5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
june 2, 2020
culture (https://www.peruforless.com/blog/category/travel-style/culture/),
peru (https://www.peruforless.com/blog/category/latin-america/peru/)
Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of
Peruvian Sounds
Discover the rise, transformation, and influence of Peruvian chicha
music from the 1960s to today.
Los Shapis. Photo by Los Shapis on Facebook. (//www.facebook.com/pg/shapimania/photos/?ref=page_internal)
Chicha music, also known as Peruvian cumbia, fuses the tropical sounds of cumbia
with the traditional Andean sounds of huayno. Additional influences from interna-
tional genres such as surf and psychedelic rock, salsa, and even techno give Chicha
a distinct sound.
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 1/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Chicha music was born in Lima (https://www.peruforless.com/travel-guides/lima/) at
the end of the 1960s. Following mass migration from the provinces, Chicha touched
on the hardships faced by the migrant workers. Pulling influences from the three
distinct regions of Peru: the coast, the mountains, and the jungle, Chicha music
came to represent Peruvian culture as a whole.
Click to read more about:
Huayno and its Influence on Chicha
Cumbia and its Influence on Chicha
Rise of Chicha Music in Peru
The Pharaoh of Chicha: Chacalón
Famous Chicha Artists and Bands
Chicha Art
Evolution of Chicha Music in Peru
Chicha Music and Art Today
BONUS: Suggested Playlists & Reads
Written by Dante Bengoa Terán and Pamela Hartley Pinto. Last updated by Melissa Dreffs
in June 2020.
History of Huayno and its Influence on Chicha
Music
To address the topic of chicha in Peru, we need to begin with huayno. This pre-His-
panic music originated in the Peruvian Andes. It “represents a whole musical uni-
verse, poetic and symbolic, with more than 500 years of history of transformation,
fusion, and assimilation” (Ferrier 2010). Before and after the Spanish colonization,
the cultures that lived in the Andes shared many traditions, including music.
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 2/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Until the early 1900s, Andean huayno music was exclusively produced and con-
sumed in the Andean region. However, from the 1950s to the 1980s, the Peruvian
cultural landscape transformed. Many people from the mountains and jungle moved
to the cities on the coast. This wave of migration took place due to the lack of eco-
nomic opportunity. At the time, and some would argue to this day, Lima and the
coastal region centralized economic opportunity. Migrants arrived at the capital
and other major cities bringing their traditions with them.
In the 1950s, the scale of people migrating was already increasing, and the process
of adaptation and inclusion of these new city dwellers showed many issues. Coastal
cities were not prepared to host all the migrants. Unemployment and lack of proper
housing were the first problems to arise.
Amidst the difficulties, “music was one of the cultural manifestations that could
still express their identity, regional nostalgia, and their resistance to full cultural in-
tegration into urban life and values” (Romero 2002). El Jilguero del Huascarán with
his hits “Verdades que amargan (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ImPyVKEeEG8)” and “El viajero (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Hjmq7ettwTs),” or the bands Flor Pucarina, Pastorita Huaracina, Picaflor de los
Andes, etc. are examples of the regional nostalgia expressed in music during this
period.
Huayno dancers. Photo by Portal iPerú (//www.iperu.org/danza-el-huayno).
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 3/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
History of Cumbia and its Influence on Chicha
Music
Cumbia is a music genre found throughout Latin America. Its roots originate in
Colombia, but transcended borders quickly. Cumbia music is a hybrid of instru-
ments and rhythms brought by African slaves, music from natives of Northern
South America and the influence of Europeans living in the territory.
Colombia was the first country to popularize cumbia in the 1940s, but Peru was the
country where it was reborn. In the 1950s huayno was Peru’s shining star. Cumbia
arrived one decade later, and quickly gained popularity throughout the country.
The national recording industry established in Colombia in the 1950s allowed
records to be disseminated beyond its borders. These recordings traveled to Mex-
ico, Chile, Argentina, and Peru, among others. Large orchestras of Lucho Bermudez
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYCcvbIihSU&list=PL9x0twknLUq7KlERDQ6-
R8Uwtv4JZkmmc) and Pacho Galan (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=v9DL2lQDNK4&list=RDEMLM32ei5U6esGiwjtGqjMOQ&start_radio=1) were
some of the first major players in the spread of cumbia. As cumbia evolved to in-
clude new instruments like accordions alongside the classic brass, groups like Los
Corraleros de Majagual (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwj1S9_l_I0) also
gained international acclaim.
Peruvian artists adopted the sound and melody of cumbia, to reinvent the often
melancholic huayno in an upbeat way. Even though cumbia was born in Colombia,
every 10 or 15 years it is reborn in Peru.
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 4/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Cumbia dancers statue in Magdalena, Peru. Photo by Peru for Less.
Rise of Chicha Music
During the 1960s and 1970s, cumbia was at its peak, but huayno didn’t disappear.
Instead, it was gaining renewed momentum from a new wave of migrants. It was
during this period that huayno and Peruvian cumbia were established as the genres
of the working class, the migrants, and the periphery. Many bands began mixing
these styles, and after a short period, chicha music was born.
Chicha typically refers to a corn beverage found in the Peruvian Andes. Following
the popularity of its first great hit, “La Chichera (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DKLIjTl_D5s)”, this new genre also claimed the name “Chicha”.
Peru revolutionized cumbia and huayno. Bands mixed elements from huayno into
cumbia-predominant rhythms and vice versa. Chicha adopts the melody of cumbia
and the vocals and performances of huayno. At the beginning, most chicha songs
adapted huayno into cumbia, charged with nostalgic lyrics talking about the diffi-
culties of migrants living in the city.
Under the Velasco military government (1968-1975), strong regulations were in
place against Anglo/American pop and rock. The guitar heavy, psychedelic Peruvian
cumbia gained popularity as global hits were pushed underground. With the elec-
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 5/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
tric guitar as its predominant instrument, chicha became Peru’s own version of rock
and roll.
In the 1980s, Chicha was the migrants’ anthem, especially for second generation
migrants. This generation found a new way to express their story and identity in the
sound and lyrics of Chicha.
Los Mirlos in Concert. Photo by Los Mirlos on Facebook. (//www.facebook.com/losmirlos/)
The Pharaoh of Chicha: Chacalón
Chacalon’s lyrics and performance disrupted Chicha’s scene. He renewed the genre
with his performances, singing heartbreaking songs such as “Por ella la botella
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92YfIw7TR-s)” or “Ven mi amor
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Bw3Lj_U-3E).” Chacalón created a new kind of
chicha concert. Massive consumption of alcohol, loud singing and longing from
broken hearts were crucial parts of the experience.
Dubbed “The Pharaoh of Chicha” by his fans, Chacalon had a key role in populariz-
ing chicha across Peru. Chicha was very successful at the beginning of the 1990s.
This same decade, Peru’s Ministry of Culture recognized chicha as a valid art form.
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 6/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
However, after the death of Chacalón in 1994 and other social transformations in
Peru, a renewal within the genre arrived. Electronic instruments, rhythms and lyrics
from the Amazon (https://www.peruforless.com/travel-guides/amazon-rainforest/)
added new sounds and stories to Chicha.
Memorial for Chacalón. Photo by Maipi Tuta (//www.flickr.com/photos/135529013@N04/22684587972/) on Flickr.
Famous Chicha Artists and Bands
While Chacalón was a key figure in Chicha, many other artists and bands were a
part of the Chicha movement.
“The look of chicha is credited to Los Shapis, an ’80s band, which wore brightly col-
ored outfits inspired by embroidery from their native Huancayo region. Other
groups loved the look. And bands began working with street artists to create
posters that captured their essence and style with neon
(http://www.festival.si.edu/blog/2015/chicha-art-ancestral-colors-modern-designs/)-
bright colors and big letters” (Yang 2015).
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 7/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Groups like Los Mirlos (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?
playnext=1&list=PL2xUNS0quIYTEKDFmLQ4mP4z4k7sPSZKY&feature=gws_kp_a
rtist) from Moyobamba and Juaneco y su Combo (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?
playnext=1&list=PLDDZf7Q4HQLPSFzjJ3NMdpfga8wQc79Oi&feature=gws_kp_art
ist) from Pucallpa were key figures in bringing an Amazonian influence into chicha.
Many of their songs tied in folklore from indigenous groups of the jungle, in con-
trast to the common Andean themes.
In addition to these figures, other prominent groups worth noting are:
Los Wankas
Pintura Roja
Grupo Celeste
Los Hijos del Sol
Los Ovnis de Huancayo
Grupo Alegría
Grupo Génesis
Vico y su grupo Karicia
Los Destellos
Corazón Serrano
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 8/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Advertisement for Corazon Serrano and Orquesta Papillon concert. Photo by
Corazon Serrano on Facebook. (//www.facebook.com/corazonserranoperu)
Chicha Art
As chicha music grew, a new style of art grew alongside it. The bright colors tradi-
tionally found in indigenous textiles were embraced to advertise for chicha con-
certs. “First posters advertising concerts, then murals with a message” (Yang 2015).
The bold colors pay homage to the Andean roots that pushed chicha music and the
migrant identity in Lima forward.
Monky (https://festival.si.edu/blog/2015/chicha-art-ancestral-colors-modern-de-
signs/) is an artist originally from a small district in the Junin department. Starting
at 18 years old, he became a prominent figure of chicha art through his advertise-
ments for chicha musicians. The round, bold lettering embraces the bright colors
found on indigenous textiles. Similar to Elliot Tupac, he primarily uses fuchsia, or-
ange, yellow, and green. He places his posters in busy, public spaces not only to ad-
vertise, but also to raise awareness for chicha.
L I M A TO U R S :
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 9/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
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5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
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5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Elliot Tupac (https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/peru/articles/elliot-tupac-
the-peruvian-artist-creating-social-change/) is known for striking murals of a word
or phrase. He fills bold, bubble-like cursive lettering with bright neon gradients.
Fuchsia, orange, yellow, and green characterize the majority of his art. The bright
lettering pops against a black background or outline. His murals can span the side
of a building or an entire block. Whether it be an advertisement for a business or a
mural on the street, Elliot Tupac’s work always has a deeper socio-political
meaning.
Today, you can see examples of chicha art on the walls of restaurants, bars, shop-
ping centers, and hotels. People carry bags and wear clothing with designs from El-
liot Tupac, Monky, or other chicha artists printed on them. The colors associated
with indigenous textiles came to occupy space in Lima through the work of chicha
artists and musicians. Take a look at more artists and artwork here
(https://lesley.edu/article/revolucion-chicha-street-art-graphics-of-peru).
Chicha mural “Poetry of the soul” by Elliot Tupac on Facebook. (//www.facebook.com/Elliottupac)
Evolution of Chicha Music in Peru
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 12/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
Tecnocumbia conquered the Peruvian art scene without regard to the different eco-
nomic and social classes in Peru. Mixing techno sounds into chicha, it was the first
chicha form that was appreciated across the whole country. It transcended social,
economic and political divides. The most notable singer of this era was Rossy War,
with her greatest hit, “Nunca pensé llorar (https://youtu.be/MB1CUYGXbjQ).”
Staying true to the trend of new rhythms, tecnocumbia was soon upstaged by a
Cumbia Del Norte. Bands like Armonía 10 and Agua Marina were popular in the
north of Peru and they soon became famous nationwide. These groups introduced
wind instruments and shifted away from the Andean influence. Cumbia Del Norte
invaded Lima with much success. Bands like Grupo 5, Los Caribeños, Hermanos
Yaipén, Tony Rosado, Mallanep and Corazón Serrano took over the chicha scene.
Finally, alongside Cumbia Del Norte’s boom, other projects began to form. In 2006,
New York based label Barbès Records released the album: “The Roots of Chicha”.
This production helped spread chicha to an international audience, finding success
in North America and Europe. The album is a compilation of chicha songs from
various artists from the 1960s and 1970s. In 2010, the same label released the second
volume of “The Roots of Chicha 2,” equally as successful as the first. Besides this
album, other projects have showcased old Peruvian cumbia, for example, “Chicha
Libre.”
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5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
The Roots of Chicha 2. Photo by Barbès Records (//barbes.bandcamp.com/album/the-roots-of-chicha-2) on
bandcamp.
Chicha Music and Art Today
More recently, we can talk about fresh mixes of old chicha songs into new music
genres. In the 2000s and early 2010s, the bands Bareto and La Mente became fa-
mous covering old cumbia songs. Later, the DJs Dengue Dengue Dengue started
mixing electronic music with chicha. New bands are constantly trying to renew this
genre by mixing it with punk, rock, electro, ska, etc.
Over the years, chicha extended its reach and people began to describe other art ex-
pressions as chicha. For example, dancing, painting
(https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/07/07/420267088/peruvians-love-
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 14/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
their-chicha-street-art-the-government-not-so-much), and architecture can now be
labeled “Chicha.” In essence, chicha has come to mean combining the traditional
with the modern, the rural with the urban.
Today, you can find chicha music and art in every district of Lima
(https://www.peruforless.com/travel-guides/lima/), from the outskirts of San Juan de
Lurigancho to the colorful and centric Miraflores. Chicha has spread to every re-
gion across the country bridging divides in class, status, gender and age.
Chicha mural “Inner peace” by Elliot Tupac on Facebook. (//www.facebook.com/Elliottupac)
Suggested Playlist and Reads
Mix Cumbia Peru 2019 on Soundcloud (https://soundcloud.com/dj-lion-
225413703/mix-cumbia-peruana-2019)
Dengue Dengue Dengue at the Boiler Room (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=F4jJlbeMjiQ&feature=youtu.be)
Chacalón (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a63cjVsvJU)
Grupo 5 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VAUREZiM74&feature=youtu.be)
https://www.peruforless.com/blog/chicha-music/ 15/20
5/7/2021 Chicha Music: A Colorful Fusion of Peruvian Sounds | Peru For Less
For further reading, check out the book”The ‘Young Towns’ of Lima: Aspects of Ur-
banization in Peru” (1980) by Peter Lloyd.
Article References
Ferrier Claude, El huayno con arpa: estilos globales en la nueva música popular and-
ina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Instituto de Etnomusicología,
Lima, 2010, p.21.
Revista Arariwa, p.36.
Romero Raúl, Popular Music and the Global City. Huayno, Chicha and Techno-
Cumbia in Lima, in Walter CLARK (ed.). From Tejano To Tango: Essays in Latin
America Popular Music, New York: Routledge, 2002, p.220.
Yang, Ina, Peruvians Love Their Chicha Street Art. City Officials … Not So Much,
NPR, 7 July 2015.
(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/author/latin-america-
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Peru for Less is a group of travel experts who live, work, eat, and breathe all things South America.
Their inspiration stems from a deep appreciation for the beauty and diversity that make this con-
tinent so special.
Tags: cumbia (https://www.peruforless.com/blog/tag/cumbia/), huayno
(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/tag/huayno/), peru (https://www.peruforless.com/blog/tag/peru/)
R E L AT E D P O S T S :
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(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/afro-peruvian-music-fusion-
cultures/)
september 9, 2013
culture
(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/category/travel-style/culture/), peru
(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/category/latin-america/peru/)
Afro-Peruvian music: A frenetic fusion of
cultures
(https://www.peruforless.com/blog/afro-
peruvian-music-fusion-cultures/)
Learn more about a music genre with a traditional Peruvian tune
and catchy African beat.
read (https://www.peruforless.com/blog/afro-peruvian-music-
fusion-cultures/)
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