GRADE 11
CAROLYNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
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Tel. No.: (052) 487-4463/09167901383
GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
Module 1 and 2
Module 1: Represents Real-life Situations using
Functions, including Piece-wise Function (M11GM-Ia-
1); Evaluates a Function (MIIGM-Ia-2)
Module 2: Operations on Functions (M11GM-Ia-3);
Solves Problems involving Functions (M11MG-Ia-4)
Prepared By:
MILLET B. PAÑO
Mathematics Teacher
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 1
GRADE 11
Module 1-PART 1: Represents Real-life Situations using
Functions, including Piece-wise Function (M11GM-Ia-1)
LEARNING OUTCOME(S): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-life situations using functions,
including piecewise functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Functions and Relations
2. Vertical Line Test
3. Representing Real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions.
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
DEFINITION: A relation is a rule that related values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values
(called the range)
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).
DEFINITION: A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some
rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same value x-value but different
y-values. Using functional notation, we can write 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, read as “f of x is equal to y”. in particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered
pair associated with the function f, then we say that 𝑓(2) = 1.
(Video about Introduction of Functions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk)
Example: Which of the following relations are functions:
𝑓 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7)}
𝑔 = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 7)}
ℎ = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (𝑛, 3𝑛), … }
Solution:
The relation 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-
values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (1, 3) and (1, 4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-
values.
MAPPING DIAGRAMS
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are mapped to
the elements of the range using the arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all the connections
represented by the arrows.
Example 2: Determine the mapping diagrams which represent functions.
X Y X Y X Y
𝑓 ℎ 𝑔
2 1 M F 1
4 3 A 2 20
6 5 I K 3
8 7 N 4 10
10 9 L R 5
Solution: The relations f and g are functions because each value of y in Y is unique or a specific value of x. The
relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-
value. For example, 𝑥 = 𝑀 corresponds to 𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝐴. Similarly, 𝑥 = 𝐼 corresponds to both 𝑦 = 𝐾 𝑜𝑟 𝑅.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian Plane, and that a function
passes the vertical line test.
VERTICAL LINE TEST
A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
Example 3: Determine which of the following can be graphs of functions.
A. C.
D.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2
GRADE 11
Solution: Graph A and D are graphs of functions while graph B and C are not because they do not pass the vertical
line test.
PIECE-WISE FUNCTION
Important Concepts
• Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set of outputs.
• Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set of inputs.
Definition: The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
Example 4: Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.
(a) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
(c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
(d) 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
(e) 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
(f) 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where, ⌊𝑥⌋ is the greatest integer function.
Solution: The domains or the relations are as follows:
(a) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} (d) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 ≥ −1}
(b) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} (e) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑥 ≠ 1
(c) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} (f) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Functions as representations of real-life situations.
Function can be often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a better
understanding of various phenomena.
Example 5: Give a function M that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs ₱40.
Solution: Since each meal costs ₱40, then the cost function is 𝑪(𝒙) = 𝟒𝑶𝒙(x)
Piece-Wise Function
Sone situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the independent variable.
Example 6: A jeepney ride costs ₱ 8.00 for the first 4km, and each additional integer kilometer adds ₱ 1.50 to the fare.
Use piece-wise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
Solution: The input value is distance and the output are the cost of the jeepney fare. If the 𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare as
a function of distance, the function can be represented as follows:
𝟖. 𝟎𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒
𝑭(𝒅) = {
(𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓 ⌊𝒅⌋), 𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒
Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = 4
Example 7: A user is charged ₱ 300.00 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are charged ₱ 1.00 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function 𝑡(𝑚),
where m is the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution: The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function:
𝟑𝟎𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒎 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕(𝒎) = {
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝒎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒎 > 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Module 1-PART 2: Evaluates a Function (MIIGM-Ia-2)
LEARNING OUTCOME(S): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to evaluate functions and solve problems
involving functions.
Learning Outline:
1. Evaluating Functions
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from the function’s domain
and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating 𝑓 at 𝑎 for some 𝑎 in the domain of 𝑓, we write 𝑓(𝑎).
Example 1: Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
(b) 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
(c) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
(d) 𝑟(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
(e) 𝐹(𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where, ⌊𝑥⌋ is the greatest integer function.
Solution: Substituting 1.5 for the x in the functions above, we have
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 3
GRADE 11
(a) 𝑓(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 𝟒
(b) 𝑞(1.5) = (1.5)2 − 2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25 − 3 + 2 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
(c) 𝑔(1.5) = √(1.5) + 1 = √𝟐. 𝟓
2(1.5)+1 3+1
(d) 𝑟(1.5) = (1.5)−1
= 0.5
=𝟖
(e) 𝐹(1.5) = ⌊(1.5)⌋ + 1 = 1 + 1 = 𝟐
Example 2: Evaluate the following functions, where 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are as defined in Example 1.
(a) 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) (b) 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3)
Solution:
a. 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 2(3𝑥 − 1) + 1 = 6𝑥 − 2 + 1 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏
b. 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3) = (2𝑥 + 3)2 − 2(2𝑥 + 3) + 2 = (4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9) − 4𝑥 − 6 + 2 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓
ACTIVITY: Let’s Try Your Knowledge!
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. Is the relation {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), … (𝑛, 𝑛2 ), … } a function?
2. Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 3.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3
3
c) ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 3
𝑥 2 +1
d) 𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥−4
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 5
3. Give the domain of 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥 using set builder notation.
4. A certain chocolate bar costs ₱ 35.00 per piece. However, I you buy more than 10 pieces, they will be marked down
to a price of ₱ 32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate
bars bought.
1
5. Give the domain of 𝑦 = 2 in set builder notation.
√𝑥 −4
6. Which from the mapping diagrams represent functions?
7. A computer shop charges 20 pesos per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first two hours and an additional 10
pesos per hour for each succeeding hour. Represent your computer rental fee using the function 𝑅(𝑡) where 𝑡 is the
number of hours you spent on the computer.
8. A taxi ride costs ₱ 40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300 meters (or a fraction thereof) adds ₱ 3.50
to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d in meters.
9. Evaluate 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥.
Module 2: Operations on Functions (M11GM-Ia-3
Solves Problems involving Functions (M11MG-Ia-4)
LEARNING OUTCOME(S): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, composition of functions and solve problems involving functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Review: Operations on Algebraic Expressions
2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of functions
3. Function composition
Definition:
Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by 𝑓 + 𝑔, is the function denoted by (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙).
2. Their difference, denoted by 𝑓 − 𝑔, is the function denoted by (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙).
3. Their product, denoted by 𝑓 × 𝑔, is the function denoted by (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) × 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
4. Their quotient, denoted by 𝑓 ÷ 𝑔 or 𝑓/𝑔, is the function denoted by (𝒇 ÷ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ÷ 𝒈(𝒙) or (𝒈) (𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙),
excluding the values of 𝑥 where 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 4
GRADE 11
Example #1: Given the functions:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟓
Determine the following functions:
➢ ADDITION
a. (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙)
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) (definition of addition functions)
= (𝑥 + 5) + (2𝑥 − 1) Replace 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) by the given values.
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 − 1 Combine like terms.
= 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
➢ SUBTRACTION
b. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) (definition of subtraction functions)
= (𝑥 + 5) − (2𝑥 − 1) Replace 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) by the given values.
= 𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 + 1 Distribute the negative sign.
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 + 1 Combine like terms.
= −𝒙 + 𝟔
➢ MULTIPLICATION
c. (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙)
(𝑓 × 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) (definition of multiplication functions)
=(𝑥 + 5) × (2𝑥 − 1) Replace 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) by the given values.
= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟓 Multiply the binomials
➢ DIVISION
𝒉
d. ( ) (𝒙)
𝒈
ℎ ℎ(𝑥)
(𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) (definition of division functions)
2𝑥 2 +9𝑥−5
= 2𝑥−1
Replace 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) by the given values.
(𝑥+5)(2𝑥−1)
= 2𝑥−1
Factor the numerator.
(𝑥+5)(2𝑥−1)
= 2𝑥−1
Cancel out common factors.
= (𝒙 + 𝟓)
Example #2: Use the following functions below in determining the following functions.
❖ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3
❖ 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7
❖ 𝑣(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
❖ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
𝑥+7
❖ ℎ(𝑥) = 2−𝑥
Determine the following functions.
(a) (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
(b) (𝑓 × 𝑝)(𝑥)
(c) (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥)
(d) (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥)
𝑣
(e) (𝑔) (𝑥)
Solution
(a) (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8)
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 − 8 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒
(b) (𝑓 × 𝑝)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 7) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏
𝑥+7 2−𝑥 𝑥+7 (𝑥+3)(2−𝑥)(𝑥+7)
(c) (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) + (2−𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) ∙ 2−𝑥 + 2−𝑥 = 2−𝑥
6−𝑥−𝑥 2 +𝑥+7 13−𝑥 2 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟑
= 2−𝑥
= 2−𝑥 = 𝒙−𝟐
(d) (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 7) − (𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
𝑣 𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟒
(e) ( ) (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8) =
𝑔 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟖
Composite Function
Definition: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions. The composite function denoted by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) is defined by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).
The process of obtaining a composite function is called function composition.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 5
GRADE 11
Given functions:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
Example 1: Find and simplify (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
Solution:
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = √𝑓 (𝑥) + 1 = √(2𝑥 + 1) + 1 = √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
Example 2: Find and simplify (𝑞 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
Solution:
(𝑞 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑓(𝑥)) = [𝑓(𝑥)]2 − 2[𝑓(𝑥)] + 2 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(2𝑥 + 1) + 2
= (4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) − (4𝑥 + 2) + 2 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Solves Problems Involving functions
Four-step Problem Solving (George Polya)
Step 1: Identify the problem
Step 2: Devise a Plan
Step 3: Evaluate
Step 4: Assess your answer
Example: The cost 𝐶 of buying 𝑥 kilos of grapes is given by the function 𝐶(𝑥) = 120𝑥 + 8. Each kilo costs ₱ 120.00
plus ₱ 8.00 for the paper bag. How much will you pay if you will buy 6 kilos of grapes?
Solution:
Step 1: Identify the problem
• How much to pay for buying 6 kilos of grapes?
Given: Let 𝑥 be the number of kilos to buy; ₱ 120.00 cost each kilo; 6 kilos to buy; ₱ 8.00 charge per paper
bag.
Step 2: Devise a Plan
Solve the payment using the given formula: 𝑪(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖
Step 3: Evaluate
𝐶(𝑥) = 120𝑥 + 8
𝐶(6) = 120(6) + 8
𝐶(6) = 720 + 8
𝑪(𝟔) = 𝟕𝟐𝟖
Step 4: Assess Your Answer
To buy 6 kilos of grapes, you need to pay ₱ 728.00
ACTIVITY: Let Me Try My Own Understanding!
Direction: Answer the following items.
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1;
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
FIND:
a) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) 𝑓(−1) ⋅ 𝑔(2) ⋅ ℎ(0)
𝑔(𝑥)
c) 𝑓(𝑥)
d) ℎ(𝑥 − 1)
e) 𝑓(3) + 𝑔(2)
1
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥. Find
a) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(−1)
c) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
d) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
REFERENCES
General Mathematic Learner’s Material, pp. 1
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 6
