Relation of other Art Forms and History in the Classical Music

HISTORY IN THE CLASSICAL MUSIC

– Much of the early music was generated to serve the church and to glorify God. After
1700 music was created to express the intellectual ideals of the Age of Enlightenment,
and in the 19th century was used to express revolutionary sentiments both political and
artistic
– The most significant event in the West during the classical era were the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the American Declaration of Independence in 1776
and the American Revolution.
– Many of the major political and intellectual figures behind the American Revolution
associated themselves closely with the Enlightenment: Thomas Jefferson closely
followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment
into the Declaration of Independence; and James Madison incorporated these ideals into
the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787. The ideas of the Enlightenment
also played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789

– The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the American Revolution of 1776 and
the French Revolution of 1789—both had some intellectual influence from Thomas
Jefferson in real time.

– In the 18th century, the Philosophers and scientists attempted to break from the past and
replace the darkness and ignorance of European thought with the light of the truth. In the
literature, the spirit of democracy was ignited by the writings of thinkers such as Voltaire
and Thomas Jefferson. In their writings, they recommended that with the help of science
and democracy, people can choose their own fate.
– Intellectually, this era has also been labeled the “Age of Enlightenment.” Philosophers
such as Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu wrote of the value of the common person
and the power of human reasoning in overcoming the problems of the world. This
revolution in thinking inevitably led to conflict between the old order and new ideas. The
French and American revolutions in the last quarter of the eighteenth century were
stimulated by this new attitude

WHY CLASSICAL PERIOD (ALSO) CALLED AS THE AGE OF ENLIGTENMENT

– Because of the ideals of reason, objectivity, and scientific knowledge found in the
writings of Diderot, Voltaire, and Lessing that permeated all aspects of European society
and culture
– The Enlightenment Period is also referred to as the Age of Reason and the “long 18th
century”. It stretched from 1685 to 1815. The period is characterized by thinkers and
philosophers throughout Europe and the United States that believed that humanity could
be changed and improved through science and reason
– In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of philosophic and scientific activity
challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophical movement was led by
Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason as in
ancient Greece rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on
natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation
RELATION OF OTHER ART FORMS
– A time when the archaeological findings resulted the society to looking at the ancient
Greeks and Romans, for examples of order and ways of looking at life. The calm, beauty
and simplicity of this ancient art motivated the artists, architects and musicians to move
away from the excessively decorated standards of the Baroque period.
– The Classical period itself lasted from approximately 1775 to 1825. The name classical is
applied to the period because in art and literature, there was keen interest in, admiration
for, and emulation of the classical artistic and literary heritage of Greece and Rome
– In terms of music, the musicians moved from the heavily decorated style of the baroque
period and accepted the clean, uncluttered style of the Greeks and Roman. Instead of
using many melodies at the same time---like the Baroque period---the Classical
composers make a clear music in which one melody sings out while the other parts
provide a simple harmonic accompaniment.
– Music from the Classical period is distinctive in style from what preceded and followed
it. Some of the questions related to performance practice in Renaissance and Baroque
music are less complex because at this point in Music history we have much clearer and
more explicit indications from the composer concerning the tempo, dynamics, and
expressive qualities of the Music consideration
– From roughly 1750 to 1820, artists, architechs, and musicians moved away from the
heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo, and instead embraced a clean,
uncluttered style they thought reminiscent of Classical Greece.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BAROQUE AND CLASSICAL MUSIC

– Baroque music, with its emphasis on vertical structure and use of figured bass and basso
continuo, is characterized by frequent harmonic changes, sometimes on every beat
– Classical music changes chords much less frequently, giving it a more graceful sweep
and lightness of phrasing than that created by the pulsating feel of a harpsichordist

The classical period is called as the “Golden Age of the Music.” In the period, the musical forms
are the Sonata, Concerto, Symphony, String quartet and Classical opera.

SONATA- Musical genre, Sonata, in music, literally means a piece played as opposed to
a cantata, a piece sung. The term evolved through the history of music, designating a
variety of forms until the classical era, when it took on increasing importance.
 CONCENTRO- Concerti or Concertos, in plural, since about 1750, a musical
composition for instruments in which a solo instrument is set off against an orchestral
ensemble. The soloist and ensemble are related to each other by alternation, competition
and combination.

SYMPHONY- A lenghty form of musical composition for orchestra, normally consisting

of several large sections or movements, at least one of which usually employs sonata(also
called first-movement form)

STRING QUARTET- It can refer to either a typr of musical composition or a group of

four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote
striing quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinist, a violists and
a cellis

CLASSICAL OPERA- A staged drama set to music in it’s entirety, made up of vocal
pieces with instrumental accompaniment and usually with orchestral overture and
interludes.

For the first time, during the Classical period most of the important stylistic advances that
occurred can be observed most clearly in the instrumental forms: the symphony,
concerto, sonata, and in instrumental chamber music (e.g., the Beethoven string quartets).

QUIZ

1. The Classical Period is also called as __________.

a. Age of Reason b. Age of Delightment c. Age of Enlightenment
2. The significant events during the classical period are French Revolution, Declaration of
American Independence, American Revolution and _______.
a. World War II b. EDSA Revolution c. Napoleonic Wars
3. Name one philosopher that was mentioned earlier.

4. Classical Period lasted approximately ____

a. 1775-1825 b. 1774-1823 c. 1627-1825
5. Classical Music, with it’s emphasis on vertical structure and use of figured bass and basso
continuo, is characterized by frequent harmonic changes, sometimes on every beat .
a. True b. False
6. Artists, architects and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of
Renaissance and Rococo.
a. True b. False c. Not Literally
7. In the classical period, the musical forms are Concerto, Symphony, Sonata, Classical Opera
and _____?
a. Oratorio b. Fugue c. String Quartet
8. The classical composers make a clearc in which one melody sings out while the other parts
provide a simple harmonic accompaniment.
a. False b. True c. Maybe
 9. Why Classical Period also called as the “Age of Enlightenment”?
a. They just want to
b. Because this period enlighten people
c. Because of the ideals of reason, objectivity and scientific knowledge
10. The classical period is called as ______?
a. Age of Enlightenment
b. Age of Reason
c. Golden Age of Music

Improvised Musical Instruments

The musical instruments in Classical period

- The musical instruments during the Classical period are basically divided into four. The
String, Percussion, Woodwind, and Brass instrument.

The Strings
-In this group of instruments, the violin, viola, cello and double bass are the common examples.
The methods of playing the instruments are plucking the strings with fingers or a plectrum and
hitting the strings with light wooden hammer or by rubbing the string with the bow.

Violin- The violin, sometimes known as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone (string instrument) in
the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body.

Viola- The viola is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques.
Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound.

Cello- The cello or violoncello is a bowed string instrument of the violin family. Its four strings
are usually tuned in perfect fifths: from low to high, C₂, G₂, D₃ and A₃.

Double bass- The double bass, also known simply as the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched
bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra.

The Woodwinds
-This family of instruments is composed of tubes that have opening
on one end and a mouthpiece at the other. The keys sre rows of
holes covered by metal caps. The sound change happens depending
on the air leaving the instrument. The instruments under this
in descending general tone order are flute piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and finally the
saxophone.

Flute- The flute is a family of classical music instrument in the woodwind group. Like all
woodwinds, flutes are aerophones, meaning they make sound by vibrating a column of air.

Clarinet- The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. The instrument has a
nearly cylindrical bore and a flared bell, and uses a single reed to produce sound.

Bassoon- The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family, which plays in the
tenor and bass ranges. It is composed of six pieces, and is usually made of wood.

Oboe- The oboe is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of
wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin, or hybrid composites.

The most popular Woodwind instrument

- The saxophone is probably the woodwind that is most widely used across genres today.
As a matter of fact, it crosses into just about every musical genre, from classical
orchestras, to jazz bands, rock, pop, and even rap and hip-hop!

The Percussion
- This group of instruments produce sounds in three ways:
hitting, shaking or scraping. Percussion instrument can be tuned or untuned which affects in
generating notes. The tuned instruments deliver indefinite sounds or pitch.
The instruments that produce particular tune are the marimba,timpani, and xylophone while
indefinite pitch percussion instruments are the bass drum, cymbals and
snare drum.

The xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars
struck by mallets. Like the glockenspiel, the xylophone essentially consists of a set of tuned
wooden keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano.

The snare drum (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound
when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under
tension against the lower skin.
The bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The
instrument is typically cylindrical, with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's depth,
with a struck head at both ends of the cylinder.

Timpani or kettledrums are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum
categorised as a hemispherical drum, they consist of a membrane called a head stretched over a
large bowl traditionally made of copper.
A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin,
normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although
small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note (such as crotales).

The Brass
It is composed of long tubes which widen towards the end to form a
bell-like shape. The instruments produce sounds through blowing the
mouthpiece, thereby causing air to vibrate against the inner border of the
instrument. The valves are connected to the extended pipes and when
increasing the length of the pipe, it results to a lower sound. In changing the
tune, the player must change his lips opening on the mouthpiece to create variation. In this group
of instruments are trumpet, trombone, bass trombone, French horn, and tuba.

The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet
group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass
trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard B♭ or C trumpet.

In contemporary orchestras, concert bands, and brass ensembles, the trombone is crucial in
balancing the high trumpet sounds with the other performers. Their gentle tenor voice also
contribution

French horn- A brass instrument that was created in the 17th century from a straightforward
hunting horn and features a coiled tube, valves, and a large bell. To soften the tone and broaden
the spectrum of accessible harmonics, it is played with the right hand within the bell.

The lowest-pitched brass family musical instrument is the tuba. Similar to other brass
instruments, a buzz is created by the lips vibrating into a mouthpiece. One of the more recent
instruments in the contemporary orchestra and concert band, it made its debut in the middle of
the 19th century.

The Cornet Is the most used brass instrument

Despite this, the cornet is the most popular brass instrument, with around 30%
of brass performers using it. The cornet is similar to the trumpet. The cornet is comparable to the
trumpet, but it is distinguished by its conical bore,
compact form, and somber, rich tone quality.

In conclusion Any equipment designed or modified to

produce musical sounds is referred to as a musical instrument.
In theory, every item that makes sound can be categorized as a
musical instrument; the thing only acquires this classification through use.
An instrumentalist is a musician who plays an instrument,
and musical instruments are divided into four kind of instruments like string,
percussion, woodwind and brass

ARTS Week 2:
DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS AND
REPRESENTATIVE ARTISTS DURING RENAISSANCE AND
BAROQUE PERIOD
HISTORY OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD (AROUND FOURTEENTH-
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY)
- THE RENAISSANCE BEGAN IN FLORENCE, ITALY IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY CE AS A LITERARY MOVEMENT. WRITINGS OF THE
PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS WERE
EVENTUALLY ADAPTED TO THE VISUAL ARTS. ARTISTS COMBINED
CHRIRSTIAN INCONOGRAPHY WITH GREEK AND ROMAN SYMBOLISM AND
IMAGERY. THEY SPREAD GRADUALLY THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND WERE
EVENTUALLY ADAPTED TO THE VISUAL ARTS. ARTISTS COMBINED
CHRISTIAN INCONOGRAPHY WITH GREEK AND ROMAN SYMBOLISM AND
IMAGERY. THEY SPREAD GRADUALLY THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND WERE
ADOPTED IN VARYING DEGREES THE CATHOLIC CHURCH DURING THE
RENAISSANCE WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL AND WEALTHIEST
INSTITUTIONS IN EUROPE, ESPECIALLY IN ITALY THE CHURCH
COMMISSIONED ARTISTS TO CREATE ARTWORKS THAT WERE USED FOR
CHURCH DECORATION AND ICONOGRAPHY. THIS PERIOD PRODUCED
MANY OF THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE RELIGIOUS ARTWORKS IN CATHOLIC
TRADITION ARTIST ALSO FOUND PATRONAGE FROM WEALTHY
MERCHANT FAMILIES SUCH AS THE MEDICI, A RICH AND POLITICALLY
INFLUENTIAL DYNASTY WHO COMMISSIONED HUNDREDS OF PAINTINGS
AND SPONSORED MANY RENAISSANCE ARTISTS.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE
A. Classicism
- Artists used styles and techniques that were inspired by the classical arts of Greece and
rome. Poses and compositions of the artworks made by the ancient greek and roman were
replicated by the renaissance artists. An example is the contrapposto of the Greek statues.
Contrapposto means "counter pose" in English it is the positioning of a human figure
where the weight is placed on one foot while the shoulders and arms twist from the hips
and legs. The position gives the figure an impression of movement. The common subject
matter of the renaissance along with religious subject, was ancient Greek and Roman
mythology.

B. Humanism
- Humanism is a philosophy that believes "true human potential is achieved through
science and logic. Humanist believe that people can experience God through his greatest
creation, man.
- Renaissance men strived for self-betterment that resulted in developing proficiency and
skill in many fields and disciplines. Many Renaissance artists mastered the different
fields of art filippo Brunelleschi was an architect, goldsmith, sculptor, engineer and
mathematician. Leonardo da Vinci was skilled in architecture sculpting, painting, music,
engineer, literature, botany, among others
 - Renaissance artists applied science and math in their art. They studied human anatomy to
achieve artworks that follow correct proportion. Painstaking detail and effort were made
to study the muscles. Their information, and their relation with each other. Mathematics
was instrumental in the development of linear perspective.
- Nudity was also revived during the renaissance. It was common for renaissance
sculptures and paintings to showcase nude figures Renaissance artists went to great
lengths to faithfully recreate the human anatomy. Through nudity, artists were able to
showcase the beauty of the human form.

C. Individualism
- During the Renaissance, the concept of the importance of individually emerged. This
period gave significance to individual personality. Uniqueness and genuis. Weight was
given to the full development of one's talent. In visual arts. this characteristic was
reflected on the different fields of art. Freestanding statues rather than reliefs become
popular. Paintings that have single subject in the piece, like the Mona Lisa. Were
accepted. Although medieval art has artworks that depicted only one subject, these were
limited to saints and other holy figures.

D. Realism
- The renaissance artists sought to create artworks that were realistic. Humans were drawn
with facial expression and were lifelike humans and the devine were not depicted
differently. Backgrounds in painting made us of nature. Artists placed subjects in their
natural settings to give a sense of familiarity and realness to their work. This need for
realism helped the italian artist Filipino Brunelleschi develop linear perspectives. Linear
perspectives allows artists to draw figures in three dimentions on a two - dimensional
medium. By following the rules of linear perspectives, artists were able to draw objects
proportionately in relation to the other elements in the composition. This mastery of
perspective brought a depth of realism never seen in art before. Linear perspectives gives
an illusion of depth to an artwork objects that are near the viewer are bigger compared to
the objects that are farther away.

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARTISTS OFTEN PLACED THEIR SUBJECTS IN LARGE OF

OUTDOOR SPACES LIKE COURTYARD AND FOREST, MAKING THE PAINTINGS
FREE SPACIOUS AND LARGE.

PAINTING MODES OF THE RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS DEVELOPED FOUR DIFFERENT PAIMODES DURING THE
RENAISSANCE. THE FOUR CANONICAL PAINTING MODES USED MODELING
EFFECTS TO CREATE DIMENSIONALITY IN ART. THESE WERE SFUMATO, UNIONE,
CHIAROSCURO AND CANGIANTE.

THE FIRST IS CALLED SFUMATO. IT MEANS "SOFT OR BLURRED ". THUS PAINTING
MODE BLURS THE EDGES OF THE OUTLINES, CREATING TO TONAL VALIE. IT
GIVES AN APPEARANCE OF A HAZY LAYER ON THE ONES. LEONARDO DA VINCI,
USED THIS TECHNIQUE ON THE MINA LISA (1503-1507 CE), IN WHICH HE BLURRED
THE EDGES AND ELIMINATED THE STRONG OUTLINES. THE SUBTLE SHADING
TECHNIQUES IS ON3 OF THE REASONS FOR MONA LISA'S MYSTERIOUS SMILE.

UNI ONE IS SIMILAR WITH SFUMATO, BUT UNLIKE SFUMATO, THE COLOR,
INTENSITY IS NIT DILUTED. IT IS THE USE OF COLORS WITHOUT THE SEVERE
LINE. THIS TECHNIQUE USES GRADIENT CHANGES BETWEEN COLOR AND THE
LIGHT BLENDING ON THE EDGES BUT RETAINS THE OVERALL BRILLIANCE OF
THE COLORS. RAPHAEL USED RHUS TECHNIQUE ON HIS WORK ST. CATHERINE OF
ALEXANDRIA ( 1507 CE)

CHIAROSCURO MEANS "LIGHT AND DARK". THIS MODE USES STRONG CONTRAST
BETWEEN LIGHT AND DARK. THE STRONG CONTRAST CREATES A FOCAL POINT.
IT IS LIKE PAINTING A SPOTLIGHT ON A DARK SCENE. THIS PAINTING STYLE IS
HEAVILY USED WITH WITH THE SUCCEEDING ART STYLES OF THE MANNERIST
AND THE BAROQUE. A RENAISSANCE PAINTING TTHAT MAKES USE OF THIS
TECHNIQUE IS LEONARDO DA VINCI'S VIRGIN OF THE ROCKS (1483- 1486 CE).

CANGIANTE MEANS "TO CHANGE ". IT IS A PAINTING TECHNIQUE THAT RENDERS

SHADOWS BY REPLACING THE COLOR. CANDIANTE IS USED WHEN A PAINTER
USES ANOTHER HUE IN PLACE OD ANOTHER IF THE ORIGINAL COLOR CANNOT
BE MADE LIGHTER OR DARKER ENOUGH. THIS WAS USED BY MICHELANGELO IN
SOME PANELS OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL AS WELL AS FRA ANGELICO'S EARLY
RENAISSANCE WORK, PRESENTATION OF JESUS AT THE TEMPLE ( 1440 -1442 CE).

OTHER THAN CANVAS PAINTINGS, ANOTHER MEDIUM WHERE THESE PAINTINGS

MODES WERE SEEN FRESCOES. FRESCO IS A TECHNIQUE OF PAINTING ON WET
PLASTER. WATER IS ISED TO MAKE THE PIGMENT COMBINE WTIH TGE PLASTER,
AND WHEN IT SETS, IT CREATES A PAINTING THAT IS INTEGRATED ON THE
WALL.

ARTISTS OF THE RENAISSANCE

 - THE ARTIST OF THE RENAISSANCE ARE MULTITALENTED. THEY ARE
MASTER IN THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES AND MEDIA OF ART SUCH AS
PAINTINGS, SCULPTING AND EVEN IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.

MICHAELANGELO (1475 - 1564)- One of the most well-known Italian Renaissance artists was
Michaelangelo de Lodovicoa Buonarroti Simoni popular known as Michaelangelo. He was born
on March 6, 1475. Michaelangelo was a poet, painter, sculptor, and architect . He was a man of
many talents as many Renaissance artists were. He created a lot of masterpieces for the Catholic
Church, among his most well-known masterpieces are the Pieta and the painting on the Sistine
Chapel. He died in 1564 CE.

PIETA (1498 - 1499)- One of Michaelangelo's most famous sculptural masterpieces is the Pietà.
Pietà means " pity". It is a sculptural of Mother Mary cradling the body of Jesus after it was
brought down from the cross. The sculpture is made of marble and yet Michaelangelo was able
to convey the soft folds of the clothes.

Very realistic emotions are seen an Mother Mary's face in contrast to Jesus lifeless body. It send
a powerful message of a mother's love and sorrow. It measures 1.74m × 1.95m . It was sculpted
in 1498 - 1499 CE and is currently housed in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 - 1519)- Leonardo da Vinci was a popular artist of the Italian
Renaissance. He was born on April 15, 1452. He is the embodiment of the Renaissance, a true
Renaissance man. He was an artist and scientist. He thirsted for knowledge-studying a vast array
of subjects that included painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature, poetry, geology,
batany, anatomy, and mathematics. He has conceived so many ideas and loved to experiment;
noting it down in his notebook, it is said the he filled up 120 notebooks with his ideas.
Unfortunately, many of his notebooks have long since disappeared. He mastered anatomy by
studying and dissecting cadavers that was illegal back them. Da Vinci was a perfectionist. Many
of his works were left unfinished simply because he was unhappy with them, or he was
distracted with a new project. He died on May 3, 1519 at the age of 67.

THE LAST SUPPER

(1495 - 1498)
- The last supper is a popular christian subject among artists Da Vinci's version is pointed on a
wall of the dining hall of the monastery of santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan It measures 4.60 m
x 8.80 m
Da vinci took a different approach with his version of the Last supper using linear perspective,
he made the scene appear to be part of the monastery. Christ was the focal point where all the
converging lines seem to meet. The figures appear to be in commotion, with christ just
announcing that there was a traitor among them. The composition of the figures seems to part
away from christ with the apostles crowding the ends of the table. This composition adds to the
drama that is happening in the painting.
MONA LISA
(1503 - 1506)
- THE END OF MONA LISA AND HER CURIOUS SMILE HAS FASCINATED THE
WORLD FOR CENTURIES. THIS PORTRAITURE MEASURES 77 CM × 53 CM AND IS
PART OF THE PERMANENT COLLECTION OF THE LOUVRE IN PARIS, FRANCE. DA
VINCI WORKED ON THIS PAINTING FOR SIXTEEN YEARS AND IS SAID TO BE STILL
UNFINISHED. WHAT MAKES THE MONA LISA SO INTERESTING IS THE MYSTERIES
THAT SURROUND IT. THE PORTRAIT IS SAID TO BE LISA GHERARDINI, WIFE OF
FRANCESCO DEL GIOCONDO, A SILK MERCHANT WHO COMMISSIONED DA VINCI
TO PAINT HIS WIFE, BUT OTHERS THINK IT WAS LEONARDO HIMSELF. MONA
LISA'S SMILE SEEMS TO HIDE A SECRET THAT MAKES MANY VIEWERS
SPECULATE THE MEANING OF HER EXPRESSION.

END OF THE RENAISSANCE

• MANY FACTORS LED TO THE END OF THE RENAISSANCE AMONG WHICH WERE
RELIGOUS TURMOIL AND POLITICAL CHANGE.

•REINASSANCE ART WAS FUNDED BY THE WEALTH OF THE ITALIANS AND THE
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. BUT WAR AMONG THE ITALIAN PROVINCES AND
AGAINST OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DEPLETED RESOURCES THAT
SUPPORTED THE ARTS.

•THE WIDESPREAD DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMANITIES DURING THE

RENAISSANCE LED THE EDUCATED CLASSES AND EVEN CLERGIES TO QUESTION
SOME OF THE CHURCH TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES. ALLEGATIONS OF
CORRUPTION AGAINST THE CHURCH DISILLUSIONED MANY CHRISTIANS
INCLUDING PRIEST.

• THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, IN ODER TO CONTROL THE DAMAGE BROUGHT BY

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION, DECIDED TO CALL ARTISTS TO CREATE
ARTWORKS THAT WOULD INSPIRE THE MASSES BACK TO YHE CATHOLIC
CHURCH. THIS WAS CALLED THE COUNTER - REFORMATION AND WITH IT WAS
THE START OF A NEW ART ERA CALLED THE BAROQUE PERIOD.

HISTORY OF BAROQUE PERIOD

 BAROQUE COMES FROM THE PORTUGUESE WORD BAROCCO, OR YHE

SPANISH WORD BARRUCCO, WHICH MEANS “ROUGH OR IMPERFECT
PEARL.” IT WAS A DEROGATORY TERM USED BY THE EIGHTEENTH-
CENTURY CRITICS WHO CONSIDER ITS OVERLY ORNAMENTAL STYLE AND
DETAILS UNPLEASANT COMPARED WITH THE PREVAILING ORDERED AND
RETRAINED AESTHETICS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. IT HAS SINCE
 LOST ITS DEROGATORY MEANING AND IS NOW USED TO DESCRIB RHIS
PERIOD IN ART HISTORY.

 IN THE 1600'S, THE BAROQUE STYLE BECAME WIDESPREAD IN ROME AND

OTHER PARTS OF ITALY. THE RELIGIOUS PAINTINGS OF THIS STYLE SOON
SPREAD TO OTHER COUNTRIES IN EUROPE UNTIL THE 1750'S. IT
ENCOURAGED ARTISTS TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES IN GRAND AND
BEAUTIFUL ARTWORKS. IT OFTEN PORTRAYED RELIGIOUS
CONVERSATIONS, VISIONS, AND MARTYRDOM. THIS MOVEMENT
FLOURISHED IN CATHOLIC REGIONS SUCH AS ITALY, AND SPAIN, WHILE
PROTESTANT COUNTRIES ADAPTED THE STYLE SPARINGLY. BAROQUE
STYLE ALSO FEATURED EXAGGERATED LIGHTING, INTENSE EMOTIONS,
RELEASE FROM RESTRAINT, AND ARTISTIC SENSATIONALISM.

 BAROQUE PERIOD IS DIVIDED THREE PHASES: EARLY (C. 1590 - 1625), HIGH
(C. 1625 - 1660), AND LATE (C. 1660 - 1725).

 THE COMMON OBJECTIVES OF BAROQUE ARTISTS WERE TO EVOKE THE

SPIRITUALITY WITHIN, TO ENCOURAGE THE VIEWERS TO CONNECT WITH
THE SCEN, AND TO CEMENT THE BELIEF IN GOD'S COMPASSION TO
HUMANKIND. IT WAS MADE TO BE LARGER THAN LIFE, TO BE SPIRITUAL,
AND TO EVOKE A SENSE OF AWE. ALL THESE WERE DONE TO DELIVER A
STRONG RELIGIOUS MESSAGE TO THE MASSES.

BAROQUE PAINTINGS

BAROQUE PAINTINGS ARE REALISTIC, DRAMATIC, AND EXTRAVAGANT. IT IS A

STYLE THAT CONVEYS STRONG EMOTIONS THROUGH DRAMATIC LIGHTING AND
INFERRED MOVEMENT. RELIGIOUS THEMES WERE THE MOST POPULAR SUBJECT
IN THE BAROQUE STYLE: ARTWORKS IN THIS PERIOD WERE A COMBINATION OF
THE PREVIOUS ART STYLES. BARQUE PAINTINGS COMBINE THE REALISM OF THE
RENAISSANCE AND THE EMOTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MANNERIST.

BARQUE PAINTINGS SHOW A WIDE RANGE OF STYLES AND ARTISTIC

INFLUENCES. THESE CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY THE DRAMATIC LIGHTING AND
THE CONTRAST BETWEEN LIGHT AND DARK TO CONVEY STRONG EMOTIONS.
THEY ALSO CAPTURED THE CLIMATIC SCENES IN DRAMATIC EVENTS. THIS
HEIGHTENED THE INFERRED MOVEMENT OF THE ARTWORK ESPECIALLY
MURALS THAT OFTEN WANT BEYOND THEIR FRAME TO DRAW A CONCRETE
EMOTIONAL RESPONSE FROM THE VIEWERS.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
CHURCH BUILDINGS RETURNED DURING THE BARQUE PERIOD CHURCHES
REFLECTED THE BARQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF MOVEMENT THROUGH THE USE
OF CURVING LINES AS DECORATIVE ORNAMENTS. THE CURVING ELEMENTS
LEAD THE VIEWER' EYES ALONG THE STRUCTURE, GIVING THEM SENSE OF
MOVEMENT.

SCULPTURAL SCROLLS ARE EXAMPLES OF THE SAID DECORATIVE ELEMENTS.

THESE ARCHITECTURAL MOTIFS CONSISTED OF A CURVING SCROLL THAT WERE
USED AS DECORATION OF THE FACADE OF THE CHURCH. THESE FUTURES RECUR
IN MANY BAROQUE CHURCHES. WINDOWS ARE ALSO USED TO CREATE
DRAMATIC LIGHTING, CREATING A STRONG CONTRAST BETWEEN LIGHT AND
DARK.

OTHER FEATURES OF BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE INCLUDE THE LAVISH USE OF

ORNAMENTS AND COLORS. CHURCHES ARE DECORATED WITH LARGE-SCALE
FRESCOES TI SHOCK AND AWE THE FAITHFUL. THESE FRESCOES OFTEN USED
TROMPE L'OEIL WHICH MEANS TO “TRICK THE EYE.” THIS ART TECHNIQUE
ENTAILS THE REALISTIC DEPICTIONS OF MAGES TO CREATE THREE-
DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON AN OTHERWISE FLAT SURFACE.

ARTISTS OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CARAVAGGIO (1571 - 1610)- AN ARTIST THAT LED THE WAY FOR OTHER ARTISTS
IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD WAS MICHELANGELO MERISI DA CARAVAGGIO. HE
WAS BORN IN ITALY IN SEPTEMBER 29, 15721.
HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO ABANDON THE IDEALIZED FORMS AND STYLES
OF THE PREVIOUS ART MASTERS AND DEPICTED IN A NATURAL AND REALISTIC
MANNER. HUSBWORKS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC LIGHTING, A
TRADEMARK OF THE BAROQUE STYLE. HIS USE OF LIGHT, WHICH DRAWS THE
VIEWERS TO THE PAINTING, MADE THE DARK AND BRIGHT AREAS MORE
STRIKING.

CONVERSION ON THE WAY TO DAMASCUS

(1601)
-THIS IS ONE OF CARAVAGGIO'S MASTERPIECES, WHICH DEPICTS THE EVENT
NARRATED IN THE BIBLE, ACTS 9;3-9. IT TELLS ABOUT PAUL, A ROMAN JEW WHO
PERSECUTED THE CHRISTIANS. ON THE WAY TO DAMASCUS, HE FELL FROM HIS
HORSE, AND A BRIGHT LIGHT CAME FROM HEAVEN AND LEFT HIM BLIND. HE
HEARD THE VOICE OF CHRIST ASKING HIM WHY HE WAS PERSECUTING HIM.
PAUL WAS THEN TOLD TO CONTINUE HIS TRAVEL TO DAMASCUS WHERE HE
WAS MIRACULOUSLY HEALED BY AN APOSTLE. WHEN HUS SIGHT WAS
RESTORED, HE CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AND BECAME ST. PAUL THE
APOSTLE. IN THE PAINTING, ST. PAUL JUST FELL FROM THE HORSE, AND HUS
OUTSTRETCHED ARMS SUGGESTED GIS CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY. HIS
FACE IS ILLUMINATED BY THE LIGHT SOURCE COMING FROM DAMASCUS THAT
US EVIDENT THROUGHOUT THE PAINTING.

PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577 - 1640)- THE ARTIST THAT EMBODIES THE BAROQUE
STYLE IS THE FLEMISH ARTIST PETER PAUL RUBENS. HE WAS BORN HUNE 28,
1577 AND WAS RAISED CATHOLIC BY HIS MOTHER, WHO HAD A PROFOUND
EFFECT ON HIS WORKS. HE RECEIVED TRAINING FROM OTHER FLEMISH ARTIST.
AFTER COMPLETING HIS STUDIES, HE TRAVELED EUROPE AND WAS FURTHER
INSPIRED BY OTHER MASTERS. RUBENS FOUND SUCCESS IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE. THIS SUCCESS ALSO MADE HIM A DIPLOMAT OF SORTS,
TRAVELING AND CREATING ARTWORK'S FOR DIFFERENT KINGS AND QUEENS OF
THE WEST. RUBENS' PAINTING RAN A SPECTRUM OF DIFFERENT FORMS AND
SUBJECTS THAT INCLUDED ALTARPIECES, PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES,
HISTORICAL EVENTS, AND MYTHOLOGICAL SCENES.

THE RAISING OF THE CROSS

(1610- 1611)
-ONE OF RUBENS' EARLY MASTERPIECES IS THE RAISING OF THE CROSS. THE
PAINTING CONSISS OF THREE PANELS THAT WERE INTENDED TO BE USED AS
THE BACKDROP OF A CHURCH ALTAR. IN THE CENTER PANEL, YOU WILL SEE
THE CENTRAL FIGURE OF CHRIST CRUCIFIED ON THE CROSS. RUBENS
POSITIONED THE CROSS DIAGONALLY TO EMPHASIZE MOVEMENT. AROUND
CHRIST ARE NINE MUSCULAR FIGURES STRUGGLING TO RAISE THE CROSS
UPRIGHT. RUBENS MASTERFULLY USES CONTRASTS AND FORESHORTENING TO
MAKE THE VIEWERS FOCUS ON CHRIST. CHRIST'S POSE IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE
RELAXED COMPARED TO THE CONFUSING AND BUSY MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE
AROUND HIM. LIGHTING ALSO HELPS ACHIEVE THIS CONTRAST BY FOCUSING
THE LIGHT ON THE CENTRAL FIGURE.

TO EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF CHRIST, HIS IS THE ONLY FACE THAT YOU
CAN SEE FULLY. CHRIST'S FACE IS LOOKING UP; HIS EXPRESSION IS NOT OF PAIN
BUT THAT SYMPATHY FOR THE PEOPLE AROUND HIM. THIS EXPRESSION MAY BE
A REFERENCE TO LUKE 23:34 WHERE CHRIST TALKS TO GOD AND SAYS,
“FATHER, FORGIVE THEM, FOR THEY KNOW WHAT THEY DO.”

THE OIL PAINTING MEASURS 4.62 M × 3.41 M AND IS DISPLAYED AT THE

CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY IN ANTWERP, BELGIUM.
ROCOCO OR LATE BAROQUE PERIOD

ONE OF THE PRODUCTS OF FRANCE'S INFLUENCE IN ART IS SEEN IN THE

ARTISTIC STYLE KNOWN AS ROCOCO. THIS EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SRT
MOVEMENT INITIALLY STARTED IN FRANCE UNDER KING LOUIS XlV SS A MODE
OF INTERIOR DECORATION.VTHE COURT PATRONIZED THIS REBELLIOUS STYLE.
IT FURTHER DEVELOPED UNDER THE RULE OF KING LOUIS XV AND LATER ON
SPREAD TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF EUROPE. THE ROCOCO MOVEMENT WAS THE
ART OF THE ARISTOCRACY. THE TERM “ROCOCI” CAME FROM THE FRENCH
WORD ROCAILLE, WHICH REFERS TO AN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE THAT USES
SMALL PEBBLES AND SHELLS TO DECORATE THE INSIDE OF THE GROTTOES.
INCIDENTALLY, THESE SHELL MOTIFS WERE HEAVILY USED DURING THE
ROCOCO PERIOD. THE ROCOCO'S ARTISTIC STE WAS REBELLION AGAINST THE
STIFF FORMALITY OF THE ARTWORKS OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD.

ROCOCO'S IS A HIGHLY DECORATIVE ART MOVEMENT THAT IS CHARACTERIZED

BY FEMININE, GRACEFUL, AND PLAYFUL LINES AND USE OF LIGHT AND
DELICATE COLORS. IT VEERED AWAY FROM THE RELIGIOUS PROPAGANDA AND
DRAMATIC EXPRESSION OF THE BAROQUE AND INSTEAD CENTERED ON THE
CAREFREE LIVES OF THE WEALTHY ARISTOCRATS AT PLAY IN FANTASTICAL
AND DREAM-LIKE SETTINGS. ITS SUBJECT IS ABOUT LOVE AND ROMANCE
RATHER THAN RELIGIOUS AND MYTHICAL SUBJECTS OF ITS PREDECESSORS. IT
USES A LOT OF FLOWERY ORNAMENTATION TO EVOKE A FEELING OF COMFORT
AND ROMANCE. ALSO, A FEELING OF HAPPINESS IS EXPRESSED THROUGH THE
USE OF LIGHT PASTEL COLORS. THE ROCOCO STYLE SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE
WEST BUT WAS NOT COMPLETELY EMBRACED BY SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
LIKE SPAIN AND ENGLAND, WHO CANNOT RELATE WITH OVER DECORATED AND
SOMETIMES UNNATURAL THEMES USED BY THE FRENCH ROCOCO ARTISTS.
SOME ARTISTS CHOSE TO RETAIN THE USE OF THE LIGHT COLORS BYT DEPICTED
MORE RELATABLE SUBJECTS LIKE PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES, GENRE,
PAINTINGS, AND STILL LIFE. THE ROCOCO'S POPULARITY BEGAN TO FADE IN THE
MIDDLE AND TOWARD THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IN FAVOR OF
NEOCLASSICISM.

Name one baroque architecture in Philippines?

ART Week 3:
THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE ARTWORK

The Renaissance Art

- The Renaissance refers to the era in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century in which a
new style in painting, sculpture and architecture developed after the Gothic. Although a
religious view of the world continued to play an important role in the lives of Europeans,
a growing awareness of the natural world, the individual and collective humanity’s
worldly existence characterize the Renaissance period. Derived from the French word,
renaissance, and the Italian word rinascità, both meaning ‘rebirth’, the Renaissance was a
period when scholars and artists began to investigate what they believed to be a revival of
classical learning, literature and art.

- The art of the Renaissance period that emerged in Italy in the late 14th century includes
some of the most recognisable and best-loved paintings and sculptures in the world.
Masters were often skilled in both painting and sculpture, and by studying the art of
antiquity and adding their theoretical knowledge of mathematical perspective and new
painting techniques, they produced truly unique works of art. Realism, detail, drama, and
subtle layers of meaning became features of religious and secular art.

Origin of Renaissance Art

(1400-1700)
- From the early 14th century, in their search for a new set of artistic values and a response
to the courtly International Gothic style, Italian artists and thinkers became inspired by
the ideas and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. This was perfectly in tune with their
desire to create a universal, even noble, form of art which could express the new and
more confident mood of the times.

- With the advent of the printing press, knowledge was for the first time in over 1000 years
accessible to people outside of the clergy, the noble, the aristocratic, and the royal.
Special attention was given to the classical eras in Greece and in Rome, which until the
Renaissance were the pinnacle of human achievement. Many Renaissance paintings have
become a reference to many subsequent artworks in the world. A renewed passion for
learning and for human achievement led to the influence of all of these new studies in the
formation of greater art. Many characteristics of Renaissance art fed to a evolutionary
shift in the art world.
Renaissance Artwork

Pieta

 A Christian art subject that depicts Mary's sorrow contemplating the dead body of Jesus
her son which she holds on her lap
 A sculptural work made by Michelangelo in 1498 which was requested by a French
Cardinal to decorate his tomb
 Came from the Italian word "pity" and the Latin word "piety" which means heartrending
or compassion
 Made from a block of Carrara marble
 An important Renaissance work that balances the ideals of classical beauty with
naturalism

Last Supper

 A famous mural painting by Leonardo  da Vinci created during the period 1495-1498
 The first real example of Italian's High Renaissance aesthetic masterpiece and one of the
popular works of Christian art
 Illustrates the last days of Jesus Christ scene that commemorates Jesus life and legacy
 An exceptionally complex work that uses mathematical symbolism

The birth of Venus

 One of the most iconic paintings in the entire art history and the image which takes a
significant place in popular culture as well is The Birth of Venus painting by Italian
Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli in the mid-1480s.
 This impressive mythological composition is centered on the introduction of the figure of
the bare naked goddess Venus emerging from the shell drifting to Cyprus shore.
 It practically embodies the rebirth of civilization, a new hope, geopolitical, social and
cultural shift which occurred after the Middle Age turmoil.

The Sistine Madonna

 The Sistine Madonna, also known as the Madonna di San Sisto is one of the most
important and famous religious paintings by the High Renaissance master Raphael
Sanzio.
 This piece of art was made for the church of San Sisto in Piacenza, Italy, by Pope Julius
II in 1512.
   It is an oil painting depicting the Virgin Mary holding the baby Christ child in her arms.
 It portrays a vision appearing to saints in the clouds. In the centre of the picture the
Virgin strides towards the earthly realm whilst holding the Christ Child in her arms. Out
of the expanse of the heavens, intimated by the countless heads of angels painted in sky
blue, she carries the Christ Child into the world.

The Creation of Adam

 The Creation of Adam is a fresco painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 on
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City.
 Michelangelo decided to represent the divine breath of life with the fingers of God and
Adam that almost touch each other. This famous gesture represents the spark of life being
passed to humanity.
 •Michelangelo took inspiration from the Bible and the book of Genesis, which states:
“God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him” (Gen 1:27).

Baroque Art
- In fine art, the term Baroque (derived from the Portuguese 'barocco' meaning, 'irregular
pearl or stone') describes a fairly complex idiom, originating in Rome, which flowered
during the period c.1590-1720, and which embraced painting, and sculpture as well as
architecture. Its principles of extravagance, ornateness, and decorated details were
portrayed in a range of cultural mediums like artworks, literature, and music.
- It was a period of revival in art and culture with deep roots in the religious structures and
powers of Western Europe at the time, which was the Catholic Church, and presently
referred to as the Roman Catholic Church.
- Baroque is used to describe something with intricate details and very elaborate scenes.
Judging by the details of every Baroque art form, it became clear that the main purpose
was to appeal to the human emotions, through drama and exaggeration.

Fun fact: In the 16th century, the Baroque style was carried by the Spanish and Portuguese to
the Philippines. It influenced the Intramuros (the pre- colonial walled city of Manila). One of the
Philippine churches with baroque design is the church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Iloilo. It
is among the best examples of the "fortress baroque" style in the country. Built of local yellow-
orange sandstone, this baroque church stands on the highest elevation of the town and was
completed in 1797.

Baroque Artworks
 The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

 One of the sculptural masterpieces of the High Roman Baroque that depicts an episode of
religious ecstasy in the life of the cloistered Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun, Teresa of
Avila.
 Regarded as one of the most important examples of a Christian art intense work and
 The Counter-Reformation style of Baroque sculpture
 Carved by Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1647-1652
 Planned and created to convey spiritual aspects of the Catholic faith
 Made in white marble set in an elevated aedicule in Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria Della
Vittoria, Rome
 A key artwork that sets Bernini as one of the greatest sculptors in the history of art
 Consistent with the aims of the Catholic Counter-Reformation art

Conversion of St. Paul

 An Italian Baroque painting which is also known as The Conversion on the Way to
Damascus
 Made by Michelangelo Caravaggio or Michelangelo Merisi in 1601which was
commissioned for the Cerasi Chapel
 Is a religious allegory to the Conversion of Paul that led him to cease persecuting early
Christians and to become a follower of Jesus
 A style of an odd blend of Raphael and clumsy rustic realism

Las Meninas

 Diego Velázquez was the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age of the 17th century.
As the chief court painter to King Philip IV, Velázquez held a very great power. He was
commissioned to paint many portraits of the Spanish aristocracy, including Las Meninas,
a 1656 painting in the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
 An enigmatic group portrait of sorts, Las Meninas is populated by an odd cast of
characters, including a princess, a nun, a dwarf, and the Baroque artist himself.

Samson and Delilah

 Samson and Delilah is a painting long attributed to the Flemish Baroque painter Peter
Paul Rubens and displayed in the National Gallery. It dates from about 1609 to 1610.
 The painting depicts an episode from the Old Testament story of Samson and Delilah
(Judges 16). Samson was a Hebrew hero known for fighting the Philistines. Having fallen
 in love with Delilah, who has been bribed by the Philistines, Samson tells her the secret
of his great strength: his uncut hair.
 In this masterpiece of Biblical art, Rubens shows a sleeping Samson lying in the arms of
Delilah, the woman he loves, having his hair cut by a servant in order to drain his
strength.

The Rokeby Venus

 The Rokeby Venus (also known as The Toilet of Venus, Venus at her Mirror, Venus and
Cupid, or La Venus del espejo) is a painting by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the
Spanish Golden Age.
 Completed between 1647 and and probably painted during the artist's visit to Italy, the
work depicts the goddess Venus in a sensual pose, lying on a bed and looking into a
mirror held by the Roman god of physical love, her son Cupid. The painting is in the
National Gallery, London.
 . In this work, Velázquez combined two established poses for Venus: recumbent on a
couch or a bed, and gazing at a mirror. She is often described as looking at herself in the
mirror, although this is physically impossible since viewers can see her face reflected in
their direction. This phenomenon is known as the Venus effect.

Difference between Renaissance and Baroque Art

The main difference between Renaissance and Baroque period is that Renaissance art is
characterized by a naturalistic and realistic portrayal of the human form and landscape, while
Baroque period is characterized by exuberant details and grandeur. Renaissance and Baroque
periods originated in and spread throughout Europe. Both styles are known to portray realism,
but the Baroque style tends to be highly detailed and elaborate.

Renaissance Period

 Renaissance is the period in European history that marks the transition from the Middle
Ages to modernity, covering the 15th and 16th centurie
 Art is characterized by the naturalistic representation of the human body and landscape,
foreshortening. sfumato, and chiaroscuro, and realistic linear perspective
 Use of naturalism, religious themes, syncretistic influences, and use of marble and stone
are some notable features of sculpture
 Architecture is characterized by the use of mathematically precise ratios of height and
width, symmetry, proportion, and harmony, and the imaginative use of arches, domes,
columns, and pediments

Baroque Period
  Baroque period is the period of art that started around 1600 in Rome and spread
throughout the European continent
 Art is characterized by contrast, exaggerated motion, exuberant detail, deep colour,
chiaroscuro, and grandeur
 Use of groups of figures, dynamic movement and energy of human forms, and multiple
ideal viewing angles are the notable features of sculpture
 Architecture is characterized by emphasis on large masses, domes, and bold spaces

ARTS Week 4-5:

The History, Traditions and Characteristics of the Renaissance and Baroque
Artworks

Introduction
Artwork can communicate an artist's emotions, and it is one's creativity that leads to their
imagination and create artwork. Feelings such as joy, anger, and sadness are most often seen in
artwork as the artist expresses and relieves the heavy weight of burden or joy through an art
piece. As time passes, art evolves into new forms of expression and has influenced history in a
variety of ways. which can be seen in the various art events.

Renaissance Artwork
1. Characteristics of Renaissance Painting

-Linear perspective, Landscape, Light, Anatomy, Realism, Figure composition, Real-life figures,
Altarpieces, and Fresco cycles.

Renaissance painting was very similar to Roman painting. Three-dimensional works involving
volume, color and light were created. The main vision of Renaissance painting was linear and
aerial, and the technique they used was mainly oil painting. Religious and mythological themes
were represented through it and the architectural funds were included in their works.

Transfiguration: Raphael’s painting

 Art piece which he worked on up to his death commissioned by Giulio de Medici or the
late Pope Clement VII.
 An altarpiece for Narbonne Cathedral, France exemplifies Raphael's development as an
artist.
 This painting serves as his career's culmination in the tower part, an additional episode
from the Gospel was combined with the subject.
 A prefiguration of both Mannerism, evident in the stylized, contorted poses of the figures
at the bottom of the picture
 A touch of Baroque painting as evident by the dramatic tension imbued within the figures
  Strong use of chiaroscuro throughout.

2. Characteristics of Renaissance Sculpture

Naturalism, naturalistic portraits of human beings, contemporary subjects, proportions, drapery,

anatomy, perspective, re-emergence of classical subjects and forms.

David

 a bronze statue made by Donatello in 1440s

 first unsupported standing work of bronze
 the first freestanding nude male sculpture cast since antiquity
 Florence' perfect symbol of unexpected strength, unwavering courage, and historic
perseverance
 a work closely tied to tradition
 a heavy Gothic influence
 characterized by ornament naturalistic and realistic and grace, more naturalistic and
realistic

he masterpiece of Donatello has remained as one of the topics among the other painters and
scholars. They believed that the boy's nakedness indicated the concept of God's presence in him,
and it contrasted with the appearance of the heavily armored Goliath at his feet. David is also
depicted as an uncircumcised young man, a common feature in most Italian Renaissance
paintings or sculptures.

3.Characteriatics of Renaissance Architecture

Symmetry and balance, flat ceilings of buildings, used of arches and dames, used of Roman type
columns, square or rectangle symmetrical shapes buildings, front or "façade" of the buildings are
symmetrical around the vertical axis

Renaissance architecture originated in Italy and superseded the Gothic style over a period
generally defined as 1400 to 1600. Features of Renaissance buildings include the use of the
classical orders and mathematically precise ratios of height and width combined with a desire for
symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches and domes are imaginatively
used in buildings of all types.

Renaissance masterpieces which influenced other buildings worldwide include St. Peter's
Basilica in Rome, the Tempietto of Rome, and the dome of Florence's cathedral. Another
defining feature of Renaissance architecture is the proliferation of illustrated texts on the subject,
which helped to spread ideas across Europe and even beyond. The Renaissance style was
frequently mixed with local traditions in many countries and was eventually challenged by the
richly decorative Baroque style from the 17th century onwards.

St. Peter's Basilica

 has a humongous size

 the second-largest Christian church in the world
 one of four Major Basilicas of Rome
 has the tallest dome in the world
 the greatest of all churches of Christendom
 the burial site of Saint Peter

BAROQUE ARTWORKS

1. Characteristics of Baroque Painting

Painting in this period is mostly illustrated with the Catholic dogma key elements, either in
Biblical works or an imaginary or symbolic work. The gestures are broader than Mannerist
gestures: less arcane, less ambiguous, and mysterious. The powerful use of chiaroscuro,
contrasting of light and shadow, ranges

Self-Portratt

 a painting of Rembrandt's old age self-portrait in 1663

 created by looking at himself in a mirror
 created in a reversed image
 produced a homospatial process
 the portrait shows Rembrandt at his best
 uses a rich black for his hat
 a warm green background which is smoothly painted
 face shadows are thin, warm, and transparent, lighter parts are on the cheek
 laid on with a well-loaded brush that suggests flesh texture and made to glow with color.

 The last three etchings date to 1648,1651,and 1658,whereas he was still painting portraits
in 1669, the year he died at the age of 63.
  the popular interpretation is that these images represent a personal and introspective
journey, it is also the case that they were painted to satisfy a market for self-portraits by
prominent artists. Both paintings and etchings seem to have often been bought by
collectors,and while some of the etchings are very rare, others were printed in
considerable numbers for the time. No self-portraits were listed in the famous 1656
inventory, and only a handful of the paintings remained in the family after his death.
 Rembrandt's self-portraits were created by the artist looking at himself in a mirror, the
paintings and drawings therefore reverse his actual features. In the etchings the printing
process creates a reversed image, and the prints therefore show Rembrandt in the same
orientation as he appeared to contemporaries.

 History of self-portraits of Rembrant van rijin

 Rembrandt painted this self-portrait in 1659, when he had suffered financial failure after
many years of success. His spacious house on the Sint-Anthoniesbreestraat and other
possessions had been auctioned the previous year to satisfy his creditors.
 In this late work, the deep-set eyes that bore into the viewer’s eyes express the wisdom
gained from his life experiences. Interpreting a painting on the basis of an artist’s
biography may be misleading, however, particularly an artist whose life has been
romanticized to the extent of Rembrandt’s. Before the painting was cleaned in 1992,
thick layers of discolored varnish had given the portrait a heavy, brooding quality, but
when the varnish was removed during restoration, the rich range of pinks and other flesh
tones on his face immediately improved our reading of Rembrandt’s expression. The
light that so effectively illuminates the head also accents the artist’s left shoulder and, to a
lesser extent, his broadly executed clasped hands.
 Rembrandt’s pose was inspired by Raphael’s famous portrait of Balthasar Castiglione,
which he saw at an auction in Amsterdam in 1639. In this late self-portrait, Rembrandt
returned to Raphael’s prototype because its dignified pose enabled the artist to present
himself as a learned painter.

2.Characteristics of Baroque Sculpture

The sculpture is marked by dynamic movement along with active use of space, and typically
larger than life-size.

Stressed movement, figures are caught mid-motion, meant to be seen in the ground, employ
negative space, texture is important within marble materials, and theatrical.

David

 Gian Lorenzo Bernini's life-size marble sculpture

  reflection of developments in Science
 implied presence of the foe
 dramatic composition, theatrical
 active space of Baroque sculpture
 depicted moment of action
 used coiled design
 shows full potential energy for release
 influence of Hellenism, a union of body mind and spirit
 made and completed in seven months from 1623 to 1624
 commissioned to decorate the villa of patron Cardinal Scipione Borghese

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of
architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the
Baroque style of sculpture

It was designed to create spectacle and illusions, replaces with flowing curves of the Renaissance
straight lines.

Symmetoy still applies in architecture, relipious themes in classical style, ornate, rich, with
lavish decorations inside and outside part of the architectural works, attempt to khow Church
power, emotional and violent portrayals, strong contrast between light and dark colors, uses
Trompe l'oiel (fool the eye) painted illusions.

The Colonnade of the Piazza of St. Peter's Rome

built by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for Pope Alexander VIl church's grand approach

 a dramatic frame for the church

 a nurturing enclosure for the faithful crowds
 a stage for the processions and other sacred spectacles
 has an elliptical space
 has four rows of simple and majestic Doric columns
 carved from Roman travertine
 marked by three monuments
 designed to invite Catholics back to the church in the wake of the protestant reformation.

Conclusion:
The main distinction between Renaissance and Baroque art is that Renaissance art is
distinguished by a naturalistic and realistic depiction of the human form and landscape, whereas
Baroque art is recognized by excitable details and grandeur.

The Renaissance and Baroque periods originated in Europe and spread throughout the continent.
While Renaissance and Baroque art share many characteristics, including representational art, a
focus on human figures, and religious themes. In terms of subject presentation, both Renaissance
and Baroque artists favored representational over abstract designs. Both styles are known for
portraying realism, but the Baroque style is more detailed and elaborate.