STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

CLASS X
SCIENCE

Session: 2019-20

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, NEW DELHI
 A WORD TO MY DEAR STUDENTS

It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Students' Support Material to all KV students of class
X.

The material has been prepared keeping in mind your needs when you are preparing for final
exams and wish to revise and practice questions or when you want to test your ability to complete
the question paper in the time allotted or when you come across a question while studying that
needs an immediate answer but going through the text book will take time or when you want to
revise the complete concept or idea in just a minute or try your hand at a question from a previous
CBSE Board exam paper or the Competitive exam to check your understanding of the chapter or
unit you have just finished. This material will support you in any way you want to use it.

A team of dedicated and experienced teachers with expertise in their subjects has prepared this
material after a lot of exercise. Care has been taken to include only those items that are relevant
and are in addition to or in support of the text book. This material should not be taken as a
substitute to the NCERT text book but it is designed to supplement it.

The Students' Support Material has. all the important aspects required by you; a design of the
question paper, syllabus, all the units/chapters or concepts in points, mind maps and information
in tables for easy reference, sample test items from every chapter and question papers for
practice along with previous years Board exam question papers.

I am sure that the Support Material will be used by both students and teachers and I am confident
that the material will help you perform well in your exams.

Happy learning!

1
 FOREWORD

The Students' Support Material is a product of an in-house academic exercise undertaken by our
subject teachers under the supervision of subject expert at different levels to provide the students
a comprehensive, yet concise, learning support tool for consolidation of your studies. It consists of
lessons in capsule form, mind maps, concepts with flow charts, pictorial representation of
chapters wherever possible, crossword puzzles, question bank of short and long answer type
questions with previous years' CBSE question papers.

The material has been developed keeping in mind latest CBSE curriculum and question paper
design. This material provides the students a valuable window on precise information and it
covers all essential components that are required for effective revision of the subject.

In order to ensure uniformity in terms of content, design, standard and presentation of the
material, it has been fine-tuned at KVS HQRS level.

I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will serve the purpose of
enhancing students' confidence level to help them perform better. Planned study blended with
hard work, good time management and sincerity will help the students reach the pinnacle of
success.

Best of Luck.

2
 Science

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

ADVISORS

Shri Santosh Kumar Mall, IAS, Commissioner,

KVS (HQ), New Delhi

Shri. Saurabh Jain, IAS Shri. U.N Khaware,

Additional. Commissioner (Admn.) Additional. Commissioner (Acad.)
KVS (HQ), New Delhi. KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

CO-ORDINATION TEAM KVS (HQ)

 Dr. E. Prabhakar, Joint Commissioner (Training/Finance)KVS(HQ),New Delhi.

 Smt. Indu Kaushik, Deputy Commissioner(Acad.),KVS (HQ),New Delhi.
 Shri Ravindra Kumar Sharma, Assistant Education Officer, KVS(HQ), New Delhi.

CONTENT TEAM

 Dr. P. Deva kumar, Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru Region.

 Ms. Jolly R David, TGT (Science), KV RWF, Yelahanaka Bengaluru.
 Ms. Neeta Wage, TGT (Science), KV Hebbal Bengaluru.
 Ms. Seemasaraswat, TGT (Science), KV 1 Jalahalli Bengaluru.
 Ms. Saraswathy Chandran, TGT (Science), KV 1 Jalahalli Bengaluru.
 Ms. K. Annapoorna Pai , TGT(Science), KV 1 Jalahalli Bengaluru

REVIEW TEAM

 Dr. P. DTS Rao, Deputy Commissioner, KVS(RO),Bengaluru.

 Dr. A. K. Mishra, Assistant Commissioner, KVS (RO), Bengaluru.
 Ms. Suganthi Mala Solomon, Principal, KV MEG & Centre, Bengaluru.
 Ms. Malar Denny,TGT (Science), KV MEG & Centre, Bengaluru.
 Ms. Arti Prasad, TGT (Science), KV NAL, Bengaluru.
 Ms. M N Madhumathi, TGT (Science),KV MG Railway Colony ,Bengaluru.
 Ms. Neeta Wage, TGT (Science), KV Hebbal Bengaluru.
 Ms. Stella Simon, TGT(Science), KV MEG & Centre, Bengaluru.

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INDEX
Sl.No. CONTENTS Page No
1 UNIT 1:Materials:Nature and behaviour
Ch. 1: Chemical reactions and Equations 10-38
Ch. 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
Ch. 3: Metals and non- metals
Ch. 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Ch.5: Periodic classification of elements
2 UNIT 2:The Living World
Ch. 6: Life Process 39-69
Ch. 7: Control and coordination
Ch. 8: How do organisms reproduce
Ch. 9: Heredity and evolution
3 UNIT 3:Natural phenomena
Ch. 10:Light- Reflection and refraction 70-100
Ch11: Human eye and the colourful world
Ch. 12: Electricity
Ch. 13: Magnetic effects of electric current
4 UNIT 4:Natural Resources
Ch. 14:Sources of energy 101-122
Ch15: Our environment
Ch. 16: Management of Natural resources
5 Sample paper with the new pattern will be
available on the CBSE website shortly
6 Examination tips 123

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 Course Structure Class - X (Annual Examination) 2019-2020

Marks: 80

Theme: Materials
Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Chemical reactions: Chemical equation, balanced chemical equation, implication of a balanced chemical
equation, types of chemical reactions: Combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement,
precipitation, neutralization, oxidation and reduction.

Acids, bases and salts : Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH- ions, General properties,
examples and uses, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH
in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda
and Plaster of Paris.

Metals and nonmetals: Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and properties
of ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its prevention.

Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous
series. Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens, alcohol, ketones,
aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated
hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, and addition and
substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.

Periodic classification of elements: Need for classification, early attempts at classification of elements
(Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s Law of Octaves, Mendeleev’s Periodic Table), Modern periodic table,
gradation in properties, valence, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties.

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Theme: The World of the Living
Unit II : World of Living
Life processes: ‘Living Being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and
animals.

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Topic movements in plants; Introduction of plant
hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals; Nervous system; Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action;
Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Reproduction: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health-need and
methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV / AIDS. Child bearing and women’s health.

Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution - Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex
determination: brief introduction; Basic concepts of evolution.

Theme: Natural Phenomena

Unit III: Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, center of curvature, principal
axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification. Refraction; Laws
of refraction, refractive index. Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens
formula (Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens. Functioning of a lens in human eye,
defects of vision and their corrections, applications of spherical mirrors and lenses. Refraction of light
through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life.
Theme: How Things Work
Unit IV: Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, resistivity, Factors on
which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of
resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life.
Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current : Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due
to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Electric
Motor, Electromagnetic induction. Induced potential difference, Induced current. Fleming’s Right Hand
Rule, Electric Generator, Direct Current. Alternating current: frequency of AC.
Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.
Theme: Natural Resources
Unit V: Natural Resources
Sources of energy: Different forms of energy, conventional and non-conventional sources of energy: Fossil
fuels, solar energy; biogas; wind, water and tidal energy; Nuclear energy. Renewable versus non-
renewable sources of Energy.

Out environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their
solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

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Management of natural resources: Conservation and judicious use of natural resources. Forest and wild
life; Coal and Petroleum conservation. Examples of people’s participation for conservation of natural
resources. Big dams: advantages and limitations; alternatives, if any. Water harvesting. Sustainability of
natural resources.

PRACTICALS

Practical’s should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper / universal indicator:
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
b) Dilute NaOH solution
c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid Solution
d) Lemon juice
e) Water
f) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl&NaOH) by their reaction with:
a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
b) Zinc Metal
c) Solid Sodium carbonate
2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into :
a) Combination reaction
b) Decomposition reaction
c) Displacement reaction
d) Double displacement reaction
(i) Action of water on quick lime
(ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
(iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
(iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
OR
3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions :

a) ZnSO 4 (aq)

b) FeSO4 (aq)

c) CuSO 4 (aq)

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 d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq)
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.

4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing
through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.
5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel.
6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
8. Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) :
i) odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus
iv) reaction with sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
9. Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
10. Determination of the focal length of : i) Concave mirror ii) convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret
the result.
12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
14. Finding the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and drawing
corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed.
15. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney bean).

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 QUESTION PAER DESIGN FOR SCIENCE (CODE NO. 086) Class - X (2019-20)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80

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CHAPTER 1- CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
1. During chemical reactions, chemical composition of substances changes or new substances are
formed.
2. Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation form which should be always balanced.
3. Types of Chemical Reactions

S NO Types of reactions Examples

1 Combination reaction
A single product is formed from two 2Mg +O2→2MgO
or more reactants.

2 Decomposition reaction
A single reactant breaks down to
yield two or more products.
i) Thermal decomposition
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 +O2
ii) Electrolysis 2H2O →2H2 +O2
iii) Photo chemical reaction 2AgBr →2Ag +Br2
3 Displacement reaction
One element is displaced by another Zn + CuSO4→ ZnSO4 + Cu
element.
4 Double displacement reaction
Exchange of ions between reactants. AgNO3 +NaCl →AgCl +NaNO3
5 Redox reaction
Both oxidation and reduction take CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
place simultaneously

4. i) exothermicreaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is evolved.

C + O2 →CO2 (g) + heat

ii)Endothermic reaction:A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed.

ZnCO3 + Heat →ZnO + CO2

5.Redox reaction:Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously.
Oxidation: Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.

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Reduction: Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen
ZnO + C →Zn + CO
ZnOis reduced to Zn -reduction
C is oxidized to CO ------oxidation

6. Effectsofoxidationreactions in our daily life:

a) Corrosion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals, when they are attacked by
moisture, air, acids and bases.
Corrosion (rusting) of iron: Fe2O3. xH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
Corrosion of copper: CuCO3.Cu (OH) 2 (Basic copper carbonate)
Corrosion of silver: Ag2S (Silver sulphide)
Corrosion of Aluminum: Al2O3 (Aluminum oxide)
b) Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food items due to the oxidation
of fatty acids.
Preventive methods
(1)Adding antioxidants to the food materials.
(2) Storing food in air tight container
(3) Flushing out air with nitrogen gas.
(4) Refrigeration

MIND MAP
REDOX
REACTION
OXIDATION (Cu+H2O-
>CuO+H2

REDUCTION

THERMAL PHOTOCHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION
2AgBr 2Ag+Br2
ELECTROLYSIS
CaCo3 CaO+Co2
2H2O 2H2+O2

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CROSSWORD

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Very short answer questions. (1 mark)
1. Identify in the following reaction:
2PbO +C→2Pb +CO
a) the substance oxidised and
b) The substance reduced.
Ans: a) Carbon is oxidized to CO.
b)PbO is getting reduced to Pb.
2. A shiny brown coloured element “x” on heating in air becomes black incolour . Name the
element “x” and the black coloured compound formed.
Ans:Element ‘x’is Copper and the black coloured compound is cupric oxide Cuo
Short answer type questions (2 mark)
1. Classify the following reaction as combination,decomposition,displacementand double
displacement reaction:-
a)BaCl2 +H2SO4 → BaSO4 +2HCl
Ans: Double displacement reaction.
b) 3CuSO4+ 2Al→ Al2 (SO4)3 +3Cu
Ans: Displacement reaction.
c) ZnCO3 →ZnO +CO2
Ans: Decomposition reaction
d) C +O2→CO2
Ans:Combination reaction

2) What is a precipitationreaction? Give an example.

Ans. Reaction in which an insoluble substance or precipitate is formed

Na2SO4 + BaCl2------------BaSO4+2NaCl

Short answer type questions (3 mark)

1. Give an example, each for thermal decomposition and photochemical decomposition reactions.
Write balanced equation for the same.
Ans.Thermal decomposition - Heating of lime stone.
CaCO3→CaO +CO2
Photochemical decomposition - Action of light on silver bromide.
2AgBr→2Ag +Br2

Very long answer type questions (5 mark)

1. (i) Write chemical equations for the following and balance them.
a) Zinc carbonate(s) →Zinc oxide+ Carbon dioxide
Ans. ZnCO3 →ZnO +CO2
b) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide + Barium bromide.
Ans. 2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2
c) Nitrogen + Hydrogen → Ammonia
Ans.N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

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ii) What happens when electricity is passed through acidified water?
Ans. Decomposition of water takes place resulting in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen.

MCQ
Which among the following is following is (are) double displacement reaction(s)?
1. i)Pb +CuCl2 PbCl2 + Cu ii)Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
iii)C + O2 CO2 iv) Zn+ 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

a) (i) and (iv) b) (ii) only c) (i) and (ii) d) (iii) and (iv)
2. Which of the following is not a physical change?
a) Boiling of water to give water vapour
b) Melting of ice to give water
c) Dissolution of salt water
d) Combustion of liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
3. Which of the following observations help(s) us to determine that a chemical change has
taken place?
a) Change in temperature c)change in colour
b) Evolution of gas d)All of these
4. The following reaction is used for preparation of oxygen gas in the laboratory
Heat
2KClO3(s) 2KCl (s) +3 O2 (g)
Catalyst
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct about the reaction?
a)It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.
b) it is a combination reaction
c)It is a decompostion reaction and is accompanied by release of heat.
d) It is a photo chemical decomposition reaction and exothermic in nature.
5. Chemically the rust is
a) Ferric sulphate c) ferric oxide
b) Hydrated ferrous oxide d) hydrated ferric oxide
Ans: 1. b) 2.d) 3.d) 4.a) 5. d)

Reasoning and assertion type questions:

The following questions consists of two statements- Assertion (A) and Reason(R).
Answer these questions selecting appropriate option given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
1. Assertion (A)- Calcium Carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide and water
Reason (R) – on heating CaCO3, decomposition reaction takes place.
2. Assertion (A) - White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
Reason (R) – Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of sunlight takes place to
form silver metal and chlorine gas.
Ans: 1. d) A is false but R is true
2. a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

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 CHAPTER 2--ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Acids: Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour in taste
Bases: Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are bitter in taste.
Mineral Acids: Acids which are obtained from minerals likesulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc. are
called mineral acids, e.g., H2SO4(Sulphuric acid), HNO3(Nitric acid) and HCl(Hydrochloric acid).
Organic Acids: Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic acids.e.g.
citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, aceticacid.
Hydronium Ions(H3O+): They are formed by reaction of H+ (from acid) and H2O. It is because H+
is unstable.
Strong Acids: Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids. E.g. H2SO4,
HCl
Weak Acids: Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids E.g.Citric
acid,acetic acid.
Chemical properties of acids
(i) Acids react with active metals to give salt and hydrogen gas.

(ii) Acids react with metal carbonate and metals hydrogen carbonate to give salt, water and carbon
dioxide.

(iii) Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called neutralization reaction.

iv)Acids react with metals oxides to give salt and water.

Chemical properties of Bases

(i) Reaction with Metals – Certain metals such as Zinc, Aluminumand Tin react
with alkali solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved
(ii) Reaction with acids – Bases react with acids to form salt and water
Indicators - Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the solution by
their colour change.
Universal Indicator: A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which shows a gradual but
well-marked series of colour changes over a very wide range of change in concentration of H+ ion.
pH scale: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles
per litre.
pH =-log [H+]
pH =-log [H3O+]
where [H+] or [H3O+] represents concentrations of hydrogen ions in solution.
The pH of a neutral solution is 7
The pH of an acidic solution is < 7
The pH of a basic solution is> 7

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 Some Important Compounds and their uses
Common Chemical name/ Chemical Preparation Uses
Name formula
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 + 10H2O  Manufacture of
decahydrate Na2CO3.10H2O borax, caustic
soda, softening
Na2CO3.10H2O
of hard water
Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaCl+NH3+CO2+H2O Used as antacid,
ingredient of
NaHCO3 NaHCO3 +NH4Cl
baking powder
Bleaching Calcium oxychloride By the action of chlorine on dry Bleaching
powder slaked lime clothes, used as
CaOCl2
Ca(OH)2+Cl2CaOCl2+H2O oxidizing agent,
disinfecting
water,
manufacture of
chloroform
Plaster of Calcium sulphate CaSO4.2H2O373K (Heat) Plastering
Paris hemihydrate fractured bones,
CaSO4.1/2 H2O +1.1/2H2O making toys,
CaSO4 .1/2H2O
decorative
materials,statues

EQUATIONS OF ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS

Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen gas
H2SO4+Zn ZnSO4+H2
Base+ Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas
2NaOH + Zn  Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Sodium zincate)
Base + Acid  Salt + Water
NaOH (aq) +HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Acids give hydronium ions in water
HCl+H2O H3O++ Cl-
Bases generate OH- ions in water
NaOH(s)H2O Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)
Reactions of Important Chemical Compounds

On heating, baking soda liberates CO2

2NaHCO3 Heat Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

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Plaster of Paris
On mixing plaster of Paris with water, gypsum is obtained
CaSO4.1/2H2O +1 ½ H2O  CaSO4 .2H2O

MIND MAP

ACIDS BASE

Acids,Bases
and salts

pH VALUE
INDICATOR

SALTS

Washing soda Bleaching

powder

Baking
soda

QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1mark)

1. Write the name of the products formed by heating gypsum at 373K.Write one use of it.
Ans:Plaster of Paris and water. It is used for plastering fractured bone.

2. Write the chemical name and formula of the compound which is used as an antacid.
Ans:Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3

Short Answer Type Questions(2mark)

1. Given below are the pH values of different liquids.7.0, 14.0, 4.0, and 2.0.Which of these could
be that of a) lemon juice b) distilled water c) sodium hydroxide solution d) tomato juice.
Ans: a) lemon juice- 2.0 b) distilled water-7.0 c) sodium hydroxide solution `14.0
d) tomato juice- 4.0

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2. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?
Ans:Baking powder is a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid. On heating it
liberatesCO2 which makes the cake soft and spongy

Short Answer Type Questions(3mark)

1. Write the chemical name of Plaster of Paris. Write a chemical equation to show the reaction
between Plaster of Paris andwater. Name the compound produced in this reaction.
Ans:Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate.
CaSO4.1/2H2O +1 1/2H2O CaSO4.2H2O
The compound produced is Gypsum.

2. A gas X reacts with lime water and forms a compound Y which is used as bleaching agent in the
chemical industry. Identify X and Y .Give the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:X is chlorine Y is CaOCl2 (calcium oxy chloride) used as bleaching agent.
Ca (OH) 2+ Cl2-------CaOCl2 +H2O

Long answer type questions(5 mark)

1. a) A milk man adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.Why does he shift the pH
of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
b)Mention pH range within which our bodyworks?
c) Explain how antacids give relief from acidity.
d) Mention the nature of tooth pastes .How do they prevent tooth decay?
Ans: a) It is done to prevent the formation of lactic acid which spoils the milk
b)pH range 7.0- 7.8
c)Antacids neutralizes excess of acid in our body and gives relief.
d) Basic. Neutralize the acid formed in the mouth

2. a) Crystals of a substance changed their color on heating in a closed test tube but regained it
after some time when they were allowed to cool down. Name the substance and write its formula
.Explain the phenomenon.
b) How is sodium carbonate prepared? Give two uses of the compound
Ans:a) Copper sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O.
It is blue. It becomes white on heating due to loss of water molecule.
CuSO4.5H2O Heat CuSO4+5 H2O
It regains its colour by absorbing water from atmosphere
CuSO4+ 5 H2O Heat CuSO4.5H2O
b) Prepared by passing CO2 through ammoniacal brine
Used for production of washing powder& manufacture of glass

MCQ

1. Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength?
a) Water< Acetic acid <Hydrochloric acid
b) Water<Hydrochloric acid <Acetic
c) Acetic acid < Water < Hydrochloric acid
d) Hydrochloric acid < water < Acetic acid

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 2. Which of the following salts does not contain water of crystallisation?
a)Blue vitriol b) Baking soda c) Gypsum d)Washing soda

3. Common salt, besides used in kitchen, can also be used as the raw material for
making:
i) Washing soda iii) bleaching powder
ii) Baking soda iv) slaked lime

a) i) and ii) c) i), ii) and iii)

b) i) and iii) d) i),iii) and iv)
4. The acid having highest hydrogen ion concentration is one with
a) pH=2.5 b)pH = 1.8 c) pH=7 d) pH=10
5. The pH of gastric juices released during digestion is:
a)less than 7 b) more than 7 c) equal to 7 d) equal to 0

Ans: 1. a) 2. b) 3. c) 4. b) 5. a)

Reasoning and assertion type questions

The following questions consists of two statements- Assertion (A) and Reason(R).
Answer these questions selecting appropriate option given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
1. Assertion (A) - The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic
character.
Reason (R) – Aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not give H+ ions.
2. Assertion (A) - Carbonic acid is weak acid.
Reason (R) – It ionized completely in aqueous solution.
Ans: 1. a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
2. c) A is true but R is false

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CHAPTER 3 : METALS AND NON-METALS MIND MAP

20
21
EXTRACTION OF METALS

22
 DIAGRAM

CROSSWORD
1 2 3

5 6

7 8

10

Across
1 Protecting Iron
5 Hardest Substance
9 A metal that has amphoteric oxide
10 Sulphide oresare subjected to_________.

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Down
1 Most ductile metal
2 Homogenous mixture of metals
3 A Metal which gets rusted
4 Burns with dazzling white flame
6 Liquid at room temperature
7 Minerals from which metal is extracted
8 Impurity in ore

QUESTION BANK
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE (1 MARK)
1. Differentiate between the oxides of magnesium and sulphur.
2. Name one metal which is a poor conductor of heat

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (2 MARK)

1. Give Reasons
a. Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene
b. Ionic compounds have higher melting point

2. Differentiate between metals and non-metals based on

a. Malleability
b. Electrical conductivity

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 MARK)

1. Show the formation of magnesium chloride with the help of electron dot structure
2. What happens when
a. Zinc reacts with copper sulphate solution
b. Aluminum reacts with steam
c. Sodium reacts with water
Give balanced equations for each.

LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARK)

1. With the help of labelled diagram explain how copper metal is purified after extraction
2. Explain
a. How is zinc obtained from sulphide and carbonate ores? Differentiate between the two
giving chemical reactions
b. What are the advantages of alloying? Name the constituents of bronze.

24
 MCQ
1.Which of the following is a liquid non-metal at room temperature:
(a) Mercury (b)Bromine (c)Chlorine (d) Sulphur
2. Which of the following is not an ionic compound.
(a) KCl (b)MgCl2 (c)CCl4 (d)NaCl
3. Aqua regia is called as royal water because it dissolves gold its composition is 1:3 concentrated.
(a) H2SO4: HNO3 (b) HNO3: H2SO4 (c) HNO3: HCl (d) HCl: HNO3
4. Which one of the following four metals would be displaced form the solution of its salt by other three
metals?
(a) Mg (b) Ag (c) Zn (d) Cu
5. Alloys are homogenous mixtures of a metal with a metal or non-metal. Which of the following alloys
contain non-metal as one of its constituents.
(a) Brass (b) Bronze (c) amalgam (d) stainless steel.

Answers 1. (b) 2. (c) 3.(c) 4. (b) 5. (d)

ASSERTION QUESTIONS:
The following questions consists of two statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R).Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

1. Assertion: Nitrogen is a non-metal.

Reason: Nitrogen has 5 valance electrons.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
2. Assertion: Zinc oxide is amphoteric in nature.
Reason: Zinc oxide reacts with both acids and bases.
Ans (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.

25
 CHAPTER-4CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
IMPORTANT POINTS

The chemical symbol of Carbon is C. Its atomic number is 6 and mass number is 12.It is a non-
metallic element.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

ISOMERISM - The phenomenon in which a compound has the same molecular formula but
different structures is called isomerism.

ISOMERS -The compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structures and
different properties are called isomers.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Atoms or group of atoms responsible for the chemical properties of
an organic compound.

26
In a hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogens can be replaced by some other element .In such
compounds, the element replacing hydrogen is referred to as a heteroatom

27
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES –A series of compounds having same functional group and similar
chemical properties but differ by--CH2 unit between two successive members.

2O2

28
 CROSSWORD

ACROSS

1. Self-linking property of carbon

4. Acid having functional group –COOH
6 .Hydrogenation of vegetable oil is ---- reaction
8. Simplest hydrocarbon
9 IUPAC name of next higher homologous of ethanol
10. The substance used in making perfumes and flavoring agents
DOWN
2. Hydrocarbon burns in air with sooty flame.
3. The functional group present in methanol.
5. Chlorination of alkanes is -------- reaction
7. The active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.

Question Bank
Answer the following questions.
Very short answer questions (1 mark)
1. Which of the following formulae represents a saturated hydrocarbon?
CnH2nC nH2n-2, C nH2n+2, C nH2n-1
2. Draw the electron dot structure of Ethene.

29
Short answer question (2mark)
1. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
2. What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?
Short answer question (3 mark)
1. An organic compound A of molecular formula C2H6O on heating with excess of conc.H2SO4
gives compound B of molecular formula C2H4 .Compound B on addition reaction gives compound
C of molecular formula C 2H6.
a) Name A, B and C.
b) Write the chemical equation for the conversion of A to B
c) What is the role of conc.H2SO4 in above equation? (HOTS)

Long answer question (5 mark)

1. An organic compound with molecular formula C 2H4O2 produces brisk effervescence on

addition of sodium carbonate /bicarbonate.
a .Identify the organic compound.
b. Name the gas evolved.
c. How will you test the gas evolved?
d. Write the chemical equation for the above reaction.
e. List two important uses of the above compound (HOTS)
2 .a. List two reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds.
b. Name the type of bonding found in most of the carbon compounds. Why does carbon form
compounds mainly by this kind of bonding?
c. Give reason.
(i) Carbon compounds generally have low melting and boiling points.
(ii) Carbon compounds generally do not conduct electricity.

MCQ
1. This is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon
a) C2H4 c) C3H4
b) C2H6 d) C 3H6
2. The name of this compound would end with

a) –ane c) --ol
b) –ene d) –al

3.The reaction in which C2H4 is converted into C2H6 in the presence of a catalyst is called –
a) Oxidation c) Substitution
b) Addition d) Dehydration

30
 4. Hard water is caused due to the presence of –
a) Salts of Ca and Mg. c) Scum
b) Salts of Na and K d) Detergents.
5. This is an example of a molecule having a ring of Carbon atoms.
a)Propene b)Benzene c) Butyne d) Propyne.

ASSERTION – REASON QUESTIONSM

The following questions consists of two statements- Assertion(A) and Reason(R)-answer the
questions selecting the appropriate option given below,
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A). Butane exhibits isomerism.
Reason(R). Butane is a saturated hydrocarbon.

2. Assertion (A). Carbon forms strong and stable covalent bonds.

Reason(R). Carbon is tetravalent and the Carbon atom is small in size.

31
 CHAPTER 5
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Dobereiner’s Triads
Dobereiner observed that when elements were arranged into groups of three in the order of their
increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was the arithmetic mean of rest
of the two.
Limitation
Could be applied only to limited number of elements. Only three sets could be identified.
Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Newlands found that every eighth element has chemical properties when they are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic masses.
Limitations
 Could be valid up to calcium only
 Newlands assumed that only56 elements existed in nature and no more elements would
be discovered.
Mendeleev's Periodic Classification

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law states that the properties of elements are the periodic function of their
atomic masses.

Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

 Mendeleev left some blank spaces for undiscoveredelements.
 Mendeleev predicted the discovery of some elements and named them as eka-boron, eka-
aluminium and eka-silicon.
 Noble gases discovered later could be placed without disturbing the existing order.

Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

 Position of Hydrogen- Could not assign a correct position to hydrogen as hydrogen
resembles alkali metals as well as halogens
 Position of Isotopes- Isotopes are placed in same position though they have different
atomic masses
 Separation of chemically similar elements while dissimilar elements are placed in the
same group.
Modern Periodic Classification
Modern Periodic Law states that properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic
numbers.

32
Groups in Modern Periodic Table:
Group 1 Alkali metals
Group 2 Alkaline earth metals
Groups 3 to 12 Transition elements
Group 13 Boron family
Group 14 Carbon family
Group 15 Nitrogen family
Group 16 Oxygen family
Group 17 Halogens
Group 18 Noble gases

Periods in Modern Periodic Table

Period No of elements
st
1 period 2 (H,He)
nd rd
2 and 3 period 8 (Li,Be,B ,C,N,O,F,Ne)
th th
4 and 5 period 18
th
6 period 32
th
7 period Incomplete period

Trends in Modern Periodic Table:

Property Variation along the group Variation along the period

Valency Remains the same Increases up to group 14 then
decreases
Atomic radii Increases Decreases
Metallic character Increases Decreases
Electropositive character Increases Decreases
Electronegativity Decreases Increases

33
DIAGRAMS

34
NEWLAND’S OCTAVES

35
CROSSWORD

Question Bank: - Periodic Classification of Elements

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark)

Q1. Give an example of Dobereiner’s triad.
Q2. What is the basis of Mendeleev’s periodic table?

Short Answer Type Questions(2 marks)

Q1. State the modern periodic law for classification of elements. How many groupsandperiods
are there in the modern periodic table?

Q2. An element 'M' has atomic number 11.

(i) Write its electronic configuration.
(ii) State the group to which 'M' belongs.
(iii) Is 'M' a metal or a non-metal?
(iv)Write the formula of its chloride.

Q3. Name two elements that show chemical properties similar to bromine .Give reason.

Q4. An atom has electronic configuration 2, 8,2.

(i) What is the atomic no. of this element?
36
 (ii) Is it a metal or non-metal?

Short Answer Type Questions(3 marks)

Q1. The elements Li (Z = 3), Na (Z = 11) and K (Z = 19) belong to group 1

(i) Predict the periods they belong.
(ii)Which one of them is least reactive?
(iii) Which one of them has the largest atomic radius? Give reason to justify.

Q2. F, Cl and Br are the elements each having seven valence electrons.
Pick the element (i) with the largest atomic radius (ii) which is most reactive. Justify
your answer.

Q3. Nitrogen(Z = 7) and Phosphorus (Z = 15) belong to same group-15 of the periodic table.
Write the electronic configuration of these two elements. Which of these two is more
electronegative? Why?

Long AnswerType Questions (5marks)

Q1.(i) How does atomic size vary along the group? Give reason.
(ii) Why are metals electropositive in nature?
(iii) What are metalloids? Give an example.
Q2. Name-
(i) Two elements that have a single electron in their outermost shells.
(ii) Two elements that have two electrons in their outermost shells.
(iii) Two elements with filled outermost shell.
(iv)Two elements thatbelong to halogen family.
(v) An element which is tetravalent and forms the basis of organic chemistry.

MCQ
1. Identify the metal with the electronic configuration 2,8,2
(a) Sodium (b) Chlorine (c) Magnesium (d) Lithium

2. Which of the following elements would lose an electron easily:

(a) Mg (b)Ca (c)K (d) Cl2

37
3. Out of the elements given below which one of them is the most non-metallic;
(a) Fluorine (b) Oxygen (c) Chlorine (d) Calcium

4. Which of the following atoms has the smallest size;

(a) K(19) (b) Na(11) (c) B(5) (d) C(6)

5. According to Mendeleev’s periodic law the elements are arranged in the periodic table as per
their.
(a) Increasing atomic number (b) Increasing atomic mass
(b) Decreasing atomic number (d) Decreasing atomic mass.

Answers: 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)

ASSERTION QUESTIONS:
The following questions consists of two statements-Assertion (A) and Reasons (R).Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

1. Assertion: Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine.

Reasons: Fluorine andchlorinebelong to the 17 th group called Halogens .
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.

2. Assertion. Silicon is a metalloid.

Reasons: Silicon shows only non-metallic properties.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

38
CHAPTER 6: LIFE PROCESSES
MIND MAP

39
40
DIAGRAMS
41
42
43
CROSSWORD
1

4 5

ACROSS

1.Balloon like structures in the lungs

4.Green pigment in plants
7. Helps in absorption of food
8.Involved in exchange of gases in plants

DOWN

1.Carries oxygenated blood

2.Prevents backflow of blood
3.End product of carbohydrate digestion
5.Helps in clotting of blood
6.Pumps blood to all parts of the body

QUESTION BANK

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE (1 MARK)

1. Which tissue transports soluble products of photosynthesis?

Ans: Phloem
2. What is the role of saliva in digestion of food?
Ans: Digests starch

44
SHORT ANSWER TYPE (2 MARK)
1. Differentiate between blood and lymph
Hint: Colour, presence of RBC, direction of flow
2. What is the advantage of a four chambered heart in humans?
Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
3. Give twopoints of difference between arteries and veins
Hint: Direction of flow, oxygenated/deoxygenated blood, thick/thin wall

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 MARK)

1. Write the function of the following:
a) Bile (Emulsifies fat)
b) Hydrochloric acid (Kills bacteria/acidic medium)
c) Villi (absorption of food)

2. Complete the following:

a) Ethanol and carbon dioxide

b) Lactic acid
c) Carbon dioxide and water
3. Write the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration Anaerobicrespiration

1. Takes placeinpresenceofOxygen. 1.Takes place in absenceofOxygen.

2. End products-Carbon dioxide &Water 2. End products –Ethanol&Carbon dioxide

3. Moreenergyis released.(38ATP) 3. Lessenergyisreleased.(2ATP)

4. Takes placeinCytoplasm &Mitochondria 4. Takes placeinonlyinCytoplasm.

5. Complete oxidation ofglucosetakes place. 5. Incomplete oxidation ofglucosetakes place.

45
LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARK)
1. What is double circulation? What is its advantage? Show with labelled diagram.
Hint: Blood flows twice through the heart in one cycle, separation of
oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

2. How is urine produced? How is it regulated? Hint: Filtration, selective reabsorption;

Amount of water, with hormonal regulation

CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION FROM EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

1. Amoeba shows thefollowing kind of nutrition –
a) Autotrophic
b) Holozoic
c) Saprotrophic
d) Parasitic

ANS: (b)

2. The process by which blood is cleared of metabolic wastes in case of kidney failure is called
a) Artificial kidney
b) Dialysis
c) Transplantation
d) Filtration

ANS: (b)

3. In Human beings the process of digestion of food begins in:

a) Stomach
b) Food Pipe
c) Mouth
d) Small Intestine

ANS: (c)

4. Which of the following organisms have parasitic mode of nutrition?

a) Penicillium
b) Plasmodium
c) Paramecium
d) Rhizobium

ANS: (b)

46
5. When air is blown from mouth into a test – tube containing lime water, the lime water
turned milky due to presence of –
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Water vapours
d) Carbon dioxide

ANS: (d)

ASSERTION (A) and REASON(R)

The following two questions consists of two statements-ASSERTION (A) and

REASON(R), answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
i) ASSERTION (A): Aerobic respiration require less energy as compared to anaerobic
respiration.
REASON(R): Mitochondria is the power house of the cell.
ANS-(d)
ii ASSERTION (A):Energy is required to carry out different life processes.
REASON(R): Energy is obtained in the form of ATP in the mitochondria.
ANS-(a)

47
 CHAPTER 7-CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Stimulus:-The change in the environment to which an organism respond and react is called
stimulus.
Control & co-ordination in animals takes place by :-a) Nervous system) Hormonal system
(Endocrine glands)
Parts of Nervous system:-a) Brain b) Spinal cord c) Nerves
Neuron:-Is the structural and functional unit of Nervous system
Parts of Neuron:-a) Dendrites, b) cell body c) Axon
Synapse:-Junction between two adjacent nerves
Reflex action- spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us
from harmful situations. E.g. On touching a hot objects unknowingly we instantly withdraw our
hand.
Nervous system-(1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
(2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
(i) Autonomic Nervous System (ii) Voluntary Nervous System
Brain (i) Centre of coordination of all activities (ii) Thinking is involved (iii) Complex process
Parts of Brain- Refer to figure 7.3 page no. 118 of N.C.E.R.T Textbook
Fore brain Cerebrum - (i) Main thinking and largest part of the brain.
(ii) It has 3 main areas-
a. Sensory area- to receive impulses from sense organs via Receptors
b. Motor area- control voluntary movements
c. Association areas- Reasoning, learning & intelligence.
Thalamus- It relays sensory information to the cerebrum.
Hypothalamus- It forms the link between Nervous system & Endocrine system
Mid brain- It connects fore brain and hind brain
Hind Brain- connects the fore brain and hind brain
Cerebellum- controls & coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and
equilibrium.
Pons- acts as a bridge between brain and spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata- Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting etc.
Spinal cord: - cylindrical or tubular structure is extending downwards from the medulla
oblongata.
Protection of the brain & the spinal cord-
(i) Bony outer covering: skull for the brain and vertebral column for the spinal cord.
(ii) Cerebrospinal fluid present in between the three membranes.
Hormones- (i) are chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands
(ii) Are secreted in small amounts & may act in nearby places or distant places.
(iii) do not take part in the reaction & are destroyed immediately.
Important Endocrine glands, the hormone they secrete & their function
Refer to figure 7.7 page no. 124 of N.C.E.R.T text book
Coordination in plants- only chemical coordination is present in plants.
Tropic movements- the movements of plants in the direction of stimulus (positive) or away
from it (negative) are called tropic movements. E.g. Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism.
Refer to figure 7.4 & 7.5 page no. 121 of N.C.E.R.T text book
Plant hormones (Phytohormones)
48
PLANT HORMONES(PHYTOHORMONES)

The four types of plant hormones responsible for control and coordination in plants are:

1) Auxins

2) Gibberellins

3) Cytokinins

4) Abscisic acid (ABA)

While auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins promote the growth of a plant, abscisic acid
prevents or hampers the growth of a plant.

Auxins
Auxins hormone controls a plant response to light and gravity. It is made by the cells
present at the tip of a stem and roots. This hormone moves the plant away from light
and towards gravity. It speeds up the growth of stem and slows down the growth
of roots.

This diagram explains the bending of a plant stem or shoot towards light by the action of
‘auxin hormone’.
Auxins promote cell enlargement, cell differentiation and fruit growth

Gibberellins
Gibberellins hormone works in the presence of auxin hormone and promotes cell
enlargement and cell differentiation. It also promotes fruit growth, elongation of shoots and
in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.

Cytokinins
This hormone promotes cells division in plants and breaks dormancy in seeds and buds.
They also delay ageing in leaves and promotes the opening of stomata.

Abscisic acid
This hormone inhibits the growth of a plant. Therefore abscisic acid promotes dormancy in
seeds and buds. It promotes closing of stomata, wilting and falling of leave and detachment
of fruit and flower from the plant.

49