SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE OF SINDANGAN

INCORPORATED
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
SINDANGAN, ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

COR AD 100 – THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

Presented by :

PELMAR JUN D. QUIÑANOLA

Criminology Student

Presented to :

DIEL ANTHONY R. SAGANG

Instructor
 FINAL WRITING ASSIGNMENT IN INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

1. Differntiate punishment and penalty

- According to Frasse (2018) punishments are government sanctions imposed on persons
convicted of criminal acts (other forms of punishment, not dealt with in this bibliography,
include measures imposed by parents on their children, by organizations on their members, by
employers, etc.). Criminal punishment requires clear and convincing justification for two
essential reasons. First, such punishment is, almost by definition, unpleasant and harmful to the
offender, at least in the short term: it deliberately brands and stigmatizes that person as a
wrongdoer, usually involves some loss of liberty or other harsh treatment, and often causes harm
to the offender’s family. Second, punishment consumes scarce public resources that might be
better spent on other pressing needs, or better spent on alternate ways of achieving the supposed
justification(s) for the punishment. Punishment justifications and goals can be either positive or
negative criteria: they can provide moral and/or practical arguments in favor of the punishment,
or they can set limits on the type or degree of punishment that it is permissible to impose under
one or more of the positive rationales. Whether positive or negative, punishment justifications
and goals fall into two major categories. So-called deontological rationales and limits evaluate a
particular punishment according to its inherent value—whether it is a good or a bad thing in
itself, regardless of whether the punishment yields good or bad consequences. The second
category of rationales and limits are “consequentialist” (or utilitarian); punishment is justified
and limited according to whether it produces good or bad effects, in particular whether it tends to
decrease future criminal acts by the offender and/or other would-be offenders. Some theories of
punishment belong entirely to one or the other of these two main categories, but a number of
hybrid or mixed theories have been proposed, incorporating both deontological and
consequentialist principles, and most modern legal systems take this approach. Punishment
involves material impositions or exactions that are in themselves typically unwelcome: they
deprive people of things that they value (liberty, money, time); they require people to do things
that they would not normally want to do or do voluntarily (to spend time on unpaid community
labour, to report to a probation officer regularly, to undertake demanding programmes of various
kinds). What distinguishes punishment from other kinds of coercive imposition, such as taxation,
is that punishment is precisely intended to …: but to what? Some would say that punishment is
intended to inflict pain or suffering: but that suggests that what matters is pain or suffering as
such (and invites the familiar criticism that we and the state should not be in the business of
trying to inflict pain or suffering on people. On the other hand penalty is in response to the
commission of crime. It is plausible to think, however, that criminal law’s functions include
preventing crime from occurring. We can see this by asking what success would look like for the
criminal law. Would criminal law have succeeded if all thieves and murderers were tried and
punished? Or would it have succeeded if there was no theft or murder, because criminalization
resulted in would-be thieves and murderers refraining from such wrongs? Notice that to pose
these two questions as alternatives is not to deny that punishment might be justified in preventive
terms. It is rather to suggest that resorting to punishment to achieve prevention is already a
partial failure for the criminal law. It is a failure to deter those who, ex hypothesi, have already
committed criminal offences. Had the creation of those offences been an unqualified success,
there would have been nothing for which to punish anyone.
2. What do you think about those who violates human rights and how will you put a stop to
those act as a future law enforcer
-As a future law enforcer I can put stop to violation of human rights through strengthening
judicial independence; protecting legal, medical and healthcare professionals, journalists, and
human rights defenders; human rights education; codes of conduct and ethical norms for public
servants and business; promoting mechanisms for preventing and monitoring social conflicts and
their resolution; and. The most frequent instance of this is when probation orders are issued,
which include requirements for behavior and adherence to court orders. People on probation may
be given prohibitions on gambling, drinking alcohol, crossing state lines, and interacting with
particular people. They may also have their driving privileges suspended. In place of jail time or
after completing a portion of a sentence and being released early, people wind themselves on
probation. However, it is a significant legal accusation. You are almost certainly going to go to
jail if you break the court's terms for your probation.That takes us to the other primary type of
criminal punishment: loss of freedom, which involves removing a person from society. If you
have done a serious enough crime, the government is allowed by our constitution and pretty
much all modern constitutions to take away your freedom. Misdemeanors are crimes with a
possible term of less than a year, whereas felonies are offenses with a maximum sentence of at
least a year and are treated very seriously.When you are convicted of a crime, you not only lose
your freedom but also certain fundamental civil liberties including the ability to vote, which is
known as felony disenfranchisement. Some of these rights, including your fundamental freedom,
might be taken away from you permanently if you commit crimes frequently or seriously. Also
keep in mind that, despite the fact that many US states are moving away from the death penalty,
it is still a possibility legally. Effective prevention requires the early identification of risks that
allow for preventive or mitigatory measures to be designed and implicated. This applies to the
prevention of human rights violations as well as to the prevention of wider conflict or crisis.
OHCHR is working to develop its early warning capacity because it believes that human rights-
based analysis has clear added value for the United Nations’ early warning and prevention
objectives across all pillars of the Organization.
3. Write the Five Pillars of the Criminal Justice System in the Philippines and its functions,
strength and weaknesses.
I – THE COMMUNITY:

The Filipino community produces our law enforcers (policemen, traffic enforcers, NBI agents,
PDEA agents, COA auditors, Ombudsman fact-finding investigators, etc.); prosecutors (DOJ and
Ombudsman prosecutors/investigators); judges (Municipal Trial Courts, Regional Trial Courts
and Sharia Courts); justices (Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and the Supreme Court); and
correction officials and personnel (municipal jails, provincial jails, city jails, the Bureau of
Corrections [Muntinlupa] and other correctional facilities).

A rotten community will always produce rotten law enforcers, prosecutors, judges, justices and
correction officials. The spring cannot rise above its source.

Members of the community are also the victims of crimes, direct or indirect. They are also the
beneficiaries of an efficient and effective criminal justice system in the form of a peaceful and
fear-free environment.

The community is also the greatest source of information about the commission of a crime. It is
from the community that most witnesses come, including victims and whistleblowers.
Most crimes against property (theft, robbery, etc.) are dismissed because the victim does not
testify in court, especially when the stolen property is recovered. Hence, thieves and robbers are
set free, free again to steal and rob!

II – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT:

To this group belong policemen, National Bureau of Investigation agents, Philippine Drugs
Enforcement Agency agents, the Military, Bureau of Customs police, Bureau of Immigration
officers, Bureau of Internal Revenue examiners, Commission on Audit auditors, Ombudsman
fact-finding investigators, Commission on Human Rights investigators, Land Transportation
Office and Traffic enforcers, etc.

They enforce the law by ensuring compliance therewith, conduct investigations to uncover
commissions of crimes and violations of laws, file criminal cases before the prosecutor’s
(fiscal’s) office (if the offender is not a government employee/official) or the Office of the
Ombudsman (if the offender is a government employee/official), and testify in court if a criminal
charge is lodged in Court by the prosecutor’s office or the Office of the Ombudsman.

III – THE PROSECUTION:

To this group belong the City, Provincial and Regional State Prosecutors of the Department of
Justice, and the investigators and prosecutors of the Office of the Ombudsman.

They conduct preliminary investigations (if the respondent was not caught in the act of
committing the crime) or inquest proceedings (if the respondent was caught in the act of
committing the crime) to determine whether or not there is probable cause (reasonable ground) to
prosecute the respondent in court. If they found probable cause, they lodge a criminal charge
against the respondent before the court. Otherwise, they dismiss the case.

Once the criminal case is filed in court, the court issues a warrant of arrest against the accused (if
he was not caught in the act of committing the crime) or commitment order (if the accused was
caught in the act of committing the crime and he has not yet posted bail or the offense is non-
bailable because the crime is punishable by life imprisonment, reclusion perpetua or death).

The prosecutor ([fiscal] from the DOJ for crimes committed by non-government people, or from
the Ombudsman for crimes committed by government people, although the fiscals can prosecute
criminal cases against government people under the continuing authority of the Office of the
Ombudsman) now stands as the lawyer for the State (People of the Philippines) and prosecute
the case. The victim, the law enforcer (who investigated the crime) and other witnesses will now
testify in court. The defense counsel will defend the accused. After the trial, the court will now
decide whether or not the accused is guilty. If he is, then he shall be penalized (fine, or
imprisonment, or both). If he is not, he shall be acquitted (set free).

IV – THE COURTS:

To this group belongs the Municipal Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment not
exceeding six (6) years), the Shari’a Circuit Courts in the ARMM (for criminal violations of the
Muslim Code), the Regional Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment of more than
six years, and appeals from the decisions of the Municipal Trial Courts), the Sandiganbayan (for
crimes committed by government officials with salary grade 27 and above regardless of the
penalty prescribed for the offense charged, and appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial
Court in criminal cases against government employees below salary grade 27), the Court of
Appeals (for appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases against
non-government people), and the Supreme Court (for appeals from the decisions of the Court of
Appeals, Sandiganbayan and automatic review of decisions of the Regional Trial Courts and the
Sandiganbayan where the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or death).

V – CORRECTIONS:

To this group belong the various Jails (Municipal, City and Provincial Jails), the Bureau of
Corrections (in Muntinlupa) and other correctional facilities. While the criminal case is pending
in court, the accused shall be detained at the Municipal, City or Provincial Jail unless he posts a
bail bond for his provisional liberty and if the offense is bailable. After conviction, the convict
will be sent to the Bureau of Corrections to serve his sentence.

Our criminal justice being also a corrective one, the correction officials are mandated to see to it
that the convict is reformed and is able to re-integrate himself into the community after serving
his sentence.
4. What are the goals of Therapeutic Modalities in the Communit?
- Therapeutic modalities represent the administration of thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic,
and light energies for a specific therapeutic effect; for example, to decrease pain, increase range
of motion (ROM), improve tissue healing, or improve muscle activation. The terms therapeutic
modalities and physical agents are often used interchangeably to describe a wide array of
treatments and interventions that provide a variety of therapeutic benefits. The term physical
agents reflects the use of physical energies—such as thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, or
light—but fails to include the purpose or intention of their application. The term therapeutic
modalities, as used throughout this text, more appropriately reflects the ability of these
interventions to provide therapeutic benefits.nTherapeutic modalities have long been, presently
are, and will continue to be a part of rehabilitation and are used to complement other elements of
the more comprehensive patient care plan, such as therapeutic exercise (e.g., strengthening,
stretching, neuromuscular reeducation, balance), manual therapy (e.g., joint and tissue
mobilization, manipulation), and patient education (e.g., body mechanics, postural retraining,
home exercise program, risk reduction). Cold therapy and compression may be used in the early
phases of rehabilitation to limit swelling and pain that a patient may experience following acute
injury or surgery. Continuous ultrasound or other heat therapy may be applied to improve
elasticity of ligaments or joint capsular structures before beginning ROM activities in a patient
who has deficient ROM. Electrical stimulation may be used to increase activation and facilitate
volitional recruitment of skeletal muscle until the patient can effectively contract the muscle and
begin additional activities. These examples reflect the complementary use of modalities to
achieve clinical goals. Because the effectiveness of these treatments may vary from patient to
patient, the practitioner is challenged to identify those patients who are more likely to respond to
a specific intervention. In this manner, the practitioner must consider or judge the probability or
likelihood that a given intervention will help a particular patient. These decisions and others
represent the basis of clinical decision-making. Competency with clinical decision-making is the
basis for effective patient outcomes and attainment of goals. Therefore, clinical decision-making
can be thought of as the process of using information, experience, and judgments to decide
which clinical interventions will most likely improve the problems identified in the examination.
The bottom line is this: When identifying and establishing an intervention plan, the focus should
be on selecting interventions that will most likely achieve positive results or outcomes—both
quantitative and qualitative. When judiciously selected and applied, therapeutic modalities may
play a significant role in successful patient care.
5. What are your contributions in the community as a Criminology Student.
- As a criminology student and as a person who studies Criminology I can help society
understand, control, and reduce crime. Studying crime helps discover and analyse its causes,
which can be used towards crime reduction policies and initiatives.I can help understand the
mindset of criminals. Criminology helps understand the mindset of criminals, why they commit
crimes, and the factors that affect them. This helps in the proper allocation of resources to control
crime. As well as controlling and reducing crime, criminology can also suggest appropriate
measures for the rehabilitation of criminals.The community is one of our training ground as we
learn and study, we can also apply our learnings in our daily activities in the community that way
we can see clearly and understand the purpose of our learnings in school and how this become
useful in the future. As a criminology student we can be more useful to the community just like
we can cooperate along community people on barangay activities such as meeting, sports
gatherings, festivals, and others. We can actively participated in security action force by helping
the people during unexpected incidents, like calamities. Fostergood relation among people by
manifesting good human relation.Initiate peace zone building that helps promote civilian
supremacy over the interest of the armed group; and they actively participated in some
competitions that enhance cultural preservation and development.
 REFERENCES

Richard s. Frasse (2018). Puishment justification and goals.

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-
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%E2%80%9D%20(,to%20be%20punished%2C%20and%20the
Hoskins, Zachary and Antony Duff, "Legal Punishment", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/legal-punishment/ >.
Edwards, James, "Theories of Criminal Law", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/criminal-law/>.
Michelle Bachelet, High Commissioner for Human Rights, 24 February 2020
https://www.ohchr.org/en/prevention-and-early-warning/human-rights-and-early-warning-
violations-conflict-or-crisis
Bellew J.W. (2016). Therapeutic modalities past, present, and future: their role in the patient care
management model. Bellew J.W., & Michlovitz S.L., & Nolan Jr. T.P.(Eds.), Modalities for
Therapeutic Intervention, 6e. McGraw Hill. https://fadavispt.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?
bookid=1932&sectionid=141707167
Geromo L. Sy (2005). Rethinking the Five Pillars of the Criminal Justice System: Towards a
new Model
ArgeeAbadines (2017). Philippine judiciary and Criminal justice system under pressure: An
inside look