Chapter 7 Multidimensional Arrays
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Objectives
❑ To give examples of representing data using two-dimensional arrays
(§7.1).
❑ To declare variables for two-dimensional arrays, create arrays, and
access array elements in a two-dimensional array using row and column
indexes (§7.2).
❑ To program common operations for two-dimensional arrays (displaying
arrays, summing all elements, finding the minimum and maximum
elements, and random shuffling) (§7.3).
❑ To pass two-dimensional arrays to methods (§7.4).
❑ To write a program for grading multiple-choice questions using
two-dimensional arrays (§7.5).
❑ To solve the closest-pair problem using two-dimensional arrays (§8.6).
❑ To use multidimensional arrays (§7.8).
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Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays
// Declare array ref var
dataType[][] refVar;
// Create array and assign its reference to variable
refVar = new dataType[10][10];
// Combine declaration and creation in one statement
dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];
// Alternative syntax
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];
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Declaring Variables of
Two-dimensional Arrays and Creating
Two-dimensional Arrays
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
or
int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];
matrix[0][0] = 3;
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);
double[][] x;
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Two-dimensional Array Illustration
matrix.length? 5 array.length? 4
matrix[0].length? 5 array[0].length? 3
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Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using
Shorthand Notations
You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and
initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,
int[][] array = {
int[][] array = new int[4][3];
{1, 2, 3}, array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, Same as array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};
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Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays
int[][] x = new int[3][4];
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Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays, cont.
int[][] array = { array.length
{1, 2, 3}, array[0].length
{4, 5, 6}, array[1].length
{7, 8, 9}, array[2].length
{10, 11, 12} array[3].length
};
array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
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Ragged Arrays
Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So,
the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is
known as a ragged array. For example,
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix.length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
{3, 4, 5}, matrix[1].length is 4
matrix[2].length is 3
{4, 5}, matrix[3].length is 2
{5} matrix[4].length is 1
};
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Ragged Arrays, cont.
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Ragged Arrays, cont.
int [][] triangleArray = new int [5][]
triangleArray[0] = new int [5]
triangleArray[1] = new int [4]
triangleArray[2] = new int [3]
triangleArray[3] = new int [2]
triangleArray[4] = new int [1]
If you don’t know the values in a ragged array
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Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Summing all elements by column)
6. (Find the row with the largest sum)
7. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
8. (Random shuffling)
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Initializing arrays with input values
java.util.Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter " + matrix.length + " rows and " +
matrix[0].length + " columns: ");
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = input.nextInt();
}
}
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Initializing arrays with random values
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
}
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Printing arrays
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
System.out.print(matrix[row][column] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
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Summing all elements
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
total += matrix[row][column];
}
}
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Summing elements by column
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[0].length; column++) {
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];
System.out.println("Sum for column " + column + " is "
+ total);
}
What if we are using ragged array??
What if length.row[0] < lengthrow[3]??? HW
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Find the row with the largest sum
int maxRow =0;
int indexOfMaxRow = 0;
//Get sum of the first row in maxRow
for (int column = 0; column <matrix[0].length;column++)
{
maxRow+= matrix[0][column];
}
for (int row =1; row <matrix.length;row++)
{
int totalOfThisRow = 0;
for (int column = 0; column <matrix[row].length; column++)
totalOfThisRow+= matrix[row][column];
if (totalOfThisRow >maxRow)
{
maxRow = totalOfThisRow;
indexOfMaxRow = row;
}
}
System.out.println(“Row” + indexOfMaxRow + “ has the maximum sum of “ maxRow);
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public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] arr= new int[3][];
arr[0]= new int[2];
arr[1]= new int[4];
arr[2]= new int[3];
for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++) //initialize the array
for(int j=0; j<arr[i].length; j++){ arr[i][j]= i+1; }
PrintArray(arr);
}
public static void PrintArray(int[][] arr){
System.out.println("The array row by row:"); //print row by row
for(int r=0; r<arr.length; r++){
for(int c=0; c<arr[r].length; c++)
System.out.print(arr[r][c]+" ");
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("The array column by column:"); //print column by column
for(int c=0; c<arr[max_row].length; c++){ // assume we know the max row length
for(int r=0; r<arr.length; r++){
if(c>=arr[r].length)
continue;
System.out.print(arr[r][c]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Random shuffling
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
int i1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix.length);
int j1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix[i].length);
// Swap matrix[i][j] with matrix[i1][j1]
int temp = matrix[i][j];
matrix[i][j] = matrix[i1][j1];
matrix[i1][j1] = temp;
}
}
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Passing Tow-Dimensional Arrays to
Methods
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public class PassTwoDimensionalArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] m = getArray(); // Get an array
// Display sum of elements
System.out.println("\nSum of all elements is " + sum(m));
}
public static int[][] getArray() {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Enter array values
int[][] m = new int[3][4];
System.out.println("Enter " + m.length + " rows and " + m[0].length + "
columns: ");
for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < m[i].length; j++)
m[i][j] = input.nextInt();
return m;
}
public static int sum(int[][] m) {
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < m.length; row++){
for (int column = 0; column < m[row].length; column++) {
total += m[row][column]; }
}
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}}
Problem: Grading
Multiple-Choice Test
● Objective: write a
program that grades
multiple-choice test.
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public class GradeExam {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Students' answers to the questions
char[][] answers = { {'A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'D', 'B',
'A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'E', 'D', 'D', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'E', 'E', 'A',
'D'}, {'C', 'B', 'A', 'E', 'D', 'C', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'A', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D',
'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'B', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'B', 'B', 'A',
'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}, {'E', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}};
// Key to the questions
char[] keys = {'D', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'E', 'A', 'D'};
// Grade all answers
for (int i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {
// Grade one student
int correctCount = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < answers[i].length; j++) {
if (answers[i][j] == keys[j])
correctCount++;
}
System.out.println("Student " + i + "'s correct count is " + correctCount); }
}
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Multidimensional Arrays
Occasionally, you will need to represent
n-dimensional data structures. In Java, you can
create n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.
The way to declare two-dimensional array variables
and create two-dimensional arrays can be
generalized to declare n-dimensional array
variables and create n-dimensional arrays for n >=
3.
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Multidimensional Arrays
double[][][] scores = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}}};
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Problem: Calculating Total Scores
● Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for
students in a class. Suppose the scores are stored in a
three-dimensional array named scores. The first index in scores
refers to a student, the second refers to an exam, and the third
refers to the part of the exam. Suppose there are 7 students, 5
exams, and each exam has two parts--the multiple-choice part and
the programming part. So, scores[i][j][0] represents the score on
the multiple-choice part for the i’s student on the j’s exam. Your
program displays the total score for each student.
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public class TotalScore {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double[][][] scores = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}},
{{1.5, 29.5}, {6.4, 22.5}, {14, 30.5}, {10, 30.5}, {16, 6.0}}};
// Calculate and display total score for each student
for (int i = 0; i < scores.length; i++) {
double totalScore = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < scores[i].length; j++)
for (int k = 0; k < scores[i][j].length; k++)
totalScore += scores[i][j][k];
System.out.println("Student " + i + "'s score is " + totalScore);
}
}} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Problem: Weather Information
● Suppose a meteorology station records the
temperature and humidity at each hour of every day
and stores the data for the past ten days in a text file
named weather.txt. Each line of the file consists of
four numbers that indicate the day, hour, temperature,
and humidity. Your task is to write a program that
calculates the average daily temperature and humidity
for the 10 days. data [9][23][1] stores the humidity in day 10 at hours 24
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public class Weather {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NUMBER_OF_DAYS = 10;
final int NUMBER_OF_HOURS = 24;
double[][][] data = new double[NUMBER_OF_DAYS][NUMBER_OF_HOURS][2];
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Read input using input redirection from a file
for (int k = 0; k < NUMBER_OF_DAYS * NUMBER_OF_HOURS; k++) {
int day = input.nextInt();
int hour = input.nextInt();
double temperature = input.nextDouble();
double humidity = input.nextDouble();
data[day - 1][hour - 1][0] = temperature;
data[day - 1][hour - 1][1] = humidity;
}
// Find the average daily temperature and humidity
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_DAYS; i++) {
double dailyTemperatureTotal = 0,
dailyHumidityTotal = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < NUMBER_OF_HOURS; j++) {
dailyTemperatureTotal += data[i][j][0];
dailyHumidityTotal += data[i][j][1]; }
System.out.println("Day " + i + "'s average temperature is " + dailyTemperatureTotal /
NUMBER_OF_HOURS);
System.out.println("Day " + i + "'s average humidity is " +dailyHumidityTotal /
NUMBER_OF_HOURS); Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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