Sons, April 2014.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
 LTE/LTE-Advanced QoS
 The QoS concept in LTE/LTE-
A/LTE-A-Pro mobile networks
is related to bearers.
 Similar to QoS in UMTS/HSPA
(3G mobile networks from
3GPP).

 There are three main bearers:

 Radio bearer (on the LTE/LTE-
Advanced radio interface);
 S1 bearer (on S1 interface,
between eNodeB and S-GW);
 S5/S8 bearer (on S5/S8
interface, between S-GW and Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile
P-GW). ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Quality of Service in EPS
An EPS bearer is characterized by the following parameters:
 Allocation Retention Priority (ARP) – this parameter refers to
the priority used for the allocation and retention mechanisms.
 Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) – only applicable to bearers which
require guaranteed Quality of Service for services such as voice
or streaming.
 Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) – the MBR parameters help to set a
limit on the data rate expected for the related service.
 QoS Class Identifier (QCI) – which is used as a reference to a
set of Access Network related QoS parameters, for the
transmission between the terminal and the eNodeB.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
QoS Parameters in EPS
Each QoS class is associated with the following parameters:
 Bearer Type – this parameter indicates whether or not
resources associated with the bearer need to be permanently
allocated during the whole bearer lifetime, reflecting the
difference between GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) and non-GBR
bearers.
 L2 Packet Delay Budget (L2PDB) – This parameter describes
the maximum time that packets shall spend transiting through
RLC and MAC layers within the network and the terminal.
 L2 Packet Loss Rate (L2PLR) – This parameter describes the
maximum ratio of L2 packets which have not successfully
delivered to the peer entity.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
LTE QoS Class Identifiers
 LTE bearer is assigned a scalar value referred to as a QoS Class Identifier
(QCI):
 Guaranteed bit rate (GBR)
 Non-guaranteed bit rate (non-GBR): a non-GBR bearer is referred to as the
default bearer, which is also used to establish IP connectivity.
QCI Resource Type Priority Delay budget Loss rate Example application
1 2 100 ms 10-2 VoIP
2 4 150 ms 10-3 Video call
GBR
3 5 300 ms 10-6 Video streaming
4 3 50 ms 10-3 Real-time gaming
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS signaling
7 Voice, live video, Interactive
6 100 ms 10-3
gaming
Non-GBR
7 6 TCP applications (web, email,
p2p file sharing, http video,
8 8 300 ms 10-6
chat, buffered video
9 9 streaming, etc.)

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
LTE, LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced-Pro

 LTE, LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced-Pro differ in maximum

bitrates because:
 LTE can use frequency carriers with different widths, including
 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz carrier bands
 LTE-Advanced has higher bitrates due to possibility for frequency
carrier aggregation on layer 2 (i.e., below the IP layer) of
 up to five non-continuators frequency carriers (each with up to 20 MHz).
 LTE-Advanced-Pro provides further enhancement allowing carrier
aggregation of up to 32 frequency carriers (each up to 20 MHz),
 with up to 640 MHz (= 32 x 20 MHz) carrier bandwidth in total.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
LTE-Advanced-Pro
 3GPP marker for LTE-Advanced specification in Releases 13 and 14 is
LTE-Advanced Pro.
 Major novelties in LTE-Advanced-Pro include the following:
 Cellular Internet of Things (IoT): This refers to LTE enhancements for Machine
Type Communications (MTC), which are targeted to definition of lower device
category (Cat-0) in 3GPP Releases 12 and 13, with 1 Mbit/s in uplink and
downlink.
 LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, which is targeted to public
safety as well as building mobile network architecture for support of emergency
services.
 LTE for V2X (Vehicle-to-X) communication, which increases its importance
starting from LTE-Advanced-Pro and then continues in 5G specifications.
 Low latency LTE is developed to enable new delay critical services, which
further continue their development in 5G.
 LTE Assisted Access (LAA) as approach to use the standardized LTE
technology in unlicensed spectrum (on 5 GHz) for mobile data traffic offload or
backhauling WiFi access points.
 So, LTE-Advanced-Pro targets new verticals with IoT devices, therefore it
is called a “pro”.
“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Theoretical maximum bitrates for User
Equipment (UE) for LTE-Advanced-Pro
 LTE-Advanced-Pro besides higher bitrates provides also
additional support the emerging IoT and enhanced Machine Type
Communication (eMTC) via the LTE mobile networks.

User Equipment Maximum downlink Max. parallel streams Maximum uplink

3GPP Release
(UE) category bitrate (Mbit/s) (MIMO) in downlink throughput (Mbit/s)

Internet of Things (IoT) devices categories in LTE-Advanced-Pro

NB1 0.68 1 1.0
Release 13
M1 (Rel. 13) 1.0 1 1.0
NB2 2.5 1 2.5
M1 (Rel. 14) 1.0 1 3.0 Release 14
M2 4.0 1 7.0

Mobile device (smartphone) categories in LTE-Advanced-Pro

20 1948.0-2019.4 8 316.6
Release 14
21 1349.0-1413.1 4 301.5

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
LTE-WiFi aggregation scenarios
 LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) adds capacity to the LTE network by using 5
GHz unlicensed spectrum.
 Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) uses LTE technology in unlicensed spectrum (on
5 GHz) for mobile data traffic offload or backhauling WiFi access points.
 LTE WiFi Link Aggregation (LWA) enables aggregation of LTE in licensed band
and WiFi carrier.
 MulteFire is specified by MulteFire alliance, it aggregates LTE carriers in licensed
spectrum with LTE or WiFi carriers in unlicensed spectrum on 5 GHz.

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Mobile-WiFi interworking and QoS
 WiFi cannot guarantee strict QoS due to no TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) mechanism for access to the wireless channel
 And also it is in unlicensed bands
 Therefore, in the case of LWA,
 the Internet traffic should be carried over the WiFi carrier while
 real-time traffic is preferred to be carried over the LTE carrier due to
available strict QoS support based on bearers and associated QCIs.

 There are two types of interworking between mobile and WiFi:

 Offloading mobile data traffic to WiFi (traditional approach)
 Offloading WiFi traffic to mobile data (opposite to traditional
offloading)

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
QoS challenges for unlicensed spectrum
 QoS and QoE enhancements: By aggregation of different bands including
licensed and unlicensed bands, the user throughput can be significantly
improved
 Better radio resource utilization: The traffic steering from congested
licensed LTE bands to uncongested unlicensed band and vice versa
 Reduction of operational cost: The use of unlicensed band for LTE traffic
steering reduces operational costs due to no license fees for that spectrum

 With carrier aggregation available with 4G and 5G there is possibility to

aggregate different frequency bands including
 licensed bands and
 unlicensed bands (e.g., 5 GHz for LTE and 2.4 GHz for WiFi).
 which provides improvements in available throughput as well as
mobile/wireless network availability.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G mobile networks
 5G mobile network architectures start with 3GPP Release 15
 first standard to enter into the IMT-2020 family (the 5G family)

 5G mobile architecture is ultra-broadband targeting to provide

 Gbit/s and tens of Gbit/s aggregate bitrates, and
 over 100 Mbit/s individual bitrates

 However, to increase the capacity as needed or expected in 5G,

there is a need for additional spectrum.
 the “good” spectrum for macro mobile coverage is below 6 GHz, and it
is becoming more crowded with each mobile generation
 therefore, the 5G also enters the spectrum above the 6 GHz, i.e., more
concrete above 24.25 GHz

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
IMT-2020 (5G) targets – set by ITU
 The main targets of IMT-2020
are based on the following eight
parameters:
 Peak data rate (in Gbit/s)
 User experienced data rate (in
Mbit/s or Gbit/s)
 Latency (i.e., delay in ms)
 Mobility (i.e., user velocity in
km/h)
 Connections density (devices
per km2)
 Energy efficiency (in bit/Joule)
 Network side
 Device side
 Spectrum efficiency (bit/s/Hz)
 Area traffic capacity (in Mbit/s
per m2)
Source: ITU-R M.2083-0, September 2015.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G/IMT-2020 use cases
 Enhanced mobile
broadband (eMBB) –
enhanced indoor and
outdoor broadband,
enterprise collaboration,
augmented and virtual
reality.
 Massive machine-type
communications (mMTC) –
IoT, asset tracking, smart
agriculture, smart cities,
energy monitoring, smart
home, remote monitoring.
 Ultra-reliable and low-
latency communications
(URLLC) – autonomous
vehicles, smart grids, remote
patient monitoring and
Source: ITU, “Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & telehealth, industrial
Challenges”, 2018. automation.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Network slicing for IMT-2020
 The main logical building
blocks in IMT-2020 are
network slices.

 By a definition, a network
slice in IMT-2020 is a
logical network that
provides certain specific
capabilities and
characteristics for given
mobile services market
scenario.

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and

mobile ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons,
UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G mobile network
architecture
 The 5G network
architecture consists of
two main parts:
 5G Core network, and
 5G RAN called NG-RAN
(Next Generation RAN)

 5G uses a new radio

interface New Radio (NR).
 5G base station is
referred to as gNodeB (or
shortly gNB).

Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile

ultra-broadband”, John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Evolution of transport architecture
from 4G to 5G
 In the evolution from 4G/LTE to 5G
new radio (NR) transport
architecture, the main change is
that the original BaseBand Unit
(BBU) function in 4G/LTE can be
split into three parts
 Central Unit (CU),
 Distributed Unit (DU),
 Remote Unit (RU).
 EPC functions are redistributed
among the Next Generation Core
(NGC) i.e. 5G Core, CU and DU.

Source: ITU-T, Supplement 66, “5G wireless fronthaul requirements“, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
3GPP defined options for 5G deployment
 3GPP has specified 5 possible configurations or ‘Options’ for connecting to
an 4G EPC or new 5G core network (or 6 options if the current 4G system
is included).

Source:
GSMA.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G QoS profile
 For each QoS flow in 5G there is associated 5G QoS profile, which
must include the following two parameters:
 5QI parameter: It is defined for 5G by 3GPP.
 ARP parameter:
 Similar to 4G and 3G mobile networks from 3GPP, this parameter defines
the priority of the flows that have the same 5QI.
 The range of ARP is 1-15, where ARP=1 has the highest priority.
 ARP values 1-8 can be assigned only for services that are authorized to
have prioritized treatment within the mobile operator’s domain.

 For the GBR flows only, the QoS profile also must include the bitrate
parameters, which are the following two:
 Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) for both uplink and downlink
 Maximum Flow Bit Rate (MFBR) for both uplink and downlink

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Pre-5G: New GBR services in 3GPP
Release 14
 The last pre-5G release of 3GPP (Release 14) added new QCIs in
GBR as well as non-GBR resource types for:
 Mission Critical voice services, and
 Vehicle-to-X (V2X) messages.

Delay Packet
QCI Resource Type Priority Targeted services
budget Loss rate

1 2 100 ms 10-2 Voice over IP (VoIP)

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Video call and live streaming
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real-time gaming, V2X messages
Buffered video streaming (not
4 5 300 ms 10-6
GBR conversational)
Mission Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT)
65 0.7 75 ms 10-2
voice
66 2 100 ms 10-2 Non-Mission Critical Push To Talk voice
75 2.5 50 ms 10-2 Vehicle-to-X (V2X) messages

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Pre-5G: New non-GBR services in 3GPP
Release 14

Delay Packet
QCI Resource Type Priority Targeted services
budget Loss rate
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS signaling
Buffered video streaming, interactive
6 6 100 ms 10-3 TCP-based applications (e.g., Web, email,
file sharing, etc.)
Voice, live video streaming, interactive
7 7 100 ms 10-3
gaming
8 8 300 ms 10-6 Buffered video streaming, interactive
TCP-based applications (e.g., Web, email,
9 Non-GBR 9 300 ms 10-6 file sharing, etc.)
Mission Critical signaling (e.g., MCPTT
69 0.5 60 ms 10-6
signaling)
Mission Critical Data from buffered video
streaming, interactive TCP-based
70 5.5 200 ms 10-6
applications (e.g., Web, email, file sharing,
etc.)
79 6.5 50 ms 10-2 V2X messages

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
New QoS type in 5G: Delay critical GBR
 The new resource type in 5G is delay critical GBR, which has requirement
for very low delays (up to 20 ms) as well as low jitter (up to 20 ms),
targeted to critical services such as control of automatic processes or
transportation vehicles via the mobile network thus excluding the need for
building separate network for such delay-critical services.

Default
Packet
Resource Delay maximum
5QI Priority Loss Targeted services
Type budget data burst
rate
volume
10 11 5 ms 10-5 160 Bytes Remote control
ITS (Intelligent Transport
11 12 10 ms 10-5 320 Bytes
Systems)
Delay
12 Critical 13 20 ms 10-5 640 Bytes Other delay critical services
GBR
16 18 10 ms 10-4 255 Bytes Discrete automation

17 19 10 ms 10-4 1358 Bytes Discrete automation

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
New 5QI for GBR and non-GBR in 5G
Default
Packet
Resource Delay maximum
5QI Priority Loss Targeted services
Type budget data burst
rate
volume
1 20 100 ms 10-2 - Voice over IP (VoIP)
2 40 150 ms 10-3 - Video call and live streaming
Real-time gaming, V2X
3 30 50 ms 10-3 -
messages
Buffered video streaming (not
4 50 300 ms 10-6 -
conversational)
Mission Critical Push To Talk
65 GBR 7 75 ms 10-2 -
(MCPTT) voice
Non-Mission Critical Push To
66 20 100 ms 10-2 -
Talk voice
75 25 50 ms 10-2 - Vehicle-to-X (V2X) messages
E 18 10 ms 10-4 255 Bytes Discrete automation
1358
F 19 10 ms 10-4 Discrete automation
Bytes
“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
 Default
New
5QI 5QI
Resource
Type
for non-GBR
Priority
Delay
budget
in 5G Packet
Loss
maximum
data burst
Targeted services
rate
volume
5 10 100 ms 10-6 - IMS signaling
Buffered video streaming,
6 60 300 ms 10-6 - interactive TCP-based applications
(e.g., Web, email, file sharing, etc.)
Voice, live video streaming,
7 70 100 ms 10-3 -
interactive gaming
8 80 300 ms 10-6 - Buffered video streaming,
interactive TCP-based applications
9 90 300 ms 10-6 - (e.g., Web, email, file sharing, etc.)
Non-GBR
Mission Critical signaling (e.g.,
69 5 60 ms 10-6 -
MCPTT signaling)
Mission Critical Data from buffered
video streaming, interactive TCP-
70 55 200 ms 10-6 -
based applications (e.g., Web,
email, file sharing, etc.)
79 65 50 ms 10-2 - V2X messages
Low latency eMBB augmented
80 66 10 ms 10-6 -
reality
“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G QoS profile
 For each QoS flow in 5G there is associated 5G QoS profile, which must
include the following two parameters:
 5QI (5G QoS Indicator): It is defined for 5G by 3GPP (includes also QCIs of 4G
as a subset).
 ARP parameter: Similar to 4G and 3G mobile networks from 3GPP, this
parameter defines the priority of the flows that have the same 5QI.

 For the GBR only flows, the QoS profile also must include:
 Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) for both uplink and downlink:
 Maximum Flow Bit Rate (MFBR) for both uplink and downlink.

 For the GBR flow the QoS parameters list may be completed by additional
two parameters, they are:
 Notification control: That is availability of notifications from the RAN when GBR
for the flow can no longer be fulfilled, and
 Maximum Packet Loss Rate in uplink and downlink: These parameters refer to
maximum error rate that can be tolerated for the QoS flow.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
QoS flow mapping in 5G
 In downlink direction
data packets (in user
plane) are classified
by the UPF
 based on Packet
Detection Rules
(PDRs).
 UPF passes the
classification of user
data traffic which
belongs to a QoS
Flow through 5G
RAN
 based on marking
with QFI (part of
5QI).
Source: Toni Janevski, “QoS for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband”,
John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2019.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
 Different 5G slices for different QoS
 The user plane services, specifically the data services, can be obtained
via multiple, separate network slices.
 This makes it possible to tailor each slice for e.g. different QoS data
services or different application functions, all determined by means of the
policy control framework.

Source: 3GPP.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Mobile spectrum management and QoS
 The spectrum management in mobile broadband networks is crucial for
the QoS support. Why?
 Because the most important parameter for the mobile broadband (e.g., 3G
and 4G) and mobile ultra-broadband (5G) is to have more bits per second.
 That can be accomplished by using more frequency spectrum bands for a
given RAN, either it is 3G, 4G, or 5G, and
 by using wider frequency carriers (e.g., 20 MHz was the maximum width of a
frequency carrier in LTE, 5 MHz in UMTS, and 0.2 MHz in GSM/GPRS).
 5G in bands above 24 GHz has carriers with width of hundreds of MHz.

 Spectrum management is done by the governments and regulators with

aim to ensure that there is sufficient frequency spectrum
 for services that are demanded the most by the citizens as customers, and in
such way provides highest possible socio-economic benefits in the given
country
“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Coverage, capacity and latency
characteristics of 5G bands

Source: IEEE, A survey on Low latency towards 5G RAN, Core network and Cashing solutions.
“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
5G QoS challenges
 The entry of 5G is with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), which
simply means higher real individual speeds (e.g., over 100 Mbit/s) and
bigger mobile data caps (e.g., 100s of GBs or TBs)
 The main service will be (with 5G eMBB) Internet access, on the basis of network
neutrality.
 QoS is also coupled with the pricing in mobile network, because
 higher QoS requires more investments on network equipment in access and core
parts, and vice versa.
 QoS for critical services is raising a need for its regulation, especially
when such services provide control and automation of different industries
in different verticals.
 That requires new types of performance monitoring for critical services and
QoS enforcement when there will be detected QoS degradation, although these
services should be typically provided through private 5G network slices.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Conclusions
 The first all-IP mobile generation is 4G, but its QoS framework is
similar to 3G, based on bearer services.
 5G introduces several important novelties in regard to QoS:
 QoS provision is based per flow, not per service type
 5G includes QCIs from 4G, and add new 5QI (5G QoS Indicators)
 5G uses different network slices (also in different spectrum bands) for
different QoS provision for
 eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) services

 mMTC (massive Machine Type Communication) services

 URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication) services

 URLLC services enter different vertical industries and require strict

QoS regulation.

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski
Sources:
 Toni Janevski, “QoS Technoloigies for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-
Broadband”, John Wiley & Sons (Wiley – IEEE series), UK, April
2019.
 ITU, “QoS Regulation Manual”, 2017.
 Toni Janevski, “Internet Technologies for Fixed and Mobile
Networks”, Artech House, USA, November 2015.
 Toni Janevski, “NGN Architectures, Protocols and Services”, John
Wiley & Sons, UK, April 2014.
 Toni Janevski, “Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP
Networks”, Artech House Inc, Boston, USA, 2003.
 ITU, www.itu.int
 3GPP, www.3gpp.org

“QoS Technologies and Regulation for Fixed and Mobile”, Prof. Dr. Toni Janevski