kj is;shï úoHd;aul

l%uYs,am

Wajira Wickramasinghe
Geography (Hon’s)
B.A (Colombo)
M.A (Kelaniya)

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 1 jðr úl%uisxy

ye|skaùu
fN!;sl yd udkj N+ o¾Ykfha wjldYSh jHdma;s rgd oelaùu i|yd fuj,ula f,i
is;shï Ndú; lrhs' ta wkqj uE;la jk ;=re u ta i|yd uqøs; is;shï Ndú;hg .ekqKs'
tfy;a kùK ;dCIKsl fuj,ï yd l%fudamdhkaf.a ÈhKqj o mß.Kl yd pkaøsld
;dCIKh wdY%s; j we;s jQ ÈhqKj
q o iu. wxÅ; is;shï (Digital Map) weiqßka tu ld¾hhka
j¾;udkfha oS isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï wkqj j¾;udkh jk úg wxÅ; is;shï N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re b;d
m%fhdackj;a yd ld¾hCIu j bÈßm;a l< yels nyqld¾h fuj,ula njg m;a j we;'

kùk is;shï úoHdj hkq l=ula o@

kùk is;shï úoHdj hkq o;a; wxÅ; iy .;sl udOHhka ;=<ska ks¾udKh" ú.%y
lsÍu" iy øDYHlrKh lsÍfï l,dj iy úoHdjhs'

th wjldYfha mj;sk fuka u wjldYfha fkdmj;sk o;a; f¾Çh yd ffoYsl

wdldrfhka úúO mßudKfhka yd úúO uDÿldx. ;=<ska .%yKh" .nvd lsÍu iy
ksrEmkh lsÍu i|yd fndfyda WmldÍ fõ'

úúO l%ufõo ;=<ska /ialrk o;a; ^pkaøsld PdhdrEm" .=jka PdhdrEm& ixl,kh o
óg we;=,;a fõ'

is;shï úoHdfõ oS Ndú; jk kj ;dCIKsl l%ufõo yd m%fhdack

j¾;udk f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj is;shï úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj i|yd
o fnfyúka n,md we;' fuu fCIa;%hg wod< j kj uDÿldx. úYd, ixLHdjla oekg ks¾udKh lr
we;s w;r ;jÿrg;a tajdfha iS>%fhka ÈhqKqa fjñka mj;S'
mß.Klh yd kj uDÿldx. Ndú;h ksid j¾;udkfha b;d ksjerÈ j is;shï
ks¾udKh lsÍug;a N+f.da, úoHd;aul o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh yd ksrEmkh
lsÍu;a b;d myiq ù we;'
ta wkqj fï i|yd Ndú; lrk kj ;dCIKsl l%ufõo ;=kls'

1. f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;sh (Global Positioning System – GPS)

2. N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh (Geographical Information System – GIS)
3. ÿria: ixfõoh (Remote Sensing – RS)

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 2 jðr úl%uisxy

 kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uj, fmdÿ ,CIK
i. ÈhqKq ;dCIKsl WmlrK yd ixfõok WmlrK weiqßka ks¾udKh jk úúO
f;dr;=re we;=,;a ùu'

ii. f.da,Sh LKavdxl yd cd;sl LKavdxl u.ska b;d ksjerÈ j msysàu oelaúh
yels ùu'

iii. is;shï.; wjldYSh f;dr;=rej, È." m<," Wi jeks mrdñ;Ska ks jerÈj

y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu'

iv. hï m%foaYhl wjldYSh f;dr;=re fuka u wjldYSh fkdjk f;dr;=re o

fuu is;shï mßyrKfhka ,nd.; yels ùu'

v. kùK úoHd;aul is;shïj, f;dr;=re b;d myiqfjka hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug

we;s yelshdj ksid iEu úg u hdj;ald,Sk is;shï mßyrKhg wjia:dj ysñ
ùu'

vi. is;shu ;=< úYd, f;dr;=re m%udKhla .nvd lr .ekSu" mßyrKh"

/f.khdu jeks yelshdjka ;sîu'

vii. is;shï.; f;dr;=re myiqfjka yqjudre lr.; yels ùu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 3 jðr úl%uisxy

 f.da,Sh ia:k.; lsÍfï moaO;sh (Global Positioning System – GPS)

f.da,Sh ia:k.; lsÍfï moaO;sh (Global Positioning System – GPS) hkq #

mDÓúhg by<ska lCI.; lr we;s pkaøsld moaO;shla u.ska
mDÓúfha ´kEu ia:dkhl lsishï jia;=jl fyda rEmñ;shl fyda msyà
s u
´kEu ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhla hgf;a b;d ksjerÈ j LKavdxl.; j y÷kd
.ekSu i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s hdka;%sl moaO;sh hs'

weußldkq tlai;a ckmo wdrCIl

fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ks¾udKh lr mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk
Navigation System for Time And Ranging (NAVSTAR) hk
kñka ks, jYfhka fuu moaO;sh y÷kajhs'

uq,a wjêfha oS fuu moaO;sh weußld tlai;a ckmofha wdrCIl fomd¾;fïka;=j

úiska wdrCIl yd hqO lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kq ,enqj o 1993 jif¾ w.Nd.fha isg isú,a lghq;=
i|yd o b;du;a ld¾hCIu j yd m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lrhs'

f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;sh wdY%s; ;dCIKh

iEu GPS pkaøsldjla u kshñ; llaIhla (Orbit) u; Èklg fojrla mDÓúh jgd
.uka lrñka mDÓúh fj;g ix{d (Signals) iïfm%aIKh (Transmit) lrhs' GPS .%dyl u.ska fuu
ix{d .%yKh lrf.k ksjeros msysàu ,nd .ekSu i|yd l%shd lrhs' tysoS pkaøsldj u.ska ix{d
ksl=;a lrkq ,enQ fõ,djka yd .%dylh fj; tu ix{d ,enQ fõ,djka w;r mj;sk fjki
wdOdrfhka pkaøsldj yd .%dylh w;r ÿr weia;fïka;= lrhs'

fï wdldrhg ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re wkqj oaúudk (2D) yd ;%sudk (3D) jYfhka
y÷kajhs'

oaúudk f;dr;=re - pkaøsld ;=kla wdOdr lrf.k lsishï ia:dkhl LKavdxl ^wlaIdxY yd
foaIdxY& ms<ns | ,nd .kakd jákdlï óg wh;a fõ'

;a fõ'
;%sudk f;dr;=re - wlaIdxY yd foaIdxY jákdlïj,g wu;r j Wkak;dxY (Altitude)
jákdlï o ,nd .ekSu fuu.ska woyia flf¾' fï i|yd wju jYfhka pkaøsld y;rlska
o;a; ,nd .; hq;= fõ'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 4 jðr úl%uisxy

 - f.da,h
S f;dr;=re moaO;shl uQ,sl Wmdx.

wNHjldY fldgi md,l fldgi mßYS,l fldgi

wNHjldY fldgi

wNHjldYfhys r|jd we;s pkaøsld moaO;sh wNHjldY fldgi f,i y÷kajhs' lsf,da
ógr 22"000la muK by< wNHjldYfhys r|jd we;s pkaøsld 31 lska fuu moaO;sh iukaú; jk
w;r moaO;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd fhdod .kakd pkaøsld .Kk 24ls' ^b;sß pkaøsld 7 yÈis
wl¾ukH ùul oS Ndú; lsÍu i|yd wNHjldYfhys r|jd we;'&

q d we;s lCIhl mehg lsf,da ógr 11"000l (11,000kmph-1)

iEu pkaøsldjla u msysgj
fõ.hlska Èklg fojrla mDÓúh jgd .uka lrhs' ta wkqj tla pkaøsldjlg mDÓúh jgd .uka
lsÍug meh 11hs ñks;a;= 56l ld,hla .; fõ' tneúka pkaøsldjla Èklg fojrla mDÓúfha tlu
ia;dkhla miq lrhs'

fuu lCISh ie,eiaug wkqj iEu fudfyd;l u fmdf<dfõ tla mfilg pkaøsld
4 - 12 w;r ixLHdjla o¾Ykh jk neúka ´kEu ia:dkhlg GPS myiqlu ,nd .; yelsh'

idudkHfhka pkaøsld 4la tla lCI ;,hla ksÍCIKh i|yd fhdojd we;s w;r ta
wkqj mDÓú ;,h l,dm 6lg fnod fuu msßlaiSu isÿ lrhs' o< jYfhka mDÓúfha wxYl 55l (550)
l,dmhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu lCI ;, ks¾udKh fldg ;sfí'

pkaøsld u.ska ,nd fok mDÓú m%;sìïnh f.da,Sh LKavdxl (Global Cordinate)
u.ska ;u msysàu ksjerÈj olajhs'

Pkaøsld moaO;sh ks¾udKh iy w;ayod ne,Su - 1974

m<uq pkøsldj w;ayod ne,Su - 1978
pkaøsld 24la we;=,;a iïmQ¾K moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu - 1994
j¾;udk pkaøsld .Kk - 31

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 5 jðr úl%uisxy

 md,l fldgi

❖ md,l fldgi m%Odk fldgia ;=kla hgf;a meyeÈ,s l< yels wdldrh my; j.=fõ oelafj'

m%Odk md,l uOHia:dk fufyhqï uOHdia:dk wekagkd uOHia:dk

we't'c' fld,rdfvda iam%sx.aiays weußld tlai;a pkaøsld md,khg wod< úê

zzIßjß .=jka yuqod l|jqf¾ZZ ckmofha .=jka yuqodj úodk ,nd oSu i|yd fhdod
msysgqjd we;' úiska uq¿ f,dj u .kS'
wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu
ld¾hka m%Odk md,k uOHia:dkfhka
moaO;sh msysgqjd we;'
,efnk ksjerÈ ld,
• hï pkaøsldjl ld¾ñl
ta wkqj m%Odk .Kkhka yd llaISh
fodaYhla we;akï ta ms<sn| j
fufyhqï uOHia:dk f;dr;=re pkaøsld fj;
f;dr;=re ,ndf.k tu
my; oelafõ' iïfma%IKh lrhs'
fodaIh ksjerÈ lr ta ms<sn| j
h<s oekaùu' i. yjdhs ¥m;a m%Odk md,k uOHia:dkhg
wu;r j tjeks uOHia:dk
• pkaøsldj, llaI.; lsÍu ii. wefikaIka ¥m;a
y;rls'
ksjerÈ lsÍu
iii. Èhdf.da .dIshd
i. wefikaIka
• ish,q u Trf,daiq tl u iv. lajdhsf,ka
ksjerÈ fõ,djlg wkqj ii. Èhdf.da .dIshd
mj;ajdf.k hdu' v. fld<rdfvda iam%sx.aia
iii. lajdhsf,ka
vi. flama lekjr,a
• jdhqf.da,Sh n,mEïj,g wod< iv. fld<rdfvda iams%x.aia
ksjerÈ lÍï isÿ lsÍu'

m%Odk md,k uOHia:dkh" fufyhqï uOHia:dk yd wekagkd uOHia:dk

msysgqjd we;s ia:dk

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 6 jðr úl%uisxy

 mßYS,l fldgi

GPS moaO;s yd tajd mßyrKh lrkakka

óg wh;a fõ' GPS ßiSjr jdykj, iú lsÍug o wf;a
f.k hd yels WmlrKhla f,i o Ndú; l< yelsh'
óg wu;r j kùk cx.u ÿrl:k o GPS .%dyl f,i
Ndú; l< yelsh' tneúka b;d mq¿,a mrdihl me;sreKq
úúO ;rd;srïj, wh GPS mßYS,lfhda fj;s'

ksrjoH;djh" úYd,;ajh yd ksudj wkqj GPS .%dyl j¾. .Kkdjla we;s w;r
.%dylhlg wh;a Wmx. my; oelafõ'

• wekagkdj yd m%j¾Olh
• f¾äfhda ix{d CIqø ilikh
• md,l yd m%o¾Yk Wmdx.
• o;a; má.; lsÍfï tall
• n, iemhqu

f.da,h
S ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;sfha m%fhdack
hï mqoa.,fhl=g ;u isák ia:dkh ksjerÈj oek.ekSug we;s yelshdj'

hï isÿùulg wod< ia:dkh ksYaÑ;j u y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu'

m%fõY ud¾. y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu'

hïlsis b,lalhla fj; ,`.d ùug .; jk ld,h .Kkh l< yels ùu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 7 jðr úl%uisxy

 f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;h Ndú; jk fCIa;%
1. uekSu yd iss;hs ïlrKh
fuu ;dCIKh Ndú;hg meñKSug
fmr ìï uekSu iy is;h
s ï ilia lsÍfï oS úYd,
f,i udkj iïm; Ndú;hg .ekqKs' kuq;a fuu
;dCIKfha iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka wju fuj,ï
m%udKhla Ndú;hg .ksñka flá ld,hla ;=< ìï
uekSu isÿ l< yels ùuhs'

tfuka u uekqï md,l ,CI msysgqùu ld¾hCIu j isÿ l< yels w;r ta yryd N+ñh
uekSu jvd;a myiq ù we;' ta i|yd WodyrK f,i ù j.dfõ oS l=Uqre bvfï m%udKh .Kkh lsÍu
oelaúh yelsh' fï myiqj ksid u Y%S ,xldfõ zzìï iúhZZ jevigyk i|yd o GPS ;dCIKh
fhdodf.k we;'

2. m%jdyKh yd .ukd.ukh
r:jdyk i|yd GPS ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .ekSfï oS wxls; ud¾. is;shula o
.%dylfha m%o¾Ykh jk neúka .ukdka;h Bg we;=,;a l< úg tys .uka úia;rh" ÿr" ld,h"
úl,am ud¾. wdÈh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd foa' fuu moaO;sh Ndú;fha we;s ;j;a jdishla kï .uka
lrk ud¾.h wdY%s; j ta jk úg mj;sk ud¾. ;onoh ms<sn| f;dr;= re o hdj;ald,Sk lrñka ,nd
oSuhs' my; oelafjk rEm igyk wOHhkh lsÍfuka ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 8 jðr úl%uisxy

 3. .uka wëCIKh
jdykj,g iqúfYaIS jQ GPS WmlrKhla iúl< úg
cx.u ÿrl;k cd, o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka tu jdykj, msysàu"
.uka ud¾.h yd .uka lrk fõ.h" Bg .;jk ld,h wdoS úia;r
mß.kl ;srhla yryd wëCIKh l< yelsh' ÈhqKq rgj, Wux ud¾.
wdY%s; j fmdÿ m%djyk moaO;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï oS fuka u k.r
wdY%s; j fmdÿ m%jdyk cd,h i|yd o fuu moaO;sh id¾:l j
fhdodf.k ;sfí'

4. .=jka .uka yeisrùu

.=jkahdkd kshñ; mßÈ f.dvneiaiùu i|yd .=jka kshuqjka GPS ;dlaIKfha iyh
,nd .kS' tfuka u by< wyfia .=jkahdkdj, msysàu ksYaÑ; lr.ekSfuka miq j tajd wfkl=;a
hdkd iu. iïnkaO lr.ksñka .=jka wk;=re j,lajd .kS'

;jo .=jkahdkdj, msysàu .=jka md,l uOHia:dkh u.ska hdj;ald,Sk lr.kafka o

fuu moaO;sfha Wmldrfhks' ta wkqj .=jka hdkdjla wyfia mshdir Wi" mshdir fõ.h"
.ukdka;hg we;s ÿr wdÈh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re tu hdkhg fuka u md,l uOHia:dkhg o fuu
moaO;sh yryd ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'

óg wu;rj my; i|yka wjia:dj, oS o ;dCIK fhdod .kS'

• .=jkahdkd kshñ; mßÈ f.dvneiaiùfï oS

• wdrCIl wxY úiska ñksiqka rys; .=jkahdkd Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk fufyhqïj, oS

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 9 jðr úl%uisxy

 5. kdúl lghq;=
.=jka .ukaj,oS fuka u kdjql .ukd.ukh i|yd o jdv;a M,odhS wkaoñka GPS
;dCIKh fhdod.; yelsh' ta wkqj kdjql hd;%dfõ msysàu" fõ.h" .uka l< hq;= ÈYdj" .uka l<
hq;= ud¾.h hkdoS f;dr;=re fuu ;dCIKsl myiqlu u.ska ie,fia' tneúka .ukdka;h olajd we;s
ÿr wvq lr.ksñka bkaOk b;sßlr .ksñka jvd;a blaukska .ukdka;hg <`.d ùfï yelshdj ,efí'

óg wu;r j kdjql fCIa;%fha oS GPS ;dCIKh fhdod .kakd wdldr i|yd my;
i|yka WodyrK oelaúh yelsh'

• ëjr l¾udka;fha oS uiqka nyq, m%foaY yd uiqkaf.a ixl%uK rgd y÷kd .ekSu

• l=vd m%udKfha fndaÜgq ^fvdard hd;%d& uqyqfoa oS ;u msysàu ;yjqre lr .ekSu yd wk;=re
iys; wjia:djl oS .,jd .ekSfï lKavdhï fj; ;u msysàu LKavdxl c,hg wkqj
oekqï oSu'

6. mßir ixrCIKh
mdßißl wdmodjkag ,lajk m%foaYj, ^l=Kdgq" ,eõ.sks" .xj;=r& msysàu y÷kd
.ekSug yd jki;=kaf.a jHdma;sh yd ixirK rgdjka ms< sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd GPS
;dCIKh fhdod .kS'

ta wkqj l=Kdgq wjia:djl oS tu l=Kdgqj .uka lrk ÈYdj" tys fõ.h wdoS
f;dr;=re fuu moaO;sh weiqßka ,ndf.k tys n,mEug ,la ùug kshñ; l,dmfha Ôj;a jk
ck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍug mshjr .ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'

i;aa;aj ixrCIKfha oS leianEjqka" w,ska jeks i;=kaf.a ixprK rgd ms<sn| j

wOHhkhg GPS moaO;sfha ;dCIKsl iyh ,nd.kS' ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ isxyrdc jkdka;rfha ÔJ;a
jk w,skaf.a ixprKh wOHhkh i|yd fuu ;dCIKh fhdod f.k ;sîu WodyrK f,i oelaúh
yelsh'

isxyrdc jkdka;rfha isák w,shdf.a ixprK rgdj is;shï .;lr we;s wdldrh

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 10 jðr úl%uisxy

 7. hqO lghq;=
fuu moaO;sh weußld tlai;a ckmofha wdrCIl fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ks¾udKh
lrk ,oafoa u wdrCIl lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSfï mokfuks' ta wkqj hqO keõ" .=jka hdkd"
iíueÍk" hqO gexls jeks WmlrK muKla fkdj È.=ÿr ñihs, wod< b,lalh fj; fhduq lsÍug o
GPS ;dCIKh fhdod .kS' ^lDia ñishs, ;u ksjerÈ b,lal fj; <`.d ùug wjYH .uka u. ilid
.kafka tys wka;¾.; lr we;s GPS WmlrK wdOdrfhks'&

óg wu;r j kshuqjka rys; .=jka hdkd Ndú; lrñka i;=re b,lalj, ls%hdldrlï
wëCIKh i|yd fuka u i;=re b,lal fj; m%ydr t,a, lsÍu i|yd o GPS ;dCIKh Wmfhda.S
lr.kS'

W;=re fldßhdjg wh;a lDia ñihs,hla

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 11 jðr úl%uisxy

 N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh
(Geographical Information System – GIS)

N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh (Geographical Information System – GIS) hkq #

mß.Kl øDvdx. yd uDÿldx. Ndú; lrñka N+ wjldYSh f;dr;=re we;=,;a lsÍu" .nvd
lsÍu" wjYH mßÈ ilia lsÍu yd ksrEmkh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk l%ufõohla f,i N+f.da,Sh
f;dr;=re moaO;sh y÷kajdÈh yelsh'

N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shl uQ,sl ixrpl $uQ,sldx.

1. mß.Kl øDvdx.

2. mß.Kl uDÿldx.

3. o;a;

4. Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hska

5. l%ufõo

1' mß.Kl øDvdx.

wdodk Wmdx. m%;sodk Wmdx. .nvd Wmdx.
mß.klh (Computer)
(Input Device) (Output Device) (Stroage Device)

fuu moaO;sh N+f.da,Sh o;a; ilia moaO;shg

l%shd;aul lrùug my; wxÅ; o;a; njg lrk ,o o;a; we;=,;a l< o;a;
i|yka .=Kdx.júka iukaú; ilia lr mß.Kl.; m%o¾Ykh lsÍu wjYH wjia:dj,oS ,nd
mß.klhla wjYH fõ' lsÍfï oS my; i|yd my; .kSu i|yd wxÅ; yd
oelafjk Wmdx. oelafjk Wmdx. ffoYsl wdldrfhka
• o;a; ieliSfï fõ.h jeä
wjYH fõ' Ndú; l< ;eïm;a lr ;nd
uOHu ieliqï tallhla
yelsh' .ekSug fuu Wmdx.
(Central Processing Unit – • pqïNl ;eá
fhdod .kS'
CPU) (Magnetic Disk) •ixo¾Ylh
• wxlk M,lh (Monitor) • oDv ;eá (Hard
• Odß;djh jeä iiïNdù (Digitizing Board) Disk) ixhqla; ;eá
u;lhla (Random Access •uqøK hka;%h
• iqmsßlail (Compac Disk)
Memory) jeä o;a; (Printer)
(Scanners)
m%udKhla .nvd l< yels • äðg,a nyqld¾h
• ;sr ixLHdxlkh •,l=Kq lrKh
oDV ;eáhla (Hard Disk) (On Screen ;eá (Digital Versatile
(Plotter)
Digitizer) Disc)

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 12 jðr úl%uisxy

 2' mß.Kl uDÿldx.
GIS l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Klj,g iqúfYaIS jQ uDÿldx. we;=,;a
l< h;= j we;' N+f.da,Sh o;a; yd f;dr;=re we;=,;a lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd
m%o¾Ykh lsÍu jeks ld¾hhka i|yd fuu uDÿldx. Wmfhda.Slr .kS' tu uDÿldx. my; mßÈ j¾.
l< yelsh'

N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shl uDÿldx.

jdKsc uDÿldx. újD;a; uDÿldx.

- Arc GIS - Geo Media - QGIS - GRASS

- Map Info - Global Mapper - ILWIS - SAGA GIS

- IDRISI - Intergraph

3' o;a;
GIS ys m%Odk o;a; j¾. folla y÷kd.; yelsh'

o;a;

wjdldYSh o;a; wjdldYSh fkdjk o;a;

N+f.da,Sh
wjldYSh o;a;j, we;=,;a Wm,CIK fmkakqï lrk
LKavdxl
o;a; óg wh;a fõ'
weiqßka
msysàu WodyrK # m%foaYhl ck ixLHdfõ m%udKh
olajk ,CI"
f¾Ld" nyq fnda. j.djl ìï m%udKh
wi% óg wh;a
ud¾.hl È.
fõ'
wjldYSh fkdjk o;a; ñkqï j¾. y;rla hgf;a
WodyrK# oelaúh yelsh'
mßmd,k tall
uyd ud¾. 1. kduud;%sl o;a; 3' wkqmd; o;a;
.x.d
ksjdi 2. wkql%ñl o;a; 4' m%dka;r o;a;

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 13 jðr úl%uisxy

 N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shl wvx.= o;a; .nvd lsÍfï wdlD;s folls'

1. ffoYsl o;a; wdlD;sh

2. isõ/is o;a; wdlD;sh

1' ffoYsl o;a; wdlD;sh - ish,qu N+f.da,Sh ,CIK ,CI" f¾Ld yd l,dm ke;skï nyqwi% hk
ixfÄ; fhdodf.k ksrEmkh lrhs'

,CI f¾Ld l,dm$nyqwi%

• c,dYh

• f.dvke`.s,a, • ud¾. • .x.d

• .i • .x.d • ud¾.

• <s| • jdß we< • j.dìï

ffoYsl o;a;

2' isõ/is o;a; wdlD;sh - fuysoS is;shï.; m%foaYh ;Sre yd fma<s rgdjlg mßj¾;kh fldg iEu
fldgila u ksÍCIK tall jYfhka i,ld tajdg hï ixLHd;aul jákdlï ,nd oSu isÿ lrhs'

ienE N+ñfha .x.djla GIS ys ksrEmkh lrk wdldrh

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 14 jðr úl%uisxy

 GIS ys isõ/is o;a; ksrEmkh lrk wdldrh

4' Ndú;d lrk mqoa.,hska

GIS Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hska moaO;s Ndú; lrkakka (System users) iy m%;sM, Ndú;
lrkakka (End users) f,i m%Odk fldgia folla hgf;a oelaúh yelsh' ta wkqj tu mqoa., ldKav
folg wh;a udkj iïm; my; mßÈ oelaúh yelsh'

moaO;s Ndú; lrkakka m%;sM, Ndú; lrkakka

uDÿldx. ks¾udKlrejka is;shï Ndú; lrkakka

;dCIKsl úfYaI{hska is;shï ksmojkakka

o;a; úYaf,aIlhska ie,iqïlrejka

moaO;s bxðfkarejka N+ f;dr;=re úYaf,aIlhska

óg wu;r j o;a; W;amdokh lrkakka (Data Generators) isák w;r Tjqka moaO;s
i|yd wjYH wuq o;a; (Row Data) imhhs' tufka u udkj iïm; jD;a;shla f,i .;a l, Tjqka
m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fjka l< yelsh'

i. l%shd;aul lrjkakka (Operational Staff)

ii. ;dCIKsl jD;slhska (Technical Staff)

iii. l<ukdlrK fiajl uKav,h (Management Staff)

5' l%ufõo
o;a; /ia lsÍfï isg wjidk m%;sM,h ,nd .kakd f;la moaO;sh ;=< isÿ flfrk
ish,q u l%shdldrlï l%ufõo f,i ye|skafõ' fuu moaO;sh o wjYH jQ úg hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu"
.Kkh lsÍu hk l%shdj,shkag ,lal< yels jk mßÈ úúO mqoa.,hskag m%fhdackhg .; yels jk
mßÈ mej;sh hq; fõ' ta i|yd l%ufõo Ndú; lrhs'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 15 jðr úl%uisxy

➢ N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shla Ndú; lrk wjia:d wkqj o tys l%ufõo fjkia fõ'

WodyrK # .ul yd k.rhl f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï oS iudk l%ufõo Ndú;hg .; fkdyel' .ul N+ñ
mßyrKh k.rhg idfmaCIj ir, uÜgul mj;sk w;r k.rh N+ñ mßyrKh ixlS¾K fõ' tneúka iudk l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka
.fuys yd k.rfhys f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh l< fkdyelsh'

wjidk jYfhka N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shla Ndú; lrñka o;a; /ia lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu"
tajd Ndú;hg .ekSu hk wjia:d my; mßÈ oelaúh yelsh'

fN!;sl f,dalh

ls%hd mámdáh
;SrK .ekSu meyeÈ,s lr
yd l%shd;aul .ekSu
lsÍu
GIS moaO;shg
wh;a jk
l%shdoduhka
wjldYSh o;a;
/ia lsÍu yd
m%;sM, jd¾;d ixialrKh
lsÍu

úYf,aIKh

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 16 jðr úl%uisxy

 N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh wdY%s; l%shdj,sh

1. o;A; .%yKh

2. o;a; .nvd lsÍu

3. o;a; iuqoaOrKh ^o;a; kej;

,nd .ekSu$ bÈßm;a lsÍu&

4. o;a; hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu $

fjkia lsÍu

5. o;a; ilia lsÍu $ yeisrùu

6. o;a; mßKduKh ^o;a;

l<ukdlrKh iy yqjudrej&

7. o;a; úYaf,aIKh iy iïnkaO lsÍu

8. o;a; m%o¾Ykh

1. o;A; .%yKh (Data Capturing)

ixLHdxl o;a; ^isõ/is o;a;&

Rcqju;a m%;siu o;a; ^ffoYsl o;a;& ixLHdxl
o;a; njg m;a lsÍfukq;a moaO;shg we;=,;a
lrk w;r wjldYSh yd wjldYSh fkdjk hk
o;a; foj¾.h u Bg we;=<;a l< yelsh'

2. o;a; .nvd lsÍu (Data Storing)

fCIa;%Sh o;a; wdldr lsysmhlg .nvd lr .kS'

fuu rEm igyfka oelafjkafka o;a; .nvd lr we;s wdldrh
hs'

i. ffoYsl fyda isõ/is wdlD;s jYfhka

ii. úia;rd;aul o;a; o;a; j.= jYfhka

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 17 jðr úl%uisxy

 3. o;a; iuqoaOrKh ^o;a; kej; ,nd .ekSu$ bÈßm;a lsÍu& (Data Retrieving/
Presentation)

wjYH wjia:dj,oS tu o;a; kej; ,nd .ekSu yd tajd úúO wdldrj,ska m%o¾Ykh
lsÍu fuu wêhf¾ oS isÿ flf¾' my; oelafjkafka Bg WodyrKhls'

4. o;a; hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu $ fjkia lsÍu (Data Updating/ Changing)

kj o;a; we;=,;a lsÍu" mj;sk o;a; fjkia lsÍu yd merKs o;a; bj;a lsÍu hk
ldrKd fuu wêhf¾ oS isÿ flf¾'

5. o;a; ilia lsÍu $ yeisrùu (Data Processing/ Data Manipulation)

GIS ;=< we;s o;a; wjidk úYaf,aIKhg iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu olajd ilia
lsÍfï l%shdj,sh óg wh;a fõ'

6. o;a; mßKduKh ^o;a; l<ukdlrKh iy yqjudrej& (Data Management and Exchange)

fï wjia:dj jk úg ukdj ixúOdkh lrk ,o o;a; fuu moaO;sh i;=j mj;S'

l<ukdlrK l%uhla u.ska moaO;sfha jQ tu o;a; md,kh lsÍu yd tlsfkl w;r yqjudre lr
.ekSfï yelshdj o mj;S' ta wkqj ilik ,o o;a; wjYH wjia:dj, oS wjYH ia:dkhg fhdod .;
yelsh'
úúO wdh;kh yd mqoa.,hska fj; tu o;a; ,nd foñka jeäÈhqKq lrk wdldrh

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 18 jðr úl%uisxy

 7. o;a; úYaf,aIKh iy iïnkaO lsÍu (Data Analysis and Combination)

moaO;sh ;=< we;s o;a; tlsfkl ixl,kh lr fyda iïnkaO lr tajd úYaf,aIKh
yd úúrKh lsÍug yelshdj mj;skafka fuu wjia:dfõ oS h'

my; rEmigyfka oelafjkafka fndlalla wdY%s; f.dvìï m%foaYh uqyÿq c,fhka

hgjk wdldrh mqfrdal:kh lr we;s wdldrh hs' tys r;= meyefhka oelafjk fldgi m<uq
wjodkï ldKavfha N+ñ m%foaYh jk w;r ly meyefhka oelafjk m%foaYh wjika wêhf¾ oS uqyqÿ
c,fhka hg ùfï wjOdkug ,la jk njg tu m%foaYfha Wkak;dxY o;a; weiqßka úYaf,aIKh lr
we;'

8. o;a; m%o¾Ykh (Displaying)

o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka wk;=rej is;shï" rEm igyka" o;a; j.=" m%ia:dr iy
;%sudk o¾Yk wdoS úúO iajrEmhkaf.ka tajd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu wjidk wêhf¾ oS isÿ flf¾'
rEmigyfka oelafjkafka úúO ia:r wdldrhg o;a; ksrEmkh lr we;s wdldrh hs'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 19 jðr úl%uisxy

 N+f.da,Sh o;a; /ia lsÍu
N+f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdma; j mj;sk f;dr;=re o;a; f,i ye|kaúh yels w;r tu
o;a; /ia lr.kakd wdldrh wkqj m%Odk o;a; j¾. folls'

i. m%d:ñl o;a;

ii. oaú;shsl o;a;

i. m%d:ñl o;a; - m%d:ñl o;a; hkq moaO;shg Rcqj u we;=<;a l< yels ixLHdxlsl iajrEmfhka
mj;sk o;a;hka h'

WodyrK # pkaøsld o;a;

ixLHdxlsl .=jka PdhdrEm
GPS o;a;
ii. oaú;shsl o;a; - fjk;a wdldrj, mj;sk uQ,dY%j,ska wkshï j ,nd .kakd o;a; óg wh;a
fõ'
WodyrK # mj;sk is;shï
PdhdrEm yd fjk;a f,aLkj,ska Wmqgdf.k ixLHdxl iajrEmfhka moaO;shg
we;=<;a flfrk o;a;'

by; úia;r lrk ,o m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl o;a; hk o;a; j¾. fol u

ffoYsl yd isõ/is hk wdldr foflka u bÈßm;a l< yelsh'

o;a;j, iajrEmh
o;a;
m%Njh
ffoYsl o;a; (Vector Data) isõ/is o;a; (Raster Data)

• mQ¾Kudk (Station) jeks uekqï • ixLHdxlsl .=jka PdhdrEm (Digital

WmlrKj,ska /ial< o;a; Aerial Photographs)
m%d:ñl
o;a; • f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;s (GPS) • pkaøsld o;a; (Satalight Image)
o;a;

• oekg mj;sk is;shï • iqmsßlaikh l< is;h

s ï (Scanned
ixLHdxllrKfhka ,nd .;a o;a; Map) yd PdhdrEm
oaú;shsl
o;a; • ia:dk kdu o;a; (Toponomy) • is;shïj,ska W;amdokh l<
ixLHdxlsl Wkak;dxY wdlD;s

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 20 jðr úl%uisxy

 ffoYsl o;a; isõ/is o;a; njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%u

N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shg (GIS) we;=<;a l< yelafla ixLHdxl iajrEmfhka

mj;sk o;a; muKla neúka fjk;a wdldrj, o;a; ^m%;siu o;a;$ffoYsl o;a;& Bg we;=<;a lsÍfï
oS tajd ixLHdxl o;a; njg mßj¾;kh l< hq;= h'

uq,a wjêfha oS GIS i|yd fhdod.;a lvodis is;shï ixLHdxllrKh lr ffoYsl

o;a; f,i moaO;shg we;=<;a flreKs' kuq;a GPS iy kùk WmlrKj, wd.ukh;a iu. ffoYsl
o;a; Rcqj u moaO;shg we;=,;a lsÍfï m%jK;djhla mj;S' ta wkqj ffoYsl o;a; isõ/is o;a;
njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh zzixLHdxllrKhZZ (Digitization) f,i y÷kajk w;r th isÿ
lrk wdldr ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

ta wkqj zzixLHdxllrKhZZ (Digitization) fyj;a is;shul wvx.= iEu rEmñ;shla u

X Y LKavdxlj,g wkqj ^ffoYsl wdldrhg& mß.Kl .; lsÍfï l%shdj,sh my; i|yka wdldr
hgf;a isÿ l< yelsh'

I. yiaÓl ixLHdxllrKh (Manual Digitization)

II. ;sr ixLHdxllrKh (Screen Digitization)
III. w¾O iajhxl%Sh ;srixLHdxllrKh (Semi Automatic Digitization)
IV. iqmsßlaiSu (Scanning)

I. yiaÓl ixLHdxllrKh (Manual Digitization)

md,l ,CI msysgqjdf.k is;shu u; we;s f;dr;=re l¾irh f.k hñka mß.Kl
;srh u;g ,nd.kS'

jdis # - wjYH úia;r muKla f;dardf.k mß.Kl.; lsÍug we;s yelshdj'

wjdis # - jeä ld,hla yd Y%uhla jeh ùu'

- f;dr;=re >k;ajh jeä wjia:dj, ixLHdxllrKh wmyiq ùu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 21 jðr úl%uisxy

 II. ;sr ixLHdxllrKh (Screen Digitization)
ixLHdxllrKh l< hq;= is;shfï iqmsßlaik (Scan) wkqrejla
mß.Kl ;srhg f.k uQislh Ndú; lr ta u; ixLHdxllrKh lsÍfï
l%shdj,sh hs' fuys we;s jdis lsysmhls'

• úia;r >k;ajh jeä wjia:djl ;srh u; jQ is;shu úYd, lsÍfuka tajd meyeÈ,s lrf.k
ixLHdxllrKh l< yels ùu'
• uDÿldx.j, ;sr ixLHdxllrKh myiqlï o wka;¾.; neúka jvd;a myiqfjka th l< yels ùu'

III. w¾O iajhxl%Sh ;srixLHdxllrKh (Semi Automatic Digitization)

ixLHdxllrKh w;ska isÿ lrkjd
fjkqjg f¾Ld yUdf.dia th w¾O iajhxl%Shj u isÿ
lrk l%uhls' iqmsßlaik wkqrefjys f¾Ldjl wdrïNh
i,l=Kq l< úg th Tiafia bÈßhg iajhxl%Shj u .uka
lsÍu fuysoS isÿ fõ' ifudaÉP f¾Ld jeks f¾Ld nyq,
wjia:dj,oS fuu l%uh b;d jdisodhl jqj;a ta i|yd
by< mßjehla oeÍug isÿ ùu wjdishls'

V. iqmsßlaiSu (Scanning)
fuu.ska oDv msgm;l we;s m%;siu o;a; ixLHdxl o;a; njg fmr<d isõ/is o;a;
wdlD;shla f.dvk`.hs' fuys .=Kd;aul nj /f|k idOl folls'
• uq,a msgmf;a meyeÈ,s nj'
• iqmsßlaik hka;%fha úfNaok yelshdj'
iqmsßlaikh u.ska mßj¾;kh lr.;a isõ/is
o;a; iajhxl%Shj u ixLHdxlkh lr ffoYsl o;a; njg
mßj¾;kh l< yels uDÿldx. (R2V) mj;sk w;r fuu
l%shdj,sh ffoYsllrKh (Vectorization) f,i y÷kajhs'

yia:sl ixLHdxllrKhg jvd ksjeros jQ;a

ld¾hCIu jQ;a l%shdj,sh hs' fuu.ska o;a; u.yeÍu wju lr.; yels w;r mqyqKq Y%uhla o wjYH
fkdùu úfYaI jdishls' óg wu;r j N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;shg o;a; ,nd .kakd ;j;a
wdldrhla kï fjk;a wdh;kj,ska o;a; ,nd .ekSuhs'
WodyrK # Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j

by; lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;af;a ffoYsl o;a; isõ/is o;a; njg mßj¾;kh
lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn|jhs' ta yereKq úg j¾;udkfha jvd;a iq,n j Ndú; lrk l%ufõoh
jkafka moaO;shg Rcq j u o;a; we;=,;a lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 22 jðr úl%uisxy

 isõ/is o;a;

GIS i|yd o;a; /ia lsÍfï ;j;a l%uhla jkafka isõ/is o;a; fhdod .ekSuhs' tu
isõ/is o;a; /ia lrk wdldr lsysmhls'

1. ÿria: ixfõo o;a; - GIS i|yd Rcqj u we;=,;a l<yels isõ/is o;a; ,nd .ekSfï myiq
u l%uh jkafka ÿria: ixfõoh (Remote Sencing - RS) hs' fN!;sl iam¾Yhlska f;dr j
o;a; /ia lrk fuu l%ufha oS uQ,sl jYfhka .=jka PdhdrEm yd pkaøsld PdhdrEm Ndú;h
.kS'

2. wka;¾cd, is;shï - GIS i|yd zz.+.,a w¾;aZZ (Google Earth) u.ska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re
o isõ/is wdldrfhka Ndú;hg .kS'

o;a; .nvd lsÍu

GIS ys o;a; .nvd lrk m%Odk wdlD;s folls'

I. foYsl o;a; wdlD;s (Vector Data Models)

II. isõ/is o;a; wdlD;s (Raster Data Models)

GIS ys o;a; .nvd lsÍfï oS mslai,a l%uh Ndú;hg .kakd w;r tla tla j¾K mslai,aj,ska
ksrEmkh lsÍfï oS tajdg kshñ; wxlhla ,nd foa'

fuys mslai, m%udKh jeä jk úg by< úfNaokfhka hq;a meyeÈ,s is;h

s ula o ms lai,a m%udKh
wvq ùfï oS is;shfuys m%udKh wmeyeÈ,s ùula o isÿ fõ'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 23 jðr úl%uisxy

 ienE N+ñfha mj;sk foaj,a ffoYsl yd isõ/is o;a; wdlD;s hgf;a bÈßm;a lrk wdldrh my;
rEm igyk u.ska meyeÈ,s flf¾'

ienE f,dalfha o;a; ffoYsl yd isõ/is f,i bÈßm;a lrk wdldr

• GIS ys o;a; ffoYsl yd isõ/is wdldrfha wdlD;s hgf;a .nvdlr ;nd .kakd wdldrhg by;
oS meyeÈ,s lr .;af;uq' ó<`.g oelafjkafka tu wdlD;s fol Ndú;fhka o;a; ksrEmkfha oS
we;s jk jdis iy wjdis h'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 24 jðr úl%uisxy

 ffoYsl yd isõ/is o;a; o;a;j, jdis iy wjdis

isõ/is o;a; wdlD;sh ffoYsl o;a; wdlD;sh

jdis jdis
1. ir, o;a; wdlD;shla ùu 1. ixhqla; jQ o;a; wdlD;shla
;sîu'

2. ia:r jYfhka tl u; tl we;sÍu (Overlaying)

myiq h; ld¾hlaIu h' 2. cd, úYaf,aIKh myiq h'

3. ÿria: .%yK yd iqmsßlaik o;a; (RS) yeisrùu 3. LKavdxl mßyrKh myiq h'
myiq h'
4. is;shulg wdikak
4. wjldYSh úp,;djh fyd¢ka yeisrúh yelsh' ksrjoH;djhla we;'

5. wjldYSh fkdjk o;a; úYaf,aIKh myiq h' 5. iaM,l rgdj (Topology)

meyeÈ,sj úia;r l< yelsh'

6. úúO ia:r ksrEmkh lsÍu tlu wdldrfha fldgq

(Grid Cell) u.ska isÿ lsÍu' 6. o;a; hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu myiq
h'

7. wjldYSh úYaf,aIK yd fmryka Ndú;h myiq h'

wjdis wjdis
1. o;a;j, by< Odß;djh ksid .nvd lsÍfï .eg¨ 1. ixlS¾K o;a; wdlD;shls'
u;= ùu'

2. u;=msg w;=rd flfrk

2. cd, úYaf,aIKh wmyiq ùu' úYaf,aIKh wmyiq h'

3. yevh mßñ;sh yd j¾.M,h fodaaY iys; ùu'

3. by< wjldYSh ú,H;djhka
ksrEmkh lsÍu wmyiq h'
4. m%lafIamKh mßj¾;kh wmyiq ùu'
4. wjldYS; o;a; we;=,a lsÍu
i|yd jeä ld,hla .; ùu'
5. o;a; .%yKfha § l=vd rEmñ;Ska u.yeÍug we;s
yelshdj'

6. ;shqKq odr meyeÈ,s fkdùu ksid is;shfï ksudj

ÿ¾j, ùu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 25 jðr úl%uisxy

 is;shï ;,
GIS ys wjldYSh o;a; .nvd lrkq ,nkafka tla tla f;audjka
hgf;a fjka fjka ;, jYfhks' úúO f;aud hgf;a is;shï ;, ms<sfh< lrk w;r
tajd my; ldKav hgf;a bÈßm;a l< yelsh'

1. N+ ,CIKd;aul ;, (Topographic Layers) - ud¾." c,jykh"

k.r" mßmd,k fldÜGdi udhsï wdÈh'

2. iajNdúl iïm;a ;, (Natural Resources Layers) - N+ñ mßyrKh"

jDCI,;d" mi" c,h" yd Lksc iïm;a

3. N+ Wkak;dxY ;, (Elevation Layers) - N+ñ Wi" ifudaÉP

f¾Ld" nEjqï

4. ix.Kk wdY%s; ;, (Census – Related Layers) - ck jHdma;sh" /lshd"

wd¾Ól yd iudc f;dr;=re

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 26 jðr úl%uisxy

 N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sfhys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
1. ie,iqïlrKh

ie,iqïlrKh myiq ld¾hhla njg m;a j we;af;a fuu moaO;sh ;=< úêu;a o;a;
moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k hdug yelshdj ;sîu fya;=fjks'

WodyrKhla f,i li, neyer lsÍug iqÿiq ia:dkhla y÷kd .ekSfï oS th

ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla fkdúh hq;= jkjd fiau th my; i|yka Wmudkhkag hg;aj f;drd .; hq;=
h'
ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla fkdùu
li, neyer,Sfuka isÿúh yels ydksh wju ùu
c, uQ,dY%j,g n,mEula isÿ fkdùu
li, m%jdyk myiqlï ;sîu
m%;spl%SlrKh lrkafka kï Bg wjYH bv myiqlï mej;Su

by; lreKq i,ld ne,Sfï oS wod< m%foaYh ;=< we;s ish,q u ksjdi yd
f.dvke`.s,sj, msysàu" ud¾. cd,h" c, uQ,dY%j, msysàu" wdrCIs; l,dm" há;, myiqlï jeks
tla tla o;a; i|yd jQ is;shï ;, tl u; tl w;=rd (Overlying) by; Wmudkhkag hg;a
ia:dkhla f;dard.; yelsh'

óf;dguq,a, l=Kq lkao kdhhdug ,la ùug fya;= jQfha Bg hg jQ mdIdK ia:rh
wia:djr ù ;sîuhs' tneúka mdIdKj, iajNdjh úia;r jk is;shï ;,hla Ndú; lr iqÿiq
m%foaYhla f;dard .;af;a kï tjeks úm;la isÿ fkdùug bv ;snqKs'

2. wdmod l<ukdlrKh

c, .e,Sï" kdhhdï wdoS iajNdúl úm;a l<ukdlrKh i|yd o GIS fhdod .;

yelsh' th WodyrKhla weiqßka meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

c, .e,Sïj,g ksrka;rfhka ,la jk .x.d ksïk m%foaY wdY%s; j l=vd wka;rfhka

hq;= ifudaÉP f¾Ld jákdlï iys; o;a; /ialr j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;djh u; c,fhka hg úh yels
ksjdi yd uxudj;a fudkjdo" ta wjg we;s wdrCIs; Wia ia:dk fudkjdo" wj;eka jQjkag iyk
ie,iSug m%fõY úh yelafla l=uk ud¾. Tiafia o hkdoS jYfhka mq¿,a úu¾Ykhla fuu o;a;
moaO;sh Ndú;fhka isÿ l< yelsh'

;jo c,.yk f;dr;=re o we;=,;alr ;sfnkafka kï wdmodfjka úm;g m;a jQ mjq,a

.Kk yd mqoa.,hka ixLHdj y÷kdf.k Tjqkg ld¾hCIu j myiqlï ,nd Èh yelsh'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 27 jðr úl%uisxy

 3. k.r ie,iqïlrKh

kj k.rhla úêu;a j ie,iqï lsÍfï oS k.rh wdY%s; m%foaYfha N+ úIu;djh" c,

ud¾. jHdma;sh" iajNdúl jDCI,;dj, jHdma;sh" wdoS fN!;sl f;dr;=rej,g wod< is;shï ;,
fuka u ie,iqu ilia lrk wjia:dj jk úg k.rfha ckdjdi msysàu" ud¾.cd, jHdma;sh"
ckixLHdfõ m%udKh wdoS f;dr;=re o ,nd .ekSfuka wk;=re j kj k.rh ie,iqï l< yelsh' ta
wkqj wjdOdkh fhduq l< yels lreKq lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

ud¾. cd,h ie,iqï l< hq;= wdldrh ^wêfõ.S ud¾. o we;=<;a j&

k.rh ;=< tl;=jk c,h neyer lsÍfï ldKq moaO;sh ilia l< hq;= wdldrh

mÈxÑh i|yd jQ ksjdi ixlS¾K bÈl< hq;= m%%foaY

fmdÿ ia:dk" ld¾hd," hkdosh msysgqúh hq;= ia:dk msysgqùug iqÿiq ia:dk

iajNdúl jkdka;r m%foaY f,i ixrCIKh l< hq;= wia:djr N+ñ m%foaY

y÷kd .ekSu i|yd fuu moaO;sh Wmldr lr.; yelsh'

4. jHdmdßl fCIa;%h

jHdmdßl fCIa;%fha oS o j¾;udkh jk úg GIS fufyhqï moaO;sh fhdod .kS' ta

wkqj kj jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu i|yd iqÿi ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSfï isg tu jHdmdrfha
fnodyeÍï cd,h wëCIKh olajd jQ l%shdj,sh i|yd fuu moaO;sh fhdod .kS' WodyrKhlska
fufia meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

we`.¿ï l¾udka;hla isÿ lsÍfï oS we`.¿ï l¾udka;Yd,j bÈ lsÍug jvd;a fhda.H

ia:dkhla ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd fuu moaO;sh fhdod .; yelsh' ta wkqj wuqøjH myiqfjka
,nd .; yels jrdh myiqlï yd m%jdyk myiqlï iys; m%foaYhla ms<sn| j fuu moaO;shg we;=, ;a
lr we;s wjldYSh o;a; u.ska fidhd .; yelsh'

tfuka u we`.¿ï ksIamdok wf<ú lrk fj<|ie,a cd,h ms<sn| j f;dr;=re o

fuu moaO;shg we;=,;a lr ;sfnkafka kï ^wjldYSh fkdjk o;a; f,i& f;d. wjika ùu ms<n|
j o;a; moaO;sh u.ska f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk l< yelsh' fï wdldrhg we`.¿ï ksIamdokfha isg
wf<úh olajd jQ l%shdj,sfha oS GIS ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSug mq¿jk'

5. uyck fi!LH m%j¾Okh

uyck fi!LH fCIa;%fha oS b;d mq¿,a wkaoñka GIS Ndú;hg .; yelsh' ta wkqj
frda. jHdma;sh mj;sk m%foaY" wjodkï m%foaY yd frda. jHdma; ù fkdue;s m%foaY hkdoS jYfhka
tla tla f;audjka hgf;a is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍfuka ffjoH m¾fhaIlhskaf.a myiqj i|yd tu
is;shï Ndú; l< yelsh'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 28 jðr úl%uisxy

 WodyrKhla f,i j¾;udkh jk úg f.da,Sh jix.;hla f,i me;sr mj;sk
zzfldúâ 19ZZ jix.; ;;a;ajfha jHdma;sh ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd GIS fhdod.kakd
wdldrh Y%S ,xldj weiqßka i,ld n,uq' ta wkqj Y%S% ,xldfõ fldúâ 19 wdidÈ;hsk a yuqjk m%foaY
is;shï.; l< yelsh' tys oS ckixLHd o;a; we;=,;a is;shula o moaO;shg we;=,;a lr we;s úg
jix.;h jvd;a blaukska me;sr hd yels m%foaY wdo¾YlrKh (Projection) u.ska y÷kd .; yelsh'

tfia y÷kd.;a m%foaYj, we;s fmdÿ wdh;k" ñksiqka tla /ia jk ia:dk wdÈh o
o;a; moaO;shg we;=,;a lr we;s neúka tajdfha ck;dj .ejiSu yels;rï wvq lsÍug mshjr .;
yelsh' ta wkqj wjodkï iys; m%foaYj, ck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍu l< yelsh'

;j o wjodkï m%foaYj, fmdÿ ld¾hhka úêu;a ie,eiaulg wkqj fjk;a m%foaYj,

;djld,sl ia:dk msysgqjdf.k isÿ lsÍug mshjr .ekSfuka ffjrih me;sÍfï wjodku wju
lr.; yelsh'

❖ óg wu;r j Ndú;d jk fCIa;% /ils' bka lsym

s hla my; mßÈ úia;r l< yelsh'

i. myiqlï l<ukdlrKh

→ ud¾." c,k," úÿ,s yd ÿrl:k /yeka msysgqùu

→ úÿ,s /yeka moaO;sj, Odß;d ;=,kh lsÍu

→ n,Yla;s yd ixkaksfõok myiqlï wOHhkh

→ m%jdyk yd ud¾. cd, úYaf,aIKh

ii. iajNdúl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

→ jkdka;r l<ukdlKh

→ fjr< yd id.r iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

→ jkÔù jdiia:dk yd ixl%uK rgd wOHhkh

→ N+.; c,h l<ukdlrKh

tfuka u f,dj úúO rgj, úúO lghq;= i|yd GIS fhdodf.k ;sfí' tjeks
wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 n%iS,fha N+ñ mßfNdackh ms<sn| pkaøsld PdhdrEm iu. t,aksfkda ld,.=Ksl fjkiaùï
ms<sn| ;;a;aj iïnkaOlr lDIsl¾uhg we;s úh yels n,mEï mqfrdal:kh lsÍu i|yd GIS
Ndú; lr we;'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 29 jðr úl%uisxy

  ngysr j¾ðkshdfõ m;,a lekSu u.ska N+ ;, c,h flfrys we;sjk n,mEu wOHhkh
lrkq ,nkafka WÉP;ajh" c,úoHdj" m;,a m%foaY yd c,fha ;;a;ajh wdoS ia:r taldnoaO
flreKq o;a; moaO;shla u.sks'

 fvkaud¾la n,Yla;s tackaish u.ska trg iEu f.dvke`.s,a,lg u Yla;s mßfNdackh ms<sn|
o;a; iuqodhla mj;ajd.ksñka tu f;dr;=re n,d.dr bÈlsÍï ie,iqï lsÍï yd fnodyeÍï
moaO;s ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod .kS'

GIS ys m%fhdack
i. is;shï ks¾udKhg wjYH o;a; Rcqj u o;a; iuqodfhka ,nd.; yels ùu'

ii. is;shï hdj;ald,Sk lsÍfï myiqj

iii. wjYH wjia:dj,oS wjYH wdldrhg mßudKh fjkia lsÍug yels ùu'

iv. LKavdxl mßj¾;kh iajhxl%Shj u isÿ l< yels ùu'

v. is;shï ixfYdaokh i|yd GPS o;a; Rcq j u Ndú; l< yels ùu'

vi. N+f.da,Sh úYaf,aIKh yd fufyhqï myiqfjka l< yels ùu'

vii. ;%sudK is;shïlrKh u.ska wjldYSh jHdma;sh ;%sudkj ksrEmkh lsÍug we;s
yelshdj'

viii. iïmQ¾K is;shula fyda tys fldgia ilia lsÍu yd m%;sks¾udKh myiq ùu'

ix. ixLHdk úoHd;aul fuka u wjldYSh úYaf,aIK myiq ùu'

x. is;shï ;, fjkia lsÍu yd iumd; lsÍfï myiqj'

xi. m%o¾Ykh lsÍu yd wdo¾YlrKh'

xii. .=Kd;aul yd is;aweo.kakd is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍug we;s yelshdj'

xiii. msúiSug wmyiq ia:dk wdY%s; is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍug we;s yelshdj'

xiv. ;dCIKsl ixj¾Okh iu. ukd .e,mSu yd o;a; .%yKh b;d myiqfjka yd
ksjerÈj isÿ lsÍug yels ùu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 30 jðr úl%uisxy

 ÿria: ixfõoh (Remote Sensing – RS)

ÿria: ixfõoh (Remote Sensing – RS) hkq # hïlsis jia;=jla fyda l%shdldÍ;ajhla fyda
fj; fN!;sl j ,`.d fkdù ÿr isg y÷kd .ekSu" wOHhkh lsÍu" jgyd .ekSu yd
úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï ;dCIKh ÿria: ixfõokh hs'

ÿria: ixfõoh (RS) u.ska is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍug wjYH o;a; yd f;dr;=re
iïmdokh lrk w;r tu.ska is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍu isÿ fkdfõ'

w;S;fha oS is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd fCIa;%hg f.dia wjYH o;a; ,ndf.k ta
wkqj is;shï ilid we;' tfy;a ÿria: ixfõo ;dCIKh u.ska wE; wyfia fyda wNHjldYfha r|jd
we;s WmlrKhlska o;a; /ia lr is;shï ks¾udKh i|yd tu o;a; fhdod .kS'

ÿria: ixfõok l%shdj,sh

ÿria: ixfõok l%shdj,sfha oS hï jia;j

= la u.ska mrdj¾;kh lrk (Reflect) fyda
úfudapkh lrk (Emit) Yla;sh .%ykh lsÍu (Capture) yd úYaf,aIKh (Processing) lsÍu isÿ
flf¾' tu l%shdj,sh isÿ jk wdldrh my; rEmigyk weiqßka meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

ÿria: ixfõo l%shdj,sh

by; rEmigyk u.ska oelafjk l%shdj,sh my; i|yka wxY hgf;a úia;r l<
yelsh'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 31 jðr úl%uisxy

 1. Yla;s uQ,dY%h (Energy Source)

ÿria: ixfõok l%shdj,sfha oS m<uq j b,lal.; jia;=j fyda l%shdj,sh m%oSmkh

lsÍug úoaHq;a pqïNl Yla;sh imhk Yla;s uQ,dY%hla wjYH fõ' ta wkqj m%Odk Yla; m%N jh f,i
iQ¾hhd l%shd lrk w;r we;eï wjia:dj,oS lD;%su Yla;s m%Njhka o Ndú;hg .kS'

2. iQ¾h úlsrKh iy jdhqf.da,h (Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere)

iQ¾h úlsrKh jdhqf.da,h yryd .uka lsÍfï oS tajd wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu

(Absorbtion)" iïfm%aIKh lsÍu (Transmission) yd m%lsrKh ^úisÍu& (Scattering) hk n,mEïj,g
,la ù mDIaGh lrd <.d fjhs'

3. b,lal.; jia;=j iu. wka;¾l%shdj (Interaction with the Target)

jia;=j u; m;kh jk lsrK tu jia;+ka iu. wka;¾ l%shdfldg ta ta jia;=jg

wdfõksl jQ .=Kdx. wkqj tajd wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu" mrdj¾:kh fyda úfudapkh lsÍu isÿ
flf¾' ÿria: ixfõok WmlrK u.ska .%yKh lr .kafka fï wdldrhg mrdj¾:kh lrk
Yla;sh hs'

4. Yla;sh igyka lr .ekSu (Recording of energy)

ta ta jia;+ka u.ska mrdj¾:kh lrk úoaHq;a pqïNl Yla;sh y÷kdf.k tajd úoaHq;a
pqïNl ix{d njg fmr<d ixLHdxlsl o;a; (Digital Data) jYfhka má.; lr .ekSu fõÈld u;
iúlr we;s ixfõol Wmdx. u.ska isÿ flf¾'

5. o;a; iïfm%aIKh (Data Transmission)

ixfõol WmlrK u.ska má.; lr.;a bf,lafg%dksl wdldrfhka mDÓúh fj;g

iïfm%aIKh lrk w;r th wdldr ;=klska isÿ flf¾'

i. pkaøsldj, isg fmd<j u; msysá m%;s.%dyl yd msßieliqï uOHia:dk fj; o;a; Rcqj u iïfma%IKh
lsÍu'

ii. fjk;a wjia:djl oS iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i|yd fuu o;a; hdkh ;=< u .nvd lr .ekSu'

iii. fjk;a ikaksfõok pkaøsld yryd m%;s.%dyl uOHia:dk fj; iïfm%aIKh lsÍu'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 32 jðr úl%uisxy

 6. m%;s.%dyl yd msßieliqï uOHia:dk (Reception and Processing Center)

ixfõol u.ska Wlyd .;a o;a; m%;s.%dyl uOHia:dk fj; ,enqKq miq j tajd
msßieliSu isÿ lrhs' fuysoS jdhqf.da,Sh fodaI" úlsrKuh fodaI yd cHdñ;sl fodaI bj;a fldg tu
o;a; weiqßka pkaøsld ms<sìUq (Satallite Image) ilia flf¾'

7. o;a; úYaf,aIKh(Data Analysis)

tla tla jia;k

+ a úfudapkh lrk ,o Yla;s uÜgï mokï lrf.k ms<sfh< flreKq
m%;sìïN wkqidrfhka tajd oDYHuh f,i (Visually)" ixLHdxluh f,i (Digitally)
yd bf,lafg%dksl f,i (Electrically) ksrEmkh lsÍu" wOHhkh lsÍu yd újrKh lsÍu fuu
wêhf¾ oS isÿ flf¾'

8. Ndú;h (Application)

ÿria: ixfõok l%shdj,sfha wjidk wêhrhs' fuu wêhf¾ oS újrKh lr.;a o;a;"
f;dr;=re weiqßka m%dfhda.sl .eg,qj,g úi÷ï fiùu" kj .eg,q y÷kd .ekSu" mqfrdal:kh lsÍu
yd tajd l<ukdlrKh lsÍu isÿ flf¾'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 33 jðr úl%uisxy

ÿria: ixfõok ls%hdj,sfha oS fhdod .kakd l%ufõo

I. ÿria: ixfõok fõÈld

II. .=jka PdhdrEm ;dCIKh

III. Pkaøsld ;dCIKh

I. ÿria: ixfõok fõÈld

ixfõo l%shdj,sh i|yd wjYH lrk WmlrK /f.k hk jdyl ñka woyia fõ'
fuu fõÈldj, we;s ixfõol yryd jia;+ka u.ska mrdj¾;kh$úfudapkh lrk úoHq;a pqïNl
úlsrK .%yKh lr .ekSu;a" tajd y÷kd .ekSu;a" má.; lr.ekSu;a isÿ lrhs'

ÿria: ixfõok l%shdj,sfha oS jia;k

+ a m%;soSmkh lrk iajNdjh wkqj ixfõol
wdldr folls'

i. wl%sh ixfõol - ksÍCIKh flfrk jia;= u.ska iajNdúlj u

ksl=;a flfrk fyda mrdj¾:kh flfrk úoHq;a pqïNl
Yla;sh uekSfuka isÿflfrk ixfõok l%uh wl%sh ixfõoh
hs' fuysoS m%Odk Yla;s m%Njh f,i iQ¾hhd l%shd lrhs'

wl%sh ixfõol i|yd WodyrK # ùäfhda leurd iy .=jka leurd (Video and Aerial Cmeras)

nyqj¾Kdj,s iqmsßlailh (Multispectral Scanner)

;dmc iqmßCIlh (Thermal Scanner)

ii. il%sh ixfõol - ixfõol moaO;sh ;=<ska u úoHq;a pqïNl Yla;sh

b,lal.; jia;=j fj; fhduq lr tu.ska mrdj¾;kh lrk
;rx. weiqßka f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï l%uh hs' fuysoS Ndú; jk
il%sh ixfõol lsysmhls'

• f,ai¾ iqmßCIlh (Laser Scanner)

• f¾vd¾ WÉPudkh (Rader Altimeter)
• f¾vd¾ m%;sìïndhkh (Imaging Rader)

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 34 jðr úl%uisxy

 wl%sh yd il%sh ixfõolj, jdis yd wjdis

wl%sh ixfõol il%sh ixfõol

jdis jdis

.%ykh lr.; yels ;rx. wdhdu mrdih CIqø ;rx. Ndú; lrk ksid ld,.=K
úYd, h'^oï meyefha isg wfOdarla; lsrK ;;a;ajhkaj,ska ndOd we;s fkdfõ'
olajd&
iQ¾hdf,dalh wjYH fkdjk neúka Èjd rd;%S
iajhxl%Sh l%shdj,shla ksid WmlrKh u.ska ld, foflysoSu o;a; ,nd .; yelsh'
wu;r Yla;shla wjYH fkdfõ'
f¾vd¾ lsrK ;=re jeiau úksúo hk neúka
oDYH wdf,dalh Ndú; jk ksid wjldYSh mi ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< yelsh'
,CIK uekúka igyka fõ'

wjdis wjdis

l%shd;aul úh yelafla Èjd ld,fha oS muKs' úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla jeh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhkaf.ka ndOd we;s fõ' f¾vd¾ ix{d u.ska wjldYSh ,CIK /ia
lsÍfï yelshdj fkdue;'

úYaf,aIK ixlS¾K jk w;r úhou o

jeäh'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 35 jðr úl%uisxy

 fõÈld (Platforms)

N+ñfha wE; isg f;dr;=re .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd ixfõol WmlrK

by< ia:dr lrd /f.k hk fldgi fõÈld f,i ye|skafõ'

WodyrK # pkaøsld" ne,Qk" .=jka hdkd" fv%dak hdkd

fõÈld ia:dk.; lr we;s wdldrh wkqj m%Odk j¾. ;=kls'

i. N+ñ mdol fõÈld

ii. jdir fõÈld
iii. wNHjldY fõÈld

i. N+ñ mdol fõÈld

N+ñh u; .uka lrk jdykhlg iïnkaO lr we;s

Wie;s l=¿kla u; ixfõol iú fldg th fõÈldj f,i
fhdod .kS'

fuh wvq Wkak;dxY ÿria: ixfõo l%uhls'

Ndú; lrk wjia:d # mdxY= ¥IKh wOHhkh

;=reúhka wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd

ii. jdir fõÈld

.=jfka isg N+ f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug Ndú;

lrk WmlrK iu. .=jka.; flfrk .=jka
hdkd" fy,sfldmagr" ne,Qk" fv%dak hdkd wdÈh
fï hg;g .efka'

.=jka PdhdrEm yd ,hsvd ;dCIKh weiqßka

f;dr;=re tl;= lrk w;r ixfõol WmlrK
f,i .=jka leurd iy f¾vd¾ ixfõol Ndú;
lrhs'

jdir fõÈldj, úfYaI;ajh kï tajdfha mshdir Wi fjkia lrñka wjYH mßudKj,ska

PdhdrEm ,nd.; yels ùuhs'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 36 jðr úl%uisxy

 iii. wNHjldY fõÈld

fmd<j uÜgfï isg lsf,da ógr 250 - 36"000 w;r jQ by< wyfia .uka lrk ish,q u wNHldY
hdkd óg wh;a fõ'

tajd .uka lrk Wi wkqj my; mßÈ fõ'

• wcgdldY hdkd (250km – 300km)

• wcgdldY uOHia:dk (300km – 400km)

• my< uÜgfï pkaøsld (700km – 1500km)

• by< uÜgfï pkaøsld (36,000km)

pkaøsld ksYaÑ; Wilska hq;= j .uka lrk neúka PdhdrEmj, úfNaokh ksjerÈj u mej;Su
úfYaI jdishls'

pkaøsldj, fõosldj ia:djr j mj;sk neúka .=jka PdhdrEmj,g idfmaCIj pkaøsld m%;sìïnhl
cdñ;sl fodaI o wju fõ'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 37 jðr úl%uisxy

 pkaøsld j¾.
N+ ia:djr $N+ iuld,Sk pkaøsld O%ej lCI pkaøsld

• mDÓúfha iul ;,hg wNsuqLj lsf,da ógr • mDÓúfha isg 600km - 800km w;r Wilska
36"000l muK by< llaIhl .uka lrhs' iulhg 800 - 1000 w;r wdk;shlska fuu
pkaøsld .uka lrhs'
• mDÓú N%uK fõ.hg iudk j .uka lrhs'
• fuu pkaøsld Èklg lsysm jrla mDÓúfha
• fï ksid mDÓúfha msysàug idfmaCIj
hï ia:dkhlg by<ska .uka lrhs'
pkøsldfõ msysàu o ia:djr fõ'
• iEu úg u mDÓú N%uKhg idfmaCI j .uka
• tneúka N+ñfha tlu m%foaYhla iEu úg u
lrhs' tkï iQ¾hhdg iuuqyq¾; lCIj,
.%yKh lr .kS'
.uka lrhs'

• N+ñfha isg jeä ÿrlska msysgqjd we;s ksid

• tneúka tajd zziQ¾h iuld,Sk pkaøsldZZ
o¾Yk m%foaYh o úYd, h'
f,i o y÷kajhs'

• Ndú; lrk wjia:d

• ÿria: ixfõok lghq;= i|yd m%Odk

o ld,.=K f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu (GEOS, jYfhka Ndú; jkafka fuu iQ¾h iuld,Sk
Meteosat, INSAT) pkaøsld h'
o ikaksfõok lghq;=
• m<uq ÿria: ixfõok pkaøsldj - Landsat
o wdrCIl lghq;=

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 38 jðr úl%uisxy

 ÿria: ixfõofha Ndú;h
pkaøsld ish .Kkla u.ska úúO úoHq;a pqïNl Yla;s uÜgï .%yKh lrñka úúO
úfNaokj,ska ,nd .kakd pkaøsld o;a; Ndú;h b;d mq¿,a fCIa;% .Kkdjl jHdma;j mj;S' ta
wkqj fuu ;dCIKh nyq, j Ndú; lrk fCIa;% lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

uy mßudkfhka isÿ flfrk lDIsl¾udka;fha oS fN!;sl j ,.d ùug wmyiq fuka

u jeä ld,hla .; jk wjia:dj,oS ÿria: ixfõoh Ndú;hg .; yelsh' ta wkqj fnda.j,
j¾Okh" frda. jHdma;sh ms<sn| wOHhkh" j.dfjka ,nd.; yels wiajekak mqfrdal:kh lsÍu
jeks wjia:dj,oS fuu ;dCIKh fhdod .; yelsh' fuh WodyrKhlska meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

i. lDIsl¾udka;h
fylagdr lsysmhla úYd, ;sß`.= hdhla j.d lr we;s úfgl oS tys ish,qu m%foaY
wdjrKh jk mßÈ ksÍCIKh lsÍu wmyiqh' tneúka fv%dak hdkdjkla ^jdir fõÈld& fhdodf.k
j.d N+ñh ksÍCIKh l< yelsh' wk;=rej j.dfõ hï lDñ ydkshla fyda frda.hla ms<sn| j y÷kd
.;fyd;a Bg wjYH lrk lDñkdYl fyda fnfy;a øjH ieye,a,q .=jka hdkhla Ndú; lrñka
y÷kd.;a m%foaYhg .=jfka isg biSfuka j.d ydksh j<lajd .; yelsh'

tfuka u tla N+ñ tallhl wiajekak o fv%dak hdkhla Ndú; lr .Kkh l< miq
tl yd iudk j¾Okhla fnda.fhka fmkakqï lrkafka o hk j. ;yjqre lr .ekSfuka wk;=re j
iuia: j.d N+ñfha wiajekak ms<sn| mQ¾j wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yelsh'

fv%dak hdkhla Ndú;fhka fnda.hlg fv%dak hdkhla iúlr we;s ixfõolh

oshruh øjH bisk wdldrh u.ska j.dfõ .%yKh lr.; yels N+ñ
m%foaYh

ii. jk úoHdj
,.d úh fkdyels >k jkdka;rhl jDCI,;d y÷kd .ekSu" tajdfha j¾Okh ms<sn|
wOHhkh lsÍu" l,E lemSï" jkdka;r .sks;eîï" ,eõ .sKs wdosh ms<sn| j o ÿria: ixfõoh u.ska
f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsh'

WodyrKhla f,i ,eõ.skakla mj;sk wjia:djl tu m%foaYhg m%fõY ùug wmyiq

ksid .=jfka isg ,nd .kakd PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn wdÈh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka iq<f.a ÈYdjg

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 39 jðr úl%uisxy

idfmaCI j .skak me;sfrk ÈYdj" fõ.h hkdoS f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu tu ,eõ .skak md<kh
lsÍug jvd;a Wmldr fõ' 2019 jif¾ ´iafÜ%,shdfõ me;sreKq ,eõ.sks wjia:dfõ oS ÿria: ixfõok
;dCIKh nyq, j Ndú;hg .ekqKs'

my; oelafjkafka TiafÜ%,shdfõ ,eõ.sks wjia:dfõ oS ÿria: ixfõok l%uhg

pkaøsld ;dCIKh weiqßka ,nd .; PdhdrEm lssym
s hls'

iii. N+ úoHdj
N+ mdIdK y÷kd .ekSu" N+ mDIAGfha fN!;sl l%shdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh lsÍu" Lksc
iïm;a .fõIKh hkdoS ld¾hhkaj,oS ÿria: ixfõok ;dCIKh fhdod .kS' ta wkqj by<
wNHjldYfhka lCI.; lr we;s pkaøsld Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka mDÓú wNHka;rfha we;s Lksc øjH
fidhd .kS'

WodyrKhla jYfhka Èhuka;s" r;a;rka wdoS Lksc lekSï j,oS w;S;fha oS N+ñfha
isria lekSulska ,nd .; mia idïm, Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka b,a,ï y÷kd .;a; o j¾;udkh jk
úg tu ld¾hhka pkaøsld ;dCIKh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka jvd;a myiqfjka isÿ lrhs'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 40 jðr úl%uisxy

 iv. id.r úoHdj
uE; ld,Sk j id.r úoHdfõ oS o ÿria: ixfõo ;dCIKh Ndú;hg .kS' mDÓú
u;=msg úYd, u tallh jk id.ßl m%foaY ms<sn| .fõYkh lsÍfï oS úfYaIfhka pkaøsld
;dCIKh Wmfhda.S lr .kS' ukao id.ßl m%foaYj, f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï myiq u wdldrh
pkaøsld ;dCIKh ùuhs'

ta wkqj id.r m;a, .fõIKh" id.r iïm;a$u;aiH iïm;a .fõIKh wdoS

wd¾Óluh wjYH;d i|yd id.ßl m%foaY .fõIKh lrk w;r u l=Kdgq" iq<s iq<x" t,aksfkda
;;a;aj wdoS iajNdúl Wmøj ms<sn| j .fõIKh lsÍfï oS ÿria: l%ufõohla f,i pkaøsld
;dCIKh jvd;a ld¾hCIu fõ'

v. ld,.=K úoHdj
ld,.=K mqfrdal:k bÈßm;a
lsÍu" jdhqf.da,Sh ;;a;aj wOHhkh lsÍu"
kdúl yd .=jka lghq;= hkdÈh i|yd ÿria:
ixfõok ;dCIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ksS' ta wkqj
f.dvìu yd id.r hk wjia:djka foflysoS u
Èjd rd;%S fNaohlska f;dr j jdhqf.da,Sh
;;a;ajhka ksÍCIKh lrñka ld,.=K
uOHia:dk fj; f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk
lrkafka pkaøsld ;dCIKh ^wNHjldY fõÈld& Wmfhda.S lr.ksñks'

WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a jdhqf.da,h ;=< isÿjk fjkialï fya;=fjka we;s

jk iq<s l=Kdgq ;;ajhka ms<sn| mQ¾j y÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska tu iq<s l=Kdgqj ,`.djk f.dvìï
m%foaYh iy l=Kdgqfõ fõ.h y÷kdf.k yels blaukska ck;dj tu m%foaYj,ska bj;a lr
wdmodfjka isÿ jk ydksh wju lr .; yelsh'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 41 jðr úl%uisxy

 vi. .a,eishr úoHdj
f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu;a iu. uE;ld,Sj .a,eishrj, l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| j wOHhkh
lsÍu jvd;a mq¿,a j isÿ flfrñka mj;S' tys oS úYd, whsia hdhka fj; fN!;sl ,`.d ùug
fkdyels ksid fndfyda úg fhdod .kafka ÿria: ixfõoh hs' ta wkqj jir lsysmhla ;=< ,nd.;a
pkaøsld m%;sìïn fhdod .ksñka ld,Sk j isÿ jk .a,eishr Ldokh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re .fõYkh
lsÍfï yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'

vii. is;shï úoHdj

is;shï úoHdfõ oS
m%Odk jYfhka ÿria:
ixfõo ;dCIKh Ndú;hg
.kakd wdldr lsysmhls' N+
,CIK is;shï i|yd o;a;
iemhSu" N+ñ mßfNda. yd N+
jeiau ms<sn| wOHhkh
hkdoS lreKq ms<sn|
wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd fuu
;dCIKh fhdod .kS'

is;shï ieliSfï oS uq,a ld,Skj .=jka PdhdrEmlrKh fhdod .;a w;r uE; ld,Skj
pkaøsld m%;sìïn fhdod .ekSu mq¿,a ù we;' ta wkqj N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh wdY%fhka is;shï
ieliSfï oS pkaøsld m%;ì
s ïn fhdod .kakd w;r N+ ,CIK is;shïj, f;dr;=re ;yjqre lr .ekSu
i|yd ÿria: ixfõo l%uhla f,i .=jka PdhdrEm fhdod .kS'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 42 jðr úl%uisxy

 .=jka PdhdrEmlrKh

jdir fõÈldjl isg leurdjla u.ska N+ñfha PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSfï

l%uh .=jka PdhdrEmlrKh f,i y÷kajhs' leurdfõ m%ldY wlaIfha msysàu wkqj
fïjd isria" ;sria fyda we, .=jka PdhdrEm f,i j¾. flf¾'

.=jka PdhdrEm iy is;shula w;r fjkilï

.=jka PdhdrEmh is;shu

uOH m%lafIamKhls' ^N+ jia;= u.ska ksl=;a ,ïn m%lafIamKhls'

lrk ish,qu wdf,dal lsrK m%lafIamK
is;shu mqrd mßudKh talldÍj mj;S'
,CIhla ;=<ska .uka lr m%;sìïnh ilia
lrk ksid& N+ úia;r ir, lr ixfÄ; u.ska fmkajd
we;'
taldldr mßudKhla ke;'
is;shu úúrKh lr we;'
N+ñh ;=< olakg ,efnk wx. ta whqßka u
oelafõ'

újrKh lr.; hq;= j we;'

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 43 jðr úl%uisxy

 .=jka PdhdrEmhla iy pkaøsld m%;sìïnhla w;r fjkilï

.=jka PdhdrEmh is;shu

úoHq;a pqïnl Yla;sfha oDYH wdf,dal úoHq;a pqïNl Yla;sfha úYd, mrdihlg
l,dmh PdhdrEmhg yiqlr .kS' ixfõoS fõ'

leurdj yd fiahd mg, Ndú;hg .kS' ixfõol Wmlrk fuysoS Ndú;hg .efka'

ridhksl l%u u.ska wdf,dal ixfõoS fiahd bf,lafg%dksl j igyka lr .kakd o;a;
mg, u; m%;siu o;a; ^ffoYsl o;a;& f,i ixLHdxlsl o;a; njg iajhxl%sSh j fmr<sh
úia;r igyka lr.kS' yelsh'

fuu.ska wdjrKh flfrkafka l=vd N+ñ úYd, N+ñ m%foaYhla fuu.ska wdjrKh
m%foaYhls' flf¾'

b;d iúia;r j f;dr;=re yiqlr .; yelsh' PdhdrEmhlg idfmaCI j igyka jk úia;r

m%udKh wvq jk w;r m%;sìïNfha úfNaokh
.=jka PdhdrEm kej; kej; ,nd .ekSfï oS
u; th r|d mj;S'
ld,h yd Okh jeh lsÍug isÿ ùu
wjdishls' pkaøsld ksÍCIK kej; kej;;a isÿ jk
neúka úia;r hdj;ald,Sk fõ'
whym;a ld,.=K ;;a;ajhkaj, oS PdhdrEm
,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu o wjdishls' ld,.=K ;;a;ajhkaf.a n,mEu iSñ; h'
^wfOdarla; lsrKj,g j<dl=¿j,ska ndOd
we;s fõ'&

***

kj is;shï úoHd;aul l%uYs,am 44 jðr úl%uisxy