Chiller selection method
Selection flow
A. Determine the temperature of the circulating water
B. Determine the cooling system
In PCU series, both water cooled and air cooled types are available.
Air cooled： Circulating water is cooled by heat exchange with outside air.
Cooling water is unnecessary but exhaust heat is generated inside the room.
Water cooled： Circulating water is cooled by heat exchange with cooled water.
Exhaust heat is not generated but a separate cooled water is necessary.
When there is a hindrance due to exhaust heat, it is possible to install the exhaust duct.
Depending on the shape and length of the duct, a separate exhaust fan is necessary.
C. Determine the cooling capacity
Load
(i)
<
Cooling capacity
(ii)
(i)Determine the load
In case, if the outlet temperature and inlet temperature from the circulating water load is known, then
Q = 0.07 × Cb × γb × Lb ×(Tout - Tin)
•Q： Load capacity (kW)
•Lb： Circulating water flow rate (ℓ/min)
•Cb： Specific heat of circulating water (cal/g °C)
•T in： Load inlet temperature (°C)
•γb： Density of circulating water (g/cm3)
•T out： Load outlet temperature (°C)
Example)
Load capacity of the equipment is calculated with the flow rate of the circulating water 2ℓ/min at 30°C and output water
comes out at 35℃. However since circulating water is water, specific heat is 1.0(cal/g°C) and density is 1.0(g/cm3).
Load capacity＝0.07×1.0×1.0×12×(35 - 30)＝4.2
Expecting 20% safety factor 4.2×1.2＝5.04［kW］
•Q： Load capacity ［kW］
•Tb： Pre cooling temperature of the cooled object ［°C］
•Vs： Volume of the cooled object ［m3］
•Ta： After cooling temperature of the cooled object ［°C］
•Cs： Specific heat of the cooled object ［kJ/kg･°C］
•t： Cooling time of the cooled object ［S］
•γs： Density of the cooled object ［kg/m3］
In case when the cooling time and temperature of the cooled object is known.
Q ＝ Vs × γs × Cs ×(Tb-Ta)÷ t
Example)
In order to calculate the load capacity of the aluminium plate, cooled from 34°C to 24°C with width 730mm, length
920mm, thickness 20mm
Density of aluminium is 2688kg/m3 and specific heat is 0.905kJ/kg・°C
Q＝0.013432×2688×0.905×(34-24)÷180
Q＝1.815(kw)
Generally expecting safety factor of 20%, selection of power above 1.815 x 1.2 ＝2.2(kw) is done.
However, it is necessary to be careful it will vary substantially depending on the shape of the object, presence or
absence of the wind cooled, ambient radiation since they do not contain the coefficients of the cooled object.
(ii)Determine the cooling capacity
Temperature and ambient temperature of the circulating water (air cooled system) and temperature of the
circulating water (water cooled system) is calculated from the special graph of the target machine group.
Example)
Determine the cooling capacity of PCU-3300R (air cooled) when the circulating water temperature is 25°C and
ambient temperature is 20°C (Power line frequency is 60Hz).
D. Determine pump lift
Total lift of the circulating water
(i)
<
Pump lift
(ii)
(i)Determine the total lift of circulating water
Total lift of the circulating water ＝ Pressure loss of the circulation path［MPa］÷ Density of the circulating
water［g/cm3］ × 100
Total lift of the circulating water is inversely proportional to density of the circulating water and in proportion to the
pressure loss of the circulation path. The pressure loss of the circulation path is determined by the pipe diameter, pipe
length, shape of the load etc.
(ii)Determine lifting of the pump
Circulating water flow rate and the rated flow of the target model is calculated from the special graph of the
target machine group.
Example1)
Determine the lift of PCU-3300R when the circulating water flow rate is 30ℓ/min.
Example2)
Determine the lift of PCU-3300R when the circulating water flow rate is 10ℓ/min.
Determined values from A～C is set to cooling capacity and the machine that satisfies the pump lift
Piping pressure calculation
Hazen–Williams equation
Hf=5.4755×103・C1.85・D4.87・Q1.85・L
C: Flow rate factor
D: Inside pipe diameter (m)
Q: Flow volume (m3/min)
L: Pipe length (m)
Hf=10.666×C-1.85・D-4.87・Q1.85・L
Or,
C: Flow rate factor
D: Inside pipe diameter (m)
Q: Flow volume (m3/min)
L: Pipe length (m)
is displayed as shown.
Pipe conditions & the value of C
Pipe type C
New-mint iron
130
pipe
Old cast iron pipe 100
New steel pipe 120～130
Old steel pipe 80～100
Please calculate lining pipes, concrete pipes, PVC pipes, and other pipes with a good internal degree of roughness as
C=130 (or 140).
Equivalent length of straight pipe fittings and valves
Pipe diameter (Upper level B) (Lower level mm)
Name Joint Shape 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350
Screw 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.4 4.0
90°
Short elbow
Flange 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.3 5.2 5.5
Screw 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4
90
Long elbow
Flange 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.9
Screw 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.7
45°
Elbow
Flange 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.7 3.3 4.0
Screw 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.8 3.7 5.0
Cheese (Main)
Flange 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Screw 2.0 2.8 3.0 3.7 4.0 5.2 6.4
Cheese
(Branch)
Flange 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.5 7.3 9.1 10.3 11.2
Screw 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.4 4.0
180°
Bend
Flange 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.8 4.3 5.2 5.6
12. 24.
Screw 8.8 11.3 16.5 18.9 33.5
8 1
Spherical valve
18. 28. 45. 94.
Flange 13.7 16.5 21.3 23.5 36.5 57.8 79.1
0 6 6 5
Screw 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8
Sluice valve
Flange 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Screw 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.8 6.7 8.2 11.6
Check valve
15. 36.
Flange 2.2 3.1 3.7 5.2 6.4 8.2 11.6 19.2 27.4 42.7
2 6
Screw 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Angle valve
15. 36.
Flange 5.2 5.5 5.5 6.4 6.7 8.5 11.6 19.2 27.4 42.6 48.7
2 6
Secular changes in old cast iron pipes
Hazen-Williams equation
Piping pressure sample calculation
Example 1 In the example on the right, claiming for plumbing loss.
1. First, determine the equivalent length of straight plumbing pipe.
1. Determine the full length of the pipe.
(Full length)=3+4+2+10+5+6+2=32(m) since going and coming back is there
2. Equivalent straight length of the tube joint is calculated using the chart.
Screw type 90°Since short elbow`s 25 is1.6m(joint)=1.6×6=9.6(m)
3.1, 2 total is calculated.
64+9.6=73.6(m)
2. Next, from flow rate and pipe diameter, hydraulic loss is determined.
From the graph, the intersection of 25A line and 30［ℓ/min］ is 0.04
Multiply 3.1 and 2
73.6×0.04=2.944≒3(m) ※ In case of old steel pipe, it is 1.2～2.5 times.
4. From Chiller to equipment, determine rise in the height.
4+10=14(m)
Find the total of 5.3 and 4.
3+14=17(m)
Example 2 In the example on the right, claiming for plumbing grit loss.
1. 8A
2. 15A
3. 20A
4. 32A
1. First, determine the equivalent length of straight plumbing pipe. (Full length) = 2(m)
2. Next, from flow rate and pipe diameter, hydraulic loss is determined.
From the graph, the intersection is 30(ℓ/min) and each piping diameter is
1. at 8A 8.4
2. at 15A 0.55
3. at 20A 0.13
4. at 32A 0.01
3. 1 and 2 multiply. *In case of old steel pipe etc., it is 1.2～2.5 times.
1. at 8A 2×8.4=16.8(m)
2. at 15A 2×0.55=1.1(m)
3. at 20A 2×0.13=0.26(m)
4. at 32A 2×0.01=0.02(m)
Dehumidification method
Refrigeration cycle dehumidification method chemical absorption
The course of dehumidification Dew point control method Dehumidification method
When temperature of the refrigeration
When temperature is below the dew
falls below 0°C, the dew condensed Chemical absorbent material is
point temperature of the humid air
water over the coil starts to freeze up disc like shape is continuously
passed the surface temperature of the
and soon ice is formed. To avoid this rotated. On one hand the
cooing coil, condensation occurs at the
phenomenon, the coil surface
surface of the coil and water is absorbed air is instantly
temperature (or the coolant temperature)
collected as drain water. As a result dehumidified and on the other the
is detected and feedback control is
there is fall in absolute humidity of air warm air from heater is recycled
incorporated to avoid temperature falling
after passage. resulting in continuous
Theory below 0°C.
dehumidification.
Relative
humidity of
11~12°C/45%RH 2~4°C/23% -100°C
reachable
dew
point /25°C
From energy conservation point of view
Special structure not necessary as Normal temperature dehumidification
Merits a lower dew point temperature is
dependent on cooling capacity. is possible due to a standalone unit.
achieved due to simple structure.
A separated cooler is required due to
As low relative humidity cannot be There is variation in the cooling capacity
Demerits heating of the humidified air resulting
achieved. leading to unstable temperatures.
in poor efficiency.
Size Small Medium Large
Dehumidification possible region for each method based on Psychometric diagram
Humidification system
Electric heater format
Open pan Closed pan
Schematic
drawing
In open type water tank the steam,
In case of air tight vessel, the uniform steam, water vapour is generated from
Explanation water vapour generation is achieved
small nozzle by causing internal air turbulence
across bigger range
Difficulty in control process due to
Controllability High controllability
non-uniformity in particles
Control
Proportional control PID control
system
Size Slightly larger Slightly larger
Important
Anti scale measures required Anti scale measures required
point
Ultrasonic method Air spray method Filter vaporization method
Schematic
drawing
Commonly used in humidifiers.
Humidification process is
Steam/ water vapour is produced Water is converted into vapour by passing
Explanation achieved using special type of
by dropping water over high high pressure water from small orifice.
vaporization filter.
frequency vibrators.
Controllability Control possible Control not possible High controllability
PID control
Control system ON/OF ON/OF
Size Small Small Slightly larger
Size Small Small Slightly larger
Due to high volume of vaporized molecules,
Important
Anti scale measures required precautions are necessary against air Filter maintenance necessary
point
bubbles due to presence of high humidity
