SAMSUDIN N.

ABDULLAH, PhD
Master Teacher II/Assistant SHS Principal for Academics
Esperanza National High School
Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat, Region XII, 9806 Philippines
Email Address: [email protected]
 COURSE OUTLINE
IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
I. Functions and Relations (Review Lessons)
- Ordered Pairs
- Arrow Diagrams
- Tables of Values
- Equations
- Graphs

II. Basic Functions and Their Graphs

- Constant Function
- Linear Function
- Quadratic Function
- Cubic Function
- Identity Function
- Absolute Value Function
- Piecewise Function
- Representing Real-Life Situations using Functions
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 COURSE OUTLINE
IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
III. Evaluating Functions
IV. Operations on Functions
- Addition of Functions
- Subtraction of Functions
- Multiplication of Functions
- Division of Functions
- Composition of Functions
- Applications of Functions
V. Inverse Functions
- Finding the Inverse of a Function
- Graphing Inverse Functions
- Finding the Domain and Range of an Inverse
Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 COURSE OUTLINE
IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
VI. Rational Functions
- Rational Equations and Inequalities
- Graphing Rational Functions
- Finding the Domain and Range of Rational Functions
VII. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
- Representation of Exponential Function through its
Table of Values, Graph and Equation
- Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
- Laws of Logarithm
- Exponential and Logarithmic Equations and
Inequalities
- Finding the Domain and Range of Logarithmic
and Exponential Functions
- Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 COURSE OUTLINE
IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
VIII. Basic Business Mathematics
- Simple Interest
- Compound Interest
- Applications of Simple and Compound Interests
- Stocks, Bonds and General Annuities (Optional)
IX. Logic
- Propositions and their Symbols
- Truth Tables of Compound Propositions
- Forms of Conditional Propositions
- Tautologies and Fallacies
- Writing Poofs

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

 FUNCTIONS
AND
RELATIONS
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected
to:

1. determine whether or not an ordered pair or

an arrow diagram represents a function;
2. tell whether a table of values or an equation is
a function or a relation; and
3. use vertical line test to tell whether a graph is
a function or a mere relation.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS REPRESENTED BY
ORDERED PAIRS
Direction: Tell whether or not each of the following relations
describes a function. Write “Function” or “Not Function”.
1. {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 5)} – Function
2. {(0, 5), (0, 4), (3, 0), (2, 0)} – Not Function
3. {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)} – Function
4. {(-1, -1), (2, 5), (-1, 0), (2, -8)} – Not Function
5. {(-1, -1), (0, 0), (2, 2), (3, 3)} – Function
6. {(-2, 5), (-2, 4), (2, 3), (2, 6)} – Not Function
7. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} – Function
8. {(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 5)} – Not Function
9. {(4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 7), (7, 8)} – Function
10.{(5, 5), (6, 6), (5, 7), (8, 8), (9, 8)} – Not Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS REPRESENTED BY
ARROW DIAGRAMS
Direction: Determine whether or not each arrow diagram
represents a function. Write “Function” or “Relation”.

1. Domain Range 2. Domain Range

1 -2
2 0
1
5 3 3
3
4 5
5
5 8
7

Relation Function

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

 3. Domain Range 4. Domain Range

11
6
a 1
9
3
b 2
7
0
c 3
-3
-3
d 4
-6

Function Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 5. Domain Range 6. Domain Range

-1 -2
3
-5 -3
4
5
-7 -5
6
-9 -6
8
Function -8

Relation
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 7. Domain Range 8. Domain Range

-1 3
-2
6 -2 5
-3
7 -3 6
-4
8 -4 8
-5
-5 9
Function
Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 9. Domain Range 10. Domain Range

-5 9
10
6 -4 7
11
7 -3 6
13
8 -2 5
14
-1 4
Relation
Relation
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS REPRESENTED BY
TABLES OF VALUES
Direction: Determine whether or not each of the following
tables of values is a function. Write “Function” or “Mere
Relation”.

1. x y 2. x y x 3.
y
0 -5 -2 7
9 3
1 -2 4 6
4 2 2 5
2 1
0 0 -2 4
3 4 5 3
4 7
4 -2
6 2
5 10 9 -3 -2 1
Function Mere Relation Mere Relation
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 4. 5. 6.
x y x y x y
81 -3 -5 7
-5 -1
16 -2 4 4
4 3
1 -1 2 -3
3 5 0 0 -2 2
2 6 1 1 5 1
-5 -1 16 2 6 -2
1 4 81 3 -5 7
Function Mere Relation Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 7. x -2 -1 0 1 2 Function
y -8 -1 0 1 8
8. x -2 -1 0 1 2 Function
y 11 6 1 -4 -9
9.
x -1 3 2 -4 3 5 Mere
y 4 -1 3 5 -2 4 Relation
10.
x 2 -1 4 0 3 2 Mere
y -1 2 5 8 11 14 Relation
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS REPRESENTED BY
EQUATIONS
Direction: Which of the following equations are functions?
Which are not? Write “Function” or “Not Function”.

Function 1. y = 2x + 5

Function 2. y = x2 + 5

Function 3. y = 3𝑥 − 5

Not Function 4. y = ± 5𝑥 − 3

Not Function 5. y2 = x2 + 7
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 Function 6. y³ + x⁴ = 4

Function 7. y⁵ = x⁴ − 1

Not Function 8. y⁶ + x⁵ = 3

Function 9. y⁷ − x2 = 16

Function 10. x⁴ = 5 – y⁵
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS REPRESENTED BY
GRAPHS
Direction: Use the vertical line test to determine whether
or not each graph represents a function. Write “Function”
or “Not Function”. y
y 2.
1.

• x
x •
• Not Function
Function

The vertical line intersects

The vertical line intersects the the graph at exactly one
graph at two points. point.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 y
3. 4.
Function Function •
• x x

y y
5. •• 6. Function
•• •
•• Not Function
•• x
•• x

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

7. y y
8.
• Not Function Function
x x
•
•
y
y
9. Not Function 10.
•• Function
•• •
•• x
••
x
••
•

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

Generalization:
FUNCTION is a rule or correspondence (relation) that no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first element (abscissa). Let X & Y
be two nonempty sets of real numbers. A function from X into Y is a
relation that associates with each element of X a unique element of Y.
Set X is called the Domain of the function. For every element x in set X,
the corresponding element y in set Y is called the value of the function
at x, or the image of x. This set of values or images of the elements of
the domain is called the Range of the function. All functions are
relations but not all relations are functions.
Not all graphs represent functions. Vertical Line Test is
employed to determine whether a graph is a function or not. If the
vertical line intersects the graph at most one point, the graph is a
function. Otherwise, it is not.
Not all functions are one-to-one. To determine whether or not a
function is one-to-one, Horizontal Line Test is applied. If the horizontal
line intersects the graph at only one point, the graph is one-to-one.
Otherwise, it is not.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
Odd Functions and Even Functions
are functions that satisfy specific
symmetry relations.
If the function is odd, then its graph
is symmetric about the origin. f(x) = x³
is an odd function because f(-x) = -f(x)
for all x. f(x) = x is also odd function
because f(2) = 32 and f(-2) = -32 and 32
and -32 are additive inverses.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
If the function is even, then
its graph is symmetric about
the y-axis. f(x) = x² is even
function because f(-x) = f(x).
f(x) = -x is also even function
because f(3) = -81 and
f(-3) = -81.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
Is f(x) = -x³ + 1 an odd function? No,
it is not since f(1) = 0 and f(-1) = 2
wherein 0 and 2 are not additive
inverses. Is f(x) = (x + 1)² an even
function. No, it is not since f(2) = 9 and
f(-2) = 1 where 9 ≠ 1.
f(x) = -x³ + 1 and f(x) = (x + 1)² are
neither odd functions nor even
functions.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS

k k k k

k k

Odd Function Even Function

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Tell whether each of the following is
odd, even or neither from its equation. Write Odd
Function, Even Function or Neither.

1. y = -x³ Odd Function

2. y = (x + 1)² Neither
k k k
3. y = 1 – x³ Neither

4. y = x + 2 Neither

5. y = 3 – x² Even Function

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Tell whether each of the following is
odd, even or neither from its equation. Write Odd
Function, Even Function or Neither.

6. y = 3x Odd Function

7. y = 3x Odd Function
k k k
8. y = (x – 2)³ Neither

9. y = -(x + 3)² Neither

10. y = 2x² + 3 Even Function

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Tell whether each graph is odd, even
or neither. Write Odd Function, Even Function or
Neither.
y
1. 3. y
x

Even Function
k k k x
Even Function
2. y
4.
x
x

Odd Function
Even Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Tell whether each graph is odd, even
or neither. Write Odd Function, Even Function or
Neither.
5. y 7. y
Odd Function
Even Function
x
x
k k k

8. y
6. y
Odd Function x

x Neither

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Tell whether each graph is odd, even
or neither. Write Odd Function, Even Function or
Neither.
9. y 11.
Neither

x
k
Oddk Function
k

10. y

Neither 12.

x
Even Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Show algebraically whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
1. f(x) = -3x³ + 2x Odd Function
Solution:
f(x) = -3x³ + 2x
f(-x) = -3(-x)³ +k 2(-x) k k

= -3(-1)³(x³) + 2(-1)(x)
f(-x) = 3x³ – 2x
-(3x³ – 2x) = -3x³ + 2x
f(-x) = -f(x)
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Show algebraically whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
2. f(x) = 𝟑𝒙𝟔 − 𝟖𝒙𝟒 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 Even Function
Solution:
f(x) = 3𝑥 6 − 8𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 2 + 6
k k k
f(-x) = 3(–𝑥)6 − 8(–𝑥)4 + 5(–𝑥) 2
+6
f(-x) = 𝟑𝒙𝟔 − 𝟖𝒙𝟒 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔
f(-x) = f(x)

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Show algebraically whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
3. f(x) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 Neither
Solution:
f(x) = 2𝑥 4 −7𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1
k k k
f(-x) = 2(–𝑥)4 −7(–𝑥)3 + 3(–𝑥)2 +1
f(-x) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
f(-x) ≠ f(x)

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

DIRECTION: Show algebraically whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
𝑥
4. f(x) = Even Function
2𝑥 5 +𝑥 3
Solution:
𝒙 y
f(x) =
𝟐𝒙𝟓 +𝒙𝟑
(−𝑥)
f(-x) =
2(−𝑥)5 +(−𝑥)3
k k k
−𝑥
=
−2𝑥 5 −𝑥 3

−(𝑥)
=
−(2𝑥 5 +𝑥 3 )

𝒙
f(-x) =
𝟐𝒙𝟓 +𝒙𝟑 x
f(-x) = f(x)
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Show algebraically whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
1
5. f(x) = Neither
𝑥7+ 4
Solution:
𝟏
f(x) =
𝒙𝟕 + 𝟒
1 10 y
f(-x) =
(−𝑥)7 + 4
k k k
1
=
−𝑥 7 + 4
x
𝟏 -
f(-x) = 10
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟕

𝟏 1
−( ) =
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟕 𝑥7− 4

f(-x) ≠ -f(x)
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Mentally solve whether each
function is odd, even or neither.
6. f(x) = 2𝑥 8 − 5𝑥 3 + 3 Neither
7. f(x) = 3𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 Neither
3
8. f(x) = 4 Even Function
𝑥 +1
𝑥
9. f(x) = 3 Neither
k k
𝑥 −2
2
10. f(x) = 3 5 Odd Function
𝑥 −𝑥
5
11. f(x) = 4 2 Even Function
2𝑥 −2𝑥 +5
3
12. f(x) = 6 3 Neither
𝑥 −2𝑥 +5
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
DIRECTION: Mentally solve whether each function is odd,
even or neither.
13. f(x) = 3𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 3 + 3 Neither
14. f(x) = 𝑥 7 − 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 Odd Function
3𝑥 Even Function
15. f(x) = 𝑥 5 −2𝑥
2𝑥
16. f(x) = 3𝑥 4 −𝑥 2 Odd Function
k
1
17. f(x) = 2 Even Function
𝑥 −3
5
18. f(x) = 𝑥 5 +3𝑥 3 −𝑥 Odd Function
3
19. f(x) = 𝑥 4 −2𝑥 3+3𝑥 Neither
20. f(x) = /x/ + 5 Even Function
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 ASSIGNMENT 1

Copy and answer the following

problems. Write your answer in
your notebook.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

A. Direction: Tell whether or not each of the
following relations represents a function. Write
“Function” or “Not Function”.
1. {(0, -2), (1, -1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 2)} –
2. {(5, 2), (0, 0), (2, 5), (5, -3)} –
3. {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 4)} –
4. {(x, 5), (x, -6), (x, 7), (x, 8)} –
5. {(8, 0), (7, 0), (0, 0), (-2, 0)} –
6. {(3, 2), (3, 1), (3, 0), (3, -1)} –
7. {(-7, 5), (-7, 8), (6, 9), (6, 7)} –
8. {(5, 8), (6, 0), (-3, 9), (-3, 8)} –
9. {(2, 2), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} –
10. {(3, 8), (2, 3), (8, 0), (0, 0)} –
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
B. Direction: Identify whether or not each of the
following arrow diagrams represents a function.
Write “Function” or “Not Function”.
1. Domain Range 2. Domain Range 3. Domain Range
1
2 5 3 1 2
5 3 2 5
4 9 7 3 10
5 16 17

4. Domain Range 5. Domain Range 6. Domain Range

1 4 1 4 3
2 5 2 6 6 11
3 6 5 10 9
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
 1. Domain Range
7. 8. Domain Range 9. Domain Range 10. Domain Range
3 5 0 3
5 6 7 -5 5 8 15 -4
6 8 9 -7 10 -12
9 10 11 - 10 15 20 30 - 15
10 13 - 15 20
11. Domain Range 12. Domain Range
1 -1 -11
2 -2 -21
3 10
-3 -31
4 -4 -41

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

C. Direction: Determine whether or not each of
the following tables of values is a function. Write
“Function” or “Mere Relation”.

1. x -1 -2 -3 4 6
y 5 1 8 3 8

2. x 3 -4 0 -2 -4
y 2 3 -1 -5 6

3. x 6 4 2 -2 -4
y 1 3 -3 -4 6
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
4. x y 5. x y 6. x y
2 -4 -4 2 7 -1
3 -3 5 4 3 3
4 -3 6 6 -2 5
5 -2 -4 2 -4 2
6 -1 -2 1 7 3
7 0 -1 -2 8 -2
8 -4 0 -3 9 -3
7. x y 8. x y 9. x y 10. x y
-1 0 5 2 1 3 1 2
2 1 5 0 2 3 2 5
-3 2 5 -2 3 3 3 4
4 3 5 -4 4 3 4 5
-5 4 5 -6 5 3 3 -3
5 5 5 -8 6 3 6 2
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
D. Direction: Which of the following are
functions? Which are not? Write “Function” or
“Not Function”.
1. y = 4 – 2x 6. x2 = y³+ 2

2. y = 5 – x³ 7. y⁶ = 2x – 5

3. y⁴ = 5x – 2 8. y⁴ = 5x – 2

4. y⁵ + 3x = 1 9. x⁵ = 3 – y⁵

5. 2y⁴ = 5x – 4 10. y = – 3𝑥 − 5
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)
E. Direction: Which of the following graphs are
functions? Which are not? Write “Function” or
“Not Function”.
1. y 2. y 3. y

x x x

4. y 5. y 6. y

x x x

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

 7. y 8. y 9. y

x x x

10. y 11. y 12. y

x x x

13. y 14. y 15. y

x x x

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)

 ASSIGNMENT 2
Give 5 diagrams of each of the following
relations.
1. One-to-One
2. Onto
3. One-to-one but Not Onto
4. One-to-One and Onto
5. Many-to-one and Onto
6. Many-to-one but Not Onto
7. One-to-Many
8. Many-to-One
9. Many-to-many

GENERAL MATHEMATICS (Advanced Algebra, Basic Business Math and Logic)