omy BALANCING TOPICS u Introduction to Balaneng enna — 12 Unbalanced Sytem Static and Dynamic Balancing, Study of alancing Balancing of Rotating Masses Introduction to Balancing of Reciprocating Masses Balancing of Reciprocating Masses in Single Cynder Engine Balancing of Reciprocating Masses In Mu Direct and Reverse Cranks Method Balancing of V-ngines. Balancing Machinesqeny (oo) eapemm emmy = Hr ipoq dunes aos = ‘se ew ory oumegn ay Sie (21g; pig) mq} se + waists peugequn: 12H wns enna (@) woud pens fue vo Sua sso so 082 EOL : aujypeH Jo syuoueduioy uo Bunay saou04 jo SadAL TTT 8p sseu yo anu nda sds Aue wf: eas PHPEREGE ~WaSAS GHONVTVENN ZTi a “ogo aRHNS PD UoRUT SAGAN OPE sou oye ue au a usm pa pun 9 1 91 0 20 ao Ba Ay eboun aus ous sambo sak ZET Ag wh MOS ay Pe ae 5 sued Soou asoyip “ou oasis wnOATUNp | ——) sun uay suR>OBKL TET Bi wm 5 gH Pe uh pours ATONE J Woot Koes 9442 « o= ways | uo Bande (5040) ey) s2949 aKa mu wns an wo Bun (221 pepe) rio} ay unt 5 0 anos wy nue * {ey 2 94 gM aU0p z ead 40 worse os anp ssn} 0 oueeQ es uueEG INES || upueea RES [es] Sursueleg s1weuhg pue 6usuejeg 2ReIS UBaMIEq SDUBIEWIG TET -tuoueeg ua pue 9850) voapueo ueRae pumas ol uote oo fue 2S Ba KS “O| Buonseno Kinonvn SNTONVIVE SINVNAG GNY SILVIS ET —_————_———— ee Tepe TH TasW pynamics of Machinery (SPPU) 14 Balan, Sr.No. | _Statie Balancing | __ Dynamic Balancing Heavy Weight Heavy Weight Fig. 1.3.2 : Dynamically unbalanced tyre | netsassitctyentanead om | 1.4 STUDY OF BALANCING fore direction. This centrifugal force or disturbing force given by, The study of balancing Is sub-divided under the heads, Fe= mro? shown in Fig. 1.4.1 where, Fc = centrifugal force or disturbing force, N m = mass of the rotating body, kg, = distance of centre of mass (C.G) from the axis of rotation, m angular speed of rotation, rad/s. 1.5.1 Balancing of Masses Rotating in Same Plane : Let, m,, m,, ms, m, = masses attached to a shaft. Tutu tats = distance of masses m,, m,,m3, my from the axis of rotation of shaft. Fig. 1.4. Study of Balancing 1.5 BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES 04,.02,05,04 = angular positions of masses m,,m,my form horizontal line OX, measured in anticlockwise direction (Fig. 1.5.1] @ Centrifugal Force and Couple due to Centrifug?! ‘Reasons for Unbalance in Rotating System : () Errors and tolerances in manufacturing and assembly, (11) Non-homogeneity of material, iil) Unsymmetrical shapes of the rotors due to functional requirements. © Dynami When an unbalance mass is rotating about an axis, it experiences a centrifugal force in a radially outward Force (Centrifugal Force) : Force : Centrifugal force = m ro? Centrifugal force « mr [ois constant for all masse Couple due to centrifugal force = mrlu* Couple due to centrifugal force & mri ‘© Hence in subsequent analysis, the centrifugal force * taken as term ‘m ¥, kg-m and the couple due © centrifugal force is taken as term ‘mr I, kg-m*. rametWy ran ey Mache eH) Mi 1 Finding Position and Magnitude of The magnitude and positions of the halanetng mown ean be found by one ofthe following two mothod 1. Graphical Method 2. Analytical Method Graphical Method : configuration diagram with given positions of masses ig. 1.5.1(a) (HW) Cateutat My my and my as shown In contrifugal forces : Calculate the ntefuagal forces exerted by individual masses on the rotating shart Fo = mry Fa = many Fas mst 5 Fey mytye Foam mera (Genie: mam gm) (©) Force Polygon Fig. 1.5.1: Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Same Plane (1) Draw Fo polygon + Draw the force polygon > uch thit ‘08 * reprosents the centrifugal force exerted by tho mass m, in given direction with ome suitable scale, Similarly draw ‘ab “be * and ‘ed * to represent the centrifugal forces xerted by the masses m,, mand m respectively, ‘shown in Pig 1.5.1 (b), () Determine balancing force : The closing side of the force polygon ‘do * represents the balancing centrifugal force (In magnitude and direction), as shown in Pg, 1.5.1(b) (¥) Determine balancing mass : Determine the ‘magnitude of balancing mass ‘m,’ at a given radius of rotation ‘ry’ such that, Balancing centrifugal force = m, r, 2. Analytical Method : Refer Pg. 1.5.1(a); 5 x scale (© Resolve centrifugal forces : Resolve the Centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, ZPy = mr cos0,+m,r, cos; ++ F608 0 + mg 4605 0, (151) and EP = mirysind, + mr, sind, ‘+m sin 0) + mgr, sin 0, (152) () Calculate resultant centrifugal force Fo = VDF (ZR (153) ify e-em (28) ‘magnitude of the resultant centeifugal force Fe, but in opposite direction ie. 0, = (8, + 180°). tan, = (154) (¥) Determine balancing mass ; Determine the ‘magnitude and radius of rotation of balance mass: by using relation mn, = FeWF ynamics of Machinery (SPPUI ner (SPP) Two Methods of Solution Ex. 14 the statement ‘an eccentric mass rotating at 3000 rpm will create X times more unbalanced free than pm. What isthe 50% of the same mass rotating at 900 5 value of X? Soin. : Given: N= 3000npm 5 N= 300 rpm + ¢ Forunbalanced mass, my 23000 _ : 2 oy = PEI 2 314.5 8/3 05m. Unbalanceforc, = mojr=m(31445)'F or F, = 98690.22 mr © Forunbalanced mass m;: 2x30 , = 2BASOY = 31.41 rad/s Unbaance force, mnolr=05 mar =0Sm(3140)'¢ Fe or F, = 49329 mr © Value of X" y= Fs, 9869022. = #7 49329- mr ‘Therefore, an eccentric mass rotating at 3000 rpm will create 200 times more unbalanced force than 0% of the same mass rotating at 300 rpm. Ex. 1.5.2 : The four masses m,m,, my and m, having thelr radi of rotation as 100 mm, 120 mm, 250 mm ard 300 mm fare : 200 kg, 250 kg, 150 kg and 100 kg in magnitude respectively. The angles between the successive masses fare 45°, 70° and 140° respectively. Find the positon and ‘of the balancing mass required, i its radius of 00 Ans. ‘magnitude rotation s 350 mm Soln. : Given: m= 200k¢ n= 01m; (0°; (Assuming les horizontally) = 250kg t= 012m; 48° my = 150 kg) r= 025m ; 04> 45°+70°= 115%: m= 100K, r= 03m; 0, = 115° + 140" = 255%; ny = 350mm = 035m, °F Centrifugal Force = mr: mr = 200% 0. = 20kg-m, mn = 2500.12 =30 kgm, mr) = 1500.25 =375kg-m, 1000. 0 kg-m 1 Ban jeal Method Graph ‘Graphical Method : (9 Draw configuration diagram prarguration ailgram with given posi rasses as shown in Fig. 15.2(a}. ae {ay braw force polygon : Draw the fore pn, taking suitable scale (1mm = 1 kgm) such sad represents m; T, = 20 Ke-m paral oq From ‘a’ draw ‘ab’ representing m3 =30 ig parallel to OB. From draw "be represerigy, sy 75 kgm, parallel to OC. From daw representing m r= 78 KB, paral 0 a ‘do’ to represent the balancing cently, 5 1000 (Seale :1 mm-=1 kg-m) (0) Force Polygon Fig,W ramet Maricery S0MY) (0) Determine balancing mane yom Pie ¥ 1520) he acing cme fn orn toss disse 32/1 0224 How ae mn 3m or mrO5 0 02 s re 9140 ea * Determine angular position of balancing mass ; from Pi F152), the angular post balancing massed flons 0, = 58” but = 0,4 180" = 58” + 180° or = 238° whns, 2. Analytical Method : (1) Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and verticall Lhe m1; c080, + m,r, C08, +m; 1,080, + mer4 C08 0, LPy = 20% 06 0 + 30.c0845-+37.5 c09 115 +30 cos 255 20+ 21.21 -15.84-7.76 17.60 kg-m Lhe or Leys Ley = mr 8in 0, + mr sin 0, + mr, sin 0, + merysin By LPy = 205in0+30sin45 +375 sin 115 +30 sin 255 0+ 21.21 + 33.98- 28.97 26.21 kg-m Lh o LHe (i) Calculate the magnitude of resultant centrifugal force: Fee = NCL eu CL)? = VC7.60)'+(2621)' or Fu, = 31.57 kgm (it) Determine the magnitude of balance mass : Fo = myer, * 31.57 = m,x035 or m, = 902 kg Ans. uw (iv) Calculate the anghe made by resultant centrifugal force withthe hortzonta ine: Ze, m2 tant 5 A a s40n 6, = tan (14092) or 6, = 56a1" Ans. (W) Calculate the angle made by balancing mass with the hortzontal line: 6, = 6,4 100" 256.11" + 109° or 8, = 23641° Ans. 1.5.2 Balancing of Masses Rotating in Different Planes : Reference Plane : * When several masses are rotating in different planes, for balancing purpose they can be transferred to 2 single plane which is called as reference plane (RP) Let, ms mz ms. ‘masses revolving in planes A B,C and D respectively 0,04 = angular position of masses m, ms ‘me with respect to mass m, in anticlockwise direction ‘mJ. = balance messes put in planes Land M respectively. and 0, angular position of balance masses 1m, and my with respect to mass m, ‘in anticlockwise direction 'T Effect of Transferring any Rotating Mass to Reference Plane : ()) toproduce centrifugal force, Fe= mr; and (li) to produce couple, = centrifugal force X distance of reference plane C= Fel =m rl incing of System : For complete balancing of any system, the following two conditions must be satisfied Conditions for Complete (Resultant of all centrifugal forces must be zero (Lmrat= oie. Dmr=0) ;and (1) Resultant couple must be zero (Lmrott=04e.Dmrl=0)W dynamics of Machinery (SPP) sition and Mageitude of Methods of Finding Po Balancing Masses “The complete balancing fallowingtwo methods afsch system cane one PY 4, Graphical Method ¢ refollowedinbaancl es from reference Pl wgisas follows jane : Take on€ ‘asa reference plane (RP): THE rer planes tothe right of RP re taken as are taken as negative The procedu venta forces (Table 15.1) + THE planes. are ‘as they located from left to right ‘able 15.1: Centrifugal Forces and Couples (a) The angular postion of masses are measured in ances dean om Xai. (0) Te wo uknown blaneing masses m, and m be found by draving force polygon and coupe polygon. From the Table 15:1 116 seen tha, i antiga oc coun (clu 4) both man my ao unknown whe in eouple cou (elu 6) only my is unirown, Hence rst craw the couple polygon so that the clos ‘ fe sing vector of couple polygon 2 nays ect Teno (@FocePanee ‘the force polygon so that the closing vector of force) Fig. 1.5.2; Balanc * ‘Seve orn terapta nanan, | Stee _ Different Planes can) ing?W dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) 19 (U0) Draw couple polygon : Draw the couple polygon, {Fig 15.26) taking some sultable scale. Since couple mI Is negative, draw couple ~ my ry 1 radially inward in reverse direction of Om. The couple mf 's positive, so draw couple mr; I; radially outward Le. Im the direction of Om, Similarly couples my rs 1 and Me te are drawn, Closing vector (le. Ga) Fepresents the couple my tu lx which is called as balancing couple (tv) Determine balancing mass ‘my’: Knowing the radius of rotation ‘ra, the magnitude of balancing mass ‘my’ can be obtained as follows do" xScale of couple polygon = my ty ly o! Tru * Scale of couple polygon. (¥) Determine angular position of balancing mass ‘my’ : From couple polygon, the angular position of balancing mass my is also obtained, (1) Draw force polygon : Another balancing mass m,’ can be found by drawing the force polygon [Fig 15:2(a)], * Draw 08 to represent m,n, parallel to Om, From ‘a’ draw ab , to represent m; rp parallel to Om, From ‘b’ draw cd , to represent ms rs, parallel to Om. (i) E (Couples Due to Centrifugal Forces) = 0: Zmri or ° Balancing From’ draw cd, to represent me r parallel to Om, From Oms. “8 draw de to represent mu rw parallel to Join e0 to represent the balancing centrifugal force mr. (vil) Determine balancing mass ‘my’ : Knowing the radius of rotation ‘ry the magnitude of balancing mass ‘M,’ can be obtained as follows &xseaottcpohgon = mr n+ eset ofrce ptaen (et) Determine angular poston of Balancing mas ‘tm’ : From force polygon, the angular position of balancing masses ‘m,’is obtained (bx) Draw angular positions of balancing masses mg and m, (Fig. 1.5.2): 2. Balancing by Analytical Method : ‘Two conditions must be satisfied for the complete balancing ofthe system (9 E (Couples due to centrifugal forces) =0 or Emrl=0 Gi) E (Centrifugal forces) = dor Emr =0 Referring Table 15.1 and Fig. 15.2; (@) Resolve couples horizontally and find their summation : Lemrdy = my, €08 0 +m; 2, cos 6; + my 51.608 + my rw le COS By my Ty COS Oy = my ry (155) + mr ly cos 8y=0 1,608 0~ my rf c0S 8; ~ my r5 fy cos® ~ my, COS By @ Put, Gu = mir 1, 608 0~ m, ef c0s 8: ~ m5 cos 8)~ mar, ly 0s B, Equation (a) becomes, I Fu €05 Oy = Cy (0) (B) Resolve couples vertically and find thelr summation: Z(mrDy = 0; (15.6) ~ my ty fin 0+ mg Fy sin 8, + my 15 sin Os + my ry by Sn Oy + mgr 1 sin 0,= 0 a tuhesin Gy = mrs ly sin 0~ mar, sin @, ~myr5h sin,—myrylysin Oy (6) Put, & 1m 1 sin O~ ml im O;~ mr fsin 8, ~ mr le sin Oy110 : W dynamics o Machinery (SPU —— fulusin Oy © Gr Hiquation () becomes, rn ta (0). Calevtate magnitude of halanetng mans 1 From Equations (b) and (i), tial C08 Oy J+ Caaf Oe)? ® 7 mata * ES axe Mata ® hy {a} Calculate angle made by balancing mass my with the horlzontal axis OX : ‘gin from Equations (b} and (2), BatehesinOn Ge im tly co8Oy "Gu any Gy (1) £ (Centrifugal Forces) = 0: or Xmr= 0 (a) Resolve the forces hortzontally and find thelr summation : EC mr )y = 0; m1, C0806 mr, €080, + mF, 6080, + my C0805 + my ry COS Oy + m4 rs = 0 Im.F600), =| ~[m e050 mr COS, + m1 050) + mt cos ym 405 4] mn Fr = Lor ¢080 4 mr5€050, +m 680) © my ty cs Oy # mcs 4] Equation () becomes, m,r.c080, © Fy (b) Resolve forces vertically and fd thelr summation Z(meyy = 0 my sin 0-4 my sin 0 + yn 0,4 my sin 0, yr SiN Oy mgr sim Oy = 0 Sch, = ~ fy ny sh Dats h005 yt hn) = mF In Oy] Put ye [me tisin mare sin my ey8!06;~ my rysin Oy try sind | Equation (i) becomes, mr sin O, = By (6) Calculate magnitude. of balancing mass m, : Fro ‘quations (h) and), (om 160804 )8+ Cm, sin) SM, =W dynamics of Machinery (SPU) 1 (4) Calculate angle made by the balancing m, with the hortzontal line OX: ‘Again from Equations (h) and ()), Msn Fy mr, cos, * Fy a or a+ an [Fe] 0 Note : i 6 important to note that the angular postions ‘must be measured in anticlockwise direction from tterence line OX. Ex. 1.5.3 : A rotating shalt carries four unbalanced masses My, Ma, My and m, of magnitudes 20 kg, 16 kg, 17 kg, and 14 kg revolving at radii 60 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm and 60 mm respectively. The masses m,, m, and m, revolve in planes 100 mm, 180 mm and 300 mm respectively orm the plane of ‘mass m, and are angularly located at 65°, 145° and 270° Tespectively, measured in anticlockwise direction, trom the ‘mass m, looking from the mass end of the shat. The shaft is to be dynamically balanced by two masses, both located at 70 mm radii and revolving in plane midway between those of ‘masses m, and m, and midway between those of masses ms ‘and m,. Determine the magnitudes of the balancing masses ‘and their respectively angular postions, by graphical method Soin. : Given: m= 20kg ry = 6Omm=006m; = 0 me 15kg f= 80mm=0.08m;0,= 65% m= 17ke = 100mm=010m; 0, = 148%, m= 14kg; Hes (RP) ove " Balancing r= 60mm = 0.66m; = 270", n= t= Tom, ‘The positions of planes and angular positions of ‘masses are shown In Figs, P. 1.5.3(a) and P. 1.5.3(b) respectively ‘The two balancing masses m, and my are placed in Plane Land M respectively. Mass my Is placed midway between planes A and 3, Mass m, Is placed midway between planes C and D. * From Fig P.1.5.3(a) It can be seen that planes L and M are atthe distance of 50mm and 240 mm respectively, from plane A. Plane L is assumed as the reference plane. Hence, the distances to the right of this plane are taken as Positive, while to the let of the plane are taken as negative 1. Force and Couple Data [Table P. 1.5.3] : Table ?.1.5.3 Pane | mass | macus | contig | oistance | couple» (mia! com | Force | trom | oP rn. +08 (mo, | RP.) gen? kom A |m=20| 008 | 12 | -005 | -008 une) m | oor | oorm | 0 ° B_|m=15| 000 | 12 005 | 008 met] 010 | 17 013 2a | 007 | corm | 019 |01s3my) m='4| 008 | oes | 025 | 021 me 257 1K (4) Positions of Panes of Masses (b) Angular Positions of Masses Fig. P. 1.5.3 (Conted...)os Yes wo pve20| og e586 ont fq pov fecal oo cournaemecquicnen ty [pbegn meres emtme tell commerce gotten aan fates ne cecal Septet punto ssi Norermom prope ne oueura RRwsuvezz = 19 2wespenb pana ogy ut stp ae ayy ‘anedou ave Sev Erz0,sscrey Gost + .sseves) 0, sscree ronenby kq uaa sures ayn oq sy + = taro = ‘euer yooe02~ zsev6r= “@) pue() suonenba wos Yuu sseur yay Yu sseuy Sursuerea au 4a apes e1n2te9 (in) ” Byveesez = i 0 sleseo = Come) + .69s097w) (©) pue (>) uonenbs wiosy "a sseus Fupueieg Jo opnyuews aveqno(e> (11) wy useoet= = tourer Stet = ‘gus zoo © = OL UE Ye 0+ BTZIL UIE SEDTX LOU+ SEI ELT +s9UETT + YUE coo oUSeT o =u z seov02- = "9509 99641 = T9s00°u Zoo 0 = 072509¥80+ 8tz9:4 500 9¢91 xz00+ Sb1 S0DLT + S950 71 + 1ys09 "LOD + 0502¢T 0 = S00 %1 Pu + Ma s0> Mu +9 S09 Fu 95093 Fu + 9 F091 e+ 95094 os mamz + * wopeunwnsatox9 puy pu Aeoniaa pu Aeuoztioy 52530) 240504 (1) os awe 1 0 = (anu eBryinue9)'y 1: se0i04 Jo Suppueiea “e (aos t'a-814 wma o wontsod seintue xa mesa (i) ba 94 = 8 od a (a) pur (2) suonenba fq von suion axa noa sy + ; = "0 20 =" = "ue, Toa \ ay9e9r = mu now = Tu duv2) +(29¥291) = (mous ma) + 2 —_ Taas)Sompen To SUT RREx, 1.85 : Four masses A, 8, C and D are completly balanced Masses C and D makes angles of 90° and 210° respectively wth B in the same sense. The planes containing B and C are 300 mm apart. masses A, B, C and D can be assumed to be concentrated at radial of 960, 480, 240 and 300 mm respectively. Ifthe masses B,C and D are 15 kg, 25g and 20 kg respectively, determine (@ mass Aand ts angular postion; and {@)_ postions of planes A and b. Soin. : Given: = 90°; = 210°; m= massA ; tq = 360mm=036m; 15kg; r= 480mm=048m; 25kg re = 240mm=0.24m; 20kg | t= 300mm=03m, distance between the planes Band D distance between the planes A and B The positions of planes and angular positions of masses are shown in Figs. P. 1.55(a) and (b). It is assumed that plane Bis areference plane (RP). (b) Angular Positions of Masses, Balancing b (Geale : 1 mm = 0.25 kg-m) () Force Polygon (Geale: 1mm = 0.12 kg-m?) (€) Couple Polygon Fig. P.1.5.5 1. Force and Couples Data [Table P. 1.5.5]: Table P.1.5.5 Plane [Mase |Radus |certtugal Distance | couple» (ya oom |rorce ftom | a om, satin |RPIm {root tom A [om | 09 | 09m | -y | -098my my] 1s | ow | 72 | 0 ° | Gllelcolk 6: ihc od) ofmfio| s | x | « 2. Force Polygon : ‘The magnitude and angular postion of mass m, can be ‘obtained by drawing te force polygon [Fig P.15.5(€} (© Draw ob 2 kgm, parallel t9 Om ay (i) From’ draw be = 6 kg-m, parallel to Om (ui) From’c’ draw ed = 6 g-m, parallel to Ory (iv) Join dand o, do represents 0.36 m,=== Sea): Seiten Toy wan ‘gu dnSINE rrrPar ree rEaEeiae Wonton acon TPE = prey es Suances Cnn econ Women sy acne & fesrevaen: {oc ee ag steer 1510 eeeseaascnt (0 tees tect mate as | we saisotw rtd | rece Pye: (eben prom, ene ae |* Neo op ee pn etn ee Ferisint (0) Pomp dat 128 inn 305 ag rope th 9a Th rep apts man R a unin oid Ty = 5 at = 2 ed onetori fy ae 46 op i at i > Coron 3 ie : Ran sro : eS a =i oath ma _—_ [asa tatnepta twge (B= | esp tm pbuh eT ‘Sats ra pon wd oat 2 eaten na tod poy 2 hg v | Bigactarovaecgmty ne sm 125 a eons tm be at in Te cee ey a (rsa gent coe © pacer bo 8 ata pe neared (eK se de Se oss (ote root ay 1) ee pune om psn nb en{RODUCTION TO BALANCING 16 RECIPROCATING MASSES nove ene pry cmp [rc ticeaagiamtege 117 BALANCING OF [RECIPROCATING MASSES IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE 1.74. steps in Balancing of Reciprocating Mates Single Clnder Engine ip 172: Meco ac m= mst eng 1 gira ‘Muy rat ‘meta eh geet hie pti to fect oa + to ont! 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Sy AOURRRLT A SURE oy sue0 eseNa) PU DUP — POR as URS OD qOH13aN SNVUO 3SY3AR¥ ONY L9auIG 6 TW dynamics oF Mehinery (SPPU) Line of stroke Balancing al Fig. 1.9.2: Reciprocating Engine Mechanism with Imaginary Mass { Perrine Rerrsano Fig. 1.9.3 : Primary in Direct and Reverse Cranks Parameters of Primary Direct and Reverse Cranks = + Parameters of primary direct crank: Radius ofcrank = + ‘Angular position = 0 Angular speed = w rad / s (Clockwise) Massatcrankpin = + Parameters of primary reverse crank: Radius oferank = “Angular position = -0 ‘Angular speed = « rad /s (Anticlockwise) Mass of crank pin = 2 ‘© Centrifugal force on each mass placed at direct crank pin Cand reverse crank pin C, =" 0? r * Component of centrifugal force acting on mass placed at point aongthe ine ofstroke= rcs Component of the centrifugal force acting on the mass. placed at point C’, along the line of stroke ‘Total component of centrifugal force acting along the line of stroke oFreosd + BuPeous = ma? r cot = Primary unbalance fore Hence, for determining the unbalanced primary force, the mass ‘m’ ofthe reciprocating parts can be replaced by two masses Le. Beach at point ¢ and respectively. ‘The components of centrifugal forces of masses (m/2) placed at point Cand C’ normal tothe line of stroke are qual to Basin but oppose in deco a exch other. Hence, these components are balanced, weW dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) * Thus, the unbalanced primary force due 10 reciprocating mass ‘m’ can be determined by placing ‘masses m/2 each at crank pin of primary direct erank and primary reverse crank (eat points Cand C) 1.9.2 Secondary Force : ‘ Unbalanced Secondary Force (F,): f= mort or Bye mx(20yxeas20 F Secondary Direct and Reverse Cranks : For determining unbalanced secondary rhe mass sw of he recog puri replaced by Oo mases qua © at rank pn of secondary det crak ad secondary reverse crak (at pints Cand) sich that tecondary rect ranks malnganangle20and secondary revere ranks malin sn ange 28 wth pon a shown in Fig. 1.94. Secondary Direct and Reverse Cranks Fig. 1.9. & Parameters of Secondary Direct and Reverse Cranks: Parameters of secondary direct crank: Radius of crank = r/4n ‘Angular position = 20 “Angular speed = 20 rad/s (clockwise) Massatcrankpin = «parameters of secondary reverse crank adlusofcrank = £/4n Angular postion = -20 angular speed = 2orad/s(Antiacise) assaterankpin = 1.46 ay, + Thus, the unbalanced secondary force reciprocating mass ‘m’ can be determineg masses ‘m/2" each at cranks pin of seconds crank and secondary reverse crank (et pry ¢ c). Ex. 1.9.1 + A three ofinder radial engine ng. oni taka » soca Siw cia feoke is 120 mm and length of €8ch conning 245 mm. The mass of reciprocating parts is 3g pr Detarne the primary and secondary uss ‘acting onthe engine. Sol Given: N= 1500rpm; $= 012m T= 025mm; — m= 3kg. 2nN _2nx1500 = FAN AR = 15707 rae: ‘+ Consider three cylinders located at 120° fom = other, as shown in Fig. P.1.9.1(a). The crank ans ‘each cylinder are measured from the line of sit Since the crank rotates in clockwise direction = angles in clockwise direction are taken as pose while the angles in anticlockwise direction arta: negative. a Seka tar 1 (Gunn Psa) Fig, P.1.9:1(a): Three Cylinder Radial Engin® _ ee oa _y& dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) 1.47 Balancing 1. Crank Angles for Primary and Secondary Une Stoke ot a Crank Positions (Table P. 1.9.1) ; come Table P. 1.9.1 | Position | Primary Crank Secondary Crank | Position Position 20" Direct | Reverse | Direct | Reverse | 1RP) 0 ° 0 0 L 2 = 240° 2 3 80° | 480° we) i Line of Stroke >> — Line of Stroks 2. Primary Forces : stove? | atyansers (@) For eptinder 1 (@ = 0): Both direct and reverse / cranks will coincide with the common crank OC, (fi) Reverse Crank Positions. asshown in Fig. P.19.1(b) Fig. P. 1.9.1(b) : Primary Forces (i) For cylinder 2 (@ = + 120°): For direct crank Position, rotate the crank 2 in clockwise direction (v) Unbalanced primary force: by 120° from its line of stroke: for reverse crank GeB.B)atredmate Position, rotate crank 2 in anticlockwise direction 20 are, 2 ae fom ts Ine of sok, as shown in 3cax(1s707)'x008 (iil) For cylinder 3 (@ = + 240°) : For direct crank | °F Fr = 6661.16N —Aas. Posilon, rotate crank 3 in clockwise direction by | 3. Secondary Forces mm ie Sf Seeker reverse fang | ©. For tinder 1 (28 = 0): Both dec and reverse _— s _o- ee gee ‘crank will be coincide with the common crank OC, recon by 240°fom isnt ee, sho eaaceee eisien i) For cylinder 2 (20 = (iv) From Fig. P. 1.9.1(b), it is seen that, for reverse (i) For cylinder 2 (2 rank position the system is balanced and unbalanced force is only due to direct crank position. Therefore, Line of Stoke of —={ Oyindert 4 240°): For direct crank Position, rotate the crank 2 in clockwise direction by 240” from its line of stroke; for reverse crank Position, rotate crank 2 in anticlockwise direction by 240° from its line of stroke, as shown in Fig. P 19.100) Lin of Stoke of —o}75 mm an ng of ach come 0 20 Find ‘temaxinum rary ard secondary tree ros Ihe eng nn a 2500 pm. Use te concept of rect end ce ATTBF dynamics of Machinery (SPU) 149) (W) For cylinder 2 (0 = + 120°): For aiect crank Postion rotate the crank 2 in clockwise direction by 120° from its line of stroke ; for reverse crank Position, rotate the crank 2 in direction by 120° from its tine InFig.P.1.9.2(6), (ii) For cylinder 3 (0 = + 240°); __psition. rotate the eran 3 in clockise (0) Unbalanced primary force: anticlockwise of stro by 240° from Its line of stroke ; for reverse crank position rotate the crank 3 in. anticlockwise direction by 240° from its line of stroke, as shown sn Pl, P.1.9.2(b) (lv) From Fig, P, 1.9.2(b), It is seen that, for reverse ‘rank position the system is balanced and unbalanced force 1s only due to direct crank position, 3 nutred 075 Re J mot r=} «1.2% (261.79)'4075 or F, = 9252,09N Ans, Une of Stroke of —x| Line of Soke of —e} Cylinder? | Oyler) | of Cylinder 2 of Cynder 3 () Direct Cra & Positions P i . eee Une of Stroke cama Line of rok — “Line of stroke. pO Une of Stroh of Oyinder 2 of Ovinder 3 (W) Reverse Crank Positions Fig. P. 1.9.2(b) : Primary Forces 3. Secondary Forces : (For cylinder 1 (20 = 0) : Both direct and reverse crank will be coincide with the common crank OC, as shown in Fig. P.1.9.2(c). Une of Stroke of —o} Cyindert | 4 ‘Stroke 1 Line of Stroke i PO ee fheers () Direct Crank Positions Fig. Une of Stroke of —o{ Cyinder | ‘\ ao"\ EL Lj i Py | AN Une of Stroke sj Line of Straka of Cylinder 2 Tere yinders (0 Reese Crk Poin a 1.9.2(¢) : Secondary forces wrWF dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) (i) For cylinder 2 (20 = £240"): For direct crank Position, rotate the crank 2 in clockwise rection by 240° from its line of stroke; for reverse cr Position, rotate crank 2 in anticlockwise direction by 240° from its line of stroke, as shown In Fig.P.1.9.2(0) ii) For eytinder 3 (28 = # 480°) : For direct crank position, rotate the crank 3 in clockwise direction by 480° from its line of stroke; for reverse crank direction position, rotate crank 3 in anticlockwise by 480° from its line of stroke, as shown in Fig. P.1.9.2(€) (i) Form Fig. P. 1.92(b), itis seen that, for direct crank position the system is balanced and unbalanced force is only due to reverse crank positon, (6) Secondary unbalanced force: n= G +2.2)xea 5 oe = Meo gs = berzeczeur9y or Fy = 277840 i 4. Total unbalanced force (F,): ‘eto unbalanced forces fe 252.09 4277840 1203049 a eda) Refer our website for complete solution of following examples Ex. 1.9.3 :A three cylinder radial engine has axes at 120° to one another and their connecting rods are coupled to a single common crank. The stroke length is 100 mm and length of each connecting rod is 150 mm. If the mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder is 1 kg, determine the primary and secondary force of the engine running at 2400 rpm. Ex. 1.9.4 : The three cylinders of radial engine have a ‘common crank of radius 75 mm. The connecting rod tenigth is 225 mm. Find the maximum primary and secondary forces when running at 2800 r.p.m. if the reciprocating mass percylinderis2kg. SUERTE 1:50) % my A. Ex. 1.985: Tho three oyinders ofan air compresan thoir axes at 120° to one another and ther connecting fare coupled 10 a single crank. The langth op ‘connecting rod (s 270 mm and the Stroke is 180 mm, reciprocating parts have a mass of 2.6 kg per og Dotermine the primary and secondary 10rc68 i the. . runs at 2400 p.m. SELL Ex. 1.96 A thro oyinder ofan ai Compressor have py, ‘axes at 120° to each other and their connecting rags ‘coupled to a single crank. The stroke is. 100 mm length of each connecting rod Is 150 mm. The wage reciprocating parts par cylinder is 15 N. Find the maxim, primary and secondary forces acting on the frame o 2, ‘compressor when running at 3000 rpm. Describe ceaty, ‘method by whieh such forces may be balanced, Ex. 1.9.7 : The folloning data refers to a 90° two cyine V-engine + Mass of reciprocating part per cylinder = 3 kg + Length of crank 400 mm © Length of connecting rod. = 400 mm + Speed of engine = 2000 rpm. Examine the engine for primary and secon balancing, when the crank bisects the lines of cine Soln. Given: o1m 2000 rpm. nN _2nx2000 60 = 60 + Consider two cylinder V-engine located at 90° f= each other, as shown in Fig, P, 1.9.7(a). The c= angles for each cylinder are measured from the i+ stroke, Since the crank rotates in clockwise dir the angles in clockwise direction are taken as post” ‘while the angles in anticlockwise direction ae aket® negative. w= 09.43 rad. Fig. P. 1.9.7(a) : Two Cylinder V-Engine waBalancing, direction by 85" from its line of stoke, as sherwn, Ing, 197) Table P. 1.9.7 (i) For eylinder 2 (8 = + 3145°) : For direct crank Pnition, rotate the crank 2 in clockwise direction bby 415° trom its line of stoke: for reverse crank enition, rotate the crank 2 in anticlociwise direction yy 245° from Its line of stroke, a8 shown | IRE “lw 00° in Py, P.19.7(b) [2 Tas 5s" Teaver (il) From Fig, P.1.9.7(b), it Is seen that, for reverse crank position the system is balanced and 270" __jor=270°_J unbalanced force is only due to direct crank 2. Primary Forces : postion (i) For cylinder 1 (0 = £45) : For direct crank (iv) Unbalanced primary force : position, rotate the crank 1 in clockwise direction tre (BoB )ute = murs bby 45° from its line of stroke; for reverse crank position, rotate the crank 1 in anticlockwise mex (204i x04 or Fp = 13158.25 Ans. a2 ye, on che / ch ican hick Biche aopeaers sa MOheta® Afi ye ¢ dojo Jw), OY / ate ; 2 owe 27 Le fon “Unnat Ste Opoae2 ot feders () Direct Crank Postions (W Reverse Crank Postdons Fig. P. 1.9.7(b) : Primary Forces 3. Secondary Forces : () For cylinder 1 (0 = + 90%) : For direct crank position, rotate the crank 1 In clockwise direction by 90” from its Hine of stroke; for reverse crank position, rotate the crank 1 In anticlockwise direction by 90° from its line of stroke, as shown in Fig P.1.9.7(c) (1) For cylinder 2 (6 = + 640°) : For direct crank position, rotate the crank 2 in clockwise direction 630° from its lines of stroke; for reverse crank position, rotate the crank 2 In anticlockwise direction 630° from its line of stroke, as shown in Fig P.1.9.7(c) (11) Component of unbalanced secondary force due to direct crank, along OY (upward direction) : Fa = 27[ Beans" | (20) 9 (1) Components of unbalanced secondary force due to direct rank, along OX (hortzontal direction) = 0 (¥) Component of unbalanced secondary force due o reverse crank along OY (downward direction) : toa © 2 Beans") (205 (1) Components of unbalanced secondary forces due to reverse erank along OX (horizontal direction) = 0 (vit) Unbalanced secondary force + 1, = Poy = Foxo(Both are acting in opposite in direction} Westenatncing ed secondary force due t0 (09) Components be Airc crank along OX horizontal direction) =O Fig P.19.8(2): Two Cylinder V-engine mary and Secondey Cr x... |... won| omancaak | sendy cam | Postion Postion 2 z = . Di | avn | et | Rew 1 | ws | pale 254 Th eth ea 10 and ago Srey tm. Otemee Re preWB dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) > or = 0 Ans. viii) Thus, there is no unbalanced secondary force acting 0” the engine 4, Total Unbalance Force: ‘The total unbalance force acting on the engine Fy = Fre Fy2 274155 +0 Fy = 274155 Ans. a eter our website for complete solution of following example Ex 199: Ina tee | coplanar and the anol axes are 60°. All cyin 0 mm. Each connecting rod &s 650. mm long. Reciprocating mass per cyinder is 1.5 kg and the engine rns at 1200 rpm. Find the primary and secondary direct find maximum primary wa tee cyinder engine, axes of cinders are as betwoen the neighboring cinder cers dv the same crank of fength ‘and reverse unbalance fores. Also ‘and secondary unbalanced force. cxExTIT a 1.10 BALANCING OF V-ENGINES What are engines ? How they iter from the rest of the reciprocating engines? EERIE Jo. show that primary forces in V-90 engine can be| + Primary | _ completly balanced Ss V-Engine : ‘© AV-engine isa two cylinder radial, engine in which the connecting rods are fixed tothe common crank + In such engines, the center lines of the cylinders form a letter ‘V, therefore these engines are called as V- ‘engines # In V-engines, the cylinders have a common crank and this crank revolves in one plane, so there is no primary or secondary couple acting on the engine © Consider @ Vengine, shown in Fig, 1.10.1, having ‘common crank OC and two connecting rods CP and CQ. ‘The lines of stroke OP and 0Q are inclined to vertical axis OY at an angle _mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder, kg length of connecting rod, m Let, om obliquity ratio= 9 = crank angle, measured from ver oY, at any instant angular velocity of crank, rad/s Veangle ie. angle between lines of two cylinders unbalanced force in single cys, engine Fp = marr cos® secondary unbalanced force in single cyjy, engine [From Equation , £0520 [From Equation Fo 1.10.1 : Balancing of V-Engine Primary Forces : (i). Primary forces in individual cylinders: + Primary unbalanced force acting along tine stroke of cylinder 1: Fr © Primary unbalanced force acting along line stroke of cylinder 2 B motrcas(a-8) motrcos (a+ 8) (i) Total primary force along vertical line OY Foe FriXcos c+ Fys.cos ct = motrcos(a-6} cosa +m rcos (a+ 8) = mo reos [cos (¢~6) + c0s («+ 8)) = mo'reosa-2cosc-cos® Fy = 2motreost acoso (lil) Total primary force along horizontal line OX Fou = Frusin oc Pr sin a {1 Both forces FP, sin cand P,s80 acting opposite to each mo reos (@-8) sin «ma? rcos (a+ 0) rr = radius of crank, mm - =W dynamics of Machinery (SPU) mas rsin [cos (0) ~cos (a+ 9)} = mo*rsina-2sinasind orFw= 2mo@?rsin?a:sing (b) (iv) Resultant primary force : + Resultant Primary force: Fee V(Fe P+ (UF mo? 1 (cos? a=€050)"3 (sinh asindy om (1.101) Angle made by resultant force F, with vertical axis OY (measured in clockwise direction) : y Br = tan’ 2ma*rsin? a-sin 6 2maF cos*a-cos8 P tan" [tan? a-tan 6] (1.102) ill) Total secondary force along horizontal line OX: Fou = Fo.sin o-Ps sino aa mo rsi mo? rsin a n 2sin2a-sin20 tae 2netrsnadn2ean2e (iv) Resultant secondary force : * Resultant Secondary force : Fe = VCP) + (Fon) 155 Balancing Secondary For (Secondary forces in individual cylinders: * Secondary force acting along line of stroke of oylinder 1: Fy = mo? 8210-0 Secondary force acting along line of stroke of cylinder 2 marcos 2 (a+ 6} Fy, = ROTO) : fr) Gi) Total secondary force along vertical line OY : Bay = Fy, coset Fes cos. £082 (a 08 2 (a+ 8) = mo LO o5 6 4 ma? el os E marcos (cos 2(a-8)+cos2(a+0)] = MEOH 52a cas 28 eee ~0 {Both forces Fy sino and Fs sn are acting opposite to each other] $082 (Oy oy yep OSZLOO sina TS [cos2(a-8) +<082(a+8)] * Angle made by resultant secondary force F, with vertical axis OY (measured in clockwise direction) ; = nt[F] = cant (a) 2 J+ (Ematrsna-anzonn2e) F= 2. mut r(cos a cos? a-cos20)'+ (sina-sin2a-sin 28 (1.103) 2 metr-sina-sn2a-sin26 fegresre aay By = tan ftan a-tan 2 a-tan 6] SateenAOS Yeoi2ABuoqe 210) Kepueses ed + | 0. my Kepmosper emt mee + 1 0g 99:5 22 280 em go eSeminars poumeen my 22 EEA + 9j6uy 183 ‘uum sa2sog Auepuoes pue pueuiiug qweninsou Jo vONENEA TOT'TUE ax ou ps cae 9 tt seco ope pt ed ye Born [peso eta 9 8 04 wt OZ 8 HABApasiesu ion PemoTiONs o ae ~ wed useg > sae2pu1 1904 somtoe oe! consi ui wi Ye i \ so vodéns | peumes dno yssonun ego ue oug ELMS gueig vorDe109 voroaii09 ° 7 Jo vonow umop pue dn ou s{ aiauy aouts Azeuoneas pets tyewiaa yim savuiod ayn ‘aouejeq aners u stsed axa j) > °F erenbs spew pue parsnipe oq wer Aouanbay oa et meu aya eth os aigeasnipe axe rym pawpene a1e ehieacbon snsPes Sarre sodgsep pue sSuuds axa “oppeio jo spua axa wioq ay Tr ° ‘ontd ay8ts noge azed pue ajpess yp aeq1250 aromas yor 01 se os wontsod pay20} ul st roAKd ays © mevonisod paseajas ut ond yo] aXN SMOUS ZTET Bly : ;paoueyeg 2g o1 ied FR uo soueyd uonda.i09 atp qui aproutoa 01 paasnipe 0m suiod yond ays swutod yoatd om jo saya ‘age aq19S0 10 "904 01 pamorE 2q WED aIPEID aL, uyino> ‘po 40 jessanrun yBnosip soiou e 4 pap=vUED Syed aip jo pua auo ay ‘siajjor Bunsoddns Sayeoq.seq Jo djay ayy quem 2!pex2 wo payunow * pauepeg aq on st yoryse ed ayy, -surpew SupUEEG Reap adki aqpes paronid smoys ZITT Bid uonsanp ut asoddo ing apmansew sures ‘Su ayinos mau e aonpo.u! pue ajdnoo paaueyequn *2 sunseaw oy 1 Susuejeq >yurewsp Jo osodind AL atdno> souerequn ayn aut synsas ao} eBRyLUaD Pourequn ayp ‘9 aunjeuuse soyoul ‘sso1es aun ‘ns “gipum ajqevapisuos Suisey “sued Jo 25e2 Ul — ee Gomes “eunpew Burwereg aueulp F Bovon an ure ‘ysiays yeou jo diay om UUM °O| coo a oe pee) cw-8y 10 w>-By Aqesousd wun uajuaauo> Aue ut pavesques 2fes ayy ssou7e anus tv tase axp on paxy saqujod ayp AiBuypuoove pue wnop ppue dn anous jus wie aya uoyn‘2>uejequn sed 2tp 1 sued ‘kxeay jo 28e9 ul sojour aunDaja we Aq 10 sued wyBtaM 1B 40) puey £q 20419 Ajmoys pavevos st [espueM aq, won sod jewozu0y uy ue axp Sutsq 0 49ps0 UI tue ay: jo pua sayo ayn uo paceyd st a 24BI9m peap ¥ aujppew Supurreq 241 jo ULE 40 pus auo uo paved st jaspuew: uaup pue jaspuew © uo payunow s} pasueyeg aq or st yprys wed SunEIOL a 091 Tags) Coupe Fo EU ge* WF Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU) 1 ea aneneeeseeeeeren e The two amplitude indicators are attached at each end of the cradle. These are also called velocity-type vibration pickups. The permanent magnet is mounted on the cradle, which moves relative to a stationary coil and generates a voltage which is proportional to the unbalance couple. This voltage is amplified and read | from a voltmeter which is calibrated in kg-cm or kg-m When the right hand pivot is locked, the unbalance in the left correction plane will cause vibration whose amplitude is measured by left amplitude indicator. e When the left pivot is locked, another set oF ade for right hand correction plane measurement is m side using the amplitude indicator of the right hand ————