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Chapter 4 Limits, Continuity and Continuous Functions

1) Limits describe the behavior of a function as the input values get closer to a particular value without actually reaching it. A limit provides the best approximation of what the output of a function would be if it were possible to actually reach the given input value. 2) A function f(x) is said to approach L as the limit of x approaches a if for any positive number e, there exists a positive number d such that if 0<|x-a|<d, then |f(x)-L|<e. 3) For a function f(x), the left-hand limit describes the behavior of f(x) as x approaches a from the left, while the right-

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views12 pages

Chapter 4 Limits, Continuity and Continuous Functions

1) Limits describe the behavior of a function as the input values get closer to a particular value without actually reaching it. A limit provides the best approximation of what the output of a function would be if it were possible to actually reach the given input value. 2) A function f(x) is said to approach L as the limit of x approaches a if for any positive number e, there exists a positive number d such that if 0<|x-a|<d, then |f(x)-L|<e. 3) For a function f(x), the left-hand limit describes the behavior of f(x) as x approaches a from the left, while the right-

Uploaded by

Victoria Mwanza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAP TER VL

LIMITS, cONTINuITY AND


CONTINMous fuNcTIOJs

LIMITS:
imit for
Tealalued fanctons
The coneept ef a real
explained
as folowug: 1f
may be Lmans hat the
value
hen
li fx)
Awmber,
to as we
rch y
mode as close
Can be
t)
teking Sufieentty alose To

t)

GmE explame4
essence d he comeept be

above, and
illustrale.d in he duagnm, may
mode pYec ise. m he folosing definiton

Defwtion
t e UmE a s
funehom fix) approa ches
The
and write
OPpronalhes x ,
Jam fex)

T ven a
pos hive Teal nunmber e, as sma as we
please, Theve exss a poshve Yeal mumber d
Such that

Ifc)-&<e P O< lx-z, le Sn

Nole The ineqtuai lx-x,|es repre sente


o<

ie delete d neighbeuhood
whie 1 he d-nerghken shoecl NC%,) fiomm
whrcl has been removed.
Example
Show hat lm 6.

Salut ton that


and = . o sho
Her cx) =3 acume
hat
let us
he umit s G,

Tinat s
3(x-2) B(x-<E.

This tmphes
lx-2
by divicing 3 Snch luat
Let >o be a real num ber

Te
ftx)-1 3x-6| <
o<l-l e &,
3)

Alaebra Limi
Theorem
l i fex) - A, and r g)- , the

similar
hree Yesults
above ave
he
The proof esulrs on Seqnences
he Ceresponeuma
to these
o

Exampe
(3-x*+)
fined d, lmS and lm .

Solution above can be applued To


tatedd
The the o r e m
Cmits In i) and 0)
delem1ne the
lim (3-x) lim (a) - i (x) =
3-1=
i
m (x+ Ti + i 1+1 =R.

Tere fore (3-x)

(x+1)

Ci) Iim (a-*)(x+)- Im (3-*)x l (x+) - 4


4)

Rigkt land end Left tend Lii

einequauly
f-
YepresenE the inberval

( - ,)u ,,+5)
When we
say appreac
hapens feenty
tmHheintervals -*«)
and (Xo, ,+6).
In the interval (-d, ), e
, and so

less than hat 1s,


, rough 1 berS
aom X-d to We say
incYea ses
C
fom he left. A simlar argment
approaclhes
apPo decreases
shows -hat m ,+ d
aE
td 10 , As when we 8ay
om
Ln e
second tnte rval,
appro aches
appreelhes fom 1he ga
o wo kinds d
s Comcept aves s e
left-hond im and, vight- hanol
Uimts, nomely, L S ound
h as

m Ln h e auagram,
te left, ftex) 1s seen to
om
appioaches
incvease A O te olker hand, as

is ceen fo be
es *1o
The 3ht, fx)
approac
decreasing
Right hand 4Lef tend Limil:
When x-l,
Consicter he fumehen t x ) 2
fco-
tuat doem't
mcan

an indekevminale qhanhity. fotet,


dos net
exisk fo
defnecd above,
hat ftx), as

Lets
determine Some
Ho x-1.
values elose. n
values
dufrent
values
ef fox) for
te neiakbo.hooel
(o, 1) UCL3

O. 15 90 o.11 o.991
1. 45
1.90 99 1.999
fx) 5

25 .10 ol 1.00o
50
225 2 10
2.O1 2 0001J
fx) 2:45 2.50

as appoaches 1 tn tale
hle see hat
from he left
as
less than 1 or
Nalues
Clhieug k that
fo lon, f )
shown n he
giapla f fex)
as approaches 1 tn )
. Siwilady,
approaches R. us
h e n also fex) approaches
Cfom the vight) ,

x 1 , as
well as
i
te L 4 uimit 4 fx) as

ftx)-.
as L S . hus,
R-H mrE, agan

SiMce x,(, x-I#0)

- (x+) x-)
fca) -1
'.In fx) l (x+) - 2.
+()

cx) x+1
fx) x*l 1
a stvaugut ine

1hat can be daawn

as a Continuou
CArve,that is, as

willeut
a Curve ( une)

Cny3ab.

Tis is h e qaph
AP
Since l, you Con
See. That the funehon
t not defined
ThS S
that potnE
shown as a ga or

a hele o h e ine
e precenhing h e fandeo
A caled e left-hand mt f fix), and
c a l e d he ight kond LimiE f -fo)
as aPproce hes IS LS inducated symbolu ealy

AS

fx) A and Gm fo) p

Te kind bekanour ilustrete.d may be


defined as lows,

Defnition
W e say fex) opproaches
hat e left-hancl limit
Le lefe, and T lE
as aproaches *, for
x.

f fex)-,
d>o sueh Lat,
ven
8so
1ere erisl a

lmit
fx)
Thatapproaches the igit-hand
5)We say
as x
appreaches Xo o
The
ght, and we
fx) ,
eo Lre eRIsle a oueh Iat
ven

Lfn)- < f , td,

Nole In e chagam 4 pag A), Lhe tenc her


fex)is se en to have ou'shinet L-H and R-H Ci at
(6

4bok Hhe ght-hand Oud left-hand Imi


are not equal hen h e umt fas x
dees not exist

heove
A funchon has a umit ot if and enlyif
E has left- ight-and
and umilE at «, Ond

hey ave
equal. More opecfcaly,
ho fx)-
and enly f .
fx) -
li fx) -
L

LimE at to
Iimt
1l le
one-9icled have To olo
and
Linr
afnehon t near a uimit point
behavionY

set Df),which
ts he dormam
df f
the
4 the bekavcu
sha
Tt eqhally eatonable to
values df z f De) is
f for lovge poihve valves
unbosnded
above
o fo large negahve
DF) unbouncled belouo
f
1 unboundle d
above if DE)=Ca,o)
Le say DF)
for Some aer we
soy DE)
1
un bounded
be lous f Df) - ( , a ) fer Some aeR
Dafinitson
We that fex) appreaches he Limit as
say
and ttte
ppr0ac.bes ,

limfx)

on
an interval (a,o) ond,
f f I s defimed
there is a number N ueh tuat
for eacl E>o,
N.
fox)-<E if x>

Te umit f x as appYeaches -
Nole
be defned.
ma milarly
the duagrom i tuctaales
be Concept UmE as AA
approackes o. X> M,
see
lhaat
we Can

-E fx) l+8.

Tat :fx) W'es cet pfe e y


honzennl band
alkin t e
betweeny--E and ya + E , M

realer han M. Thus


1 he uimni'tng
when
value d ) a n as x aproaehes o

(NFINITE LIMITS
Definrtion
We sauAatfo) approaches o as
approaches
fiom 1Le lejt, Ond writ
i fa) = o
iffs defnad on an nterval (a, z ) and,

or eac real mmber M, a do s

ftx) >M f -S ex
z

Te oker kinds infrilë ma be


Limil
Nole
defimed ma amila wat -t) eBe-)

Example
The diagams iluctaale
-0
)Iim (0T

fx)
f-4)-4

f-)
f)
f%) 2
i -0
f-a)-4
let, 2 aPp:-
As app 0 fso

fca) fa). X;
fc)-1 fex) a
fc4)4
As x aPP 0 fioy
t e ight, fa)-%
IS seento tmcYEate lb

+0
Simtilar ilusiratons Can be had frlo sho at;
m a

() i

Exomple:
Che diagram
shos he ap
y-fa)
yfix). THs
Seen that ft)=
f ) -D, fo)-l,
fca)-
Atso
mfo) O
zlT
=o

Io fix 1
ftx) = I lm fr)- o f3
x t )

li ft) does ndt pxis.


G)Since I fo ftx),

Ci)im ff)-1, Since fra) = i fx)-


X 2

hr fex)-o, Since
>3
fea) -3
lmfa)=
t
o,

even oug fra) -


1.
Lxercise
Evaluali
Iio 3x+4 Ivi sin )
(
Sxt
(thmt-4 Sim)

(v) i x-a
3

thint: ivide Nr.4 Dr. byx


( 1

ChptR 1:
Jomes Sewaat
Rel Caleulus by
tunehons And LimE

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