Object-Oriented Programming

Chapter 3

Decision Making and Conditional Statement

Introduction

Decision making and conditional statement allow you to control the flow
of your program's execution. If left unchecked by control-flow statements, a
program's logic will flow through statements from left to right, and top to bottom.
While some very simple programs can be written with only this unidirectional flow,
and while some flow can be controlled by using operators to regulate
precedence of operations, most of the power and utility of any programming
language comes from its ability to change statement order with structures and
loops.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the chapter the students should be able:

 Use relational and equality operators.
 Use logical and comparison operators.
 Use if..else statements.
 Use switch, continue, and break statements.
 Use while and do..while loops.
 Use for loops.

Start your lesson here.

Flowchart Structure

Programmers often use a flowchart, a tool that helps them plan a program’s
logic in diagram form, as a series of shapes connected by arrows. There are two
types of logical structure; sequence structure and decision structure. The diagrams
below show the structure representation.

Sequence Structure Decision Structure

 Object-Oriented Programming

To differentiate,
Sequence Structure is a code structure where the statements are executed
in sequence, without branching off in another direction
while the Decision Structure is a control structure that allows different parts
of a program to execute depending on the exact situation. Usually, decisions are
controlled by boolean expressions. In Java, (and other programming languages
like Python and C/C++/C#) decision structures begin with the reserved word if.

Relational Operators

A relational operator, also called a comparison operator compares the

values of two operands based on a certain condition and returns a boolean value:
True or False. These are often used to create a test expression that controls
program flow. This type of expression is also known as Boolean expression because
they create a Boolean answer or value when evaluated. The table below lists the
six common relational operators that give a Boolean value by comparing
(showing the relationship) between two operands.

Operator Description True example False example

< Less than 5 < 10 10 < 5
> Greater than 10 > 5 5 > 10
== Equal to 10 == 10 5 == 10
<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 5 10 <= 5
>= Greater than or equal to 10 >= 5 5 >= 10
!= Not equal to 5 != 10 5 != 5

The table below shows examples and its corresponding results.

Operator Use Result

> op1 > op2 True if op1 is greater than op2, otherwise false
>= op1 >= op2 True if op1 is greater than equal to op2, otherwise false
< op1 < op2 True if op1 is less than op2, otherwise false
<= op1 <= op2 True if op1 is less than equal to op2, otherwise false
== op1 == op2 True if op1 and op2 are equal, otherwise false
!= op1 != op2 True if op1 and op2 are not equal, otherwise false
 Object-Oriented Programming

Thinking Box:
Now check your answers against the Answer key. If you got atleast 95%
of the items correctly, proceed to the next Activity. If not, carefully
review the lessons to help you understand the concepts better.
Concentrate on the parts that cover the questions you missed. After
this, you are very much ready to proceed to the next learning activity.

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources

To supplement the lesson in this module, you may visit the following links:
 https://www.programiz.com/java-programming
 https://www.javatpoint.com
 https://beginnersbook.com/2017

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

In this lesson, Teaching and learning is mediated through the use of

technology like print, audio, video and the internet. Students interact with their
instructors and each other through virtual classrooms, email, and web
conferencing. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom shall be used for the
purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, Self-directed (SeDI) a learning management
system shall be used to upload the module and to allow asynchronous discussion
with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission of the
requirements.

ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Using relational Operators

Create a Java Program that will display results based on the declared
integers: number1 = 50, number2 = 70 and number3 = 100. Use some
of the relational operators to provide Boolean results.

The expected Output is:

Integers:
number1 = 50
number2 = 70
number3 = 100

Truth Table:
 Object-Oriented Programming

number1 > number2 = False

number1 >= number3 = True
number2 < number1 = False
number2 <= number3 = True
number3 == number1 = False
number3 != number2 = True

Start your lesson here.

Logical Operators

Logical operators are operators that determine if a particular condition is

satisfied. The three basic logical operators are and, or, and not. The logical
operators compare Boolean expressions and return a Boolean result. The and and
or operators take two operands, and the not operator takes a single operand.

There are two kinds of logical operators: bitwise logical operators and short-
circuit logical operators.

 Bitwise logical operators manipulate the bits of an integer (byte, short,

char, int, long) value.
Operator Operation Use
& and op1 & op1
| or op1 | op2
^ xor op1 ^ op2
! not (Boolean !op
inversion)

 Short-circuit logical operators operate on the Boolean types. The

outcome of these operators are Boolean (true or false).

Operator Name Usage Outcome

&& Short-circuit logical op1 && op2 True if op1 and op2 are both
AND true, otherwise false,
Conditionally evaluates op2.
|| Short-circuit logical OR op1 || op2 True if either op1 or op2 is
true, otherwise false.
Conditionally evaluates op2.

Note: Bitwise logical operators always evaluate both op1 and op2 before returning
an answer unlike Short-circuit logical operators that if the op1 is false, the operator
never evaluates op2 because the result of the operator will be false regardless of
the value of op2.
 Object-Oriented Programming

Using Boolean and (&&) Operator

The and operator is also known as a Boolean multiplication – meaning all of

the conditions must be TRUE. This means that no matter how many TRUE conditions
are there, if there is just one FALSE condition, then the result is FALSE. Here is the
truth table for the Boolean and (&&, &) operator.

Condition1 Condition 2 Result

True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Note: The basic difference between && and & operators: the && supports short-
circuit evaluation (or partial evaluations), while & does not.

Using Boolean or (||) Operator

The or (||) operator is also known as a Boolean addition. This means that
one TRUE condition is enough for the result to be TRUE. Here is the truth table for
|| or | operator:

Condition1 Condition 2 Result

True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

Note: The basic difference between || and | operators: the || supports short-
circuit evaluation (or partial evaluations), while | doesn’t.

Using Boolean not (|!) Operator

The not (!) operator negates the result of any Boolean expression. Any
expression that evaluates as true become false when preceded by the not
operator accordingly. The logical not takes in one argument, wherein that
argument can be an expression, variable or constant.

Here is the truth table for not (!)operator:

Condition1 Result
True False
False True
 Object-Oriented Programming

Part I. True or False. Directions: Read each statement carefully; Write TRUE if
the statement is correct otherwise write FALSE. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number. (1 point each)
______1. Logical operator deals with connecting the Boolean values.
______2. The operator used for Short-circuit logical OR is &&.
______3. The operator used for Short-circuit logical AND is ||.

Part II. Multiple Choice. Directions: Select the letter of the correct answer
and write your answer on the space provided before the number. (1 point each)
______4. Used to combine more than one condition that may be true or false.
a. Short-circuit logical operator b. Logical operator
c. Bitwise logical operator
______5. Manipulate the bits of an integer (byte, short, char, int, long) value.
a. Short-circuit logical operator b. Logical operator
c. Bitwise logical operator

Part III. Directions: Evaluate the following expression. Write your answer on
the space provided before the number. (2 points each)
Where: a = 50 b = 25 c= 15
______1. (a > b)&& (a > b)
______2. (a == b) || (b + c)< c
______3. (c < b) && (b > a)
______4. (a < b) || (b > a)
______5. c != (a - b)

Part IV. Directions. Trace the output produced by the following statements.
Write your answer on the space provided. (5 points each)

1. What output is produced by the following statements?

System.out.println (false); Answer: _________________________

System.out.println (7 < 0); _________________________
System.out.println (7 > 0); _________________________
int n =7; _________________________
System.out.println (n > 0); _________________________
 Object-Oriented Programming

2. What is the output of the following statement?

Int x = 3;
System.out.println (true && false); Answer: _________________________
System.out.println (true || false); _________________________
System.out.println (true || (x>0)); _________________________

Part V. Truth Table. Evaluate the following operands. Write the results on
the space provided. (1 point each)

A. Boolean AND operator

Operand 1 Operand 2 Result

True True 1. _____________
True False 2. _____________
False True 3. _____________
False False 4. _____________

B. Boolean OR operator

Operand 1 Operand 2 Result

True True 1. _____________
True False 2. _____________
False True 3. _____________
False False 4. _____________

C. Boolean NOT operator

Operand 1 Result
True 1. _____________
False 2. _____________

Thinking Box:
Now check your answers against the Answer key. If you got atleast 95%
of the items correctly, proceed to the next Activity. If not, carefully
review the lessons to help you understand the concepts better.
Concentrate on the parts that cover the questions you missed. After
this, you are very much ready to proceed to the next learning activity.

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources

To supplement the lesson in this module, you may visit the following links:
 https://www.programiz.com/java-programming
 Object-Oriented Programming

 https://www.javatpoint.com
 https://beginnersbook.com/2017
 https://www.w3schools.com/java

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

In this lesson, Teaching and learning is mediated through the use of

technology like print, audio, video and the internet. Students interact with their
instructors and each other through virtual classrooms, email, and web
conferencing. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom shall be used for the
purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, Self-directed (SeDI) a learning management
system shall be used to upload the module and to allow asynchronous discussion
with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission of the
requirements.

ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Using Logical and (&&) Operator

Make a Java program that will satisfy the condition set in the scenario
presented below using the logical AND operator.

For a college BSIT student to graduate, he or she needs to pass all subjects
AND to complete the capstone project. Using this scenario, let:

Condition 1 = Passed all subjects

Condition 2 = Completed the capstone project
Result: Graduate

B. Using the logical or (||) operator

Make a Java program that will satisfy the condition set in the scenario
presented below using the logical OR operator.

For the Computer Club’s event to be approved, the proposal must be

signed either by COLLEGE DEAN OR PROGRAM CHAIR. Using this scenario,
let:
Condition1 = Signature of the College Dean
Condition2 = Signature of the Program Chair
Result: Event is APPROVED
 Object-Oriented Programming

C. Using logical not (!) Operator

Make a Java program that will satisfy the condition set below using the
logical NOT operator.

If color is not ORANGE display message “You don’t belong”

Start your lesson here.

Decision Control Structures

Decision control structures are Java statements that allow us to select and
execute specific blocks of code while skipping other sections.

These are the three basic types of decision control structures:

 if–else statement
 nested if–else/ if-else if statement
 Use switch, continue, and break statements.

Using the if-else statement

The if-else statement is used when we want to execute a certain statement

if a condition is true, and a different statement if the condition is false.

The flowchart of the if-else statement is:

If-Else Statement Flowchart

True False
boolean_expression

Statement Statement

The if-else statement has the form/syntax:

if ( boolean_expression ) {
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
}Else{
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
 Object-Oriented Programming

Example:
int grade = 79;
if ( grade > 75 ) {
System.out.println(“Congratulations!”);
System.out.println(“ You Passed!”);
} else {
System.out.println(“Sorry you failed”);
}
Using the nested if-else statements

Within an if or an else statement, you can include other if and else

structures. Statements in which an if structure is contained inside another if
structure commonly are called nested if statements. Nested if statements are
particularly useful when two conditions must be met before some action is taken.

The flowchart of the nested if–else/ if-else if statement is:

If-Else if Statement Flowchart

True False
Boolean_ex
pr1

Statement True False

Boolean_ex
pr2

Statement Statement

The nested if–else/ if-else if statement has the form/syntax:

if( boolean_expression1 ){
statement1;
} else if ( boolean_expression2 ){
statement2;
} else {
statement3;
}

Example:

int grade = 68;

if ( grade > 90 ) {
 Object-Oriented Programming

System.out.println(“Very Good!”);
} else if ( grade > 60 ) {
System.out.println(“Good!”);
} else {
System.out.println(“Sorry you failed”);
}

Part II. Directions. Trace the output of the following code fragments. Write
your answer on the space provided. (5 points each)

1. What output is produced by the following codes?

int time = 2, tide =3;

if (time + tide) > 6
System.out.println (“Time and tide wait for no one.”);
else
System.out.println (“Tide and time wait for me.”);

Output: ___________________________________________________

2. What output is produced by the following codes?

int time = 4, tide =3;

if (time + tide > 6)
System.out.println (“Time and tide wait for no one.”);
else
System.out.println (“Tide and time wait for me.”);

Output: ___________________________________________________

Thinking Box:
Now check your answers against the Answer key. If you got atleast 95%
of the items correctly, proceed to the next Activity. If not, carefully
review the lessons to help you understand the concepts better.
Concentrate on the parts that cover the questions you missed. After
this, you are very much ready to proceed to the next learning activity.

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources

To supplement the lesson in this module, you may visit the following links:
 http://iiti.ac.in/people/~tanimad/JavaTheCompleteReference.pdf
 http://www.java.sun.com
 Object-Oriented Programming

 www.Callingallinnovators.com

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

In this lesson, Teaching and learning is mediated through the use of

technology like print, audio, video and the internet. Students interact with their
instructors and each other through virtual classrooms, email, and web
conferencing. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom shall be used for the
purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, Self-directed (SeDI) a learning management
system shall be used to upload the module and to allow asynchronous discussion
with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission of the
requirements.
ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Using if-else statement

Write a Java application that asks the user to input two numbers. If
the first number entered is greater than the second number, the program
should print the message “The first number is greater”, else it should print the
message “The first number is smaller”. And if the two numbers entered are
equal, it will display “invalid”.

B. Using Nested if-else statement

1. Write a Java application that asks a user to enter an IQ score. If

the score is a number less than 0 or greater than 200, issue an
error message; otherwise, issue an “Above average” for scores
over 100, “Average” for score at 100 or “Below average” for
scores under 100.

2. Supposed a number is a variable of type int that has been given

a value. Write a nested if-else statements that outputs the word
“High” if number is greater than 10, “Low” if number is less than 5,
and “So-so” if number is anything else.
 Object-Oriented Programming

Start your lesson here.

The Switch statement

The switch statement allows branching on multiple outcomes. It is a

selection statement that means when used, it can select one value among many
values. Also, an alternative to use the series of nested if statements is to use the
switch statement.

The diagram below shows the flowchart of the switch statement.

Switch Statement Flowchart

True
Case_Selector1 Block 1
Statement Break

False

True Block 2
Case_Selector2 Break
Statement

False

True Block 3
Case_Selector3
Statement Break

False

Default

The switch statement has the form/syntax:

switch ( switch_expression ) {
case case_selector1:
statement1;
statement2;
break;
case case_selector2:
statement1;
statement2;
 Object-Oriented Programming

where:
switch_expression - is an integer or character expression
case_selector1 and 2 - are unique integer or character constants

When a switch is encountered: It will first evaluate the switch_expression,

and jumps to the case whose selector matches the value of the expression. The
program executes the statements in order from that point on until a break
statement is encountered, skipping then to the first statement after the end of the
switch structure.
If none of the cases are satisfied, the default block is executed. Take note
however, that the default part is optional. A switch statement can have no default
block.

Example for switch

public class grade

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int grade = 90;
switch (grade){
case 100:
System.out.println (“Excellent!”);
break;
case 90:
System.out.println (“Good job!”);
break;
case 80:
System.out.println (“Study harder!);
break;
default
System.out.println (“Sorry, you failed.”);
}
}
}

Notes:
 When a case in a switch statement has been matched, all the statements
associated with that case are executed. Not only that, the statements
associated with the succeeding cases are also executed.
 Object-Oriented Programming

 To prevent the program from executing statements in the subsequent

cases, we use a break statement as our last statement.

Directions. Trace the output of the following code fragments. Write your answer
on the space provided. (5 points each)

1. What output is produced by the following codes?

int code = 2;
switch (code)
{
case 1:
System.out.println (“Hello”);
break;
case 3:
System.out.println (“Good bye”);
break;
default:
System.out.println (“Till we meet again”);
break;
}
Output:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

2. Suppose you change the code in Question #1 so that the first line is the
following:
int code = 1;
What output would be produced?

Output:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

3. What output is produced by the following codes?

 Object-Oriented Programming

char letter = ‘B”;

switch (letter)
{
case: ‘A’:
case: ‘a’:
System.out.println (“Some kind of A”);
case: ‘B’:
case: ‘b’:
System.out.println (“Some kind of B”);
break;
default:
System.out.println (“Something else”);
break;
}

Output:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

4. What output is produced by the following codes?

int key = 1;
switch (key + 1)
{
case 1:
System.out.println (“Cake”);
break;
case 2:
System.out.println (“Pie”);
break;
case 3:
System.out.println (“Ice cream”);
break;
case 4:
System.out.println (“Cookies”);
break;
default:
System.out.println (“Diet time”);
}
Output:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

5. Supposed you change the code in Question #4 so that the first line is the
following:
int key = 3;
What output would be produced?
 Object-Oriented Programming

Output:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Thinking Box:
Now check your answers against the Answer key. If you got atleast 95%
of the items correctly, proceed to the next Activity. If not, carefully
review the lessons to help you understand the concepts better.
Concentrate on the parts that cover the questions you missed. After
this, you are very much ready to proceed to the next learning activity.

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources

To supplement the lesson in this module, you may visit the following links:
 https://www.programiz.com/java-programming
 https://www.javatpoint.com
 https://beginnersbook.com/2017
 https://www.w3schools.com/java

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

In this lesson, Teaching and learning is mediated through the use of

technology like print, audio, video and the internet. Students interact with their
instructors and each other through virtual classrooms, email, and web
conferencing. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom shall be used for the
purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, Self-directed (SeDI) a learning management
system shall be used to upload the module and to allow asynchronous discussion
with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission of the
requirements.

ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Write an application that prompts user for two integers and then prompts
the user to enter an option. If the choice is 1, add the two integers. If it is 2,
subtract the second integer from the first. If it is 3, multiply the integers.
Display the results of the arithmetic.

B. Write a program for a furniture company; the program determines the price
of a table. Ask the user to choose 1 for pine, 2 for oak or 3 for mahogany.
The output is the name of the wood chosen as well as the price of the table.
Pine table cost Php100, oak tables cost Php250 and mahogany table cost
Php500. If the user enters invalid wood code set the price to 0.
 Object-Oriented Programming

Start your lesson here.

Loop

A loop is a structure that allows repeated execution of a block of

statements called loop body. Within a looping structure, a Boolean expression is
evaluated. As long as the Boolean expression is true, the statements in the loop
body continue to execute. The diagram presented below shows the loop
structure.

Using a while loop

A while loop can be used to execute a body of statements continually as

long as the Boolean expression that controls the entry into the loop continues to
be true. The syntax for the while loop is as follows:

while (loop boolean_expression) {

//loop body
statement(s);
}

The statements inside the while loop are executed as long as the
boolean_expression evaluates to true.
 Object-Oriented Programming

For example, given the code fragment,

int i = 4;
while ( i > 0 ) {
System.out.print ( i );
i--;
}

The sample code shown will print 4321 on the screen. Take note that if the
line containing the statement i--; is removed, this will result to an infinite loop, or a
loop that does not terminate. Therefore, when using while loops or any kind of
repetition control structures, make sure that you add some statements that will
allow your loop to terminate at some point.

Using a do-while loop

The do-while loop is a variation of the while loop. The statements inside a
do-while loop are executed several times as long as the condition is satisfied. The
syntax for the do-while loop is as follows:

do{
//loop body
statement1;
statement2;
…
}while (boolean_expression);

The statements inside the do-while loop are first executed, and then the
condition in the boolean_expression part is evaluated. If this evaluates to true, the
statement inside the do-while loop are executed again.

Note: The main difference between a while and do-while loop is that, the
statements inside a do-while loop are executed at least once.

Using a for loop

A for loop is used when a definite number of loop iterations is required.

Although you can meet this requirement by using a while loop, the for loop
provides you a shorthand notation for this type of loop. The syntax for the for loop
is:
for (InitializationExpression; LoopCondition; StepExpression)
{
statement1;
statement2;
…
}
 Object-Oriented Programming

Where:
InitializationExpression Initialize the loop variable e.g. int value = 0
LoopCondition Compares the loop e.g. value < 5
variable to some limit value
StepExpression Updates the loop variable e.g. value++

A simple example of the for loop is,

int i;
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.print ( i );
}

Directions: Trace the output of the following code fragments. Write your answer
on the space provided.
1. What output will be produced by the following code?
Output:
for ( int n = 4; n > 0; n-- ){ __________________________
System.out.println (n); __________________________
} __________________________
__________________________
2. What output will be produced by the following code?
Output:
for (int a = 5; a < 8; a++){ __________________________
System.out.print (a); __________________________
} __________________________
__________________________
3. What output will be produced by the following code?
Output:
double test; __________________________
for (test = 0; test < 2; test = test + 0.5){ __________________________
System.out.println (test): __________________________
} __________________________

4. What output will be produced by the following code?

 Object-Oriented Programming

int count, innerCount;

for (count= 0; count <= 3; count++){
for (innerCount=0; innerCount < count; innerCount++){
System.out.println (innerCount);
}
}
Output:
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
5. What output will be produced by the following code?

int time;
for (time=1; time <=4; time++){
System.out.println (“One more time.”);
}
Output:
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________

Thinking Box:
Now check your answers against the Answer key. If you got atleast 95%
of the items correctly, proceed to the next Activity. If not, carefully
review the lessons to help you understand the concepts better.
Concentrate on the parts that cover the questions you missed. After
this, you are very much ready to proceed to the next learning activity.

Recommended Learning Materials and Resources

To supplement the lesson in this module, you may visit the following links:
 https://www.programiz.com/java-programming
 https://www.javatpoint.com
 https://beginnersbook.com/2017
 https://www.w3schools.com/java
 Object-Oriented Programming

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

In this lesson, Teaching and learning is mediated through the use of

technology like print, audio, video and the internet. Students interact with their
instructors and each other through virtual classrooms, email, and web
conferencing. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom shall be used for the
purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, Self-directed (SeDI) a learning management
system shall be used to upload the module and to allow asynchronous discussion
with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission of the
requirements.

ASSESSMENT TASK

A. Using the while loop statement, create a program that prints your name a
Fifty times.

B. Using the do-while loop statement, create a program that prints your
name a hundred times.

C. Write a program using the for loop that will output the phrase “I love
Programming” to the screen 10 times. Also, give any declarations or
initializing statements that are needed.

D. Write a for loop statement that writes out the even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, and
10. The output should put each number on a separate line.

E. Using a for loop, write an application that sums the integers from 1 to 50
(that is, 1 + 2 + 3 + …. + 50).

References:
1. https://www.programiz.com/java-programming
2. https://www.javatpoint.com
3. https://beginnersbook.com/2017
4. https://www.w3schools.com/java
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
6. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java
Object-Oriented Programming