Chapter 4 Limits, Continuity and Continuous Functions
Chapter 4 Limits, Continuity and Continuous Functions
LIMITS:
imit for
Tealalued fanctons
The coneept ef a real
explained
as folowug: 1f
may be Lmans hat the
value
hen
li fx)
Awmber,
to as we
rch y
mode as close
Can be
t)
teking Sufieentty alose To
t)
GmE explame4
essence d he comeept be
above, and
illustrale.d in he duagnm, may
mode pYec ise. m he folosing definiton
Defwtion
t e UmE a s
funehom fix) approa ches
The
and write
OPpronalhes x ,
Jam fex)
T ven a
pos hive Teal nunmber e, as sma as we
please, Theve exss a poshve Yeal mumber d
Such that
ie delete d neighbeuhood
whie 1 he d-nerghken shoecl NC%,) fiomm
whrcl has been removed.
Example
Show hat lm 6.
Tinat s
3(x-2) B(x-<E.
This tmphes
lx-2
by divicing 3 Snch luat
Let >o be a real num ber
Te
ftx)-1 3x-6| <
o<l-l e &,
3)
Alaebra Limi
Theorem
l i fex) - A, and r g)- , the
similar
hree Yesults
above ave
he
The proof esulrs on Seqnences
he Ceresponeuma
to these
o
Exampe
(3-x*+)
fined d, lmS and lm .
(x+1)
einequauly
f-
YepresenE the inberval
( - ,)u ,,+5)
When we
say appreac
hapens feenty
tmHheintervals -*«)
and (Xo, ,+6).
In the interval (-d, ), e
, and so
m Ln h e auagram,
te left, ftex) 1s seen to
om
appioaches
incvease A O te olker hand, as
is ceen fo be
es *1o
The 3ht, fx)
approac
decreasing
Right hand 4Lef tend Limil:
When x-l,
Consicter he fumehen t x ) 2
fco-
tuat doem't
mcan
Lets
determine Some
Ho x-1.
values elose. n
values
dufrent
values
ef fox) for
te neiakbo.hooel
(o, 1) UCL3
O. 15 90 o.11 o.991
1. 45
1.90 99 1.999
fx) 5
25 .10 ol 1.00o
50
225 2 10
2.O1 2 0001J
fx) 2:45 2.50
as appoaches 1 tn tale
hle see hat
from he left
as
less than 1 or
Nalues
Clhieug k that
fo lon, f )
shown n he
giapla f fex)
as approaches 1 tn )
. Siwilady,
approaches R. us
h e n also fex) approaches
Cfom the vight) ,
x 1 , as
well as
i
te L 4 uimit 4 fx) as
ftx)-.
as L S . hus,
R-H mrE, agan
- (x+) x-)
fca) -1
'.In fx) l (x+) - 2.
+()
cx) x+1
fx) x*l 1
a stvaugut ine
as a Continuou
CArve,that is, as
willeut
a Curve ( une)
Cny3ab.
Tis is h e qaph
AP
Since l, you Con
See. That the funehon
t not defined
ThS S
that potnE
shown as a ga or
a hele o h e ine
e precenhing h e fandeo
A caled e left-hand mt f fix), and
c a l e d he ight kond LimiE f -fo)
as aPproce hes IS LS inducated symbolu ealy
AS
Defnition
W e say fex) opproaches
hat e left-hancl limit
Le lefe, and T lE
as aproaches *, for
x.
f fex)-,
d>o sueh Lat,
ven
8so
1ere erisl a
lmit
fx)
Thatapproaches the igit-hand
5)We say
as x
appreaches Xo o
The
ght, and we
fx) ,
eo Lre eRIsle a oueh Iat
ven
heove
A funchon has a umit ot if and enlyif
E has left- ight-and
and umilE at «, Ond
hey ave
equal. More opecfcaly,
ho fx)-
and enly f .
fx) -
li fx) -
L
LimE at to
Iimt
1l le
one-9icled have To olo
and
Linr
afnehon t near a uimit point
behavionY
set Df),which
ts he dormam
df f
the
4 the bekavcu
sha
Tt eqhally eatonable to
values df z f De) is
f for lovge poihve valves
unbosnded
above
o fo large negahve
DF) unbouncled belouo
f
1 unboundle d
above if DE)=Ca,o)
Le say DF)
for Some aer we
soy DE)
1
un bounded
be lous f Df) - ( , a ) fer Some aeR
Dafinitson
We that fex) appreaches he Limit as
say
and ttte
ppr0ac.bes ,
limfx)
on
an interval (a,o) ond,
f f I s defimed
there is a number N ueh tuat
for eacl E>o,
N.
fox)-<E if x>
Te umit f x as appYeaches -
Nole
be defned.
ma milarly
the duagrom i tuctaales
be Concept UmE as AA
approackes o. X> M,
see
lhaat
we Can
-E fx) l+8.
(NFINITE LIMITS
Definrtion
We sauAatfo) approaches o as
approaches
fiom 1Le lejt, Ond writ
i fa) = o
iffs defnad on an nterval (a, z ) and,
ftx) >M f -S ex
z
Example
The diagams iluctaale
-0
)Iim (0T
fx)
f-4)-4
f-)
f)
f%) 2
i -0
f-a)-4
let, 2 aPp:-
As app 0 fso
fca) fa). X;
fc)-1 fex) a
fc4)4
As x aPP 0 fioy
t e ight, fa)-%
IS seento tmcYEate lb
+0
Simtilar ilusiratons Can be had frlo sho at;
m a
() i
Exomple:
Che diagram
shos he ap
y-fa)
yfix). THs
Seen that ft)=
f ) -D, fo)-l,
fca)-
Atso
mfo) O
zlT
=o
Io fix 1
ftx) = I lm fr)- o f3
x t )
hr fex)-o, Since
>3
fea) -3
lmfa)=
t
o,
(v) i x-a
3
ChptR 1:
Jomes Sewaat
Rel Caleulus by
tunehons And LimE