ery article of theory is supported immediately by See es SUR ee ee ug Se ae ee Pee ene eek Cee eee red Meus TER Urae as P7-98A IM Price 7 545/- PUBLICATIONS Ue ee A Sachin Shah Venture | 78-93-5583-183-5 | i Tecu-Neo slivagss5iState and Dynamic balanci secondary balancing of 1 mutt-cylinder in-line engin Balancing machines - Type: iNG: balancing of rotating massos in singlo and Soveral planes, primary and balancing in single cylinder engines, balancing in ‘9S, direct and reverse crank Method-radial and V engines. Introduction to 8, Classification and Mothods. 1.4 tnvoduction VQ. Explain Neod of Balancing (EEEUEDTEEY.. 32 Static Unibatance ce cceeon YO Explain the torm : State Balancing. (SEU EE TSS ENTS TS 13 13° Dynamic Unbalance .. : sro een ta UO Explain the orm : Dynami Balancing, ETAT ATS TTT 14 Balancing of Rotating Ma8909 occu = a nse a 14.1 Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass ae a 1.4.1(7) Balance Mass Rotating in tho Samo Plano as Disturbing MAS8 oo... +5 1.4.1() Balance Mass is Not Rotating in the Samo Plano as tho Disturbing Mass 18 1.42 Balancing of Several Masses Rotating In ON0 Plane.....mmsnnnnnnnnn 18 1.4.2() Balance Mass Rotating in the Samo Plano as tho Disturbing Mas808..... nen 1.4.2 (i) Balance Mass is not Rotating in the Samo Plano as tho Disturbing Massos i 1.4.3 Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Different Planos ie a aie UEx 1.4.7 (GEOR Vex. 1.4.8 (EQUI? Scns EMEP RME SPU - O. 5(a). Dec. 18.14 Marks)Dynarl 16 7 es of Machinery (SPPU-S! , jorocating Masses; : ” : Balancing Of or cone Masses in Single Cylinder Engine. ing of ‘ 15.1 Balancing xd Sooondary Balancing Analysis. f : : : ae Fenty 1 by primary and secondary balancing of reciprocating masse, > va. What is meant 1 Primary Balancing . 16.3 = le cylinder engines cannot be balanced completely ? (EGTIU ETT rs 14, tha m 7 : - . hide of Reciprocating Masses in Mutl-Cyliner In-Line Engines, 154 la 1 Multi-Cylinder In-line Engines - Cylinder In-Line Engines . 4.5.(A) Primary Balance o f Mult 4.5.4(8) Secondary Balance of j Solved Examples on Balancing of Reciprocation Masses. 15.5 UEx.1.56 GEaUBORO MEER O REMC... ve. 157 SEORORNTRE RESELL). UEK. 158 Concept Of Direct And Reverse Cranks: : ua. Explain the method of direct and reverse cranks to determine the unbalance forces in rede ex, (Dec. 11, May 13, May 14, Dec. 14) 1.6.1 Primary Force Analysis .. 162 Secondary Force Analysis. Balancing Analysis of radial and vee engines .. 1.7.1 Radial Engines. 1.7.1(A) Primary Direct and Reverse Crank. 4.7.1(8) Secondary Direct and Reverse Cran 1.7.2 Vee Engines... ua. Determine the primary and secondary unbalanced forces i (SPPU- Q.1 (a), May 17, 6 Marks D 1.7.2(A) Primary Direct and Reverse Crank, 1.7.2(8) Secondary Direct and Reverse Crank 17.3 Solved Examples on Radial and Veo Engine. UEK 1.7.3 Vx 174 SECRET. Vo 17.5 LESTE . V6 176 EEECRTOMITOTIET Balancing Machines in a V-90 engine. va. What do you mean Explain any type of 1.8.4 Static Balancing Machines 182 Dynamic Balancing Machine.. Ua. With the help of neat sketch, Chapter EndDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) (Batancing) ...Page no (1-3) Dy 1.1. INTRODUCTION iouhich engines wed a High speeds of rotation for engines and other machines. Because ofthe high speed of retin eo machines run, itis neces reciprocating parts and the revolving parts shoul completely balanced as far as possible. recessary that all the reciprocating parts and the revolving ps @) If the moving parts are not in complete balance, inertia forces are setup tat tend to increase the loads on beatings, dace exeneshatious members and also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations. Such vibrations may vinich the machine pecs cause, Wear and tear of machine parts and result in the faulty performance of the work for which the machine is designed. The purpose of balancing is to neutralise these vibratot ‘ble. Balancing is the technique of correcting or eliminating unwanted inertia forees and moments. Thus, determining the unbalance and the application of corrections is the principal problem in the study of balancing, ‘Study of balancing is classified as mentioned as shown in Fig. 1.1.1 : Retating vere asses ron nas ian Frc Balancing | Resprsatea _["and Coupe Secondary Force oe Cou Combined Rotating and Reciprocating Masses Fig. 1.1.1 : Study of balancing D1 1.2 STATIC UNBALANCE be perfectly straight and it can roll without friction on these rollers. Here, simple experiment is conducted to decide whether the disc is statically balanced or not, as shown in Fig. 1.2.1. x (Rollers) 24} (Rollers) 4and2 Sand 4 Fig. 1.2.1 : Arrangement of a disc and shaft combination resting on rollers at A and B. (1) Now, roll the disc gently by hand on rollers and permit it to rotate until it comes to rest. Then with the chalk, mark the lowest point of the periphery of the disc, as shown in Fig. 1.2.2(a). (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Venturenna © Fig. 1.2.2 (2) Repeat this procedure for four to five times. If chalk marks are scattered at different places around the periphery as shown in Fig. 1,2.2(b), then the dise isin static balance, fall the chalk marks are coincident at one location as shown in Fig. 1.2.3, then the dise is statically unbalanced, which means that the axis of the shaft and Centre of mass of the disc are not coincident. @) The position of the chalk marks with respect to the X ~ ¥ system indicates the angular location of lunbalance but not the amount, Thus, if the static Uunbalance is found to exist, it can be corrected by drilling-out material at the chalk mark or by adding mass to the periphery 180° from the chalk mark. Since the amount of unbalance is unknown, these corrections ‘must be made by trial and error. (Balancit Pago 10 (1-4 1.3. DYNAMIC UNBALANCE 1 0Q. plain the term: Dynamic Balancing (1). Fig, 1.3.1 shows the arrangement of a long rotor which is mounted in bearings at A and B, Let us consider thas two equal masses, my and mp are placed at oppenite ends ofthe rotor and at equal distances, rand r from the axis of rotation: Since my = mp and r= rp, the ronor is statically balanced but dynamically unbalanced, 2 m0 m,t,0? heb my,0? Fig. 1.3.1 Arrangement of a long rotor 2) If the long rotor is rotated at an angular velocit @ radis, the centrifugal forces my r, «0 and mp r3 a act respectively at m, and mp. If fy # fy then these centrifugal forces produce the unequal bearing reactions and if J, = J, then these centrifugal forces produce the equal bearing reactions. @) Observe that, for rotation of rotor, these bearing reactions are rotating and hence, there is a dynamic unbalance in the system. For l # ly, the bearing Feactions are in the same plane but in opposite directions and it creates a couple tending to turn the shaft, end over end, as shown in Fig. 1.3.1. CCC 11.4. BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES — (1) When a mass moves in a circular path, it experiences a centripetal acceleration which generates a force and acts inwards. An equal and opposite force acts outwards radially on the axis of rotation. This force is called centrifugal force which is a disturbing force for the system. The magnitude of this force remains constant but direction changes with the rotation of mass.ynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Som.7-Mech) (@ The centiugal disturbing force, Fe is given by + (1.4.1) where m = mass ofthe rotating. component (ky) © = angular speed of the component (rad/s) F = distance of centre of gravity of the axis of rotation (my. "SS OM @) For the balance of rotating masses, force which is to be balanced. This type of problem is very common in steam tuming "rox i crankshafis, centrifugal pumps, ete, © “"™ emsine Fo = mr it is the centrifugal 2 1.4.1 Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass Vii fre m \m ft te dee Ta 7. ‘0 (a) Angular Positions (®) Longitu of Masses of Masses Fig. 1.4.1 Single Rotating Mass (D) Fig. 1.4.1 shows a single rotating mass, ‘m' which is attached to a shaft rotating with angular velocity, ‘w’, Let “?” be the distance of C.G. of the mass, ‘m’ from the axis of rotation. (2) During the rotation of the shaft, a centrifugal force equal to ‘m ©” 1" due to the inertia of the mass will act radially outwards. This force is a disturbing force for the system and will produce a bending moment on the shaft, % 1.4.1(i) Balance Mass Rotating in the Same Plane as Disturbing Mass (1) To balance the single rotating mass, a balance mass, ‘m," should be introduced in the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass, such that it counteracts the effect of the inertia force due to the disturbing mass. Thus, the inertia forces of the mass, ‘m’ and ‘m,’ must be equal ite, as shown in Fig. 1.4.2. (Balancing) ...Page no (1-5) (2) Let ‘r,’ be the distance of C.G. of thi ‘mg’ from the axis of rotation. lan balance mass, 7 m i \i te oN (@) Angular Positions (b) Longitudinal Positions of Masses ‘of Masses Fig. 1.42 To achieve complete balancing, the forces must be balanced. 2 m,@ fy 2 c mor = wn(.4.2) ‘The product, ‘m, rp’ may split up as per the convenient to add the balance mass, ‘m," in the system. Note : Generally, the radius, ‘ry’ is considered as large as| possible so that to achieve balancing the required| balance mass, ‘mp’ is very small. ie. mr = mp» %_1.4.1(i1) Balance Mass is Not Rotating in the Same Plane as the Disturbing Mass > Case(a): Balance masses on the opposite sides of disturbing mass (1) The disturbing mass ‘m’ is rotating in the plane ‘A* as shown in Fig. 1.4.3. To balance this mass; if the balance mass is not rotating in the plane ‘A’, then, the ‘two balance masses, ‘rm,’ and ‘my’ are considered on the opposite sides of the disturbing mass, as shown in the plane ‘B’ and ‘C* respectively.Plane A iti (b) Longitudinal Positions @ Angular Positions of Masses of Masses Fig. 143 2) To achieve complete balancing the forces as well as couples must be balanced. For balancing of the forces, 2 2 2 MOT = my O Ty + mp0 hy ie mr = my yi + mp Hy and, for balancing of couples, Consider any plane as a reference plane and take moments about any point, ‘O° lying in that plane and equate its ) Letplane ‘A’ be considered as reference plane, Then, for equilibrium, taking > Mg = 0 gives 2 2 (1 © Hy ty = (mp 0 wh fe mpi tia = Mp Mh by By solving two Equations (143) and (144) Simultaneously, we can find two unknowns, “py Nyy’ and ‘m2 +I the balance mass is not fotating in the sar single balance mass, Here, = me Plane &s the single cir gist Ing mass, then, it is not Tokalance masses, 1 84 Myo are required, ; @) For complete balancing of three masses ‘mr, “myy’ and + ; + My Couple acting on the shaft should be 710. This requir _ 7 res {| . x jc fot 2 » rotating in the system, the resultant dynam and that the algebraic sum ofthe MOMENtS about any poi Poin wer “tthe lines of action of three inertia forces si! "nthe Same plane shall be zero,Mg etyn™ (b) Longitudinal Positions of Masses (a) Angular Positions of Masses Fig. 1.4.4 1s shown in Fig. 1.4.4. To balance this mass, if the balance mass is (1) The disturbing mass, ‘m’ is rotating the plane ‘A’ and ‘m,a" are considered on any one of the side of not rotating in the plane “A” then the two balance masses ‘m” disturbing mass as shown in the plane ‘B’ and °C’ respectively. To achieve complete balancing, the forces as well as couples must be balanced. 2) For balancing of forces, mort = m,O" ty —M O Tye (LAS) and for balancing of couples, (@) Consider plane ‘A’ asa reference plane and take moments about any point ‘O" ying in that plane and equate i to zero, For equilibrium, taking 2, Mo = 0 gives 2 2 : (my, © tp) fy = (Mp2 ® Mya) 2 ie. mpi Tor fy = Mp2 Feo! ions, (1.4.5) and (1.46) simultaneously, we can find two unknowns, ‘my fy’ and “my Ty's sm considered in Fig. 1.4.3 and Fig. 1.4.4 the central mass and) (1.4.6) By solving two Equati Note : Observe from case (a) and (b), for three masses syste end masses should be 180° out of phase. For caso (a), coral mass is cituring mass ‘n’ and which is 180° out of phase ol the ether two end masses, ‘mp and ‘mp2’ For case (b), central mass is ge balance mass, ‘my’ and which Is 180° out of phase to the other two end masses, ‘mand [eal tech-weo Publications.A SACHIN SHAH Venture PU-New Syllabus w.e.f ‘academic year 22-23) (P7-98)J. (2) Angular Positions () Longitudinal Positions of Masses of Masses Fig. 145 (1) Fig. 14.8 shows the several masses, m; 2nd m;, ms, my, etc. The C.G. of the masses, of rotation are 1.13.13 14 et. aod their relative angular postions are 01, 8), Oy, 04, (2) During the rtation ofthe shaft, ceaunfogal forces equal to Fy, Fy, Fy, These forces are disturbing forces for the system and will produce bendit M1, Mz, m3, m4, ete. from the axis etc. as shown in the figure. F, will act outwards. through each mass centre. ing moment on the shaft,| Dynamics of Machinory (SPU. ‘Moch) (Balancing) Page no (1-9) 2% 1-4.2(1) Balance Mass Rotating In the Same Plane as the Disturbing Masses F, 4 (@) Angular positions of masses (b) Longitudinal positions of masses Fig. 1.4.6 A balance mass ‘my’ is introduced at ‘6,’ and ‘ry’ in | and F, sin ,+F,sin®, +F, sin 0, +F, sin 0, + F,sin0,=0 the same plane as the disturbing masses as shown in 1.4:7(6)) Fig. 1.46. where Fy = m,o°ry The magnitude ‘m, ry’ and direction ‘Oy’ of the balance id mats: mass will be found by (1) Analytical Method and (Il) Force 25 Pe Ta Polygon Method as discussed below. = mon if 2 2 4 = M4 O 14 Fy = mo tp (1) Analytical Method ale 7 . B solving Equations (1.4.7(a)) and (1.4.7(b)) Fe horiz id vertical forces | Ce simultaneously, we can find two unknowns ‘my r,° and ‘Oy’. DH=0and > V=0 wu(1.4.7) | (11) Force Polygon Method (Graphical Method) ie, Fy cos 0; + Fz cos @) + Fy cos 03 + Fy cos 0, + Reo! = iF, seg leon Fycos 0, =0 (1.4.7(@)) (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) a ‘Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Venture(Balancing) £290 9 (I-42) Dynamics of Machinory (SPPI jom.7-Moch) Masses 2 1.4.4 Solved Examples on Balancing of Rotating 4 revolving with it Four masses from, gly an ae Ex14.12 A rotating shaft has four unbalanced at Te cel ofthese mane ae 20am, 0 eft to rig 20 kg, 10 kg, 25 kg and 16 kg sof masses B, C an . ae ne can Ga eee distances of planes of pe of B, Cand D measured from tha 130 mm, 320 mm and 500 mm respectively. Angular positions , Find the magnitude and position (angu,, A are 60°, 110° and 260° respectively, measured counter clockwise so that their planes are at distances. of two balance masses revolving at $0 mm radius in planes Dee acid tation omits i £0 mm and 400 mm respectively, measured from plane of A. Ass horizontal, Sequence of planes is A-L-B-C-M-D, wes © son. : Given rotating masses system is shown in Fig. P. 1.4.1(). > Stepi: Here, my = 20 kg, my = 10 kg, m;=25 kg, 1 16 kg. > Step 2: Then, to find ‘Mp1 and myo and Oy) and Opp. > Step3: Table P. 1.4.1 = Tr on 7 a Couple +o ingular Plane wisn Rasa Ripped ol cea position of mass (mm) “0° (deg) 2 20 20 F, =400 - 50) C, =~ 20000 0 Lc Mp 50 0 Cy =0 81 (Ref. Plane) B 10 10 F,= 100 80 = 8000 60 c 25 25 270 C5 = 168750 110 M my 50 350 yp = 17500 myo 2 D 16 16 450 C4 = 115200 260 RetPtane (a) Angular positions of masses (b) Longitudinal Positions Fig. P. 1.4.10) of massesDynamics of Machinory (SPPU-Som.7-Moch) (Balancing) Page no (1-13) Maxim mv 140 unknowns ean be force oF couple polygon, Since these are font FyteFra: Ops ata Oy in force polygon, therefore, att will construct couple poly go unknowns, Cy3 and Op, which ¢ couple polygon. > Step4: Couple . re only two be obtained from closed ‘olyzon : For complete balance, couple polygon must be closed ie, DC = 0. Obsain Cyr $4 mm and Oy = 331° from the closed couple polygon. Therefore, — Cy = (dO) x scale 17500m = 54% 2000 + 17500 mq= 108000 Mp2 = 6.17 kg Ans, Oy. = 331° wns, Now, Fyq. = 50 myo = 50x 6.17 = 308.5 ‘Couple Polygon SCALE teom2000(0n) Fig. P. 1.4.10) > Step 5: Force polygon : For complete balance, force polygon must be closed, ie. F=0. Fig. P. 1.4.1 (iii) Obtain Fy = 54mm and Op, = 211° from the closed force polygon Fy = (eo) xscale 54x10 540 10.8 kg Ans. au Ans. 1OSkg. Oy = 211° 6.17 kg. Op = 331° Ex. 1.4.2: Three pulleys, A, B and C are mounted on shaft. Axial distance between A and B and A and C are 1200 and 900 mm respectively. The pulleys, A. B and C have weights of 150, 200 and 160 N and have centre of gravity at a tance of 25, 10 and 20 mm respectively from the axis of rotation. Bearings supporting the shaft are located 1.65 m apart and are equidistant from the pulleys A and C. Find the angular position of the centre of gravity of the various pulleys so that static balance is achieved. Its desired to place weights at a radial distance of 400 mm, so that dynamic balance is achieved. If the weights are to be placed in pulleys A and C, find the magnitude and angula position of the desired masses.© sain. n > Step 1: Given roeating masees system is shown i Fig. P. 14.200- ‘inal sitions of masses positions of masses Lonel a (2) Angular positions of Fig. P1420), 7 lygon > Step 3: Force pol 150 200 = Force Polygon, Hes m=957 ™B=951 © MC™9SI SCALE tmm:0.01(m9 tq=25mm rg= 10mm ro= 20mm > Step 2: For static balancing, the force polygon must be closed. Assume angular position of mass in plane A, 84 =0 Table P. 1.4.2 (a) Ptane| Mass | Radius] Forces 0 Angular ‘m'ag|‘e(m} ‘me? | position of mass’6’ (deg) A | 282 | 02s [Fa=03823 |o Assumption B | 2% | oot0 |Fy=0.2039 |e, 981 160 Fo=0.3262 Jo, 2 | o020 a | oat i . Maximum two unknowns can be obtained from force polygon. Observe from Table P..4.2(a) that the unknowns, 3 and Oc can be obtained from force polygon, Fig. P. 1.4.2(Hi) Therefore, from Fig. P. 1.4,2(ii), we can obtain the values of 83 and Oc. 6 = 117° Ans. Sq =0", Op = 117° and 0 = 214° are the require Sashle positions of centre of gravity of the various pulley: $0 that static balance is achieved, For Dynamic Balancing, closed, and Q¢= 214° the couple polygon must b (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 27 3) (P7-98)lala SOP 0 ore te (Bataneing) ..Page no (1-15) Plane | Mass 'm" roca lunes oon Coupleso’ | Angular wich \position of mass ‘ 130 +0" (des) (Ref. Plane) | 941 oc F, = 03823 0 Cye0 0 a Mp 040 (Ref. Plane) Fy = 04 my oO C20 Ont B 20 Tai cal Fp = 0.2039 12 TV ca=0287 ue c io | oar Te Fo = 03262 09 Tce=02936 2 c = as Fyre 04 ms 0 Cya = O36 M2 Maximum two unknow satis 0 uno nb cine tom se en aon ‘Dparve fron Table P. 1.200) that ons, Fer Fag, and As in force polygon. therefore, a fit, we wal construct couple PalYEOn. and By since there are only two unknowns, Cy fhach can be obtained from closed couple polygon. + For complete balance, force Dd Step 4: Ce olygon : ep 4: Couple Polygon : For complcte balance. couple | > Step $+ Force Polyzon polygon must be closed ie. LC =0 polygon must be closed ie, 2 F #0. Couple Polygon Force Polygon SCALE 1mm 0 014m SCALE tmm 0 O1(mr) Ona Fig. P. 1-4.2(ii1) Fig. P. 14.200) Obtain Cyy = 36mm and Obtain Fy = 40mm and Ogg. = 351° from the closed couple polye0e 6,1 = 171° from the closed force polygon Fyy = (do) x scale ich Cy2_= (bo) x scale 0.36 my = 36x0.01 04m, = 40x0.01 my: = TE wAns. | my = The wns. Ans. ne and O42 = 351° andy = 171° Now, Fxg = O44 my. = 04x 1 = 04 Result my = 1kg. Opi = 171” kg, 0,2= 351° cal Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Venture (sPPU-New Sylabus wef academic year 22-23) (P7-98)ranks in planes f the 32. ae 100 Ke juons 0 he planes B14 Furman my ty an OE er tt oes afte lanes 2) ee ome ian revave in he planes 1.2, 3a ese ore the cranks in plane fare 75%, 138" Sin and ETI ely. the position 3rd .6 m, 1.86 m and 24 m respectively. Determine the POs an foe Lm ——e planes ‘1° and °2' 2% @ som. ia Fig. P. 14300. > Step Given rotating masses sytem is shown 9A 9.6m Here, m, = 100kg, Fy=0.2e, 6, 20 (Assume 9, =200° my = 175k, p= 02m,0,=75% m2=06™ <9.2m0 my 200 ke, 1.2m, = 135°, > Step 2: To find : may, myo, Op and Oy2- ® > Step3: oO 1 RetPlane (2) Angular positions of masses (©) Longitudinal positions of masses Fig. P1430) Plane | Mass ‘m’ [Radius ‘r’ (m)| Foree+a* | Distance from Couple + a ‘Angular (ke) ‘me? reference plane ‘P| «rnp Pesition of mass| (m) ‘8° (deg) [Lhe 02 F,=20 -03 Cys-4 Oo L yy 06 Fu = 06 my 0 | (Ref, Plane) | So =0 So [2 [os 03 cz > [3 72m = 2 = 10.5 15 [ie eae : C= 624 | | 4 [ios = Coa = 1.098 myo > 24 j Maximum two unknowns can Cy= 10.5 200° 1 and Opp in force polygon, ther 6,2 which can be obtainedDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Som.7-Moch) > Step 4: Couple polygon + For complete balance, couple Polygon must be closed ie EC Fig. P. 1.4.34] oe Refer Soute Potgen, Fig. P. 1.4.36) > Step 5: Force polygon c Force Polygon SCALE 4mm:t(mr Fig. P. 1.4.3(iii) (Balancing) ...Page no (1-17) Obtain Cyg = 75mm and 42 =317° from the closed couple polygon + Ga £1,098 me mp2 Ans. and Oz = 317 Ans. Now, Fag = 0.6 myn =0.6 x 68.3 = 40.98 > Step 6: Force Polygon : For complete balance, force polygon must be closed ie. 2 F = 0. (Refer Fig. P. 1.4.3¢i) Obtain Fy = 42mmand 641 =231° from the closed force polygon + For = 0) xscale OG mp, = 421 Ex. 1.44: Four masses, A, B, Cand D are completely balanced, Masses C and D make 90° and 105° respectively with B in the same sense. The rotating masses have the following propert my=25kg, m,=40 kg, my=35kg, r= 150mm, r= 200mm, r.= 100 mm, r= 180 mm Planes B and C are 250 mm apart. Determine : (The mass A and its angular position. i) The positions of planes A and D. {SPPU-New Syllabus w.e-f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) wl Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture(Balancing) ..Page no (1-18) Dynamics of Machinory (SPPU-Sem.7-Moch) P1440) (b) Longitudinal positions of masses ig. P. 1.4.4) ” (assumption) 6, = 90° > Step2: Table P. 1.4.4 Plane | Mass‘m’ [Radius ‘r’(m)| Force « o Distance from | Couple +0? Angular (ke) tage reference plane'T| sp. |position of: mass| (m) ‘8 deg) A m, Os -h 8, B 25 0.20 0 cy=0 0 (Ref. Plane) c 40 0.10 Fe=40 025 c= 10 90 D 35 0.18 Fy=63 b e463 f iDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) > Step 3: Force polygon : Refer Fig. P. 14.4i) For complete balance, force polygon must be closed ie Lr =o, Fore 8 SCALE 1mm 9240) Fig. P. 14.40), Obtain F, and @, from the closed force polygon. Therefore, F, = (co) xscale 015m, = 53x02 : m, = 70.67 kg and G, = 282" > Step 4: Couple polygon : For complete balance, the couple polygon must be closed i.e. 2) € =0. Here, -0.15 mh = -0.15x 70.67% = - 10.601, and 8, = 252° Here, ‘ab” vector is drawn at 105° and ‘ob’ vector is drawn at 252° as shown. The intersection of these two (Balancing) ...Page no (1-19) Couple Polygon, SCALE tenm 0 0254en Fig. P. 1.4.4 (ili) Obtain c, and cq from the closed couple polygon as follows : €, = (bo)xscale = 10.60 = (19) x 0.025 Le. snAns. and cq = (ab) xscale 63h, = 23%0.025 f, = 0.091m ie. by = 91mm Ans. Result m, = 70.67kg, @,=252° 4 =48mm, )=91mm vector will give the position of point “b’. Ex 145: A shaft rotates in two bearings A and B, 1.8 m apart and projects 0.45 m beyond A and B. At the extreme ends of the shaft are attached two pulleys of masses 20 kg and 48 kg, their centre of gravity being 12.5 mm and 15.5 mm respectively, from the axis of the shaft. In the middle of the bearings is attached a third pulley of mass 50 kg with centre of gravity out by 15.5 mm. If the three pulleys have been arranged so as to obtain static balance, determine the dynamic force produced on the bearings when the shaft speed is 300 rpm. (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e-f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) el Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture(atari Haye 1 N20) Fig. P. 14500 ae ‘Table P.145, . Couple + aa Annas , Distance from x Plane | Mass‘ [Radius ‘” (m)] Forcesa’ | DSM Ty ae tm a (n) (des) 0 0=e O (assume) c 20 0.125 Fe (Ret Plane) - E 30 0.155 F,=775 135 1046 =¢, cal D w 0.155 y= 744 27 20.09 = cy €2 | For static balancing, the force polygon must be closed. Two unknowns, @- and @y are obtained from closed force polygon. > Step3: Force polygon Force Polygon SCALE tmm0 (m9 Fig. P. 1. ‘Therefore, from Fig. P. 1.4. of @, and 03. 4 04=92° 45 (ii) Hence, the required angular positions of ceaze of gravity of the various pulleys are obtained so that static balance is achieved. > Step4: Couple polygon Couple P SCALE 1mm-0 Sime)Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) : Observe from the Fig. P, 1.4.5(ii) that the couple polygon is not closed and hence, the given system of rotating masses is not dynamically balanced. _ Te —— dani couple is obtained by closing couple polygon and which is given by the vector ‘ob’ shown in Fig. P. 1.4.5(iv), onsen Couple. ‘SCALE immo s(t) Fig. P. 1.4.5(iv) Unbalanced dynamic couple = (bo) x scale x «” = 1036308 Nm (Balancing) ...Page no (1-21), Now, this unbalanced dynamic couple will give equal reactions at two bearings, which is called as dynamic force produced on the bearings. 4 Ry =Ryare obtained as follows + Couple due to reactions in bearings = Unbalanced Dynamic Couple RyX 18 = 10363.08 : Ry = 575727N awAns. Since Rp=Ra, Ry = 5757.27 N Ans. Ex. 1.46: Four masses of magnitude 5, 6, 7 and M kg revolve in planes A, B, C and D respectively. The planes are spaced A to B 0.8 m, A to C 1.2 m, A to D2 m. The masses are all the same radius. Find the magnitude of M and the relative angular positions of the masses for complete balance. Soln. : > Step 1: Given rotating masses system is shown in Fig. P.1.46 (). 0, = 0° (Assumption) mp =6kg 03=? me=7 kg, 6c=? teat mp=Mkg p=? Ip=t (@) Angular Positions of Masses (@) Longitudinal Positions ‘of Masses Fig. P. 1.4.6() (SPPU-New Suilahuss wee academic year 22-23) (P7-98) a Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventumust For completely balanced sytem, fore polgon andcounle pees Maximum two unknowns can be-cbsined from iter foe 0 9 and @p in force polygon, therefore, at first. we will construct couple Oe ‘which can be obtained from closed couple polygon by assuming ‘D” as ) Step 3 : Couple polygon : For complete balance, couple polygon must be closed ie. DC = Couple Po SCALE imm 02079 Fig. P. 1.4.6(i) Therefore, from Fig. P. 1.4.6(i), we can obtain the value of 83 and 8c. = Op = (33° + 180°) =213° and Og = (180°—45°)= 135° Hence, the required angular positions of centre of gravity of the various masses are obtained so that dynamic balance is achieved. > Step 4: Force Polygon : For complete balance, force polygon must be closed i.e. > F =0. Fores Polygon SCALE trm0.2(m9, rat pe Ee oe a reference ae ‘8 (deg) 2. O° A 5 Tr Fa=5 = i - e u =08 g & c r o D Mt : Fp=M : 2 (Ret. Plane) aaa zon. Since there are four unknowns, Fp, Oy gon since thee are only two unknowns 8 and ference plane. Therefore, from Fig. P. 1.4.6( values of 8p and Fp as follow: Op = 31° we can obtain the swAns, and Fp = (co) scale ow Ans, a (ISSEY Similar to Q. 1. of Aug. 15, Aug. 16, 10 Marks A shaft carries four masses A, B, C, and D, placed in Parallel planes, perpendicular to the shaft axis and in the same order along the shaft. The masses of B and C are 36 kg. and 25 kg and both are assumed to be concentrated at a radius of 150mm, while the masses A and D are both at a Tadius of 200mm. The angle between the radius of B and C ‘is 100°, and that between B and A is 190°, both angles being ‘measured in the same sense, The planes containing A and B ‘ae 250 mm apart and those containing B and C are $00 mm “part. Ifthe shaft is to be in complete dynamic balance, find: (@) The masses of A sind D (©) The distance between. planes C and D, (©The angular position of mass D,Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Moch) Soin. : > Step 1: Given: (Balancing) ..Page no (1-23) Rotating masses system is shown in Fig. P. 1.4.7. nee rapare crMase (Longino Poston Fig. Ex, 1.4.7 For complete Dynamic balance 1my=36Kg, y= 150mm 15m 6,=0° (esumption) m,=25kg, t= 150mm @ Mass (ii) Distance between planes C and D =~ ly. (Gi) 0, = 2, angular position of mass D. > Step 3: For completely balanced system force polygon and couple polygon must be closed, Table P.1.4.7 =m, and mass D = my, ‘Plane | Mass ‘m’ | Radius ‘r’ | Force + «” | Distance from reference | Couple+a" | Angular Position of ) @ ‘mur plane ? (m) ‘mnt ‘mass ‘6° (deg) A(Ref, [m, }0.20 F,=0.20m, 10 190° Plane) B36 ois Fy=54 y=135 _|=0" cas 0.15 Fe= 3.75 C= 2.8125 _|8, = 100° D__[m 0.20 [Fa = 0.20 mg | Is Cy= 0.2 mgls [Oy ‘Maximum two unknowns can be obtained from either force or couple polygon, Since there are three unknowns ma, my and Jin force polygon, itis not solvable right now. further there are two unknowns C, and 8, et us construct couple Polygon first. (SPPU-New Syllabus wee f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) ‘Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture tPPU-Som 7 Mech) ¥ Step 4: Couple pralygon + for cwnplete halance couple Ply goa must be closet be NC #0 ‘Coupe Powe SCALE Yn 0.09) CP Fig. P. 14.7(0) Obtain ¢4 from the closed polygon as follows Here, Cy 0.2 myly= (co) x scale. $8) x05 st = SEO egy Alo Oy = 253° onAns, ‘Which is the angular position of D > steps ‘orce polygon : for complete balance, force polygon must be closed ie. EF =, Foxe Pog BEALE Som img n'a eT a ee ee ive the : Lia and “Py Obtain "Fy follows F, © 0.20 m, = (ca) « wale 020m, = (9) «01 am, = 19Ske Ame. 7 Fy = 0.20 my® (10) seale 020m, = (31) 04 somg = 1ISShe Am Substituting value of my in equation (I) we get myly = 14S From (i) ’ (SS)hy = 145 21 = 093m (i Am :. Distance between planes C and D = Jy ~ ty = 0935-075 = 0.185 m Am Rest m= 19Skg my=1SShg Distance between plane C and D = 0.185 m and @y = 253° Respectively. Estimate relative me AnOlm, O07 VOR, ty 20.225 . MC SS hy, ec eet "0" 36K. ty 0.15m, eat » Step 2: To fing Mass at Aw ing w ? PA" 7.0m? and Oy 0Dynamics of Machinery (SHFU-Dom./-naun — 9 ¢ % mM my mM az mae TT. 77 os | 08 |, 06 Rot Plana (@) Angular Positions (b) Longitudinal Positions of Masses ‘of Masses Fig. P. 1.48 ) Step 3 : For complete balanced system force polygon and) ‘couple polygon must be closed. Table P. 1.4.8 Plane Mass Force +" ‘Distance from Couple+a* | Angular ‘Position of ‘mm (mr) reference plane ‘? (mr/) mass ‘6° ks) (a) (@ee) A(Ref. [ma 0.1 Fa=0.1m, |0 8n, plane) B [io (0.225 Fp=225 06 (0° (Assumption) | Cc 55 0.15 Fo = 0.825 12 Co= 0.99 8. \ D 3.6 0.15 Fp = 0.54 18 Cp =0.972 83 For complete balance force > Step 5: Force polygon : > Step 4 : Couple Polygon : For Complete balance, couple polygon must be closed ie. DF polygon must be closed. ie. ZC =0- oule Pogon eoszar ,, $oseensee. ‘SCALE m0 02(0=, SCALE tmmo.c2ien) % Fig. 14.8(0) Oy = 189° Fg. = Oal mg = (do) xscale = (66) x 0.02 m = © 002 =132kg ~Ans. cs Result” my = 13.2 kg @, = 189%, Fig. 14.8(@) Therefore, 6p = 227° and Oc = 134° (SPPU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) 05 =0°, 0¢ = 1347, and Op =227° ARS. Te) rech.nveo Pubiications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture‘The mass direction. is 130 mm and betwee! of my and mg is on right of Mp 1d migy rotating in Pl masses my, a 190 mm. radius. M is on right of L at ‘at 60 mm. Find out ‘the masses ML, from positive X direction. angular positions 1 sotn.: > Step 1: Given : Rotating masses syste! (a) Angalar Positions of Masses xm is shown in > Step 2: To find m= ?,my=?, OL and Oy > Step 3: For 1p 3 : For complete balanced system, force polygon and couple polygon must be closed. (0) Longitudinal Positions ‘of Masses Fig. P. 1.4.9 For complete dynamic balance my 245 kg, tq = 30 mm=0.03 m, 0, =75° mg =55kg, tp=35 mm = 0.035m, @, = 155° mc= 60kg, t¢= 25 mm = 0.025m, Qc = 250° m=? 1, = 70 mm = 0.070m, 8, =? m= 60kg, tm= 70mm 070m, Oy4 = 2 Table P.1.49 Plane —_|Mass‘m’| Radius ‘r’| Force + +o Distance fro Anat Fi a ae /m Couple + a” 2) mr reference plane ‘? ae ‘mt? Position ee mn of A las loo30 —_|Fa=1.35 0.060 mh (ae | L fm — [oo70 ‘fF, = 0.07m, carn 00st ees (Ref, Plane) a : cL=0 0, B 55 {0.035 [Fg = 1.925 ania r lo.070 © 02s |Fo=1.5 azo Cp = 0.13475 155 he loo70 fry 07m, Co=0.18 0.190 c “al M_=0.0133m, [8 (SPPU-New Syllabus wef acad lemic year 22-23) (P7-98) wi Tech-Neo PubticasDynamics of Machinory (SPPU-Som.7-Mech) em (@elancing) ..Page.n0 (1-27) Maximum two unknowns can be obtained from either force oF couple polygon. Since there are four unknowns, im, yg. Oy and 6,, in force polygon, therefore a first we will construct couple polygon, since there are only two unknowas, Cyy and Ops, which ean be obtained from closed couple polygon. > Step 4 : Couple polygon : For compete balance, couple polygon must be closed, ie. ZC=0. Fig. Bx. 1.49(0) Now, from couple polygon aq = (co) x sale 0.01331, = (56) x 0.005 2 yy = 21.053 kg Ans. Ans. sand Oy = 43° » Step ree polygon : For complete balance, force Polygon must be closed ic. ZF = 0. Fer Palygen SCALE frm 05400) Fig. Ex. 14.916) Here ae (SFPU-New Sylabus we f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Fy = 0.07 my Fy = 0.07 (21.053) cs Fyy = 1474 and Oy = 43° From force polygon @, 2967 ~Ans. And F, = (ML) xseale ++ 007 m, = (38)x0.05 “mp, = 27143 kg Ans. Result my, = 27.143 kg, 0, =296° 1.053 kg, Oyy = 43° Ans. my, D1 1.5 BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES (1) When a mass reciprocates in a straight line path, it experiences an acceleration which generates an accelerating force and acts in the direction of motion. ca opposite force acts opposite 10 the aocelerating force. This force is called as an inertia force which is a disturbing force for the system. The direction of this force remains constant, but magnitude ‘changes withthe reciprocation of mass. (2) The disturbing inertia force, F.is given by Fy = mxfy Where, Fy = inertia force (N) : 'm = mass of reciprocating parts (ke) fy =acceleration of reciprocating parts (m/s?) ) For the balance of reciprocating masses, it is the Inertia force which fs to be balanced. This type of problem is very common in all types of engines such ox single cylinder engine, multicylinder engines, in-line engines, radial engines and vee engines, etc. 2% 1.5.1 Balancing of Reciprocating Masses in Single Cylinder Engine (Bren baton ASHCHN SA Vem SeyretDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) ) Consider a mass P reciprocating in single cylinde engine as shown in Fig 1S... ne ‘inden Let 1 = crank radius 1 = length of connecting rod na o= angle made by crank with id.e. position; © = angular velocity of crank fp. = acceleration of piston (reciprocating mass); Mp = mass of piston (reciprocating mass) F, = Inertia force; Fy = Unbalanced force: F, = Primary unbalanced force Fs = Secondary unbalanced force ‘Then, the acceleration ofthe reciprocating pans of an engine is given by fy = 0? (cos +282) 15: @ I ‘my is the mass of reciprocating pans, then the accelerating fore and the opposing inertia force always act along the line of stroke. This inertia force is an unbalanced one and is required to be properly balanced and which is given by Fy =F; 20. = myo" r(cos 0 +2822) 15.2) (acting along the line of stroke from to P) 2. 2 90528 2 Fy = myo" re0s 0+ mp 07 re Fy = Fp+Fs 153) where, , 4 Primary unbalanced force = Fp=mp@ reos0 (1.5.4) and 2 cos 20 Secondary unbalanced force = Fs= Mp0 ty (155) force (Fy) represents the (3) Here, the primary unbalanced fore Cp ren te inertia force of a reciprocating mas " ‘SHLM. (Simple Harmonic Motion) and seconiy rbalanc ‘correction’ which alanced force (Fs) represents the ‘corre a rcangoniaty rhe eft ofthe is required to allow, na obliquity of the connecting r0 : (8) For comer engine, the primary forces and single © ; secondary forces must be balanced. (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) (Balancing) ...Page no (1-28) (5) The complete balancing of the reciprocating masses in single,cylinder engine is obtained only by the following arrangement shown in Fig. 1.5.2 and which is impracticable. Fig. 15.2 YW. 1.5.2. Primary and Secondary Balancing 1 UQ. What is meant by primary and secondary balancing | of reciprocating masses ? Sn | (1) As discussed in section 15.1, the total unbalanced force in reciprocating masses of single cylinder engine is the sum of the primary unbalanced force and secondary unbalanced force and they are given by : Fy = Fp+Fs Fy = myo" rcos® and B= mye? S28 Now, subsiting 9= ot, we Fh = morreosot and F, = myo? 8208 2 ie Fy = myo? reosot and B= mo) Feos2ot (1.56) and (Fmax = Mp Or and, 2 myo" max = —— (1.5.7) (2) For complete balancing of reciprocating masses in ele cylinder engine, the following two conditions rust be satisfied () Primary force polygon must be closed. ‘Secondary force polygon must be closed, (3)_ Next, for complete balancin multi-cylinder engine, the must be satisfied i of reciprocating masses in following four conditions (Primary force polygon must be closed. (i) Primary couple polygon must be closed. Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Venture|e eee Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Som.7-Mech) ‘Secondary force polygon must be closed. iv) Secondary couple polygon must be closed. It is difficult to satisfy all th ie above conditions in Sly fe iii singr emi ttn some unbalanced for pret ee and / or couple always Conclusions From equations (1.5.6) and (1.5.7), we can conclude the following : (Q) The secondary unbalanced force has twice the frequency of the primary unbalanced force. @) Asn = 4, 5, .., etc, the maximum value of the secony unbalanced foe i only times te maximum value of primary unbalanced force as shown below = CF pmax = Mp0" : mor (Fplmax © mx =~ = and (1.5.8) ‘Also, it ean be noted that the secondary unbalanced force is negligible for low and moderate speed engines. (Balancing) ...Page no (1-29) (3) The primary unbalanced force is maximum when 8 = 0° and 0 = 180°, Thus, the primary unbalanced force is maximum twice in one revolution ofthe crank (4) The secondary unbalanced force is maximum when 6 =0°, 8 = 90°, 0= 180° and 0 = 270". ‘Thus, the secondary unbalanced force is four times in one revolution of the crank. ial difference ‘maximum It is important to note the essentl betwen the unbalanced force duo to reciprocating mass and the unbalanced force due to a rotating mass as discussed below: ‘The unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses varies in magnitude but constant in direction (Le. along the line of stroke) while due to the rotating ‘masses, the unbalanced force is constant. in magnitude (ie. ma”) but varies in direction. In general, therefore, a single rotating mass cannot be used to balance a reciprocating mass or vice- versa. Hence it fs desirable to obtain a partial balance of reciprocating mass by means of al rotating balance mass. Ya 1.5.3 Partial Primary Balancing ‘eannot be bal UQ. Why single ein Janced completly CEEREMNBEG) ‘ a Fis. 15.3: Partgy (SPPU-New Sylabus wef academic year 2.25 py. 98) Teth-Neg PUbliess:—pt ean) Pa rene erst) Ten 0 La = Lectigay os 1 Unter fe (acting sao tee of ke) y= mas ores pa © angular vet frank 1 = enkdoe: y= mas frenig lace mas ES Sere aceon Eee alt Re Fp = mye ros8 ty Seger aieers om remacty Lushan orcs ae epee rca eae Scaraosenemreerne ee eens parle 1 te le of soe is given by m0 oe a username 2 See ee pe eters mya eeos8 mu oe 8 (army R02 coud to, ape ee dag ee eeiseee pS acoee ae Sherpa states Saas eos cs ear ee chine ecg rome ree an “s pe ere rae Te esac erat lone sem spacer tien men semper A189) {SPP New Sous wef aademe 222507 55 Dynan of Masry (SPPU Sen 7 se Tes arangement wi rede the unblanced foce Flew Be ln of Ke for “ay os 8 {Uo ayor re a tc he vlad force pepentclt ote lin of the stoke “mya sires evs a te mae be ‘halaced fore on the engie fame wll be en ‘ehene=05, But uber an unklanced fre parle 1 te ne of seoke sore harmful than oe eer for insane, in osomccnes Lipher ve ofe maybe used kee ‘Tes in paral balancing. ebaaced fore along te line of sche = (dae reo myc men = ania a foloweg eesines mas be ind (0) Pray tse pyre ma doe ve EF, (2) Pray cose ppgra cies Ec Gy Seccoday fore plyee mas (4) Sexcoday nee pty Sa 11810) and ‘Unbsed fore perpendicular tothe ne of se = emyeresind sn) elt untdanced fre a ay inst = M0-omeT ron OF shay: Minter aes 71.5.4 Balancing of Recprocating Masses In “Mult-Cytinder In-Line Engines SEER wmosvew 1 I Sa soho 2 Soave == Oe Wt (5) Therefore sree ror view do betas a me ae hes Neo Pia PuBatons_A SACHIN SHAH Ventutoc yas latins (SPPU.Sen 7 een) As discussed earlier, for ’ i complete bal: SS following conditions must be satisfied = ‘ (1) Primary force polygon must close ie. © F, 2) Primary couple polygon must close ie. EC, =0. (3). Secondary force polygon must close ie. LF, =Oand (4) Secondary couple polygon must close ie. DC, =0. It is difficult to satisfy all the abow ¥ | conditions in toalty for a multvcylinder engine. Ia ment of the reciprocating engines met within ctice, some unbalance: force and / or couple alway’ exist. es aoe The multi omary Cranks (actu) Une of stone of Cylinder 1 an ce Gyncae 2 aren same plana me ® (setae) (b) Fig. 15.5(A) Breen a i '€0 Publications. SACHIN SHAH Vent tureDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem_7-Mech) ®_1.5.4(B) Secondary Balance of Multi- ‘Cylinder In-Line Engines (1) In onder to get complete secondary balance of the reciprocating masses in multi-cylinder engine, the following two conditions must be satistied: (The secondary force polygon must close ie. Zr=0 (ii) The secondary couple polygon must close ie. DC,=0. (2) If the secondary force polygon is not closed in the secondary balancing analysis, then the closing side of the secondary force polygon gives the maximum unbalanced secondary force. Similarly, if the secondary couple polygon is not closed inthe secondary balancing, analysis, then the closing side of the secondary couple polygon gives the maximom unbalanced secondary couple. (3) We have already discussed that the secondary force is given by a = mye B= myctay? cos20 Hence, as in case of primary forces, the secondary “ idered equivalent to the component forces may be consis parallel to the Tine of stroke of the centrifuge force produced by an equal mass placed at the imaginary erank of length (4) which is inlined st 28) and rotating at twice the speed (2a) of the actual cranks as shown in Fig. 1.5.5(B). (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) (0c; and OC’, ‘Secondary Cranks imaginan) i Lune o stroke of Cynder 1 ond Oyinder2 aren eame pane (Ret Plano) Fig. 15.58) Lk, =0 ie. Lemp 209" (Fz) eos 28=0 516) ie Depots 2222 2 and EG, = 0 ic. Emp (20y" (F-) 100820= 15.10) ie, Cmpotr 22.109 ! where n= 5 = obliquity rat "= secondary force; G, = secondary couple Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventur®Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech). (Balancing) ..Page no (1-33) Y%._ 1.5.5 Solved Examples on Balancing of (Gi)Cpy = maximum primary unbalanced couple due to eeu cplinder | with reference teylinder 1 3 =myo"rx0=0 ‘Be TSA + Discus the primary and secondary balance * craych oftwoeylingertw sookea-ln engin | Gv) Cpy = maximum primary unbalanced couple due to a cylinder, 2 with reference to elinder 1 Soin. : Sesto! Consider te two cylinder two stroke inline engine as - Shon ia stn he cank dus | CO Fst = mucin sont, woes nr i connecting rod length sad mass of reciprocating parts ae cinder lng in of sk ofeyinr ‘deneal. Here, eyinder postions of cranks are *S melt so Fag ones 1-2 (oi Fey = maximum secondary unbalanced force in ow, 2 Go) Fpy = maximum primary unbalanced force in eyinder cylinder 2 slong ine of sre 2 = 2S 1 along line of stroke of eylinder I= mp0" (Gi) Epp = maximum primary unbalanced force in cylinder 2 along line of stroke of eyinder2= mT. y ina || mc onven:+2 @ (b) Primary crank positions (6) Secondary crank positions Fig. P. 15.10) (SPPU-New Syllabus wee f academic year 22-23) (7-98) ‘Tech-Neo Publications. SACHIN SHAH Venture RarDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) (Balancing) ..Pago no (1-34 (vii) Cgy = maximum secondary unbalanced couple due to cylinder 1 with reference to cylinder 1 on = ee) mand (viii) Cgg= maximum secondary unbalanced couple due to cylinder 2 with reference to cylinder I on ~ (ees Therefore, primary force polygon, primary couple polygon, secondary force polygon and secondary couple polygon are as shown in Fig. P. 1.5.1(ii). ‘mary Balarong Anais ‘eter Prmary Crank Posten Doyen) 1 ° fo] (Fee Sra] ture ol te a4 (2) Primary ()Pamary Force Polygon Couple Polygon ‘Secondary Balancing Anatyes eer Socory Crank Possen Diagram) 2 2, alt 1 ea} 1 yusF raft ° | od I (o\Seondary {@) Secondary Force Polygon Couple Polygon Fig. P. 15.10) Now, from Fig. P. 1.5.1(i), we conclude the following = (1) Primary force polygon is a closed polygon and hence, primary forces are balanced. (2) Primary couple polygon is not a closed polygon and hence, primary couples are not balanced. The magnitude of primary unbalanced coupe given by. UPC = (Cp)max = Cpa = (tmp x1 where UPC. = Unbalanced Primary couple (3) Secondary Force Polygon is not closed and hence, secondary forces are not balanced. “The magnitude of secondary unbalanced forces is given by USF = (Fy)max = Foi + Fea 2 2 2 OF mor 2mor =e ee at where USF = Unbalanced Secondary Force (4) Secondary Couple Polygon is not closed and hence, secondary couples are not balanced. ‘The magnitude of secondary unbalanced couple is sivenby: 2 or USC = (Cymax =Ca= x! where USC = Unbalanced Secondary Couple Ex. 152: Discuss the primary and secondary balancing analysis of four-cylinder four-stroke inline engine. Soin. Consider the four cylinder - four stroke in-line engine as shown in Fig. P. 1.5.2 (D, in which crank radius, connecting rod length, mass of reciprocating parts and crank spacings are identical. In this case, angular positions of ; crs ae 72 an apa. Ping de i 1-3-2. « dplcan crag of ype dated 8B, 20 that either pair of cranks is a mirror image of the other. FIRING OROER 13-42 it el 1 ot Piano) Thy lela ly Fig. P. 1.5.2(0)(a) (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventureecg Page no (1. — Dynami of Machin (SPEU.Sam7 Mesh) (Gatanng Page no (1-35) by amety ee esaekrieney Ce o me Saison J a hed and en, le: rotlaned couple , én et ale 2. d (oP oreRapen 0) Pama Cups a ccs bang sis copie (Pray rah postions (Snr eh pions 4 Fe P.182i)(and0) ! eke inline engie 2 “fmoares SHY ‘which crank radi, Now, Fy = mur at aH ft | xing pats tod ok a “ i gaan positions of faemek fa EE 4 af ose ener is 1~3-4-2. Bis 2 7 i { 2, mp t coh nid in Ex. 1.51.50 Femi Fay 2 | ie ofthe other. We ral { 2 Feemels Ba sie : ay arr Fal Cal 2 nytt (eaSecondny Force Peygon (4) Secondary Couple Polygon etayatorh, Ga sh a oO! . Fig. P. 15.260) 2, 96, 1, | (4) Secondary couple polygon is ota closed polygon and . cp «emo Go 2 TE Eany | Sent cone mest tt se nd ‘agate of secondaty anbulinced ceupe i given cae | satin, we contode te | USC= Cla Cat Cox Ge Now, fom Fig. P. _ 00 Pia myate i Ufc (A) Primary fre polygon is a closed polygon and hence, ( dol : u).( j inary forces ea a (Fey) (EE = 2) Prmary eon plygn is aso a clove py sd i ce pinay couples blood ote | Oe ee eee mien mt | = tat + Seabeminaniet ; i ays tin nay i Sy swt ueieh “1 USF = au =F tats Fat : ~ nye’ =, ee HIN SHAH Vertu? Where, USC = Unbalanced Secondary Coupe (SPPU New Sjabus wef academic year 22-28 07-38) eS2, Fpy = mor 2 mor Consider the four eylinder-two stroke in-line engine as Fy = mor Fu =a shown in Fig. P. 1.5.3), in which, erank radian ‘connecting. e 2 Ga fansth, mass of reciprocating parts and crank space 2 a geo ue identical. In this case, angular positions of crenke we Cou = (my0°rx0)=0 Cy = ; 360° “4 = 90° apart. Firing order is 1-4-2-3. It is also a pO t 4 Ga = (mo'nx Cg = xh duplicate arrangement of type discussed in Ex. 1.5.1, but 2 Gilfers from the type discussed in Ex. 1.5.2 that, the angle 2 mpa"r between each pair of cranks is 90° as shown in figure. Ga = (marl — Cy =x 15 2 or Now Fy =m Gu seman Gy = By ay @ 3) 4) (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic ys Se ’, LAL Vf / rimary Crank Positions Fig. P-1.530) _(€) Secondary Crank Position (b) Primary neem lowing on opie clued pygon and ees, pay foes re alee ary orc pln closed polygon and hence, primary couple are not balanced Primary couple wel elanced pimary coupes as shown in Save %y ‘upc’ a ragnitude of unbalance hence, secondary forces are balan ee tai lyon is a closed polygon and h ssoontary Bare ek balanced, somiy url polygon is not a closed polygon and so, sec : ‘Secondary cou Prim: Tech-Neo Publicat ear 72 23, 0728) " NSH ASA Stat vem0 (1-33 ria of Machine (SPPU-Sem7-Mech) bells | Pati istendgaibiehaoeoas Fig P1536) “The magnitude of unbalanced secondary coupe is shown in figure given by USC= (Cae =Ca*Ca-Cer » (203) (OF J 2 sy) : wee en) sme ete 2 mort exh ‘where USC = Unbalanced Secondary Couple. Ex 15A7 Discuss the primary and secondary balancing analysis of thee eylinder-two stroke in-line engine © sotn. : ‘Consider the tree eylinder, two stroke in-line engine as shown in Fig. P. 1.5.4(i, in which, erank radius, connecting rod length, mass of reciprocating parts and crank spacing are identical, In this eace, angular postions of eranks are 132 Greianeanicamnpnittngimn Mrannmnasamsnoorawivenn(Balancing) ..Page 00 (Primary Crash ostame| i Fig. P1540) Now, Fp = mporr gt a mya? 2, hy = Fy mor By 7 2 Fy = mye 2 mor . eo ono op "1 . ? a Gp a 2 -, =. tet Cy) etme Go xh Now, from Fig. P. 15.Ati), we conclude the following (1) Primary force polygon is a closed polygon and hence, primary forces ate balanced rrimary cenple polygon is not a closed polygon and ea iy ciples ne no alone hence, prin The magnate of unbalanced primary couple is as shown an figure by “URC” (2 Seenmday force polyron i8 0 closed pyzon amd aoaaeeecenary forees ate balanced (4). Secondary couple fo, secondary CON polygon 1s not a closed polygon les are not Halanced (GpPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 2-23) (P7-98) ‘The magnitude of unbalanced secondary couple is shown in figure given by "USC” Brimary Balanong Anatysia ‘ofer Prary Crank Poston Diagram) fos Fo : ole “Fp2 2 (a) Primary Force Polygon (b) Primary Couple Potyroa Secondary Nalancog Anais (Rotor Secondary Crank Postion Diagram) (Secondary Vorce Polygon (a) Secondary Couple Potyse Fig. P. 15.414) Eales useton, asc sua vetDynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Som.7-Mech) (Balancing) ...Page no (1-38) Ex.4.5.5: Discuss the primary and secondary balancing analysis of six-cylinder-four stroke in-line engine. © sotn. Consider the six eylinder four stroke in-line engine as shown in Fig. P.1.5.5() in which erank radius, connecting rod 720° length, mass of reciprocating parts and crank spacings are identical. In this case, angular positions of cranks are" ~= 120° apart. Firing order is 1-5-3-6-2-4. Now, Fp 2 mot Fa = 7 FIRING ORDER 159824 |r | | i i | \ i i (0) Primary Craok Toslons Fig. P.1.5.5()) z mor m0 2 ar mor Fy = Cpr = (mparrx0)=0 Cy =— —xo=0 2 _ mot mor Fy = Ga = (mwnxl Cy = xh 2 mor or Fs = Cy =m nxh Cy oh (SPPU-New Syllabus we f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture‘of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) Coe = (MOT XL Cys = (01) X15 (Balancing) ..Page no (1-40) (@) Primary foree polygon is a closed polygon and hes primary forces are (2) Primary couple polygon isa closed polygon and hence, ‘primary couples are balanced. (3) Secondary force polygon is a closed polygon and 7 , or hence, secondary forces are balanced. Ge = (myo xlg — Cg = XI (4) Secondary couple polygon is a closed polygon and so; secondary couples are balanced. Now, from Fig. P.1.5.5(i), we conclude the following : 6 brea Bate Arts ce (Ree ary Cran Poesen DOG] 6 fafa ow ratel 52 ole Fon oe o 3 (e) Primary Force Polygon oy oo ‘Seconda Satrcen Aras (peter Seca re Poe DBF) : Ea (@ Secondary Force Pol a (Primary Couple Polyzon {(@) Secondary Couple Polygon Fig. P.1.5.5(ii) ‘Thus, the arrangement shown in Fig. P. 1.5.5(i) gives good balancing because primary forces, primary couples, secondary forces and secondary couples are balanced. (SPPU-New Syllabus wee academic year 22-23) (P7-98) al Deb reci nico Pubations.A SACHIN SHAH Venturean nen eee — * Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Som7 Mech) (Balancing) ...Page no (1-41) Ny sae FR) SPPU - Q. 5(a). Doc. 18. 14 Marks ‘Aciceylinde four stoke verte inline engine bas a ring order 1-4-5-2-36, Fring takes place with equal angult interval. ‘The nuns of reciprocating pars per eylindt is 2 k stoke 100 mm and connecting rod length 200 mm. The cylinder cenit lines are spaced at 300 mm apart. The crank shaft speed is 300 rpm. Examine the engine for the balance of primary and soni foes nd couples, I the engine isnot completely balanced, Suggest a suitable fring oder to make it completely lanced. . © sotn.: D Step 1: Given: Six cylinder four stroke vertical in line engine firing order = 1-4-5-2-3-6. vee ge 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | s t T | | | | T i et eb we | ce fa | fee | ee | = | | === meme Le LYS LG [i> | 4) oT LET Le Te | (Ret Piano) Fig, Ex. 1.5.6: Longitudinal position of Masses Mass of reciprocating pasts per cylinder = m = 2 ke, Stroke = 100 mm =0.1 m Connecting rod length 2 Crank shaft speed = «= > Step 2: To find (i) Unbalanced primary and secondary forces and coupes, ifony (ii) Ifthe engine is not completely balanced then suggest suitable firing order to make it completely balanced. > Step 3: Primary and secondary crank positions 20 Angular postions of ranks = 5 ~ 120° apart Firing order = 1-4-5-2-3-6 The firing onder decides the sequence of the cylinder which will produce the power stroke, which is tum also decides the angular position of the erank. (b) Secondary Crank Positions Fig. Ex. 15.6(A) (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) -rech-Neo Publications A SACHIN SHAH VentureITT Dynan ol Machina (SPU -Som.7-Moch) (Balancing) ..Page no (1-42) tenary Covole Praon > Step 4: Primary balancing analysis (Refer primary crank position) m = 2ke. Stroke _ 100 "2 ret = 50m 0.05 m L. = Connecting rod length = 200 mm = 0.2m L_ 02 obliquity ratio =" = gg=4- none o = BEO_ 31416 rade. 4. Bp = ma?r=2(31.416) (0.05) = 98.696N. Farther all primary forces are given by = 98.696 N. =m Oe Fpg= Fre Fs Fn and primary couples are given by Cy, = (ma? 1) x 0=0 [Reference plane] Cpp= (98.696) x 0.3 = 29.6088 Nm Cpy = (98.696) x0. 59.2176 Nm Cpq= (98.696) x 0.9 = 88.8264 Nm Cyg= (98.696) x 1.2 = 118.4352 Nm Cy = (98.696) x 1.5 = 148,044 Nm Primary Forca Polygon SCALE immu (b) Primary Couple Polygon Fig. Ex. 1.608) Observe that primary force polygon is closed & hence primary forces are balanced. Next primary couple polygon is not closed and hence unbalanced primary couple (UPC) is given by - UPC = [(6 0) x Seale] = (103) x (2) 2. UPC = 206Nm ANS. > Step 5 : Secondary balancing analysis (Refer secondary crank position). 1 _2x(31.416) x (0.05) » Fs 4 = 24.674 Further all secondary forces are given by Fs) = Fs = Fey = AT = 24.674N and secondary couples are given by mor - Cs, =") x 0= 0 [Reference plane] (a) Primary Force Polygon. C5q = (24.674) x 0.3 = Fig. Ex. 1.5.6(B) Contd... 5, = (24.674) 0. C5q = (24.674) 0.9 = 22.2066 N (24.674) x 1.2 = 29.6088 N 7 eal oT (24.674) x 1.5 = 37011 N (SFPU-New Syllabus vies academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications... SACHIN SHAH Ventu’®dary Fores Polygon SCALE immogn 5,055 0 (a) Secondary force polygon (b) Secondary couple polygon Fig. Ex. 1.5.6(C) Observe that secondary force polygon is closed and hence secondary forces are balanced. Next, polygon is not closed and unbalanced secondary couple (USC) is given by * sssondany couric USC = (6-0) x scale = (103) x (0.5) USC = 51.5Nm wAns. > Step 6 : By choosing a proper firing order, the engine can be completely balanced. ‘Suggested firing order for completely balanced system is 1-3-2-6-4-5 —————————— UEX. 1.5.7 EERO! Treen ‘The eranks of a four eylinder marine oil engine are arranged at angular intervals of 90°. The engine speed is 70 rpm and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 800 kg. The inner cranks are 1 m apart and are symmetrically arranged between the outer ‘cranks which are 2.6 m apart, Each crank is 400 mm long. Determine the firing order of the cylinders, for best balance of reciprocating masses and also the magnitude of the unbalanced primary couple for that arrangement, YD soin.: > Step 1: Given : Four cylinder marine oil engine. Engine speed = N = 70 rpm Mass of reciprocating parts per cylinde = radius of cach crank = 400 mm = 0.4 m > Step 2:To find (i) Ficing order ofthe cylinder, forbes! balance (ii) Magnitude of unbalanced primary couple (SPPU-New Syllabus we.f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications. A SACHIN SHAH Ventureamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sor (Ret Plane) ‘Longitudinal Postions of Masses, Fig, Ex. 15.7 : Longitudinal positions of masses Primary rank positions for CASE (j) and CASE Gi) For the given system, there are following two firing orders can be assessed, Case (i) Firing order 1-2-4-3 and Case (i) Firing order 1-4-2 “The firing order decides the sequence of the cylinder which will produce the power stroke, which it wm decides the angular position ofthe crank. For CASE (I) firing order 1-2-4-3 > Step3: (a) Primary erank position and For CASE (il) firing order 1-4-2-3, (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 22-23) (P7-98) (b) Primary Crank Positions Fig. Ex, 1.5.7(A) > Step 4 : Primary Balancing analysis For Case ( ring order 1-2-4-3 (Refer Fig. 1.5.2(a)) m = 800kg. 04m 2nN 60 + Fy = mar = 800(7.327) (0.4) © 327 radlsec. 1717917 N Further, all primary forces are given by Fp, = Fy = Fp = Fpy = mo'r= 7179.17 N Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventu’®(SPPU-Som7-Mech) and primary couples are given by Cr, = mo’r0=0 Reference pane) Crp = (17179.17)x080= 13743336 Nm Cry = (17179.17)1.80= 30822.506 Nm Cry = (17179.17) 2.6 = 44665.842 Nm o2 rs Fi Foy Fe 4 a, 2 (2) Primary Force Polygon ‘SCALE tm oan (0) Primary Couple Polygon ‘SCALE tm 7008 Fig. Ex. 15.708) + UPC = (4-0)xScale = 68 x 700 UPC = 47600 Nm Observe that primary forces are balanced however ‘unbalanced primary coupe is UPC = 47600 Nm Now, for ‘Case i : Firing onder 1-4-2-3 (Rf. Fig. 1.5.2(b)] Primary forces are given by = mat =800 (7327) (04)= 17179.17N 7179.17 N Ps = Fg = mo ‘nd primary couples are given by (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (°7-28) (Balancing) ..Page no (1-45) = mu'r x0=0 [Reference plane] Cry = (17179.17)x0,80 = 13743.336 Nex Cbs = (17179.17) x 1.80 = 30922.506 Nm Cry = (17179.17) x26 = 44665.842 Nm 03, Foy 4 Fey Fog 2 6 Fe (0) Primary Force Polygon {CALE tm 400N (0) Primary Coupte Polygon SCALE ten 708m Fig. Ex. 15.710) UPC = (3-0) x scale =28 x 79 + UPC = 19600Nm Observe that primary forces are balanced however ‘unbalanced primary couple is UPC = 19600 Nm ech-Neo Publications A SACHIN SHAH Venture i ————ee Dyn the ‘magnitude of the unbalanced primary ‘couple for firing onder 1-4.2-4-3 ig, UPC = 19600Nm, oAns. VER 158 A four cylinder vertical er ngine has cranks 225 mm long. {is planes of rotation ofthe firs, second and fourth cheney are 600 mm, 300 mm and 300 > Step 1: Given: Foureylinder vical engine (Refer. Plane) i L i (a) Angular Positions of Masses, Fig. Ex. 1.5.8 Contd... > Step 3: For complete primary balancing, (Betancng) 0 (1-46) lamics of Machinery {(SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) Fane ge eee) aang) Pago no (16) \— at oO om oO (retro) (Lomein estions Fig. Ex. 15.8 F = radius of each crank = 225 mm = 0.225 m m= 100kg mz = 120kg mM = 100kg > Step 2: To find @ my ©) 91.02. 05.04 for compete primary balance, Use analytical method, Table 1.58 Plane | Mass | Radius‘r] Force +a Distance from ‘m’ | (m) ‘me? reference plane) Angular Position of (kg) (m) ‘Mass ‘Q* (deg) 1 100 | 0225 Fp, =225 2 120 | 0225 Fp, =27 Seer rane] m, | 0225 4 100 | 0255 = ————___—— (SPPU-New Sylabus wes academic yea 22-28) (7-55) 3 Tech-Neo pDynal of Machinary (SPU. m.7-Mech) To do analytically, dew approximate pri polygons as shown in Fi determine the balanced canditions, mary couple and primary force '6- Ex. 1.5.8(A) Assume 0) = 0° oa Fes (0) Primary Force Polygon (b) Primary Couple Polygon Fig. Ex. 1.5:(A) : Primary forces and primary couples ‘arrangement for balanced condition ‘The negative sign indicates that the direction of positon ‘of the mass. would be opposite to that of the couple vector and its sign should not be considered for calculating "magnitudes using the cosine rue, From couple polygon, using cosine rule = py) + Cpp AC) Cp eos a (1357 = 61) (6757 -218.1)675)cora Lom 26) Cp) e068 03.57 46.75)" ar 2 (pp +«C 2114.17.08) 6 7.127" {SPPU-New syiabus wes academic year 22-23) (P7-98) (Balancing) ..Page no (1-47) andy = + 0,= 131.007" + 27.127" = 158.134" Hence, 8, = 0° (assumption) Ans, © = 158.134 Ans. 0 = 27127 Ans. Further, from force polygon we get In the foree polygon, for evaluating the unknowns my and @3 each force vector can be resolved into horizontal and venical components. The sum of these components should be zero ifthe polygon iso close, E Horizontal forces = Fp, cos 0, + Fp, 0s By + Fp, 60805 + Fp, cos 4: (225) e08 0° + (27) cos (158.134°) + 0.225, (223) 05 (27.1277) =0 ie. mscos 0) = -77.633 and E Vertical forces. = Fp sin, + Fp sin Op + Fp, sinO; + Fp, sin 0,0 (225) sin 0° 27) sin 158.134") + 0.2 +(22.5) sin (27.1277) =0 iie.my sin, = ~90.289 Dividing Gi) by (i) we ge, m3) c05 6; + “i 25 my) sin Oy i) mysin myeos®, = =7633 “tans = 1.163 #03 = 4931" Ans, Substiuting the valve of On equation (i) we get mycos (49.31) = — 77.633 my =~ 119.075 kg Considering positive valve of my We have my = 119.075 kg Ans, ©. 1.59: A single eylinder engine runs at 250 pen and has 4 woke of 180 mm, The reciprocating parts weigh TELA and tevolvang pats equivalent to a weight of 07 KN at y falas of 40 mn. A mass Rept eppesite to the er at » of 150 i to halice the whole ofthe voting ‘mows and tWo-thind ofthe reciprocating mass, and aM ‘ (0) Resultant residaal unbalanced force when the crank has furned 30° from the inner dead centre Soin. > Step t Data N = speed of engine = 250 qm | Bhan "© Publietions..A SACHIN SHAH Venture SR1g Bis! (DE we eaten) Pan = (1-8 Dyers sree) 3° Taacag adh 0) on at Os pd + rtmotomatteanint xiso | Sete ee te ime sey = Wam=0.090m omy paca yeaa bye _inad © soin.: oo ~~ vol mciprocating pars ="~9 gy > Step 1: Dots a3 = memetrontvny pe oD =n % = radius of revolving mass = 90 mm = 0.090 m_ iy _ tetas is Ne #6 Manes a =o a, Step 2: To find To find . ovemes @ mw balance whole revolving mass and 3 of | wed Se Se % a 6; fer LE Ge tes > sep | pins ofasincfsmata } = = 91748 An Roel rene 4 TE iin wee a (HP) con (I) (I) dat ET) «34407 0.40 | 26.08 N —— Fig P.1S.100)Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) Serres ol ect Sr Se 7 Mec) aero Page no (148) r rai font = Saat = 1 a0 = 90am =0550m : sag pew 12210 ™ et a Oa =123k¢ ; ix sm = mass ofrroving pars «221. #71364 fy = radius of revolving mass = 90 mm = 0.090 m y= radius of the balance mast = 150 mm = 0.180. 2 © = friction > Step2:To find (my. to balance whole revolving mast and reciprocating mass Gi) resultant residual unbalance force, if 6 = 50° with id > Step (Now, we have 19 do complete balancing of rotating par and partial halancing of mcsprocsune pacts Here, the balance mass, my bas to balance Se roesing mast, im, which 16 rotating at radius ¢, os well a pve partial balance of the reciprocating mass, =. Thea, mth = mF FeMBE (Ref. Bae (15.13 7 of (0.080) + $1223) (0.090) 91.736 kg, cm, (0.150) omy Step 4: Resultant unbalanced force st @ Residual unbalanced force emo rVlqey cor Bre Sa 8 Ref. Ege. (15.1 23 (FY com: (J==-@== = 7514.07 [NOTE S44.07 x 0.4409 3326.18 Ans wo 30° is given by Ans. Ex. 1.5.10: A four crank engine has the ro cuter cranks set as 120° to each other and their reciprocating masses are cach 4.2 KN. The distance between the planes of retation of adjacent cranks are £50, 750 and 600 mm. Ifthe engine is to be in complete primary balance. find reciprocating mass and relative angular position for each of the inner cranks. If the length of each crank is 300 mm, the length of the (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) connecting rod is 1200 mm and the speed of rotation is 250 rpm. What is the maximum secondary unbalanced O° (assumption) 6, = 120° To find: > Step2: m3, m,5, 8; and @) for complete primary balance and maximum secondary unbalanced force: > Step 3: Primary Balancing Analysis Now, Fig. P. 1 5.10() shows longitudinal positions of planes of rotation of cranks. SN YN ves ry (b) Primary Crank Positions Fig. P. 15.10(3) {Bt rech-tieo Publications_A SACHIN SHAH VentureConsidering plane-2 as a reference plane, we get no (1-49) ‘Table P. 1.5.10(a) ‘Plane | Mass ‘m® | Radius ‘r’ (m)| Primary Distance from Primary Angular (a) Force +a? |reference plane ‘| Couple +" _ [position of mass} lf beret ab (m) runt? 0° (des) 1 $28.13 03 Fp = 128.439 085 Cy == 578 | _O(assume) 2 Mm 03 0 % (Ret. Plane) 3 My 03 0.75 Cpa = 0.225 Mp Oy 4 $28.13 03 135 C= 173.39 120 Since itis given that the engine is in complete primary balance Le. primary force polygon and primary couple polygon rust be closed polygons. Primary couple polygons For complete primary balance, primary couple polygon must be closed ie DC =0. mary Couple Polygon, ‘SCALE 4mm : An Fig, P. 1.5.10Gi) Obtain Cp and 0 from the closed couple polygon. os (b 0) x scale . 52) x (4) P my = 9244 he wns. and 0, = 314° wwAns. Now Fys = 03 yy = 0:3 x9244 = 27732 Next, Primary Force Polygon For complete primary balance, primary force polygon Fig, P.1.5.10(i) CObsain Fyo and from the closed force polygon. and 8: 61° wwAns. > Step4: Secondary Balancing Analysis, = SN UN a | 045m 1 075m 4 06m 1 2 3 4 (Rot Piane) must be closed. ie. 2 F=0. (SPPU-New Syilabus w.ef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Fig. P. 1.5.10 (iv) (a) : Longitudinal Positions Tad rech neo Publicatons_A SACHIN SHAH VenturePage ro (1 (SPPU-Sem 7.AMech) Hig. P. 1.8.10(1y) (b) : Secondary Crank Positions Table P.1.5.10(b) ‘Secondai Aaguler Plane | Mass‘m’ [Radius *r"(m)] Seconda Distance from 2, a of mans kg) Force+a' |reference plane‘) Couple + @'/n cera ‘me (=) toot? H 2813 03 Fyy= 128439 ° Caso . waa 03 Fa = 267.999 04s a= 1206 waa 03 2772 a 0 20728 4 a3 03 Byg= 2839 18 Cups 231.1902 & ry Force Polygon USF = doxsealex® Secor Force Potrgon 2 TOALE trem ory, = 60% 10% (26.18)? xt ° ~ 4 USF = 102808.96 N fa USE = 10281 kN Am Mh i the required maimam unbalanced seconary b fore. Ex. 15.115 The cranks and connecting rods of a four “a Salinde lelinecogine running at 1800 rpen are SO man and 250 mim respectively andthe cylinders are spaced 180 con Ast ihe cylinders are numbered 1 9 4 in sequence fren Une End the crasks appear at intervals of 90" in aa ead vine ha in onder 1-4-2-3. The reciprocating mass corresponding to . cach cylinder is 15 N, Determine Fig. P.15.10(¥) Observe that secondary forces are not balanced and unbalanced secondary force is given by (SPPU-New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Primary and secondary couples with Feference to central plane ofthe enginewamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) (Balancing) ..Page no (1-51) @ son: > Step 1: Data: Four Cylinder In-Line Engine r=50mm=0.05 m 13250 mm =0.25 m, N=1800rpm . @ = 2N_2nx 1800 60 = 60 = 188.5 rad/s 1s. Me = 987 = 153 kg a > Step 2:: Primary Balancing Analysis FIRING ORDER 1-429 Pee eer eenieee Perr t 4 orjines Fig. P. 1.5.11(@ (a) : Longitudinal Positions Fig. P. 1.5.11(i) () : Primary Crank Position Considering ‘Central Plane’ as a reference plane. Table P.1.5.11 (a) Plane Me sat Radius ‘r’ (m)| Meas leet ay) ; cnn pane ‘rar! Gu ‘mr? (deg) 1 1.53 0.05 Fp = 0.0765 = 0.225 Cor = 0.0172 o 2 1.53 0.05 Fy = 0.0765 = 0.075 Gyo = 0.00573 180° 3 1.53 0.05 Fy3 = 0.0765 0.075 Cox = 0.005573 270° 4 1.53 0.05 Fiyg = 0.0765 0.225 Cys = 0.0172 90° ‘Primary Force Polygon Primary force polygon SCALE tm _0.002(m0) Observe that primary force polygon is a closed polygon and 7 : hence, primary forces are balanced. ‘. UPF = Unbalanced Primary Force=0_ Fra Fig. P. 1.5.11(i)Primary couple polygon ‘Primary Couple Potygon, SCALE tmm 0.000449 Observe that primary couple polygon is not a closed polygon and ¢ hence there is a maxintum unbalanced primary couple (UPC) present eae in the system, which is given by Gal UPC = (d0)xscalexa* 9 = 41x 0.0004 x (188.5)° UPC = 582.73Nm Ans. ee Cos ° os 2 Fig. P. 15.11Gii) > Step3: Secondary Balancing Analysis | Lo ih | | 0.150 m. | 0.150 m, | 0.150 m. | re ee CContral Piane (a) Longitudinal Positions (b) Secondary Crank Positions P.1S.11Gv) Considering ‘Central Plane’ as a reference plane. Table P. 1.5.11(b) Plane | Mass‘m’ [Radius‘r’ (m| Secondary | Distancefrom | Secondary | Secondary ke) Force+a? reference plane‘! Couple +a"/n | erank position ‘me’ ) ‘me? 420" (deg) 1 153 0.05 Fy = 0.0765 0.225 Cy =-00172 o 2 153 0.05 Fy = 0.0765 -0.075 Ca = - 0.00573 360° 3 153 0.05 F,3 = 0.0765 0.075 Cys =0.00573 540° 4 153 0.05 Fy = 0.0765 0.225 C= 0.0172 180°Secondary Force Polygon ‘Secondary Force Polygon SCALE mm : 0.002(mr) , 9 _ a Fa Fea e b fa Fig. P. 1.5.11(6) Observe that secondary force polygon is a closed polygon and secondary forces are balanced. USF = Unbalanced Secondary Force = 0 ...Ans. Secondary Couple Polygon ‘Secondary Couple Polygon, ‘SCALE 1mm :0.0004(rmr) Coy Sez Cos Cor a o> = . = ———________ UPC Fig. P.1.5.11(vi) Observe that secondary couple polygon is not a closed Polygon and hence, there is a maximum unbalanced secondary couple (USC) present in the system and which is given by Aa USC = (0d) xscalex<> 188.5) = 115 x0,0004 x3 USC = 326.897 Nm (Balancing) ...Page no (1-53) Ex. 1.5.12 The cranks of a four cylinder marine oil engine are arranged at angular intervals of 90°. The engine speed is 70 rpm and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 800 kg. ‘The inner cranks are 1m apart and are symmetrically arranged between the outer cranks which are 2.6 m apart. Each crank is 400 mm long. Determine the firing order of the cylinders for best balance of reciprocating masses and also the magnitude of the unbalanced primary couple for that arrangement. © som. > Step 1: Data: Four Cylinder In-Line Engine > Step2: As the cranks are to be at equal angular intervals; as far as force is concemed, the firing order will not have any effect. In all cases, the primary as well as secondary force polygons will be closed. Now, about the magnitudes of various couples, we have C1 =Cy and C2 = C as shown in the following table. =) JK ox Jefe for fucms | Central Plane Fig. P. 1.5.12(i) Considering ‘central plane” as a reference plane. PPU-New Syllabus wee academic year 22-23) (P7-98) ‘SACHIN SHAH Venture & Tech-Neo Publications.Table P. 1.5.12 04 Fy = 320 2 so | 04 F) = 320 3 300 os Fy = 320 05 C5= 160 4 + 300 os Fy=320 13 Cy= 416 Following are the two possibilities for the placing of the masses. Case (1): Ifthe masses 1 and 4 are diametsically opposite to each other, then we get the firing order as 13-42. Case (2) : If the masses 1 and 4 are not diametically opposite to each other, then we get the firing order as 112-3, Now, we are interested to discuss the magnitudes of unbalanced primary couples in both these cases- (Case (1) : Firing onder (1-3-2) > suep3: Here, the maximum unbalanced primary couple is given by UPC = (40) scale xo = 89 x 10x (7.33) = 47818.721 Nm = 47819Nm i) Primary Couple Polygon, rary Force SCALE Imm: 10(m7) ‘SCALE fmm : 40(mt) ° oe 2 a Co © Cp a ¢, Feo Sg fa tec ait Coa — : Foe 6 - cy Fig. P.1.5.12(i) a> Step di Case (2) 1 Firing onder (142.1) » © Fig P. 15.120) Here, mation uebalanced primary couple is given by UNC © (do) x scale xe = 6 #104 (733) @ IMA Nm = 2A ww Comparing Vawation (I) nnd (li) , we conclude the firteg oder 142-3 gives less unbalanced primary ommple and hence, ment waitable, Ans, E1513: A there cytieier enzine has its cranks apaced at geal mgalae intervals of 120" Pach crank 48 150 min tong sed connecting rod in 623. mm lome The pitch of the Cylinder ix 450. mm and speed is 300 rpm IT the reciprocating parts per cylinder have a mass 70 bg. fiw the primary and secondary effect of the feciprocating parts. % son. : > Step 1: Data: Three Cylinder In-Line Engine t= 150mm =0.15m 180mm Sm (SPPU-New Syiiabus wee f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) 1 625 men = 0.625 m 1, 9623 oe ois 74167 © 1 MEMO 0 926 rat ee my * 70% > Step 2s & Tech: Neo Publications.A SACHIN SHAH VentureStep 3: Primary Balancing Analysis ‘Table P. 15.130) Plane) | Masa‘ [Radius r?(mp] Primary Oy) Force + @ (ta 2-4.725 1 70 0.15 Fyn 105 = 0.45 St 120 2 70 os Fpa= 105 ° Car (Ref, Plane) = oe 3 70 ols Fpa= 105 045 Gp 24705 Primary Fores Polygon ‘SCALE 1mm :0.5(mq) | . Co @ () Primary force polygon ‘Primary couple polygon Fig. P. 1.5.13) Here, primary force polygon is a closed polygon and hence primary forces are balanced. But, the primary polygon is nota closed polygon and hence, unbalanced primary couple (UPC) is given by 2 UPC = (bo) x scale x00 = 8205 (52.36) = 112404,35 Nm = 12AKNm > Step 4: Secondary Balancing Analysis Table P. 15.130) »\ SE Primary Couple Polygon “SCALE 1mm :0.4(mn) Plane | Masi‘m’ [Radius ‘r'(m)] Secondary | Distance from (ie) Force + s‘In reference plane ‘7 1 70 ous 2 70 os (Ref, Plane) 3 70 OH Fyy= 105 Tere, secondary force polygon isa closed polygon and hence, secondan fj polygon isnot a closed polygon and hence, unbalanced secondary couple ones a bal 1s giv lanced, enby nt But the secondary coupletoch) @) 2 USC = @oyxseatex = = 5395kNm Ex 1.5.14; A four stroke five cylinder in-line engine has a firing order 14-53-21. The centre lines of cylinders are spaced at equal interval of 150 mm. The reciprocating parts per cylinder has a mass of 1.5 kg. The piston stroke is 4100 mm and the connecting rods are 175 mm long. The engine rotates at 600 rpm. Discuss the primary and secondary balancing values of ‘maximum unbalanced couples about the central plane and the position of crank 1 from its inner dead centre position at which these values occur. Z sot. : > Step 1: Data m, = 15kg r= Ske _ 100 _ 59 mm = 0.050m 272 1 = 175mm=0.175 m 1017545 1.05 2nx 600 GO = 62.83 rad / sec. For a4 stroke cycle, 20" _s4ye Angle between each crank =~“ —= 144" > Step2: ‘Now, longitudinal positions of crank are as shown in Fig. P. 1.5.14(i). ‘use mma as KI ye [010m | o1s0m | orsom | 010m} bird wine, (©) Secondary Crank Positions (©) Pritary Crank Positions Fig. P.15.14()for Primary Crank Position) Malancing Analysis: (Re! > step 3s Primary ‘Table P 1.8.14(0) ; 22 0 Vy 0.075 -03 yy =~ 000225 7 2 216 005 Fonoors | -01s [ca 001128 | n2 0.08 Fyy = 0.075 0 | G20 : mw | 4 1s ‘00s Fu = 0.075 O15 | caeoorrs | a 22 233 E s 1s 00s Fy = 0.075 03 [_ cGe=0022s | Bomary Couple Polygon SCALE tm 01 tb) > Fig. P.1S.14(4)) Hence, primary force polygon is closed polygon and hence, primary forces are balanced. But the primary couple Polypon is not a closed polygon and hence, unbalanced primary couple (UPC) is given by UPC = (do) xseale x wo = 80 x 0,005 x (62.83)" = 157.904 Nm aA ‘The vector drawn by dotted line represents joining vector a1 nd maximum unbalanced primary couple and ‘tated through 32°, Hence, original crank is rotated through 32°, . Ans (SPPU-New Sylabus wef academic year 22-281 7.0m = ~~pnt tan SS (Refer Secondary Crank Position) Step 4: Secondary Balancing Analysis ‘Table P. 15.140) S 0.05 2 15 0.05 Fy = 0.075 15 Ca = 3 15 0.05 Fy = 0.075 0 Cy=0 eee 288 4 15 0.05 Fxg = 0.075 15 Cyg= 0.01125 5 15 0.05 Fys = 0.075 13 Cs= 0.0225 216 “Secondary Force Polygon, ‘Secondary Couple PONgon SCALE tmmm : 0.002(a SSCALE 1mm: 0,0005(m) Fag, Fes 4 b Fea! Fea i Fos ss @) @) Fig. P. 1.5.14Gii) Here, the secondary force polygon isa closed polygon and hence, secondary forees are unbalanced. But, the secondary not a closed polygon and hence, unbalanced secondary couple is given by 2 couple polygon is usc = (do) xscalexS- 2 = 720.0005 x 2 = 40,604 Nm Ans, ‘The vector drawn by dotted lin represents the Joining vector and maximum unbalanced secondary couple and is Totated through 21°. Hence, original crank is rotated through 10.5°. (srPu z New Syllabus w.e academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Bl Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture(patancing) P2920 (£5, jinimum ‘palanced force mini {Prove thatthe resultant un! Ex.15.15 : 1 ing masses Le. when ¢= © soln: Let crank radius F =F iB connecting rod lengla te F eid -om, oF re0s 6] + fem, or sin L ts a n= = obliquity ratio ic Fe norrVa-o eOreane tc angular velocity of crank ‘This force F will be maximum or minimum when angle made by crank with id.c. eS mm, = mass of reciprocating parts dc = off rm, = mass of rotating balance mass Now, Equation (e) is rewritten as py = Fadius of rotating balance mass Pemot? 2 2, 2.2 F, = unbalanced primary force = mor [(1-c) cos @+c sin 6) ..5 = fraction Differentiating Equation (g) with respect to (c), we £2 ‘Then, for the given crank position, the primary unbalanced force is given by : = 2 2 2F Ge = (Myer 1) [2 (1c) cos” 8) +2 sin” 6] = mo" rcos@ -@ |i (a0 ea ‘Also, for partial balancing, de> [2 (1c) cos” 0+ 2c sin” 8) Myf = ¢m,T tb) ; Therefore, unbalanced force along the li ate tae thr [+2 05" 042¢ cos? 0+ 2c sin’ 6 = (1-0) m,@ rcos0 (6) and ee fore pespediclart the Hie of a F) = em,a'rsin® = 1-205" 042 (cos? 0+ sin’ 8) Hence, resultant unbalanced force at any instant ae ae Oy de [-2cos? 6 + 2¢] } ewFor Fto be may cmon? OF L-2cos 0+ 2€]20 Hence, -2eos' +20 #0 © = cos Substituting the value of ¢ = cos" 0 in Equation (c), we get 1,00" FC — cos OF cox” O + (608 OF sin =m, 07 Vin" 0 cos” O + cos" O sin” =m, 0 rYsin" 0 60s" O + cos" O sin” =m, a7 r- sin cos @-Vsin® 8+ cos” =m," r-sin@ cos 0 F 1 — m, @ r+ 2sin 0 cos 0 ce re E mgae-sin20 "% The value of F is maximum when 20 = 90° i.e. 0 = 45° . We have from Equation (i) c= cos 5%) wwAns. Hence, the proof. See St > 1.6 CONCEPT OF DIRECT AND REVERSE ‘CRANKS Bee cence 'UQ. Explain the method of direct and reverse cranks to ! Page no (1-61) ‘primary crank position and secondary crank positions are shown in Fig. 1.6.1(b) and 1.6.1(c) respectively (Balancing) ® (by Primary Crank Positions _(€) Secondary Craak Positions Fig. 1.6.1 1.6.1 Primary Force Analysis (1) The primary unbalanced force which is along line of stroke is given by: Fp = m,0°rcos 0 (1.6.4) where m, = mass of reciprocating parts @ = angular velocity of crank r rank radius © = angle made by crank with id.c. F, = Primary unbalanced force This primary force Fp, would be equal to the horizontal component force produced by mp placed at the primary crank position at C as shown in Fig. 1.6.1(b) (2) Let an imaginary crank OC be drawn as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 making an angle “0°. Then OC is known as determine the unbalance forces in redial engines. (Dec. 11, May 13, May 14, De ' wy! (1) The method of direct and reverse cranks is very much useful for determining any primary and secondary forces in multicylinder radial and vee engines, in which, all the connecting rods are connected to a common crank. Analysis of forces is much simplified. Since there is a common crank in radial and vee engines, the planes of rotations of various cranks is same. Therefore: there are no unbalanced primary and secondary couples. @ primary direct crank rotating in clockwise direction at @ rad / sec and ‘OC’ is known ‘as primary reverse nk rotating in anticlockwise direction at w rad / (3) Fig. 1.6.1(a) shows a reciprocating engine in which the i crank OC rotates uniformly at « rad / sec in clockwise Za. __. direction, Let OC make an angle 0 with i.d.c. Then, the - Fig. 1.6.2 (SPPU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventui Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) (3) Let a mass m, be divided equally and placed at C and C. The combined effect of these masses when primary direct crank rotates clockwise at w rad / sec and the Primary reverse crank rotates anti-clockwise at gnd/ Sec is to produce a horizontal force equal to m, « rcos 8. which is equal tothe primary unbalanced force, Fy. (® Thus, for determining the primary unbalanced force, the mass mp of the reciprocating parts at P can be replaced by wo masses, SP each at Cand C. YB 1.6.2 Secondary Force Analysis (1 The secondary unbalanced fore, which is along line of stroke is given by = mol 28 ie. R= mp 20)°(. eos 20 bliquity ratio (1.62) F, = secondary unbalanced force @) This secondary force, f, would be equal to the horizontal component force produced by mp placed at the ‘secondary crank position at D as shown in Fig. 1.6.1(0). (9) Let an imaginary crank OD’ be drawa as shown in Fig. 1.6.3, making an angle “- 20° Then OD is known as secondary direct crank rotating in clockwise direction at “20° rad / sec and OD’ is known as secondary reverse crank rotating in anti clockwise direction at ‘2 ' rad / sec. Fig. 1.63 (4) Let a mass m, be divided equally and placed at D and D’. The combined effect of these masses when secondary direct crank rotates clockwise at 20 rad / sec (Balancing) ..Page no (1 82) and secondary reverse crank rotates anticlockwiss ~ 2 wad / sec is to produce a horizontal force, my (2, 2_ cos 26 (&) eos 20ie.m,0 6 force Fs. secondary unbalanced (5) Thus, for determining the secondary unbalanced forc, the mass my of the reciprocating parts at P can 1, + which is equal to», my 7 replaced by two masses" each at D and D’. EEE DI 1.7 BALANCING ANALYSIS OF RADIAL AND VEE ENGINES - Err As discussed earlier, since the connecting rods are connected to a common crank in radial and vee engines, hhence, there are no unbalanced primary and secondary couples present in the system. The primary unbalanced forces and secondary unbalanced forces are obtained by method of direct and reverse cranks concepts. %® 1.7.1 Radial Engines Consider a three cylinder radial engine as shown in Fig. 1.7.1,1(A) Primary Direct and Reverse Crank ror eylinder 1, 0 = 0", therefore, both shown in Fig. 1.7.2. ¢@) Foreplinder 2, 0 = 240%, therefore, 240” anticlockwise from the line of st ¢@) For eylinder 3, 0 = 120° clockwise, therefo rank is at 120° anticlockwise from the line of wa it 0 the primary dire troke of cylinder primary direct and revers et crank is at 240° clockwise as shown in Fig. 1 re, the primary f stroke of eylind Line of Stroke ‘of Cynder t ¢ cranks will coincide with the common cranl and the primary reverse crank is at 2. primary reverse direct crank is at 1 ler 3 as shown in Fig- 120° clockwise and the 172. AA 2 a r ewe ino! vinigora ofcyinders of Cyinder2 oreyinders of Oylinder 2 (a) Primary Direct Cranks (b) Primary Reverse Cranks Fig. 1.7.2 1.7.2(a), we will see that the primary Primary unbalanced force for reverse cranks ‘Thus, from Fig. direct eranks for all three cylinders coincide at erank oc, all rotating at rad / sec. Hence; the effect of all the three cylinders will be equivalent to the three times the effect of half the reciprocating masses clockwise at o rad / sec. with primary primary unbalanced force for easy cylinder rotating cerank of radius ‘r’. for direct cranks is Primary unbalanced force for direct eranks 1, axon (LT) Also, from Fig. 1.7.2(b), we will see that the primary reverse cranks forms @ balanced system as shown in Fig. 17. 1, 1, aot a rsin 30° 2 a rsin 30° = Pa? (sin 30° —sin 30") 0 (1.7.2) Hence, adding Equation (1.7.1) and (1.7.2), total unbalanced primary force is given by = 2 or sn 1.7.3) This force is acting along line of stroke of cylinder 1. PP. (SPPU-New Syllabus we. academic year 22-23) (P7-98) Palrech.neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH VentureAre Line of Stoke Wfopngers of Cynder? (4) Secondary Direct Cranks (1) Foreylinder 1,2 dnd weverse cranks will coincide. with crank OC as shown in Fig. 1.74. Jcwise, therefore, the Q) For oylinder 2, 20 = 480° clod econdary direct crank is at 480° clockwise and srrondary reverse crank is at 480° anticlockwise fro tine of stoke of eylinder 22s shown in Fig 1.74 (3) For cylinder 3, 20 = 240° clockwise, therefore, the Trondary direct crank is at 240° clockwise and the sccondary reverse crank is at 240° anticlockwise from the line of stroke of cylinder 3 as shown in Fig. 1.7.4. ‘Thus, from Fig. .7.4(a), we will see that the secondary direct cranks form a balanced system as shown in Fig. 1.7.5. a Fig. 17.5 Secondary unbalanced force, for direc cranks = Pew?( a (a) ()-Poo"(E) sia 0° - Fea? (£) sinso Line of Stroke of cylinder 2 9, we will see that the 1 three eylinders coincide at crank oc, 7 sec. Hence, the effect of all three fo three times the effect of half for each cylinder rotating rank of reverse cranks for all all rotating at 2 @ rad cylinders will be equivalent t the reciprocating masses anticlockwise at 2 @ rad / sec, with secondary ¢ tae mts (E>) ‘Thus, secondary unbalanced fc i force for reverse cranks is Secondary unbalanced force m, _ Ip alta for reverse cranks =3x" Quy (&) 79 ke A . lence, adding Equation (1.7.4) and (1.7.5), total unbalanced secondary force is given by : a F, = 3x32 Qa)? (x) 7 (1.7.6) _ This force i cylinder {, Thus. ; us, in three-cylinder Unbalanced forces are (1.76), iS actin, 1 along the line of stroke of tadial engine system, the iv en by Equations (1.7.3) and SPPU-New Syllabus we academic year 2; 22-23) (7, 98)Dynamics of Machinery (SPPU-Sem.7-Mech) % 1.7.2 Vee Engines the primary and q 4 forces in'a V-90, magic. ‘secondary unbalanced Consider a two cylinder ; A Fig 1.7.6. ee engine as shown in Line of Stroke of Cylinder 2 0C - Common Crank Fig. 1.7.6 The common crank OC is driven by two connecting rods, P\C arid P2 C. The lines of strokes of cylinder 1 and 2 are inclined to the vertical OY at an angle @, as shown in Fig. 1.7.6. Also, let the common crank be along OY. %_1.7.2(A) Primary Direct and Reverse Crank (1) For cylinder 1, crank will be at 8 = 0; (i.e. clockwise, 6) from the line of stroke of cylinder 1, therefore, primary direct crank will coincide with the common crank OC as shown in Fig: 1.7.7(a) and primary reverse crank will be at @ = — @; (i. anticlockwise, 0)) from the line of stroke of cylinder 1 as shown in Fig. 1.7.7 (b). 2) For cylinder 2, crank will be at @ = (360° ~ 0) (ie. clockwise, (360 — 0,)) from the line of stroke of cylinder 2, therefore, primary direct crank will coincide With the common crank OC as shown ‘in Fig. 1.7.7(a) and primary reverse crank will be at @ = - (360° - 61) (Le. anticlockwise, (360 - 8,)) from the line of stroke of eylinder 2 as shown in Fig. 1.7.7(b)- (Balancing) ...Page no (1-65) ‘Then, from Fig. 1.7.7(a), we will see that the primary direct cranks for two cylinders coincide at crank OC, all rotating at w rad / sec. Hence, the effect of two cylinders will be equivalent to two times the effect of half the reciprocating masses for each cylinder rotating clockwise at rad / sec, with the primary crank of radius r. i Line of Stroke Line of Stroke ‘of Cylinder 2 ‘of Cylinder 1 ¥ (a) Primary Direct Cranks Line of Stroke y Line of Stoke | ‘ofcyinger2 ‘of Cylinder 1 (b) Primary Reverse Cranks Fig. 1.7.7 ‘Thus, the primary unbalanced force for direct cranks is given by : Primary unbalanced force ™ 2 for direct cranks along OY =2%7Q ® © (1.7.7) SPPU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 22-23) (P7-98) [ea rech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureEe ee ‘Also, from Fig. 1.7.7(b), we will see that the primary reverse cranks for two cylinders will give component unbslanced forces in vertical, ie, OY direction only and which is given by : Primary unbalanced fore Mp2 for reverse cranks along OY = 2*3 "© reos (2.0)) (7.8) Hence, adding Equations (1.7.7) and (1.7.8), total unbalanced primary force is given by m Fye2xt ao reaxge ros (20)) (1.7.9) This force is acting along OY. %_1.7.2(B) Secondary Direct and Reverse Crank (1) For cylinder 1, crank will be at 0 = 0; from the line of stroke of cylinder 1, therefore, secondary direct crank will be at @ = 26, (ic. clockwise, 20)) as shown in Fig. 1.7.8(a) and secondary reverse crank will be at © = — 20, (ie. anticlockwise, 28) as shown in Fig. 1.7.8(0). For cylinder 2, crank will be at @ = (360° —8,) from the ine of stroke of cylinder 2, therefore, secondary direct crank will be at @ = 2 (360° ~ 8,) (ie. clockwise 2 60° - 6) as shown in Fig. 1.7.8(a) and secondary reverse crank will be at @ = ~ 2 (360° - 61) fe. anticlockwise 2 (360° - 6,)) as shown in 800). —~ Une of Stoko of Gytindor 1 Line of Stroke of Cylinder 2 WS"? ~~ | (b) Secondary Reverse Cranks Fig. 1.7.8 Then, from Fig. 1.7.8(a), the secondary unbalance. force for direct cranks is given by a2 fordrectcaksalong OY =2*73° 20)" fc Oy ALT. And Secondary unbalanced force =2x 2 Qe for reverse cranks along OY =2*~Z (2) 4,¢08(36 ALT. Hence, total unbalanced secondary force along OY given by ay 2. A F,= 2x" 20) Fye0s 8, + 2x Quy? Leos 3s 2 (L712 ‘Thus, in two cylinder vee engine, the unbalanced for are given by Equations (1.7.9) and (1.7.12). 1.7.3 Solved Examples on Radial and Vee Engine Ex.1 7. 3 In atwo-cylinder ‘V-engine, the centre lines of the cylinders are in vertical plane and inclined at an 2 ase on either side of the central vertical line. The reciprocating parts per cylinder is 0.5 kg, crank r 35 mm and connecting rod length is 140 man. Show that the vertical force on this engine due tos: unbalance j (a) Secondary Direct Cranks a a In: 7.8 Fig, Contd... ) Step 1: Data Two cylinder Vee Engine 7 m= 05 kg 1=35 mm=0.035™ "U-New Syllabus wef ‘academic year 22-23) (P7-98) fel1.7.1(0). we will see that the primary 1 give component cylinders: wi cal, be, OY direction only and Also, from Fig: inks for (VO reverse ral vertic unbalanced forces in which is given bY # Primary unbalanced fore 9 x be for reverse cranks along OY eee 20) sn 7.8) Equations (1.7.7) and (1.7.8). total Hence, adding force is given by unbalanced primary Fete ghee 2xgeo? reos 200 “This force is acting along OY wn LT.9) and Reverse ye 1.7.2(B) Secondary Direct Crank rank will beat 0= Oy from the line of ndary direct crank 20,) as shown in crank will be at frown in For cylinder 1, ¢ spoke of cylinder 1s therefore S600! sar be at @ = 20; (ie. clockwise, 1.7.8(a) and secondary reverse 20, (ie. anticlockwise, 26) as 7.80)- be at 0 = (360° 0) from the w (2) Foreylinder 2 crank will Tine of stroke of cylinder, 2+ therefore, secondary vTneet crank willbe at 0 = 2 360 = 81) (ie. clockwise 3 60" - 6))) as shown in Fig. 1.7.8(@) and secondary reverse crank will be at 2. (360° - 1) (Ge. anticlockwise 2 G60? ~ ,)) as shown in Fig. 1. 8(0). Y tne Soke | Unaof $ta92 of Cyinder 1 cof Cylinder 2 (a) Secondary Direct Cranks Fig. 1.78 Contd... I (b) Secondary Reverse Cranks Fig. 1.78 1.7.8(a), the secondary ‘Then, from Fig. unbalance force for direct cranks is given by secondary unbalanced force By yt & for direct cranks 21008 © 22x Z(20) 45091 (74 And Secondary unbalanced force _ -_. for reverse cranks along OY 22x (2ay ¥q 0% oud. Hence, total unbalanced secondary force along OY given by ox 20) ES My PE cos (3 Fy=2x (20) 4008 81+ 2% 20 Fees 4 (TI Thus, in two cylinder vee engine, the unbalanced {0s= are given by Equations (1.7.9) and (1.7.12). % 1.7.3 Solved Examples on Radial and Vee Engine Ex. In atwo-cylinder V-engi tre “ gine, the centre the cylinders are in vertical plane and inclined at 3% 45° on either side of the central vertical line. The © reipocaing parts per cylinder is 0.5 kg, crank © a connecting rod length is 140 mm. yow that the vertical f¢ i unbalance is absent. foes on te © sotn. > Step 1: Data ‘Two cylinder Vee Engine m= 05 kg Lines of secon?