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Non-Constant Force & Momentum in Physics

This lecture covered momentum, collisions, and conservation of momentum. It defined momentum as the product of mass and velocity, and discussed how momentum is conserved in isolated systems and collisions. It also covered elastic and inelastic collisions, and provided examples of calculating velocities and momentum changes in 1D collisions using conservation of momentum and energy equations.

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Laston Simuzingili
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275 views23 pages

Non-Constant Force & Momentum in Physics

This lecture covered momentum, collisions, and conservation of momentum. It defined momentum as the product of mass and velocity, and discussed how momentum is conserved in isolated systems and collisions. It also covered elastic and inelastic collisions, and provided examples of calculating velocities and momentum changes in 1D collisions using conservation of momentum and energy equations.

Uploaded by

Laston Simuzingili
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY 101

INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I

Lecture 2
Last Lecture
Fx
• Work for non-constant force

• Spring force F  kx x

Potential Energy of Spring


1 2
• PE  kx
2
• Power W KE
P 
t t
P  Fv


Momentum
and
Collisions
Momentum
r
Definition: p  mv

v
Newton’s 2nd Law: Fm
t
 p
F
t
Conservation of Momentum

True for isolated particles (no external forces)

Proof:
Recall F12=-F21, (Newton’s 3rd Law)

F12  F21  0  p1  p2  0


p1 p2

t

t
0 p1f  p2 f  p1i  p2i
 pi for isolated particles never changes!
Momentum is a Vector quantity

• Both Spx and Spy are conserved

px  mvx
py  mvy
Example 1

An astronaut of mass 80 kg
pushes away from a space
station by throwing a 0.75-kg
wrench which moves with a
velocity of 24 m/s relative to
the original frame of the
astronaut. What is the
astronaut’s recoil speed?
0.225 m/s
Center of mass does not
accelerate
m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3  ...
Xcm 
(m1  m2  m3  ...)
m1x1  m2 x2  m3x3  ...
Xcm 
(m1  m2  m3  ...)
m1 (x1 / t)  m2 (x2 / t)  m3 (x3 / t)  ...
 t 
(m1  m2  m3  ...)
p1  p2  p3  ...
 t 
(m1  m2  m3  ...)
 0 if total P iszero
Example 2
Ted and his ice-boat (combined mass = 240 kg) rest on the
frictionless surface of a frozen lake. A heavy rope (mass
of 80 kg and length of 100 m) is laid out in a line along
the top of the lake. Initially, Ted and the rope are at
rest. At time t=0, Ted turns on a wench which winds 0.5
m of rope onto the boat every second.
a) What is Ted’s velocity just after the wench turns on?
0.125 m/s
b) What is the velocity of the rope at the same time?
-0.375 m/s
c) What is the Ted’s speed just as the rope finishes?
0
d) How far did the center-of-mass of Ted+boat+rope move
0
e) How far did Ted move?
12.5 m
f) How far did the center-of-mass of the rope move?
-37.5 m
Example 3
A 1967 Corvette of mass
1450 kg moving with a
velocity of 100 mph
(= 44.7 m/s) slides on a
slick street and collides
with a Hummer of mass
3250 kg which is parked on
the side of the street. The
two vehicles interlock and
slide off together. What is
the speed of the two 13.8 m/s =30.9 mph
vehicles immediately after
they join?
Impulse
Impulse  Ft  p
Useful for sudden changes where the exact details of the
force are difficult to determine

For non-constant F,
Impulse = Area under F vs. t curve
Example 4 A pitcher throws a 0.145-kg baseball
so that it crosses home plate
horizontally with a speed of 40 m/s.
It is hit straight back at the pitcher
with a final speed of 50 m/s.

a) What is the impulse delivered to


the ball?

b) Find the average force exerted by


the bat on the ball if the two are in
contact for 2.0 x 10–3 s.

c) What is the acceleration


experienced by the ball?

a) 13.05 kgm/s b) 6,525 N c) 45,000 m/s2


•
Collisions
Momentum is always conserved in a collision.

• Classification of collisions:

• ELASTIC
• Both energy & momentum are conserved

• INELASTIC
• Momentum conserved, not energy
• Perfectly inelastic -> objects stick
• Lost energy goes to heat
 Examples of Perfectly
Inelastic Collisions
• Catching a baseball
• Football tackle
• Cars colliding and sticking
• Bat eating an insect

 Examples of Perfectly
Elastic Collisions
• Super-ball bouncing
• Electron scattering
Example 5

A super-ball bounces off the floor,


A) The net momentum of the earth+superball is conserved
B) The net energy of the earth+superball is conserved
C) Both the net energy and the net momentum are conserve
D) Neither are conserved
Example 6

A astronaut floating in space catches a


baseball

A) Momentum of the astronaut+baseball is


conserved
B) Mechanical energy of the astronaut+baseball is
conserved
C) Both mechanical energy and momentum are
conserved
D) Neither are conserved
Example 7

A proton scatters off another proton. No


new
particles are created.

A) Net momentum of two protons is


conserved
B) Net kinetic energy of two protons is
conserved
C) Both kinetic energy and momentum are
conserved
D) Neither are conserved
Perfectly Inelastic collision in
1-dimension

m1v1i  m2v 2i  m1  m2 v f

• Final velocities are the same


Example 8
A 5879-lb (2665 kg) Cadillac Escalade
going 35 mph =smashes into a 2342-lb
(1061 kg) Honda Civic also moving at
35 mph=15.64 m/s in the opposite
direction. The cars collide and stick.
a) What is the final velocity of the two
vehicles?
b) What are the equivalent “brick-wall”
speeds for each vehicle?
a) 6.73 m/s = 15.1 mph
b) 19.9 mph for Cadillac, 50.1 mph for Civic
Example 9
A proton (mp=1.67x10-27 kg) elastically
collides with a target proton which then
moves straight forward. If the initial
velocity of the projectile proton is 3.0x106
m/s, and the target proton bounces
forward, what are

a) the final velocity of the projectile


proton?
b) the final velocity of the target proton?
0.0
3.0x106 m/s
Elastic collision in 1-dimension
1. Conservation of Energy:
1
2
m1v1i2  12 m2v 2i2  12 m1v1f2  12 m2v 22 f (1)
2. Conservation of Momentum:
m1v1i  m2v 2i  m1v1 f  m2v 2 f (2)
• Rearrange both equations and divide:

m1v1i2  v12f   m2 v 22 f  v 2i2  (1)
 m1v1i  v1 f v1i  v1 f  m2 v 2 f  v 2i v 2 f  v 2i 
m1v1i  v1 f   m2 v 2 f  v 2i  (2)

v1i  v1 f  v 2 f  v 2i

 v1i  v 2i  v1 f  v 2 f 
Elastic collision in 1-
dimension
Final equations for head-on elastic collision:

m1v1i  m2v 2i  m1v1 f  m2v 2 f


v1i  v 2i  v1 f  v 2 f 


• Relative velocity changes sign

• Equivalent to Conservation of Energy


Example 10
An proton (mp=1.67x10-27 kg) elastically collides
with a target deuteron (mD=2mp) which then
moves straight forward. If the initial velocity of
the projectile proton is 3.0x106 m/s, and the
target deuteron bounces forward, what are

a) the final velocity of the projectile proton?


b) the final velocity of the target deuteron?
vp =-1.0x106 m/s
vd = 2.0x106 m/s

Head-on collisions with heavier objects always lead to


reflections

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