Kendriya Vidyalaya B.E.

Session-2022-23
Physics Project
Topic:

“LOGIC GATES”

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 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that "Vedant Sonawane" of class

XII- B bearing roll no- who is going to
appear for AISSCE-2023 has successfully
completed all the practical and projects in Physics
during the session 2022-23 as per the prescribed
syllabus of C.B.S.E., New Delhi.

Internal Examiner:

Principal:

External Examiner:

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project

depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines
of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in
the successful completion of this project. I express my
heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant
encouragement while carrying out this project.
It is my foremost duty to express my deep regards to
my teacher Mr. Rajesh Kumar under whose guidance
and supervision I am able to undertake this project. It
is she who has been my primary source of inspiration
and who motivated, guided and encouraged me at
different stages to make this project.

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 Contents
 INTRODUCTION
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
 APPLICATION OF LOGIC GATES
 De MORGANS THEORM
 IMPORTANT CONVERSIONS
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 LOGIC
GaTES
Introduction: - Logic gates are an
important concept if you are studying electronics.
These are important digital devices that are
mainly based on the Boolean function. Logic
gates are used to carry out logical operations on
single or multiple binary inputs and give one
binary output. In simple terms, logic gates are the
electronic circuits in a digital system. we will
further look at the different types of basic and
universal logic gates with their truth table and
understand what each one is designed for.

Table Of Contents: -
 Types of Logic Gates
 Application Of Logic Gates
 De Morgan’s Theorem

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  Important Conversions

Types Of logic Gates

There are several basic logic gates used in
performing operations in digital systems. The
common ones are;
 OR Gate
 AND Gate
 NOT Gate
Additionally, these gates can also be
found in a combination of one or two.
Therefore, we get other gates such as
NAND Gate, NOR Gate

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 (NAND GATE)

AND Gate
In the AND gate, the output of an AND gate attains state 1 if
and only if all the inputs are in state 1.

The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A.B

The truth table of a two-input AND basic gate is given as;
A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

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 1 0 0

1 1 1

NOT Gate
In a NOT gate, the output of a NOT gate attains state 1 if and
only if the input does not attain state 1.

The Boolean expression is:

Y=A¯
It is read as Y equals NOT A.
The truth table of NOT gate is as follows;

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 A Y

0 1

1 0

OR Gate
In an OR gate, the output of an OR gate attains state 1 if one or
more inputs attain state 1.

The Boolean expression of the OR gate is Y = A + B, read as Y equals A

‘OR’ B.
The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is given as;

A B Y

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 0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

 When connected in various combinations, the three gates (OR, AND and
NOT) give us basic logic gates such as NAND, and NOR gates, which are the
universal building blocks of digital circuits.

NAND Gate
This basic logic gate is the combination of AND and NOT gates.

The Boolean expression of the NAND gate is:

Y=A.B
The truth table of a NAND gate is given as;

A B Y

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 0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

NOR Gate
This gate is the combination of OR and NOT gate.

 
 
The Boolean expression of NOR gate is:
Y=A+B
The truth table of a NOR gate is as follows;

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 A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Application Of Logic Gates

Logic gates have a lot of applications, but they are mainly
based upon their mode of operations or their truth table. Basic
logic gates are often found in circuits such as safety
thermostats, push-button locks, automatic watering systems,
light-activated burglar alarms and many other electronic
devices.
One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be
used in various combinations if the operations are advanced.
Besides, there is no limit to the number of gates that can be
used in a single device. However, it can be restricted due to the

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given physical space in the device. In digital integrated
circuits (ICs), we will find an array of the logic gate area unit.

De Morgan’s Theorem
First theorem – It states that the NAND gate is equivalent to a bubbled
OR gate.
A.B¯=A¯+B¯
Second theorem – It states that the NOR gate is equivalent to a bubbled
AND gate.

Important Conversions
1) The ‘NAND’ gate: From ‘AND’ and ‘NOT’ gate.

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Boolean expression and truth table :
Y=A.B

A B Y′=A⋅B Y=A.B

0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

(2) The ‘NOR’ gate: From ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ gate

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Boolean expression and truth table:
Y=A+B
A B Y′=A+B Y=A+B
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0

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 Conclusion
 A logic gate is a computer model or an
actual electronic gadget that implements a
Boolean function, which is a logical
operation with one or even more binary
sequence that results in a single binary
output. The word might refer to that of an
ideal logic gate, such as one with zero rise
time and unbounded fan-out, or it could
reference to a non-perfect physical device
Diodes or  
transistors operate as electronic switches in
logic gates, but they can also be built with
vacuum tubes, electromechanical relays
(relay logic), fluid logic, pneumatic logic,
optical, molecular, or even mechanical
elements.

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 Bibliography
 Google.com
 https://unacademy.com/
 https://byjus.com/
 Class 12 physics ncert textbook

THANK YOU.

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