REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM – derived by

“control volume approach”:

In a flow field consider a fluid system that is contained in a
control volume bounded by its control surface at time t.
The fluid system within the control surface moves during
the time t + t relative to the original control volume:

I+II = system at
III time t
II
II+III = system at
I
time t+t

Let N = extensive property: related to the total amount of

mass in the system, e.g. mass, momentum, energy;
dN
η= = intensive property: independent of total mass,
dm
e.g. mass per unit mass, energy per unit mass,
momentum per unit mass
dN ∂
Then, =
dt ∂ t cv ( )
∫ ηρ d Ɐ +∮cs ηρ V • d A ; or in words:
“The total rate of change of extensive property is equal to
the rate of change of the property stored in the control
volume plus the net rate of outflow of the property
through the control volume.”
Continuity: Law of Conservation of Mass
(mass in a system is constant)
dN dm
If N = mass = m  η= = =1 , the R.T.T. becomes
dm dm
dN ∂
=
dt ∂ t (∫ cv )
ρ d Ɐ +∮cs ρ V • d A=0

d
 ∮cs ρ V • d A=− ∫ ρd Ɐ
dt cv
In words: “the net rate of mass outflow = rate of decrease of
mass within the control volume”
For Incompressible Flow (constant density):
d
∮cs
V • d A=− ∫ dⱯ
dt cv
For uniform velocity across inflow and outflow sections:

∑ V⋅A=− dtd ∫ cv
d∀ ; or ∑ V⋅A=0 for Steady Flow
v2
A2 2
e.g. for the case drawn on the right, A1
−v 1 A 1 +v 2 A 2 +v 3 A 3 =0
v1 A3
or Q 1=Q 2 +Q 3 v3
3

For unsteady flow of incompressible fluids, if ∫cv d Ɐ =S

(volume of fluid stored in the control volume), then
d dS
∫
dt cv
d Ɐ =
dt
; and using

∮ cs
V • d A=∫outlet V • d A+∫inlet V • d A=O( t )−I ( t ) then
ds ds
Continuity becomes O( t )−I ( t )=− or =I (t )−O( t )
dt dt
Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics:
dE dH dW
= − “The rate of change in energy in a
dt dt dt
control volume = rate of heat input
minus rate of work output by the fluid”.
dN dE
Let N = amount of energy = E  η= = =e
dm dm
Since Total Energy = Internal + Kinetic + Potential, i.e.
E=Eu + E k + E p or e=eu +e k +e p ; the R.T.T. becomes
dH dW ∂
dt
− =
dt ∂ t (∫ cv )
eρd Ɐ +∮cs eρ V • d A
 2 2
mv v γ Ɐ z ρg Ɐ z
Since e k = = and e p = = =gz , then
2⋅m 2 m ρⱯ

(∫ ( ) ) ( )
2 2
dH dW ∂ v v
− = eu + + gz ρd Ɐ +∮cs e u + +gz ρ V • d A
dt dt ∂ t cv 2 2

∑ ( )
2
dH dW v
Steady Flow: − = eu + + gz ρ V • d A
dt dt cs
2
Work is done through pressure and shaft:
W =W p +W s , e.g.
A1 p1 v1
Force on section 1 = p1A1
Distance traveled through time t is v1t 1

 Wp1 = - p1A1v1t; and at sections 2 and 3,

ΔW p
Wp2 = + p2A2v2t and Wp3 = p3A3v3t,  1
=−p 1 A 1 v 1 , etc.
Δt
dW p p
 =∑cs p v • A=∑cs ρ⋅v • A ; Energy Eqn. becomes
dt ρ

(∫ ( ) ) ( )
2 2
dH dW s ∂ v p v
− = eu + + gz ρd Ɐ +∮cs eu + + + gz ρ V • d A
dt dt ∂t cv 2 ρ 2

∑ ( )
2
dH dW s p v
For steady flow, − = eu + + +gz ρ V⋅d A
dt dt cs
ρ 2
Dividing this by the mass flow rate Q = VdA , and with
flow incompressible:

( ) ( )
2 2
p v p v
H m−W sm= eu + + + gz − eu + + + gz , or
ρ 2 out ρ 2 in

( ) ( )
2 2
p v p v
H m−( W s out−W s in )= + + gz − + + gz + ( eu out−eu in )
ρ 2 out ρ 2 in

where the last term represents irreversible losses, elosses, i.e.

energy that is converted to heat and not recoverable by
hydraulic means.
For no heat added:

( ) ( )
2 2
p v p v
+ + gz +W s in= + + gz +W s out +elosses
ρ 2 in ρ 2 out

Wsin may represent work done by a pump on the fluid,

while Wsout may be for work done by water on a turbine.
Energy Correction Coefficient:
For 1-dimensional analysis, properties are averaged
through cross-section, thus we use v as such average
velocity. But the total energy transported would not be
correct if we use v per se; this is shown by:
2 3 3
v v V
∫ A
2
ρ vdA=∮A ρ dA≠ρ
2 2
A

where v varies across A while V = average velocity; to

make them equal, a correction coefficient is used:
3

∫A ρ v2 dA 1 3 The Energy
α=
ρ
V
3

A
= ∫A
A
v
V
dA ( ) Correction
Coefficient
2
Calling the in section 1 and the out section 2:
2 2
p1 v p v
+α 1 1 + gz1 +W p= 2 +α 2 2 + gz 2 +W T +elosses 1−2
ρ 2 ρ 2
Dividing by g to get energy per unit weight:
2 2
p1 v p v
+α 1 1 + z 1 +h p = 2 +α 2 2 + z 2 +h T +hlosses 1−2
γ 2g γ 2g
V20
Exercise Problem 1 –
Jet from a fire hose:
Use the Energy Equation to 20 m
determine V0 and  such
that V20 is horizontal. V0 

20 m
Exercise Problem 2 – 2 m wide
Transition between 3 m wide
rectangular channels:
y1ʹ
Determine two possible 5 m3/s 1.25 m
depths of flow y1 and y1ʹ. y1
2.5 m

Example 1 - Systems with pumps or turbines:

Efficiency can be illustrated by theoretical P=QγhT versus
dW s
actual =Τ⋅ω (torque x angular velocity) power
dt
output by a turbine:
Given head hT = 50 m, Q = 5 m3/s,  = 180 rpm, and
T = 1.2x105 Nm (all measured values), then:
QhT = 2450 kw; T = 1.2x105x180x2/60 = 2262 kw.
This means 2450 – 2262 = 188 kw cannot be recovered
(irreversible losses in the turbine).
Thus, the working power equations are:
Qγh P
Power =P= for pumps; P=em QγhT for turbines,
η
where  and em are respective efficiencies (less than 1.0).
For this example, em = 2262/2450 = 92.3%.