Lighting Design

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Content
1. Main Parameters for Good Lighting Design
2. What is Light ?
3. Fundamentals and Terminologies
4. Luminaire Construction
5. Classifications of Luminaires According to Manufactures
6. Lighting Control
7. Emergency Lighting

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1. Main parameters for good lighting design
1. Visibility
2. Mood Atmosphere
3. Visual comfort
4. Safety

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1.1. Visibility
▪ The smaller the detail the higher illuminance is required to see the
subject

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1.2. Mood Atmosphere
▪ Light can create relaxing ambient temperature, Highlight a room
element or mellow a setting

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1.3. Visual comfort
▪ Flicker, low illuminance , harsh
glares are some of the suspects that
causes fatigue

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1.4. Safety
▪ It is a national and local concern that all public places would have
easily recognizable escape plan whether in emergency or not

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2. What is light ?
▪ Wave phenomenon
Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation
that consists of ripples or waves that are
propagated in an omnipresent electric and
magnetic field, and travelling away from its
source uniformly in all direction.

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3. Fundamentals and Terminologies
1. Luminous Flux (lumen)
2. Luminous Intensity (candela)
3. Illuminance (lumen/m2 = Lux)
4. Luminance (cd/m2)
5. Luminous Efficacy (lumen/watt)
6. Color Temperature
7. Color Rendering Index

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3.1. Luminous Flux
▪ It is the amount of light emitted in all directions from the light source.
▪ Measuring unit: lumen (lm)

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3.2. Luminous Intensity
▪ The power of a light source or illuminated surface to emit light in a
given direction.
▪ Measuring unit: candela (cd)

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3.3. Illuminance
▪ It is the amount of light falling on a certain area or the luminous flux
density at a surface.
▪ Measuring unit: lm/m² (lux)

Lux meter

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3.4. Luminance
▪ The perceived brightness of a surface, measured by the intensity of
light emitted or reflected from a surface area in a given direction.
▪ Measuring unit: luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit area.
(cd/m2)

Luminance meter

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3.5. Luminous Efficacy
▪ It’s the ratio of light emitted, to the power consumed by a lamp.

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3.6. Color Temperature
▪ All materials emit light when heated (e.g. metal glows red through to
white as the temperature increase).
▪ The temperature to which a full radiator (or ‘black body’) would be
heated to achieve the same chromaticity (color quality) of the light
source being considered, defines the correlated color temperature of
the lamp, quoted in degrees Kelvin.
▪ Measuring unit : (°K)

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3.6. Color Temperature continue,

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3.7. Color Rendering Index

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3.8. Summary
How much light comes out of the light bulb?

The total amount of power of visible light emitted from the light source
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3.8. Summary continue,
How much light emitted at a particular direction?

Luminous flux per unit solid angle

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3.8. Summary continue,
How much light fall on the desk?

Luminous flux per unit area

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3.8. Summary continue,
How bright the surface appear?

Luminous flux per solid angle per unit area

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4. Luminaire Construction
▪ Connect the light source to the electricity supply.
▪ Protect the light source from mechanical damage.
▪ Control the distribution of light be efficient.
▪ Withstand the expected conditions of use.

1. Body material.
2. Protection class
3. Artificial light source.
4. Control gear
5. Flux control

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4.1. Body Material
▪ Steel : Many interior lighting luminaires are made from
ready-painted sheet steel, white being the usual paint color.
▪ Stainless steel : is rarely used for luminaire bodies but it is
widely used for many small, unpainted luminaire
components that have to remain free from corrosion.
▪ Aluminum sheet : is mainly used for reflectors in
luminaires. It can have good reflection properties and the
physical strength to form stable reflectors of the desired
form.
▪ Cast aluminum: is widely used for floodlight housings.
Such housings are light in weight and can be used in damp
or corrosive atmospheres.

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4.2. IP classification system

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4.3. IK classification system

Walk over IK09 Drive over IK10

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4.4. Artificial light sources
1. Filament lamp
2. Gas discharge lamp
3. LED

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4.4.1. Filament Lamp
▪ It is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature,
by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible
light (incandescence).

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4.4.1. Filament Lamp continue,
1) Incandescent 2)Halogen

▪ Filling gas is an inert gas (argon ▪ Filling gas is an inert gas with
or nitrogen). Glass bulb. halogen gas.
▪ Warm white light (2600-2900° ▪ quartz or hard glass.
K). Dimmable. ▪ Warm white light (3200°K).
▪ Short life time 1500hr Dimmable.
▪ Short life time 2000hr
Low efficiency - possibly the biggest drawback of filament lamps is
their short efficacy which averages only about 15-20 lm/w.

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4.4.2. Gas Discharge Lamp
▪ If a certain amount of energy is administered to the electron , electron “e” is
excited and moved from its regular orbit to the next one or to another more
external one. After a short time in this level, the electron returns again to its
regular initial position and emits the amount of energy usually in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.

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4.4.2. Gas Discharge Lamp continue,

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4.4.3. LED
▪ LEDs are simply diodes that are designed to give off light. When a diode is
forward-biased so that electrons and holes are zipping back and forth across the
junction, That makes an atom complete and more stable and it gives off a little
burst of energy (a kind of "sigh of relief") in the form of a tiny "packet" or photon
of light.

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4.4.3. LED continue,
▪ (Conventional / Indicator) type ▪ Illuminatortype

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4.5. Control Gear
1. Magnetic Ballast and Electronic Ballast
2. HID Ballast
3. LED Drivers

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4.5.1. Magnetic Ballast and Electronic Ballast
▪ Magnetic ballasts use a magnetic transformer
made of a steel core and copper windings, ▪ Electronic ballasts use circuits to control the
along with a simple bi-metal switch for flow of current. These use a magnetic
thermal protection and a simple capacitor. output transformer, an EMI filter, a
rectifier and integrated circuitry to manage
▪ They are larger and heavier than electric the flow of current very precisely.
ballasts.
▪ Higher costs.
▪ Lower costs.
▪ No Starters Required.
▪ Require a starter.
▪ Operating frequency of 20 ~ 50KHZ.
▪ Operating frequency is 50HZ.
▪ Eliminates the flicker.
▪ Produce flicker.

This leads to high efficiency for electronic ballast due to higher brightness and less power consumption.
Magnetic Ballast will produce stroboscopic phenomenon and noise due to low frequency operation.

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4.5.2. HID Ballast

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4.5.3. LED Drivers

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4.6. Flux Control

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4.6.1. Reflector

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4.6.2. Refractors
▪ Refractors control light distribution
by turning the incident light ray
through a desired
▪ Angle following Snell’s Law
▪ This can be done using either
prisms or lenses.

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5. Classifications of Luminaires according to
manufactures
1. Surface mounted luminaire
2. Recessed mounted luminaire
3. Suspended luminaire
4. Wall mounted luminaires
5. Weather proof IP65
6. Downlight
7. High bay
8. Uplight
9. Under water fixture IP68
10. Flood light

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5.1. Surface Mounted Luminaire

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5.2. Recessed Mounted Luminaire

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5.3. Suspended Luminaire

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5.4. Wall Mounted Luminaires

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5.5. Weather Proof IP65

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5.6. Downlight

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5.7. High Bay

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5.8. Uplight

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5.9. Under Water Fixture IP68

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5.10. Flood Light

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6. Lighting Control
1. Manual Control
2. Automatic Control
3. Smart Control

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6.1. Manual Control continue,
▪ One-Way Circuit ▪ Double “One-Way Circuit”

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6.1. Manual Control continue,
▪ Two-Way Circuit ▪ Double “Two-Way Circuit”

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6.1. Manual Control continue,
▪ Intermediate Switch

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6.2. Automatic Control

Impulse relay Timer

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6.3. Smart Control
▪ KNX

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6.3. Smart Control continue,
▪ DALI

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 BS 5266-EN1838

7. Emergency Lighting
Specific Forms of Emergency Lighting

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7.1. Escape Routes

▪ If Escape routes wider up to 2 m, luminaries must be installed to

ensure a minimum level of lighting (1 lux) on the floor along the
central line of the escape route.
▪ 50 % of the route width should be lit to a minimum of 0.5 lx.
▪ Uniformity > 1:40
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7.2. Anti-panic Area
▪ The horizontal illumination level
shall not drop below 0.5 lx.
▪ An 0.5 m strip next to the wall
does
▪ not require this light level.
▪ Uniformity > 1:40

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7.3. High Risk Area
▪ The horizontal illumination
level shall not drop below
15 lux
▪ An 0.5 m strip next to the
wall does not require this
light level.

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7.4. Examples

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7.4. Examples continue,

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7.5. Location of the Luminaires
Signs are required whenever the Near changes of
At each Door direction of escape is ambiguous direction

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7.5. Location of the Luminaires continue,
Near each
flight of stairs At each change of floor level Near each intersection

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7.5. Location of the Luminaires continue,
Near each Fire Alarm call point
- fire fighting equipment Near first aid posts Outside each final exit

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7.6. Modes of Operation
▪ Maintained Emergency Luminaire
➢luminaire is illuminated permanently (Normal or Emergency Mode).
➢Exit signs.
▪ Non-Maintained Emergency Luminaire
➢luminaire is only illuminated in emergency mode.
➢SL safety lights.
➢illumination of rescue ways or open area illumination.
▪ Switched-Non-Maintained Emergency Luminaire
➢luminaire can be switched on/off in Normal mode.
➢permanently on in Emergency mode.

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7.7. Emergency Lighting Options

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7.7.1. Self-Lighting Luminaires
▪ Disadvantages
1. High follow-up costs caused by low battery life
time (approx. 4 yrs. , often less), because the life
time of 4 years refer to a surrounding temperature
of 20 °C. Each advance of 10 degree reduce the life
time of battery about 50 %.
2. High test and maintenance costs due to weekly
manual luminaire tests.
3. Limited areas for use (Problem: areas with low
▪ Advantages
temperature)
1. High availability
4. Low Light Output……. More luminaires …..
2. Easy extension Higher cost Individual luminaire monitoring only
with additional wiring!!
3. Low installation cost
5. Start problems in areas with low temperatures,
4. No fire protection necessary discreet battery placement in the luminaires barely
5. Low investment costs possible

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7.7.2. Central Battery System
▪ Advantages
1. The batteries are designed for minimum
10 years as per EN 50171
2. System is ordered for the project and will
have full life from testing and
commissioning of the system
3. These Central batteries are centrally
located in an air-conditioned room giving ▪ Disadvantages
their full life which is minimum 10 years 1. High installation cost
4. Longer durations possible 2. More area is required for installation
5. No battery replacement in high ceilings. 3. Complicated wiring

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 Thank you

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